TWO-COMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM Fika Fajariyah Arifin* Department of Chemistry Education , Surabaya State University * Corresponding author,tel : 085732247774,

email: phieka_in_da_hoz@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of this experiment is to describe the two-component phase equilibrium in phase liquid - liquid (phenol aquadest), determine the equivalence point on twocomponent phase equilibrium in phase liquid - liquid (phenol aquadest), and define phase, components, and the degrees of freedom of a two-component phase equilibrium in phase liquid - liquid (phenol aquades). Method that we use in this experiment by pour the initial volume of phenol(tube B) and aquades(tube A) each of them 10 ml and add 2ml of phenol in tube A and 2ml of aquadesi n tube B and heating using steamb bath water and lift them observe the changing and write down the temperature as t1A and t1B(in steam bath) and t2A and t2B(lift from steam bath) the results is the graph of twocomponent phase equilibrium in phase liquid liquid ,is getting from combining data of %volume phenol and temperature in test tube A and B.Equivalence point in our experimental results (66.8C) is different so far from the theoretical equivalence point(45C). The phenol-water equilibrium system is made up of Phasa = 1 (liquid), Component = 2 (phenol and water)and Degree o freedom= 3

Keywords : two component, phase, equilibrium

Abstrak

Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk menggambarkan kesetimbangan fase dua komponen dalam fase cairan - cairan (fenol-aquadest), menentukan titik ekivalensi pada tahap kesetimbangan dua-komponen dalam fase cair-cair (fenol-aquadest), dan menetapkan fase, komponen, dan derajat kebebasan kesetimbangan fase dua komponen dalam fase cair-cair (fenol-aquades). Metode yang kami gunakan dalam percobaan ini dengan menuangkan volum awal phenol(tabung B) dan aquades(tabung A) masingmasing dari mereka 10 ml dan tambkan 2 ml fenol dalam tabung A dan 2 ml aquades pada tabung B dan masukkan dalam penangas air beberapa detik kemudian angkat mereka dan amati perubahan dan tuliskan suhu sebagai t1A dan t1B(dalam penangas) dan t2A dan t2B(diluar penangas) hasilnya adalah grafik kesetimbangan fase dua komponen dalam fase cair-cair, didapatkan dari menggabungkan data dari % volume fenol dan suhu dalam tabung A dan B. Titik ekuivalen dalam hasil eksperimen kami (66.8C) berbeda

begitu jauh dari titik ekuivalen teoritis(45C). Fenol-air keseimbangan sistem terdiri dari Phasa = 1 (cair), komponen = 2 (fenol dan air) dan derajat kebebasan = 3 Keywords : dua komponen, phasa, kesetimbangan

INTRODUCTION Part of something that became the center of attention and study referred to as systems. A heterogeneous system consisting of various parts of the homogeneous intercontact with clear boundaries. Homogeneous part is called the phase can be mechanically separated. Pressure and temperature So, to know two equilibria phase of two component we did this experiment to know more about : a. Describe the two-component phase

equilibrium in phase liquid - liquid (phenol - aquadest). b. Determine the equivalence point on twocomponent phase equilibrium in phase liquid - liquid (phenol - aquadest). c. Define phase, components, and the degrees of freedom of a two-component phase equilibrium in phase liquid - liquid (phenol aquadest) WHAT IS MEANT BY A PHASE ? A phase may be defined as : any

determine the state of a material phase equilibria of the same material. Phase equilibria of a system must meet the requirements, such as, the system has more than one phase although the material is the same, displacement occurs reversible

chemical species from one phase to another phase, all parts of the system have the same pressure and temperature. Phase equilibria are grouped

homogeneous part of a system having all physical and chemical properties the same throughout. A system may consist of one phase or more than one phases. a. A system containing only liquid water is one-phase or 1-phase system (P = 1) b. A system containing liquid water and water vapor (a gas) is a two-phase or 2phase system (P = 2).

according to the number of constituent components the system of one component, two component and three components of Understanding phase behavior developed by the Gibbs phase rule.

c. A system containing liquid water, water vapor and solid ice is a three-phase or 3phase system. A system consisting of one phase only is called a homogeneous system. A system consisting of two or more phases is called a heterogeneous system.

F=CP+2 F = degree of freedom C= components P = phase

Definition of Degree of freedom The term Degree of Freedom

represented by F in the phase Rule equation WHAT IS MEANT BY COMPONENTS? A system C in the Phase Rule equation stands for the number of (F = C P + 2) is defined as follows: the least number of variable factors (concentration, pressure and temperature) which must be specified so that the remaining variables are fixed automatically and the system is completely defined. Water phenol phase diagram Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene and phenyl alcohol, is produced at the rate of millions of tons per year, mostly from isopropyl benzene

components of a system in equilibrium. The term component may be defined as : the least number of independent chemical constituents in terms of which the composition of every phase can be expressed by means of a chemical equation. Gibbs Phase Rule is free from flaws and limitations which are a common feature of all other generalizations of Physical Chemistry based on hypothetical assumptions as to the nature of the constitution of matter. It may be stated mathematically as follows :

("cumene"). However, phenol is poisonous. The phenol-water mixtures used in this lab are concentrated and dangerous by contact or ingestion.

which

they

merge

is

the

"clearing

temperature," also known as the "cloud" temperature, and lies on the liquid-liquid coexistence line. By using several sample tubes, one obtains several (% volume phenol, t) points on the coexistence line. We will fit a curve through those points, differentiate the curve to find its maximum, and use the maximum as the critical temperature, tc.

As the diagram at above indicates, at low and high percentages of phenol, water and phenol mix completely, forming a single liquid phase. However, at intermediate compositions (and below the critical

System Two Component Liquid-Liquid

temperature) mixtures of phenol and water separate into two liquid phases. Point "h" in the figure is the critical point. Above the critical temperature, phenol and water are completely miscible. The water-phenol phase diagram Two liquid miscible said most if A is soluble in a limited number, and so are the B, soluble A in a limited number. The most common form of the TX phase diagram of liquidliquid at a constant pressure, usually 1 atm (shown above). The diagram above can be obtained experimentally by adding a liquid substance into another pure liquids at pressure with temperature variations.

contains a solid phase at high percent phenol, near and somewhat above room temperature. The independent variable in the phase diagram is composition. At room temperature, a tube contains two liquid phases, one more dense than the other. The tube is heated in a water bath until the two phases merge. The temperature at

Pure liquid B is gradually added little by little fluid A at fixed temperature (T1). System starting at point C (pure substance B) and moves horizontally toward the right in accordance with the addition of A. From point C to point D is obtained a single phase (ie A is added late in B). At point D is obtained the maximum solubility in the liquid A liquid B at temperature T1. A further addition will generate twophase system (two layers), the first layer (L1) A saturated solution in B with the

increase. A fluid at point F which is added sufficient to dissolve all of B in A form a saturated solution of B in A. Thus the system is in F into a single phase. From F to G, the addition of A is only a dilution solution B in A. To reach the G spot in need of increasing the number of A is an infinite number, or by doing experiments starting from pure

substances A and B substances in the added bit by bit until the reach the point F, and so on. If the experiments performed at high temperature will be obtained different

composition XA, 1 and the second layer (L2) a saturated solution of B in A with the composition of the XA, 2. The second layer is called the conjugate layer (located together in the area between D and F). The overall composition is between points D and F. At point E the overall composition is XA, 3. The relative amounts of the two phases in equilibrium is determined by the lever rule. At point E the first layer over much of the second layer. A further addition would change the overall composition more to the right, while the composition of the coating will remain XA, and XA 1, 2. Differences caused by the addition of A is continuously located on the relative amount of the first and second layers. Getting to the right amount will be reduced relative to the first layer while the second layer will

solubility limits. The higher the temperature, each solubility component increased with each other, so that the narrowing phase. Solubility curves eventually meet at a point in a consolute above, or also called the critical solubility temperature (Tc). Above the

mutual solubility of Tc perfect fluid in a variety of compositions

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Materials A few materials that we use in this experiment such as : Aquades and Phenol Solution. Instrumentation Some tools that we use in this experiment such as : Beaker Glass 500 mL and 250 mL, test tube, thermometer, spatula, tripod, gauze

wire, spiritus burner, graduated cylinder and pipette. Procedure 1. Pour water into beaker glass ( a half of total volume), and then boil water in that beaker glass using spiritus burner. 2. Pour 10 mL aquades into test tube A that equipped with spatula and thermometer. Pour 10 mL phenol into test tube B that equipped with spatula and thermometer. 3. Add 2 ml phenol to test tube A and then stir it. Observe the changing. Add 2 ml aquades to test tube B and then stir it. Observe the changing. 4. Put the test tube A and B into beaker glass that contain water is boiled.
5.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION % Temperatur

Volume (Ml) Phenol Aquad es 2

Volume e (C) of Phenol 83.33 % 71.428 % 62.5% 60 46

47

33

47

32

55.55 %

43

45

10

50 %

40

47

Observe the changing and write down the temperature when the changing become colorless in test tube A as t1A and in test tube B as t1B 14 41.666 % 38.465 % 35.714 % 33.333 % 31.25 % 45 51 Lift the test tube A and B from beaker glass and observe the changing. Write down the temperature when there is a changing become turbid in test tube A as t2Aand test tube B as t2B 18 16 10 12 45.45 % 35 50

6.

59

50

62

59

7. Repeat the treatment start from step 3-6

20

63

58

till there is no changing (still turbid ) although put in beaker glass contain hot 22

60

58

Volume (Ml) Phenol Aquad es 2

Temperatur Calculating the % volume of phenol to add phenol in 10 aquades : 62 55

Volume e (C) of Phenol 16.667 % 28.571 % 37.5 %

43

50

And then, after we got the result as follow, we make a grouping table to make

35

47

easier in graph relation between % volume phenol and temperature.

44.44 %

33

45 No 1 % Volume of Phenol 16.667 28.571 31.25 33.333 35.714 37.5 38.3615 41.666 44.44 45.454 50 50 54.545 55.55 58.333 61.538 62 43 35 33 34 38 44 45 54 60 55 60 47 47 43 40 55 50 47 45 43 40 59 50 51 54 49 46 33 32 45 47 Temperature ( C)

10

50 % 54.545 % 58.33 %

34

43

12

10

38

40

2 3

14

44

49

4 5

16

61.58 % 64.285 % 66.667 % 68.75 %

45

50

6 7

18

54

51

8 9

20

60

54

10 11

22

55

49

12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22

62.5 64.285 66.667 68.75 71.428 83.33

35 45 59 62 63 60

50 51 50 59 58 58

from the theory. Theoretically, every add 2 mL of phenol will affect in decreasing temperature. The greater volume of phenol was added the solution of the more easily soluble. Because the boiling point of phenol solution is lower than aquades. The higher the temperature the solubility of each component increases. When we added 10 mL of aquadest and 2 mL of phenol in the first test tube (A). Phenol solution is under of aquadest, it happened because the density of phenol is greater than aquadest. Theoretically, As the diagram at water-phenol diagram is shown indicates, at low and high percentages of phenol, water and phenol mix completely, forming a single

The heating of mix solution between aquades and phenol will happened one phase equilibrium is shown with the mix solution that will become clear. But when it cold, will happened two-phase equilibrium is shown with the color change in mix solution. The equation reaction is : C6H5OH(l) + H2O C6H5OH(aq) The temperature that we got from the adding of every 2 mL phenol and adding of every 2 mL aquades are variation. Sometimes the temperature that we got increase and sometimes decrease. But average from this experiment, we got the temperature is far

liquid phase. If we saw in water-phenol phase graph we will see that %volume of phenol is about >50%, whereas our experiment is >50%, so it indicate that our experiment is should pass through. If our experiment pass through, the phase when heat is should be in one phase. As the diagram at water-phenol diagram is shown indicates , at intermediate compositions (and below the critical

temperature) mixtures of phenol and water separate into two liquid phases. Point "h" in the figure is the critical point. Above the critical temperature, phenol and water are

completely miscible. so it in indicates that our experiment should pass through the critical point, and when cold is should be in two phase. But, Our experiment is shown the changing in phase when it was added 11 times phenol and 11 times water. It happened because, we got trouble in determining the accuracy between when of one-phase and when two-phase occur. Theoretically, Tc of the two-

equilibrium of two component phenol water, we got 45C , but the theoretical equivalence point is 66.8 oC. At low and high percentages of phenol, water and phenol mix completely, forming a single liquid phase, but at intermediate compositions (and below the critical temperature) mixtures of phenol and water separate into two liquid phases. The phenol-water equilibrium system is made up of : Phasa = 1 (liquid) Component = 2 (phenol and water) Degree o freedom = c-p+2 = 2-1+2 =3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

component, between phenol-water is 66.8C, whereas the temperature of experiment between phenol-water is less than 66.8C, it is happened because some error, the scale in temperature was still moving up and down, so it is affected in our experiment results. The second error in our experiment because the heat that produced in spirtus is not in constant condition, so it is affected in our results. The third error is because, we dont know the pressure in the laboratorium that affected in our experiment.

We gratefully acknowledge the Surabaya State University , all my friends in college , for providing research support through Physical Chemistry II program in college.

CONCLUSION The graph of two-component phase equilibrium in phase liquid liquid ,is getting from combining data of %volume phenol and temperature in test tube A and B. Equivalence point in our

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experimental results is different so far from the theoretical equivalence point on the phase

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