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READ
THE ALPI1AIHT

AND

'J'JRITE

flle TIbetan "lph .. bo:l Wol~ (. •• ,.,t",1 in th", ·;"v.,IIth c e n t u r y the very beginni"" of th~ intrndu~tion of Buddhi~m into Tibet; that time. a \Iri t t e n I an'JIJJC)! hol,l to hI' lIIode SI) isS to trans I is tl! various canoni,al texts tram Sanskrit. King SkOnGTSEN GAMPO, a manatton of the Bodhisattva AY~loktt~~varoi (CHEMREZI), sent his miaister. TUMMI SAMBOTA, himsel f an ~manation of the Bodhisattva "~njusri (JAMPE V.MIG). with is d e le n a t t u n to India; his mission "'/IS t. Itud~ Indian languages ~nd to develop literary Tibetan suitilbl~ for traNlations from Sanskrit.

TUNMI SAMBOTA crl!dted derived from Sanskrit. So, ap~rt in Tibetan, the Tibetan alphabet

the Tibetan from a few corr~sponds

alphabet rrom an alphab~t letters which don't exi$t to the Sanskrit alphabet. consan~nt5 and

The Tibet~n alphabet i~ marle of 30 basic of 4 vO'",el sounds. (see p. 4).


If

is vocalised one adds

no vowel ~o~nd is affixed to a consonant, in A ; so the A vocali~ation i5 inherent

the consonant in consonants.

In order to chilnqe t.hi~ inht!rent vc c e l t s e t t o n in con~onllnts to them one of the fnll'r vQwel sOllnds. (see p. 6) CONSONA~TS a} --_ How
',Ir ti: t;: C! tt •• _ _;;.;,_;_;...:.....~--=--.;...::...;:..;;..::~.

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On the whole, Tibetan letters ~r~ ShdpC!d under a guide line from left to right and from top to bottom. t~e shapes.proportions and order of the letters ar~' given by the diagfam on p. 4. In order tp draw let.tprs with the rioht proportion" the order in which the parts are draw~ is vprv important. (Note that some letters can be drawn in several diif~rent hay.. .

I I

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Mdt only ~re Tibetan con~onant~ distinguishable by their basic sound lik~ English consonants. but also by their (high or low) pitch. ~nd by th~ presence or ab5enc~ of dspiration. [n the diagram p. 4, aspiratio~ i~ siqnified by adding a camma after the aspired consonant soond, pitch oy J hy~h~" above the vowel sound indicating a high pitch and a hyphen .below, tndicdt~nq a low pitch.
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Che help of the tlpe-recordinq.


~1

(~.~~,,\~c\ \
II~

Q~'G\~~ ,
1)

"
C\

22

C\~l-( ,

q~. ~~~\

:!)

".:

i= AI\~~ \
"~Q~\

14

~'QG\'
~~.'! \
or"

24 25
26

II

, "l\
6 7 8 9
10

15 16 17

II

1t'~\

~"\ \ ~~~, Q~~ '\~


~~

~.~~\
qb·qtJ~ \
~.~~, ~'~(~~'~~ or"

I,
"

~a«\\
fr' ~~~ ,

27

1
\
\

18 19 20

" !'D.~~'
29
30

" ~.'\~ \
~i-\' ",~(t.VJ,.c..t~

)1

(~~.~~).tf,,\a~\
i(.,,\~a.( I
II
III'

I I

32
)3

52 5) 54
n
,I

c.'~~~
~.~,

)6

....

55' 56 57 58 59

" C:'~'
"
"

c:

)7

~1l\'
\

C:'~~~

I,

I,

e:Q~,\'
c..~\

"

'. ,. ~Il\\
67 68
69 70

81 84
75
II

,.

$'1I\1JI41
-&'~'"

CI\

"
II

" ~. '\0\\
~i ~ \

76 77
78 79

"
II

~ ••

\.Q~~ \

" ,.:.:(."Cl$\\

"
~~~.

.\.

.'\. '\~

.r.r'

85 86 87
118 89"

~~'~1r11


II

~'~4i1

l~'Q~~ ,
~~.~~~ \
~~,

~
II

1/

.r~~.

II

~.g(~eu·c.t),

80

~~\s(!~'01
" r:).~,~c:.'Il\1)'4\
~~' 10 000 000 100 000 000 \

~.~~,
~'~'t~,
~~.

~'~~"
~'611\,
0..

102 110 125 200 286 1000 ))36

'\.c:.'~S
.c:._

~c:.' ~~'C\&CI\

95 96 97 98

"
1/

.Ir\' ~~ \
~
«"

"" ~

..r-

~,
1

'Q~',\!:.'~'~~'~

1Cj~~'

ZI\;~'
0(-'

~~1,\~' ), 4

Q,~(~c:.)

Qt\~'$'
~
Q.

(~~'::!{~Y~o~ (ow
~.;.{.

<='\,)

4\' ~~~ ,

1/

C\'~~\\(~~
~t.'

f'~~' $(
" ,) "
C'\ " ..-

-r~C\'~~1

~If\'

~c:.~~~'
•. ~

qs; if ~If\\

10 000 84 000 100 000

(rs.'~a't\rO~

0...

~~'I!\'

99
100 101

1/

e:'4~\~' t:'.,\ ~c. Ii


I( ~~'

Q~'1\04' '""
'Zl~

1l\~4\ ,

«I\3~ \ ('~lf\:?~i4 V
"9~~ ,
etc ... " are formed n9 number :

I 000 000

~ . tl.( •

N.B. - Adjectives such as "first. second, third, fourth, by add; ng the parti cle '4' after the correspondi Three IZ\~~I Excepti on : fi rs t

' •~
~c.'",. \

thl:d

,~~&1'~'

:··f:··;;.:::_

- "both" and "the three of them". are formed by add;n9 !ibothii'cq~";~ 1 or ~~~',*,f ;~i:he~t~r.ee:of..t~them

y:~_.~, ~~_!:.~,
~.

Dr

I"

~"
the first

Examples:
J.I~~~f
qi5C1j~f .,,,J.JI$I'

etc.

.ether,

The following

thirty one exceptions

with the first

he second is the I.

consonant as the root letter:


j"IJ.JI$I' .IilQI$I' ~J.lI$I'

2. 6. 10. 14. 18. 22. 26.

9~1$I' 3.
.IilJ.JI$I' t.J'"II$I' 'l~I$I' "'Q~' Ul~~' ~c:.I$I'

-,J.JI$I' ~<ljl$l' ':;Cljl$l' l;J~~' "'1lJ~' UlcJJ~'

4.

11CIj 1$1'
~~I$I' ':;~I$I' ql;JI$I' .:l~~' ~ql$l' C1.I

5.
etc. 9.

7. 11.

8.
12. 16. 20. 24. 28.

a; QI$I'
the first
l;J1lJ~' .:ll;J~' ~1lJ~'

15.
19. 23. 27. 31.

gether,

I is the root letter,

nJ~~'
~~I$I'

9 1$1'

-99~'

30.

-9~~'

gether,

the first

:1 is the root letter,


. the post-suffix.

10

'tq
np

r
~ ~

;..
ta

eha -

r
r
7"

nya

cr
c

~
tha -

7
l
r;
~ ~ ~ ~

cia

na

ma

-= "
")

,
.El
~ ~ aJ

pa

pha

ba

-r - ""'\
tsha -

~ ~

?J
~ ~ ~

rsa

dza

.,. -s
r
r
t;
(1

cr

CC

s;
"'"'
~

wa

f1r
za

<rr

rt:!

zha

.
ra

r:
-""\ ~ ~

r
(T

<l
~

--t,"

ya

-~

la

sa

sha -

'"'l

4
a

ha

r:

\f

"" a\

"'1

841. Suoke order of Uchcn.

ta

,,'

7'

i3'
th1

55 n. da
~l

rq
phs

9'
b~

0\1
m~
NI

if it
in Wi
...... ~

A'

'3i

pa UI

tsha

LIII

ql

9f' fO)' =4
wa zha

g'
III

eg' ;s:
ya WI ra

l1;J'
la 11I~

dza

~I

(£1

~,

za

~.
sa

sha

al

~I

!il

"'

p-

c:

...
f')

cha -

nya

"
.-

rna

na

ffI'

, ,
a..c

.,
JJt

kba .....

'-.!J" ~

'-..MIl
(E.

e
ca

npl
ja

...,

C!
~

:6,

~ ~
da \

ta

1:

.&..-

1
U1
Q.I
ba
tsa

pa

pha

i.

c
~

ma

tsha

wa

za -

-I"

<1
la

"
a (.

- ..,
dza

Ji'

10
zha -

ce

-\
@"
ya

""
~
L.

q
AI
q

.....

ra

~
sa ...

sha

q .....--' c.-

ha

ut..

U1I '\..-

84

SACRED CAlliGRAPHY

~.
lei
~~

~ Cl

khu

ge

ngo

,
nyo
~

~
t1

~.
thu

chu

-......

Je

"1' u
~

-,

~,

~l

~,~,

~,

~. ~.
pi phu

, ~.
be

K-~
rno
tsl
~

ifF
wo

de

no

l'~'
zhi zu

Th~1 dl cUI

..s ""' ",


so hi

tshu

dze

---,

~l

'e

yo

Iu

she

gha

dha

bha

jha

dha

Iha

kva

khva

gva

eva

nyva

tva

dva

tsva

tshva

zhva

zva

eva

Iva

ihva

sva

hva

86

SACRED CALLIGRAPHY

kh,..

gya

pya

phya bya

mya

kra

khra

gra

tea

thra

dra

pra

phra

bra

mra

shra

sra

hra

kia

gla

bla

rIa

zia

sla

klu

giu

biu

rIu

zlu

slu

8k

Uchm and Ume subjoined letters: ]tIItI (y".blllfs: "ya subjoined"), ,.,. (,..bl"fs), t.u (III·blilfS), and lata with YOwel "u".

1liE SACRED TIBETAN IEIiERS

87

mp

rja

roya

rta

rda

rna

rba

rma

rtsa

rdza

lka

19a

lnga

lea

lja

Ita

Ida

Ipa

Iba

Iha

ska

sga

snga

~'

;'
sta

tI'
~ ~

!f. ~.
sba sma

%"1 ~~~l
0

snya

t'

~,~' ~'~,

sda

sna

spa

~I

~, ylJ,

stsa

rnangalam

" "-'Jt.,..~

8~d. Uchen and Ume with head letters: '" go ('"''''go; "ra on the head")./ilgo (/II-",go). and l11g0 (111-",gO). The can. c1uding word "rnangalam" means "May this be auspicious. "

CAlliGRAPHY

l/aam-2H1• gUjl-rAU Eo-chi. ?OO


10J
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9Ya. or 9ya.-lha.m-1'a.. ~'!IC&-(a.ny-chi, nyi-gyrr., 8um-gya., iK.ij-gytJ., ngaj-gya.


tOIlY' tlu·CJ.
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20
21

....

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01'

....

chu·gu.
llyi',9}&n
01'

Enltli~h figure.

Tibetan figure. 1

- -_ .._ -_.

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nyi., .•liu.

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------_._-clCe-wn.'
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--

th.am-l'a,

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.rum-ehu or sU1ll-ehu thflfll-l'a.

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