DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY BY RED WOOD VISCOMETER I

AIM: To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of the given oil sample at different temperatures and study the variation of viscosity with temperature using Red wood viscometer I. APPARATUS: Red wood viscometer - I Thermometers Stop watch 50cc gravity bottle Physical balance SCOPE: 1. Red wood apparatus measures viscosity empherical units not in absolute units such as centistokes. It is possible to covert these empherical units to absolute units by using the specifications IP70 issued by the institute of petroleum, London. 2. The Red wood viscometer - I is used for oils whose Redwood seconds does not exceed 2000 seconds. The Redwood viscometer II is used for oils whose Red wood I viscosity crosses 2000 sec. 3. This method is applicable for determination of viscosity of oil, which flows in Newtonian manner and posses a linear relationship between sheer stress and rate of sheer under test condition. THEORY: Viscosity is a property of a liquid by virtue of which it offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over an adjacent layer. Viscosity mainly depends on the temperature. Viscosity of liquids decreases with increase in temperature on the contrary, viscosity of gases increase with increase in temperature. In liquids, the viscosity is mainly due to cohesion, which decreases with increase of temperature. In gases the viscosity is due to molecular activity, which increases with temperature. Viscosity of good lubricating oil should not change much with conditions of temperature so that it can be used continuously under varying conditions of temperature. The rate at which the viscosity of an oil changes with temperature is measured by an arbitrary scale knows as Viscosity Index. Viscosity index shall be low for all those oils whose Viscosity decreases rapidly with raise in temperature. Viscosity is the most important property of oil and is the main determination for the operating characteristics of the lubricating oil. If the viscosity of oil is too low a liquid oil film cannot be maintained between two moving or sliding surface and consequently - Two - One - One - One - One

excessive wear will take place. If the viscosity is too high it will result in excessive friction and consequently leading to energy loss. The Viscosity of good lubricant oil should not change with change in temperature so that it can be used continuously under varying conditions of temperature. Coefficient of friction: Isaac Newton postulated that, for straight, parallel and uniform flow, the shear stress, , between layers is proportional to the velocity gradient, u /y, in the direction perpendicular to the layers as shown in below Fig.1. If is the constant of proportionality, then,

The constant of proportionality is called coefficient of Absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity. It may be defined as ratio of shear stress between adjacent layers of fluid and velocity gradient between them. Units of Absolute viscosity: 1. SI units: N.s/m2 or Pa.s 2. CGS units: poise (1poise=Dyne.sec/cm2) Kinematic Viscosity: It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity () and density () of the fluid. It is represented by .

= /
Units of kinematic viscosity: SI units: m2/s CGS units: stokes (1 stoke= cm2/sec)

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:

Red wood viscometer I is used in common wealth countries for determining viscosity of petroleum products whose flow time between 30 to 2000 sec. It consists of the following essential parts. 1. OIL CUP: It is sliver-plated brass cylinder 90 mm in depth and 46.5 mm in diameter. The upper end of cup is opened. The bottom end of the cylinder is fitted with an agate jet with bore diameter 1.62 mm and length 10 mm in length. The jet is opened or closed by a value rod with a small sliver plated brass ball at its end. The level to which the cylinder is to be fitted with oil is cup is indicated by a pointer. The lid of the cup is fitted with a thermometer that indicates the oil temperature. 2. HEATING BATH: Oil cup is surrounded by a cylindrical copper bath containing water. It is provided with a thermometer that indicates the temperature of water outside oil cylinder. A stirrer with four blades is fixed for stirring the water in the bath, to maintain uniform desired temperature. The stirrer is provided with a circular shield at the top to prevent any water splashing into the oil cylinder. The lid of the cup is provided with a spirit level for vertical leveling the jet. The entire apparatus rests on three legs provided at their bottom with leveling screws. 3. Stirrer: A stirrer is provided in the heating bath, which carries four blades, for stirring the water in the bath for maintaining uniform desired temperature. The stirrer is provided with a circular shield at the top, to prevent any water slashing into the oil cylinder. 4. Leveling screws: The entire apparatus rests on three legs, provided at their bottom with leveling screws for maintaining the horizontal level of the apparatus.

PROCEDURE: 1. Level the apparatus by adjusting the leveling screws with the help of sprint level. 2. Clean the oil cup and plate ball valve in position and fill the oil cup to the pointer level with filtered oil sample. 3. Fill the heating bath with water up to level. 4. Place the 50 ml gravity bottle just below the oil jet of oil for 50ml collection of given oil in seconds at room temperature. 5. Replace oil sample up to mark. Heat oil sample through water bath with the help of immersion heater after attaining a steady temperature by continuous stirring determine time taken for 50ml of oil collection in seconds. 6. Repeat the above produce at given temperature and report the values. 7. For study of variation note down at least five readings, starting from room temperature and inclusive of required Red wood temperatures and tabulated readings. 8. Calculate density of oil with the help of physical balance and determine the absolute viscosity. Table showing conversion formulae: The kinematic viscosity of a fluid can be measured using an apparatus, viscometer. Since viscometers are of standard dimensions, Kinematic viscosity is of oil in centistokes can be calculated from time taken by the oil to flow through the standard orifice of the instrument, with the help of following equations given in the table. Viscosity scale Red wood I Range of time in seconds 30 - 100 seconds Kinematic viscosity in centi stokes (0.0026 T) (1.79/ T)

100 200 Seconds (0.00247T) ( 50/T) Where, T is redwood seconds. The dynamic viscosity in centi poise is calculated by multiplying the kinematic viscosity in centi stokes with density of oil in gm/cc. PRECAUTIONS: 1) Ensure proper fitting of ball to avoid leakage. 2) Stir water bath continuously during heat for homogeneous rise in temperature. 3) Oil should be free from suspended particles and jet should be well cleaned to avoid chocking. CHARACTERISTIC CURVES: Plot the following curves: 1. Temperature Vs time in Red wood seconds.

2. Temperature Vs kinematic viscosity (m2/s). 3. Temperature Vs ln(K.V). Model Graphs:

. Observation Table:
Sl No Name of oil sample Temp Time in Redwood seconds Kinematic Viscosity ()

ln ()

Dynamic

t= r-.00065(TTr)

viscosity in centipoises

in

centi stokes

=.

RESULT: Time flow at given oil Red wood I, IP70 at ________ and ______ is and __________ sec. Its kinematic viscosity at _______ and _______ is _______________ centistokes and ______________ centistokes. The absolute viscosity at _______ and ________ is _______________ centistokes and _________________ centistokes. Viva-Voice: 1. Define Viscosity. 2. What is coefficient of absolute viscosity? 3. What are the SI and CGS units of Dynamic Viscosity? 4. What is Newtons Law of viscosity? ______________sec

5. What is kinematic viscosity? 6. When do we use Redwood Viscometer-I and Redwood Viscometer-II? 7. What are the units of K.V? 8. How does viscosity vary with temperature? 9. Which is preferable whether high viscosity or lower viscosity for lubricating oil? 10. What is the relationship between dynamic viscosity and absolute viscosity?

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