Mc lc

1. Nhp mn 1.1. Tnh tin ch ca AutoCAD 1.2. Giao din ca AutotCAD 1.3. Menu v Toolbar ca AutoCAD 1.3.1. Menu Bar 1.3.2. Toolbar 1.3.3. Cc phm nng trong AutoCAD 1.4. Cc lnh thit lp bn v 1.4.1. Lnh NEW khi to mt bn v mi 1.4.2. Lnh OPEN m tp bn v hin c 1.4.3. Lnh SAVE, SAVEAS lu bn v ln a 1.4.4. Lnh QUIT thot khi AutoCAD 1.4.5. Lnh UNITS (DDUNITS) t n v cho bn v 1.4.6. Lnh LIMITS t v iu chnh vng v 1.4.7. Lnh GRID t cc im to li cho bn v 1.4.8. Lnh SNAP to bc nhy cho con tr 1.4.9. Cc phng php nhp to im 1.4.10. Lnh OSNAP tr gip truy tm i tng 1.4.11. Lnh ORTHO t ch v trc giao 2. Cc lnh v c bn 2.1. Lnh LINE v cc on thng 2.2. Lnh CIRCLE v hnh trn 2.3. Lnh ARC v cung trn 2.4. Lnh ELLIPSE v elip hoc mt cung elip 2.5. Lnh PLINE v ng a tuyn 2.6. Lnh POLYGON v a gic u 2.7. Lnh RECTANG v hnh ch nht 2.8. Lnh SPLINE v ng cong 2.9. Lnh POINT v mt im trn mn hnh 2.10. Lnh DDPTYPE chn kiu v kch thc cho im v 2.11. Lnh ERASE xo i tng la chn khi bn v 2.12. Lnh TRIM xn mt phn i tng 2.13. Lnh BREAK xo mt phn i tng 2.14. Lnh EXTEND ko di i tng n mt ng bin xc nh 2.15. Lnh LENGTHEN thay i chiu di i tng 2.16. Lnh CHAMFER lm vt mt i tng 5 5 6 7 8 13 14 16 16 18 19 20 20 23 24 25 26 28 32 33 33 34 36 40 41 45 46 47 47 47 48 49 51 52 54 54

3.

Php bin i hnh, sao chp hnh v qun l bn v theo lp

57

Cc lnh sao chp v bin i hnh 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. Lnh MOVE di chuyn mt hay nhiu i tng Lnh ROTATE xoay i tng quanh mt im theo mt gc Lnh SCALE thay i kch thc i tng v Lnh MIRROR ly i xng gng Lnh STRETCH ko gin i tng v Lnh COPY sao chp i tng Lnh OFFSET v song song Lnh ARRAY sao chp i tng theo dy Lnh FILLET bo trong mp i tng 57 57 58 59 60 61 61 62 66

Cc lnh lm vic vi lp 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. 3.13. Lnh LAYER to lp mi Lnh LINETYPE to, np, t kiu ng Lnh LTSCALE hiu chnh t l ng nt Lnh PROPERTIES thay i thuc tnh 68 72 76 76

4.

V K hiu vt liu, ghi v hiu chnh vn bn

79

Cc lnh v k hiu mt ct 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. Mt ct v hnh ct Trnh t v hnh ct, mt ct Lnh FILL bt tt ch in y i tng Lnh BHATCH v k hiu vt liu trong mt ct Lnh HATCH v k hiu vt liu trong mt ct thng qua ca s lnh Lnh HATCHEDIT hiu chnh mt ct 79 80 80 80 85 86

Cc lnh ghi v hiu chnh vn bn trong AutoCAD 2002 4.7. trnh t nhp vn bn vo trong bn v 4.8. Lnh STYLE t kiu cho k t 4.9. Lnh TEXT, DTEXT vit ch ln bn v 4.10. Lnh MTEXT vit ch ln bn v thng qua hp thoi 4.11. Lnh QTEXT hin th dng k t theo dng rt gn 4.12. Nhp ting Vit trong AutoCAD Cc lnh v v to hnh 4.13. 4.14. 4.15. 4.16. Lnh XLINE (Construction Line) v ng thng Lnh RAY v na ng thng Lnh DONUT v hnh vnh khn Lnh TRACE v on thng c dy 98 99 99 100 88 88 89 95 95 97

4.17. 4.18. 4.19. 4.20. 4.21. 4.22. 4.23. 4.24. 4.25.

Lnh SOLID v mt min c t c Lnh MLINE v on thng song song Lnh MLSTYLE to kiu cho lnh v MLINE Lnh MLEDIT hiu chnh i tng v MLINE Lnh REGION to min t cc hnh ghp Lnh UNION cng cc vng REGION Lnh SUBTRACT tr cc vng REGION Lnh INTERSEC ly giao ca cc vng REGION Lnh BOUNDARY to ng bao ca nhiu i tng

100 101 102 104 105 105 106 106 107

5.

cc lnh ghi v hiu chnh kch thc 5.1. Khi nim 5.2. Lnh DIMLINEAR ghi kch thc theo on thng 5.3. Lnh DIMRADIUS v kch thc cho bn knh vng trn, cung trn 5.4. Lnh DIMCENTER to du tm cho vng trn, cung trn 5.5. Lnh DIMDIAMETER ghi kch thc theo ng knh 5.6. Lnh DIMANGULAR ghi kch thc theo gc 5.7. Lnh DIMORDINATE ghi kch thc theo to im 5.8. Lnh DIMBASELINE ghi kch thc thng qua ng ging 5.9. Lnh DIMCONTINUE ghi kch thc theo on k tip nhau 5.10. Lnh LEADER ghi kch thc theo ng dn 5.11. Lnh TOLERANCE ghi dung sai 5.12. Lnh DIMTEDT sa v tr v gc ca ng ghi kch thc 5.13. Lnh DIMSTYLE hiu chnh kiu ng ghi kch thc 5.14. Lnh DIMEDIT sa thuc tnh ng kch thc

109 109 110 113 113 113 113 114 114 115 116 119 120 120 130

6.

Cc lnh hiu chnh, cc lnh lm vic vi khi

131

Cc lnh hiu chnh 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. 6.9. Lnh SELECT la chn i trong bn v Lnh CHANGE thay i thuc tnh ca i tng Lnh DDGRIPS (OPTIONS) iu khin Grip thng qua hp thoi Lnh BLIPMODE hin (n) du (+) khi ch im v Lnh GROUP t tn cho mt nhm i tng Lnh ISOPLANE s dng li v ng c Lnh DSETTINGS to li cho bn v thng qua hp thoi Lnh PEDIT sa i thuc tnh cho ng a tuyn Lnh FIND 131 133 135 136 137 141 142 142 150

Cc lnh lm vic vi khi 6.10. Lnh BLOCK nh ngha mt khi mi 152

6.11. 6.12. 6.13. 6.14. 6.15. 6.16. 6.17.

Lnh ATTDEF gn thuc tnh cho khi Lnh INSERT chn khi vo bn v thng qua hp thoi Lnh MINSERT chn khi vo bn v thnh nhiu i tng Lnh DIVIDE chia i tng v thnh nhiu phn bng nhau Lnh MEASURE chia i tng theo di Lnh WBLOCK ghi khi ra a Lnh EXPLORE phn r khi

154 155 159 160 161 162 164

7.

Trnh by v in bn v trong AutoCAD

165

Khi cc lnh tra cu 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. Lnh LIST lit k thng tin CSDL ca i tng Lnh DBLIST lit k thng tin ca tt c i tng Lnh DIST c lng khong cch v gc Lnh ID hin th to im trn mn hnh Lnh AREA o din tch v chu vi 165 165 165 166 166

Khi cc lnh iu khin mn hnh 7.6. Lnh ZOOM thu phng hnh trn bn v 7.7. Lnh PAN x dch bn v tn mn hnh 7.8. Lnh VIEW t tn, lu gi, xo, gi mt Viewport Cc lnh iu khin my in 7.9. Lnh LAYOUT nh dng trang in 7.9.1. Trang Plot Device 7.9.2. Trang Layout Settings 7.10. Lnh PLOT xut bn v ra giy Cc lnh to hnh v hiu chnh khung in 7.11. 7.12. 7.13. 7.14. Li kt Cc lnh v phm tt trong AutoCAD 2002 Bi tp thc hnh Lnh Layout (Template) to mt Viewport t mu Lnh VPORTS to mt khung hnh ng Lnh MVIEW to v sp xp cc khung hnh ng Lnh VPLAYER iu khin s hin th lp trn khung hnh ng 181 181 182 183 185 186 194 171 173 177 179 167 169 170

14 Cc Toolbar thng thng c t ch thng trc mi khi khi ng AutoCAD l :

Standard :

Draw :

Modify :

Object Properties : Dimension :

1.3.3. C ph m nng trong AutoCAD c Bng 1.2 - Cc ph m nng thng d ng Ph m nng F1 F2 F3 (ho c Ctrl - F) F4 (ho c Ctrl - E) L nh lin quan Gi lnh hng dn trc tuyn Chuyn mn hnh t ch ho sang ch vn bn Tt m ch truy bt im (Osnap) Chuyn t mt chiu trc o ny sang mt chiu trc o khc (ch thc hin c khi Snap settings t ch Isometric snap). F6 (ho c Ctrl - D) M <tt> ch hin th ng to con tr trn mn hnh ho (hin to dng trng thi).

15 F7 (ho c Ctrl - G) F8 (ho c Ctrl - L) M <tt> ch hin th li im (Grid) M <tt> ch ORTHO (khi ch ny th ng thng s lun l thng ng hoc nm ngang). F9 (ho c Ctrl - B) M <tt> ch SNAP ( ch ny con tr chut s lun c di chuyn theo cc bc hng X v hng Y - c nh ngha t hp thoi Snap settings). F10 (ho c Ctrl - U) F11 (ho c Ctrl - W) Ctrl - 1 Ctrl - 2 Ctrl - A Ctrl - C Ctrl - J Ctrl - K Ctrl - N Ctrl - O Ctrl - P Ctrl - S Ctrl - V Ctrl - X Ctrl - Y Ctrl - Z Enter (Spacebar) M <tt> ch Polar tracking (d im theo vng trn). M <tt> ch Object Snap Tracking (OSNAP). Thc hin lnh Properties Thc hin lnh AutoCAD Design Center Tt m cc i tng c chn bng lnh Group Copy cc i tng hin nh du vo Clipboard Thc hin lnh trc (tng ng phm Enter). Thc hin lnh Hypelink Thc hin lnh New Thc hin lnh Open Thc hin lnh Plot/Print Thc hin lnh Save Dn ni dung t Clipboard vo bn v Ct i tng hin nh du v t vo Clipboard Thc hin lnh Redo Thc hin lnh Undo Kt thc lnh (hoc lp li lnh trc ).

16 ESC Shift - chut phi Hu lnh ang thc hin Hin danh sch cc phng thc truy bt im.

1.4. C l nh thi t lp bn v c 1.4.1. L nh NEW Khi to mt bn v mi Trn thanh cng c, chn T File menu, chn New Ti dng lnh, nhp New AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Create New Drawing

H nh 1.3 - Khai bo cho 1 bn v m i. Start from Scratch Nu bn mun bt u bn v da trn default English hoc metric settings, chn Start from Scratch. Trn hp thoi hnh 1.3 nu ta chn ri bm phm OK th cc kch thc trong bn v s c ly theo chun Anh M (inches, feet...). Nu chn th cc kch thc s c tnh theo h SI mt, cm, mm...

17

Khi mun to mt bn v mi t cc mu nh sn c th chn lc ny hp thoi hnh 1.3 s chuyn thnh hp thoi hnh 1.4. T y ta c th chn mt trong cc dng mu nh sn lm nn cho bn v sp thc hin. S lng mu c sn ca AutoCAD 2002 c kh nhiu (trn 60 mu). Cc mu c thit k p ng cho nhiu tiu chun khc nhau, tuy nhin nu cc mu ny vn cha p ng yu cu bn v cn c, ngi s dng c th t to ra cc mu mi v s dng chng bnh ng vi cc mu ca AutoCAD .

H nh 1.4 - Khai bo cho 1 bn v m t Template. i

Use a Wizard Nu bn mun thit lp bn v bng cch dng hp hi thoi, hy chn Use a Wizard . Bn c th chn Quick Setup hoc Advanced Setup ti Select a Wizard Quick Setup. Chn Quick Setup thit lp vng bn v (Xem lnh Limits), thay i cc n v di c chnh xc theo mun (Xem lnh Units) Advanced Setup. Chn Advanced Setup thit lp vng bn v (Xem lnh Limits), thay i n v di (Xem lnh Units), n v gc, hng ca gc v bn cng c th thit lp nt c trng ca mt bn v c s. Use a Template Nu bn bt u mt bn v da trn bn v c s, chn Use a Template.

18 Ti Select a Template chn tp .dwt. Bn v ny s thit lp cho bn v mi ca bn cc thng s m n c sn nh cc lp (layers), cc kiu ng kch thc (dimension styles), vng nhn (views). Instructions Chn Instructions xem phng thc bt u mt bn v mi.

1.4.2. L nh OPEN M tp bn v hin c Trn thanh cng c, chn T File menu, chn Open Ti dng lnh, nhp Open Nu bn v hin ti khng c ghi vo a, AutoCAD s hin th mt hp hi thoi Select File, do bn c th ghi bn v hin ti trc khi m bn v mi.

H nh 1.5 - M File trong AUTOCAD 2002. m mt tp tin c sn : Bn chn tn th mc v tn tp tin ti ca s Look in hoc nhp ng dn th mc v tn tp tin ti ca s File name. Bn c th tm tp tin trn a bng cch bm nt Find File Ti ca s Files of type bn chn kiu ca phn m rng tn tp tin cn m.

19 Trn ca s Preview s hin bn v chn Bm nt Open m bn v chn, bm nt Cancel hu b lnh 1.4.3. L nh SAVE, SAVEAS Lnh SAVE Lu bn v hin ti ra a Trn thanh cng c, chn T File menu, chn Save Ti dng lnh, nhp Save Vi bn v hin thi t tn th AutoCAD lu li phn sa i ca bn v Vi bn v hin thi cha t tn th AutoCAD thc hin lnh SaveAs Lnh SAVE AS t tn v lu bn v ra a T File menu, chn Save As Ti dng lnh, nhp SaveAs AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Save Drawing As

H nh 1.6 - Ghi File.

20 Vi bn v cha c tn hoc mun lu bn v hin hnh di mt tn khc, trong mt th mc khc bn nhp tn v ng dn ca bn v vo File name, phn m rng ca tp tin vo Save as type ri chn nt Save. Chn Cancel hu b lnh. 1.4.4. L nh QUIT Thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD T File menu, chn Exit Ti dng lnh, nhp quit Nu bn v cha c ghi li s thay i th AutoCAD hin ln dng nhc:

H nh 1.7 - Li nh c ghi File. +Chn Yes : Lu gi s thay i (Xem lnh Save) +Chn No : Khng lu gi s thay i v thot khi AutoCAD +Cancel : Hu b lnh Quit 1.4.5. L nh UNITS (ho c DDUNITS)

t h n v cho bn v AutoCAD cho php chn la h n v o (s v gc) tu thuc vo mun ca ngi dng. Lnh Units cho php thit lp h n v o cho bn v. C php: command:units Lnh ny gi n hp thoi c dng sau :

21

H nh 1.8 - La chn n v v. Dng th hin n v di (Length) nh dng s hc (Type) C 5 kiu nh dng s hc : 1. Architectural (dng kin trc) 1' - 31/2'' 2. Decimal (dng thp phn) 15.50 3. Engineering ( dng k thut) 1' - 3,50" 4. Fractional (dng phn s) 5. Scientific (dng khoa hc) 1.55E + 01 Ngi s dng c th chn mt trong cc kiu th hin trn bng cch bm chn t bng danh sch. chnh xc thp phn (Precision) Thng qua bng danh sch Precision ngi s dng c th nh kiu th hin cho cc bin s c bao nhiu ch s c ngha sau du phy ( c th chn t 0 n 8 ch s sau du phy). Nu chn nh ang th hin trn hp thoi hnh 1.8 th cc s liu dng s khi th hin ra mn hnh s cha 04 ch s sau du phy. Dng gc (Angle) Kiu th hin (Type) C 5 kiu nh dng s liu nhp gc l : 1 - Dicimal degrees (dng thp phn) 45.0000 2 - Deg/Min/ Sec (dng /pht/giy) 45d0'0" 3 - Grads (dng grad) 50.0000g 4 - Radians (dng radian) 0.7854r 5 - Surveyor's Units (n v trc a) N 45d0'0" E

22 Chn mt trong cc dng n v o gc mun dng. Trong v d (examples) L cch thc th hin gc 45o trong mi dng tng ng. Dng 2 (Deg/Min/Sec) biu din gc theo to /pht/giy vi cc k hiu: d = ' = pht '' = giy V d: s o gc 125d30'25.7'' c ngha l 125 30 pht 25.7 giy. Dng 5 cng biu din gc di dng /pht/giy nhng c cc ch s nh hng ca gc nn gi tr biu din gc lun nh hn 900. Cc ch s nh hng ca gc l N (North Bc), S (South - Nam), E (East - ng), W (West - Ty) v dng thc ca gc c biu din nh sau: < N/S > < gi tr gc > < E/W >. V d biu din gc theo dng ny nh sau: 0o = E ( ng) 45o =N45d 0' 0'' E ( ng - Bc 45o ) 90o = N (Bc) 135o = N 45d 0' 0'' W (Ty-Bc 45o) 180o = W (Ty) 225o = S 45d 0 0" W (Ty- Nam 45o)) 270o = S (Nam) 315o = S 45d 0 0" E (ng - Nam 45o) 207.5o = S 62d 30' 0'' W (Ty - Nam 62d 30'0'') chnh xc thp phn (Precision) Tng t nh phn khai bo cho th hin n v di, cc th hin gc cng c th c chn vi chnh xc thp phn nht nh. Tu thuc vo kiu s liu gc (Type) m ngi s dng c th chn cc cp chnh xc khc nhau. Nu chn dng n v o gc l , pht, giy (Deg/Min/Sec) th chnh xc s o gc tng ng vi gi tr nhp vo nh sau: S nhp vo 0d 0d00' 0d00'00" 0d00'00.0" ... Gii thch Ch c v pht pht v giy n phn l ca giy Hin th 150d 150d10' 150d 10' 12'' 150d 10' 12.3''

Chn n v tnh khi chn Block (Drawing units for Design Center blocks) n v tnh ny s c s dng tnh ton t l khi chn cc khi t bn ngoi vo bn v hin ti. Nu la chn n v tnh qu ln hoc qu b th khi chn vo c th s l qu b

23 hoc qu ln. Thng thng i vi cc bn v theo TCVN n v ny thng c chn l Millimeters (mm). Hng ng chun gc Thng thng trong AutoCAD gc c tr s 0d0'0" l gc nm ngang hng t tri qua phi mn hnh (East). Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp s liu nhp c th ly gc c s khc i chng hn l gc c hng thng ng - hng Bc (North). Khi t hp thoi Units hnh 1.8 bm chn theo yu cu c th. hin hp thoi hnh 1.9 sau chn dng gc

H nh 1.9 - Chn h cho gc c s. ng Chn chiu dng ca gc Chiu dng ca gc thng thng l chiu ngc chiu kim ng h (Counterclockwise) tng ng vi vic khng chn . Tuy nhin nu mun nhp s liu vi cc gc c chiu dng l thun kim ng h th phi chn .

1.4.6.

L nh LIMITS

t v iu chnh vng bn v Gii hn vng bn v c qui nh bi: + Phn din tnh v cng trnh + Phn trng dnh cho vic ghi ch gii + Phn dnh cho khung tn v khung bn v Bn c th nh ngha ln ca mt bn v cho ton b phn din tch v th hin trn mn hnh, bn cng c th th hin nhiu bn v trong cng mt mn hnh trn phn din tch v c nh ngha thng qua lnh Limits. Bn c th gi lnh ny theo hai cch: T Format menu, chn Drawing Limits

24 Ti dng lnh, nhp Limits Tu chn ON/OFF/<Lower left corner> <0.0000,0.0000>: Gc tri di Upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: Gc phi trn ON Dng nhc s bo li nu c yu t v vt ra ngoi gii hn ca vng v OFF Khi chn OFF ngi s dng c th v ra ngoi gii hn vng v cho n khi thit lp li trng thi ON

1.4.7.

L nh GRID

t cc im to li cho bn v Trn thanh tnh trng, kch kp GRID Ti dng lnh, nhp grid Tu chn Grid spacing(X) or ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect <0.5000>: Grid spacing(X) or ON Nhp khong cch li hoc li c hin th (c th s dng phm F7 thay th)

OFF Tt s hin th ca h li (c th s dng phm F7 thay th)

Aspect Cho php thit lp khong cch gia 2 mt li theo 2 chiu X, Y l khc nhau Snap To bc nhy cho con tr, sao cho khi s dng cc lnh v con tr ch bt c nhng im ti mt li nh dng cho con tr (xem lnh SNAP)

25 1.4.8. L nh SNAP

To bc nhy cho con tr Trn thanh tnh trng , kch kp SNAP Ti dng lnh, nhp snap Tu chn Snap spacing or ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type <25.0000>: Nhp khong cch hoc Snap spacing(X) Mc nh khong nh v im v l 25 im nh, c th nhp li khong cch ny bng cch g s t bn phm. ON Ch t im v c ti cc im nh v (tng ng n phm chc nng F9) OFF Tt ch Snap. C th t im v ti v tr bt k (tng ng n phm chc nng F9) Aspect Thay i khong nh v im v theo X v Y. Specify Horizontal spacing <0.5000>:Khong cch theo phng X hoc Specify Vertical spacing <0.5000>: Khong cch theo phng Y hoc Rotate Xoay li theo mt gc nht nh. Gc xoay c php nm trong khong -90 n 90 o. Specify Base point <0.0000,0.0000>:Ch im chun hoc Specify Rotation angle <0>: G tr s gc xoay hoc Style Chn kiu li. S hin dng nhc Enter snap grid style [Standard/Isometric] <S>: G s hoc i hoc Chn S l dng li chun, chn I l dng li v ng c. Standard Hin th mt li hnh ch nht (hai si tc ca con tr tr li bnh thng, vung gc vi hai trc X,Y) Isometric Isometric gip ta th hin i tng 3 chiu trong mt phng

26 nh hnh hp bn. Mt li Isometric m cc lnh SNAP v GRID s dng s ph ln hnh hp. Cc bn v Isometric ch l gi khng gian 3 chiu. Khi v bn khng th nhn n t gc khc hay dch chuyn cc ng n trong n. thc hin cc kh nng khc, cn s dng h to ngi dng UCS v cc cng c v khng gian 3D. Li Isometric c 3 trc chnh vi nghing 30,90,150 v 3 mt tri, phi, trn, mi mt gn vi hai trc. Lnh ISOPLAN gip chn mt Isometric hin thi v cp trc to hin thi. Khi cn chuyn hng con tr chut (hng cc si tc ngangdc trn mn hnh) hy nhn ng thi cc phm Ctrl-E

Type nh hng ch SNAP theo kiu li (Grid) hay kiu to cc (Polar). khi chn chc nng ny s lm xut hin dng nhc : Enter snap style [Polar/Grid]<Grid>: G P hoc G hoc

1.4.9.

C ph c ng ph nh p to i m p

1.Khi nim h trc to -To cac Biu din im trong mt phng di dng (X,Y) Biu din im trong khng gian di dng (X,Y,Z) Thng thng trong AutoCAD im gc (0,0) nm gc di bn tri ca min v. thay i s dng lnh UCS.

-To cc Xc nh to im theo khong cch t im ang xt n gc to (0,0) cng gc quay t im so vi phng ngang (trc X). To cc ch dng trong mt phng. Cch biu din to im nh sau

27 M (C < A1) Trong : C - khong cch t im M ti gc to ; A1 - gc quay trong mt phng t trc X ti im M.

-To cu Dng xc nh v tr im trong khng gian 3 chiu. Cch biu din to im nh sau M (C < A1 <A2) Trong : C - khong cch t im M ti gc to ; A1 - gc quay trong mt phng XY; A2 - gc quay t mt phng XY ti im M trong khng gian.

-To tr Dng trong khng gian ba chiu, n l s kt hp gia to cc v to cac. Cch biu din to im nh sau M (C < A1, Z) Trong : C - khong cch t im M ti gc to ; A1 - gc quay trong mt phng XY; Z - khong cch t im M ti mt phng XY. Ch : - To tuy t i l to c t nh so v gc c nh nm trn bn v i AutoCAD . - To t ng i l to c t nh v gc l i m dng hi n thi (i m i cui c c chn) s dng c n thm @ vo trc to c n nh p. ng 2.Nhp d liu To tuyt i L tr s thc c a vo t bn phm cho cc chiu, chng hn mt im c to x = 3,5 ; y = 120,5 Ta nhp 3.5,120.5 To tng i

28 L to tng i so vi im va c ch nh ngay trc . ch to tng i, ta vit du @ trc to . Chng hn, im trc c to (100,70) th : @5.5, -15 s tng ng vi to tuyt i (105.5,55) To cc (tng i) Trong to cc ta thng k hiu ( r ,j ) ch bn knh (khong cch) v gc. To cc tng i c cho bng : @ r < j V d : @ 68<35.5 c ngha l r = 68 n v v v c gc nh hng 35o30 so vi im va c ch nh trc . 1.4.10. L nh OSNAP (Object Snap) ObjectSnap cho php bt chnh xc mt im c bit ca mt i tng. im bt c bit no c bt l do chc nng ca Osnap. 1. Gi cng c truy tm i tng S dng phm tt : Ctrl + Phm phi chut Tracking - Xc nh giao im ca hai dy tc vung gc vi nhau From - Xc nh im c to tng i c nhp vo so vi to im truy bt Point Filtes - Cho gi tr X , Y , Z ca to truy bt Enpoint - bt vo im u ca mt cung trn hay mt on thng gn vi im chn i tng. Midpoint - bt vo im gia ca mt on thng hay cung trn. InTersection - Bt vo giao im ca cc ng (ng thng, cung trn, ng trn). Apparent InTersection - Bt vo giao im ca cc ng (ng thng, cung trn, ng trn ). Trong khng gian 3D xc nh giao im ca i tng vi hnh chiu ca i tng khc trn mt phng cha n. Center - bt vo tm ca mt ng trn, cung trn Node - bt vo mt im c v bng lnh point hoc lnh chia divide. Insert - bt vo im t ca dng ch (Textline) hoc attribute, block, shape... Nearest - bt vo im thuc yu t v, ti ni gn vi khung vung nm trn giao im ca si dy ch thp vi i tng. None - Tt (loi b) cc chc nng Osnap t. Quick - bt i tng nhanh bng cch dng ngay vic tm kim khi tm thy mt im

29 tha mn yu cu (c th khng phi l im gn con tr nht). Osnap Settings... Thc hin lnh Osnap

2. t cng c truy tm i tng lu tr thng xuyn gi hp thoi Osnap Settings chn mt trong cc cch goi sau: + Trn thanh cng c Object Snap, chn :

+ Trn thanh trng thi, bm chut phi ln ch OSNAP hin Menu ng ri chn Settings... + T Menu Tools, chn Drafting Settings... + Ti dng lnh, nhp Osnap AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Osnap Settings (hnh 1.10) sau y

H nh 1.10 - t ch Osnap. Cc phng thc bt im trong hp thoi trn y c m t trong bng 1.3

30 Bng 1.3 - cc phng th c b t i m Endpoint Truy bt im cui ca ng thng, ng Polyline, cung trn...

Midpoint

Truy bt im gia ca ng thng, ng Polyline, cung trn...

Center

Truy bt tm ca cung trn, ng trn, ellipse...

Node

Truy bt im trn i tng.

Quadrant

Truy bt im phn t ca cung trn, ng trn, ellipse.

Intersection

Truy bt giao im ng thng, cung trn, ng trn, ellipse, polyline vi ng thng, cung trn, ng trn, ellipse, polyline.

Insertion

Truy bt im chn ca i tng Text, ca Block hoc thuc tnh.

31 Perpendicular Truy bt im vung gc vi cung trn, ng thng, ng trn, ellipse, polyline.

Tangent

Truy bt tip tuyn ca cung trn, ng trn, ellipse, ng cong Spline.

Nearest Apparent Intersection

Truy bt im gn nht trn cung trn, ng thng, ng trn, ellipse, polyline. Bt vo giao im ca cc ng (ng thng, cung trn, ng trn ). Trong khng gian 3D xc nh giao im ca i tng vi hnh chiu ca i tng khc trn mt phng cha n.

Quick

bt i tng nhanh bng cch dng ngay vic tm kim khi tm thy mt im tha mn yu cu (c th khng phi l im gn con tr nht). Hu b ton b cc thuc tnh truy bt thng xuyn. t kch thc ca vung truy bt i tng.

Clear All Aperture size

Ch -C th g trc tip cc ch hoa kch hot ch bt dnh mong mun khi s dng -Dng Shift + phm phi chut kch hot -Dng lnh DDOSNAP hay Tool / Object Snap Settings kch hot ch bt dnh thng trc

32 - thay i kch thc vng truy bt dng lnh APERTURE hay Tool / Object Snap Settings / Aperture sizes

1.4.11. L nh ORTHO t ch v trc giao Khi dng lnh Line, Trace, Pline cn v cc nt thng ng v nm ngang th phi bt ch trc giao. T thanh trng thi, kch kp ORTHO Ti dng lnh, nhp Ortho (hoc n phm F8) Tu chn Command: Ortho ON/OFF <OFF>: Nhp ON hoc OFF, hoc

Trong v d ny, mt ng thng c s dng ch bt ORTHO. To im th nht c xc nh v to im th 2 l v tr ni t ca con tr. Ti dng trng thi, nu hin ch Ortho l ang ch v trc giao, mun v nt xin, mun xoay hnh mt gc bt k bng con chut th phi n phm F8 tt ch v trc giao.

33

Cc lnh v c bn
Ch ng ny tr nh by c l nh v c bn nh t ca AutoCAD . C l nh v c c i m; l nh v ng; l nh vc h nh c bn (ch nh t, trn, elip, a gi c c...). y l c l nh v c s, lm ti n cho c h nh v phc t sau ny. c c p Ngoi ra ni dung ch ng 2 cng c p n mt s l nh hi u ch nh thng th ng kh nhl nh c t m p; l nh k o di i tng; l nh v m p v.v... c t cng l c l nh b trquan trng, th c ng c s dng hi u ch nh bn vcho phh v ng v c tiu chu n thi t k . p i c

Khi c l nh v c
2.1. L nh LINE Lnh v cc on thng Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Line Ti dng lnh, nhp Line Specify first point: Nhp im xut pht hoc bm chut trn mn hnh ho ly to im. Specify next point or [Undo]: Nhp im tip theo (hoc g U khi phc) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Vo mt im, u hoc undo, c hoc close, hoc V d v on thng qua hai im Command: line Specify first point: Tr vo im (1) Specify next point or [Undo]: Tr vo im (2) Specify next point or [Undo]: ( Kt thc lnh Line) Nu sau khi g lnh Line xut hin dng nhc Specify first point: m ta g tip th AutoCAD s ly im cui cng nht trn mn hnh ho lm im bt u v. Nu i tng va v l on thng th lnh Line lc ny s v tip cc on thng. Nu

34 i tng v trc l cung trn th lnh Line lc ny s v on thng tip tuyn vi cung trn nh minh ho di y. Trng hp i tng trc l ng thng

Trng hp i tng trc l cung trn th ng mi s tip tuyn vi cung trn .

Undoing a Line Nhp U hoc Undo khi mun hy mt on va mi v m khng thot khi lnh Line. im bt u ca on thng sau chnh l im cui ca on thng ngay trc . Closing a Polygon Nhp C hoc Close ni im cui ca on thng v sau cng vi im vo u tin (im th nht). Nh vy mt a gic kn c to thnh. Sau khi thc hin ty chn ny, lnh Line s kt thc.

2.2. L nh CIRCLE V hnh trn Ti thanh cng c,chn T Draw menu, chn circle Ti dng lnh, nhp circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Vo mt la chn hoc tr mt im (1)

35 Bng 2.1 - Cc phng n v v ng tr n Center Point V ng trn xc nh thng qua tm v ng knh hoc bn knh. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]:tr im th (2), hoc nhp gi tr, hoc nhp D, hoc Radius Bn c th nhp trc tip ln ca bn knh hoc xc nh bn knh thng qua khong cch gia tm v im th (2) Diameter Bn c th nhp trc tip ln ca ng knh hoc xc nh v tr ca ng knh thng qua thit b tr. 3p - ng trn i qua 3 im Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3p Specify first point on circle:Nhp to im (1) Specify second point on circle: Nhp to im (2) Specify third point on circle: Nhp to im (3)

2p - ng trn i qua 2 im Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2p Specify first end point of circle's diameter:Nhp to im (1) Specify second end point of circle's diameter:Nhp to im (2) To im (1) v To im (2) chnh l hai u ng knh ca ng trn.

TTR - Tangent, Tangent, Radius V ng trn tip xc vi hai i tng cho trc v c ln ng vi gi tr ca bn knh do bn n nh. TTR - Tangent, Tangent, Radius (Tip tuyn, Tip tuyn, Bn knh ) Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: TTR Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Chn i tng th nht Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Chn i tng th hai

36 Specify radius of circle <current>: Nhp gi tr bn knh Nu khng ch nh bn knh ca ng trn AutoCAD s t ng tnh ra bn knh da trn cc im tip tuyn gn nht vi im la chn 2.3. L nh ARC V cung trn Ti thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Arc Ti dng lnh, nhp Arc s xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: C rt nhiu phng n thc hin lnh v cung trn. Tu thuc vo cc tham s c, tu thuc vo tng tnh hung c th ta c th chn mt trong cc phng n sau y:

H nh 2.1 - Menu Draw - Arc. 2.3.1. 3 Points - (V cung trn i qua 3 im)

T c th bm chn 3 im bt k trn mn hnh hoc chn phng n bt im xc nh cc im thuc cung trn. Trong cn lu th t nhp vo : im nhp u tin l im xut pht ca cung trn, im nhp cui cng (im 3) l im kt thc cung trn, im 2 l im trung gian, ch yu AutoCAD xc nh cc tham s v. Th t thc hin lnh v cung trn i qua 3 im nh sau Ti dng lnh, nhp Arc s xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1)

37 Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: bm chn to im (2) Specify end point of arc: bm chn to im (3) kt thc. 2.3.2. Start, Center, End - (im u, tm, im cui) Trong phng thc v ny ta phi nhp ln lt im u, tm, im cui. im u (1) nht thit phi nm trn cung trn, ring im cui (3) khng nht thit phi nm trn cung trn nh minh ho hnh bn.Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau : T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, Center, End - xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1) Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: bm chn to im (3) kt thc. 2.3.3. Start, Center, Angle (im u, tm, gc tm) Trong cch v cung trn ny cc tham s nhp vo l hai to im v mt gc tm. To im (1) l to im xut pht v cung trn, to im (2) l to tm ca cung trn, gc tm c th c g vo trc tip hoc nh dng bng con tr chut. Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau :

gc

T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, Center, Angle - xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1) Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify length of chord: Xc nh gc tm. 2.3.4. Start, Center, Length (im u, tm, di dy cung) Trong cch v cung trn ny cc tham s nhp vo l hai to im v chiu di dy cung. To im (1) l to im xut pht v cung trn, to im (2) l to tm ca cung trn, di dy cung c th c g vo trc tip (dng s) hoc nh dng bng con tr chut. Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau : T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, Center, Angle - xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1) Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify length of chord: nhp chiu di dy cung.

38 2.3.5. Start, End, Angle (im u, im cui, gc tm) Cch v cung trn ny tng t nh cch trnh by trong mc 2.6.3 (Start, Center, Angle), ch khc l cc im m t (1) v (2) lc ny l im u v im cui ca cung trn. C hai im (1) v (2) u phi nm trn cung trn. Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau :
2

gc

T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Angle - xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1) Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify length of chord: Xc nh gc tm (gi s 80 chng hn). 2.3.6. Start, End, Direction (im u, im cui,hng tip tuyn) Trong cch v ny ta phi khai bo hai im thuc cung trn. im nhp trc (1) l im bt u v, im nhp sau (2) l im kt thc cung trn. Ngoi ra cn phi khai bo thm 1 im (3) thuc v tip tuyn vi cung trn ti im (1). Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau : 3

T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Direction - xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1) Specify end point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: bm chnto im (3). 2.3.7. Start, End, Radius (im u, im cui, bn knh) Vi phng thc v ny ta phi khai bo hai im thuc cung trn. im nhp trc (1) l im bt u v, im nhp sau (2) l im kt thc cung trn. Bn knh R c nhp trc tip bng s hoc bng tr chut. Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau :

T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Radius - xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1) Specify end point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify radius of arc: Nhp bn knh R (hoc xc nh di bng tr chut).

39 2.3.8. Center, Start, End (tm, im u, im cui) Cch nhp ny i hi phi nhp vo 3 to im. im nhp u tin (1) l tm ca cung trn, im nhp tip theo (2) l im bt u v v im nhp cui cng (3) l im kt thc cung trn (im ny khng nht thit phi nm trn cung trn). Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau : Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (1) Specify start point of arc: bm chn to im (2) Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: bm chn to im (3) 2.3.9. Center, Start, Angle (tm, im u, gc tm)
gc

3 2 1

T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Radius - xut hin dng nhc

Cch nhp ny yu cu nhp vo to tm (1); im xut pht v ca cung trn (2) v tr s gc tm ca cung trn. Gc ny c tnh vi chiu dng ngc kim ng h, gc xut pht l hng trc X. Th t thc hin lnh v ny nh sau : Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (1) Specify start point of arc: bm chn to im (2)

T Draw menu, chn Arc - Center, Start, Angle - xut hin dng nhc

Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: Nhp vo tr s gc 2.3.10. Center, Start, Length (tm im u, chiu di dy cung) Tng t nh cch v cung trn theo dng Start, Center, Length, ch khc l im nhp vo u tin (1) l tm ca cung trn ri mi n im xut pht v cung (2). 2.3.11. V cung tip tuyn vi ng thng hoc cung trn trc y l mt cch v c ngha rt c bit, n gip ta v c cc ng cong chuyn tip, ng cong ni tip vi ng thng... thc hin cch v ny sau khi nhp lnh trc ht ta v mt o thng (hoc mt cung trn) sau , Ti dng lnh, nhp Arc s xut hin dng nhc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: g Specify end point of arc: nhp vo to im (1) Cch v ny cho php ta c th ch bng cc thao tc rt n gin vn v c cc on cong tr gm cc o thng ni tip vi cung trn hoc cung trn ni tip cung trn c bn knh khc...

40 2.4. L nh ELLIPSE To mt Ellipse hoc cung ca Ellipse Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Ellipse Ti dng lnh, nhp ellipse Sau khi v ng elip c th l mt ng a tuyn bao gm nhiu cung trn ni tip nhau hoc tr thnh mt ng Spline (ng cong i qua cc im m t), iu ny tu thuc vo vic ch nh tr s ca bin PELLIPSE = 0 hay PELLIPSE = 1.

PELLIPSE = 1

PELLIPSE = 0

H nh 2.2 - V elip v la chn PELLIPSE khc nhau. i C 3 phng n v elip nh sau : 2.4.1. To mt trc v khong cch na trc cn li To trc ca elip c xc nh thng qua 2 im (1) v (2). Na trc cn li c xc nh thng qua im (3), v c hiu l khon cch t trc elip n im 2, khong cch ny c th nhp tr s trc tip 1 hoc thng qua vic bm phm chut trn mn hnh ho. Ti dng lnh, nhp ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: nhp im (1) Specify other endpoint of axis: nhp im (2) Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: nhp im (3) (hoc g s trc tip) 2.4.2. To tm v cc trc Cch v ny yu cu nhp vo to tm To trc ca elip c xc nh thng qua 2 im (1) v (2). Na trc cn li c xc nh thng qua im (3), v c hiu l khon cch t trc elip n im 2, khong cch ny c th nhp tr s trc tip hoc thng qua vic bm phm chut trn mn hnh ho. Ti dng lnh, nhp ellipse

3 2

3 1 2

41 Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: C Specify center of ellipse: nhp to tm elip <im (1)> Specify endpoint of axis: nhp to im (2) Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: nhp s hoc bm chn im (3) 2.4.3. V cung elip La chn ny cho php v mt phn ca elip tng ng vi mt gc nht nh. Cc tham s nhp vo ngoi cc tham s nh dng ng elip y cn cn n nh dng gc bt u v kt thc v ca cung elp. Th t thc hin lnh ny nh sau : Ti dng lnh, nhp ellipse Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: A Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: nhp to im th nht ca trc elip (1) Specify other endpoint of axis: nhp to im th hai ca trc elip (2) Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: nhp khong cch na trc cn li (3) Specify start angle or [Parameter]: nhp hng bt u v ca cung elip (4) Specify end angle or [Parameter/Included angle]: nhp hng kt thc ca cung elip (5) Ngoi ra nu lnh Snap ang trng thi chn Isometric th lnh v ellipse s cho php ta v cc hnh elip trong hnh chiu trc o (hnh 2.3).

5 3 2 4

H nh 2.3 - V ng tr n h nh chi u tr c o bng l nh Ellipse. 2.5. L nh PLINE Lnh v ng a tuyn

42 a tuyn (Polyline) l mt i tng gm cc on thng, cung trn ni tip nhau. Trong a tuyn, nt v c b rng v c th thay i tng phn on. Xt v phng din th hin th cc a tuyn c to ra t lnh Line v lnh Pline i khi l kh ging nhau, tuy nhin xt v mt cu trc th a tuyn do lnh Pline to ra l a tuyn ca 1 i tng cn a tuyn do lnh Line to ra l a tuyn nhiu i tng. Draw toolbar: Draw menu:Polyline Command line: Pline Bng 2.2 - Cc phng n v ng a tuy n Specify start point: im u ca Polyline(1) Current line-width is <0.0000> (b rng nt v hin thi l 0.0000) Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: To im (2) ... Endpoint of line Ty chn mc nh l vo im cui ca ng thng, cho php v cc on thng ni tip nhau vi b rng nt v hin thi. Arc Cho php v mt cung trn trong polyline. Nu dng ty chn ny th im hin thi s l im bt u ca cung trn v xut hin dng nhc sau: Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:To im (3) hoc la chn khc Endpoint of Arc V mt cung trn. im bt u cung trn l im cui cng ca Polyline. Angle Cho php v cung trn khi bit gc chn cung. Included angle: (gi tr gc chn cung) Mc nh, cung trn s c v theo chiu dng ca gc. Nu mun v theo chiu ngc li th gi tr ca gc nhp vo phi mang du m (-). Center / Radius / <Endpoint>: Tr im cui cung hoc C, R Endpoint : V mt cung trn

43 Center : Cung trn xc nh thng qua tm ca cung Center point : To tm ca cung Radius : Cho gi tr bn knh ca cung trn Radius : Tr im th nht, hoc gi tr bn knh Nu bn tr mt im, AutoCAD yu cu tr im th hai, khong cnh gia hai im l bn knh ca cung trn. Radius: Tr im th hai Direction of chord <16>: tr mt im hoc Center Cho php v cung trn khi bit tm Center point: To tm(3) Angle / Length / <Endpoint>: To im(4) hoc A, L End point Nhp to im cui cung trn Angle Ch ra gc chn cung bt u t im u Included angle: Gc chn cung Length Ch ra di ca y cung Length of chord : Gi tr di dy cung Close ng ng a tuyn Polyline bng mt cung. Direction Dng thay i hng tip tuyn ti im u ca cung trn s v (xem thm lnh Arc).Dng nhc ca AutoCAD l: Direction from starting point: tr im(3) (hng pht trin cung) End point: Tr im(4) (im cui ca cung). Halfwidth - Gi tr nhp vo l mt na b rng nt v. Starting half-width <0.0000>: Nhp gi tr na b rng u ca cung Ending half-width <0.0000>: Nhp gi tr na b rng cui ca cung Line - Chuyn phng thc v cung trn sang v on thng. Radius - V cung trn theo bn knh Radius: (vo gi tr bn knh ca cung trn) Angle/ <End point>:To im cui cung, A Mc nh l im vo cui ca cung, cn nu chn A (Angle) th v theo gc chn cung.

44 Second pt - Nhp im th hai v im cui ca cung v qua 3 im. Second point: Tr im(3) Endpoint: Tr im(4) Undo - Hu b lnh lnh va thc hin. Width - t rng cho phn v tip theo. Starting width <current>: rng im bt u Ending width <current>: rng im cui Close V on thng t v tr hin ti ti to im u ca ng Polyline. Polyline tr thnh Polyline ng. Halfwidth Khai bo na rng ca ng Polyline Starting half-width <current>: Na rng im bt u Ending half-width <current>: Na rng im cui Length V mt on thng c chiu di quy nh v c cng dc (cng chiu) vi ng thng trc n. Nu on thng trc n l mt cung trn th mt on thng s c v tip tuyn vi cung ny. Length of line: To im ko di(1) Undo Hu b lnh lnh va thc hin, tr li phn v trc. Width t rng cho phn tip theo ca ng Polyline. Starting width <current>: rng im bt u Ending width <current>: rng im cui V d: Command: Pline From point: 4,6 (im bt u v) Current line - width is 0.00 (b rng nt v hin ti=0) Arc/Close/Halfawidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: w Starting width <0.00>:0.05 (nhp b rng mi) Ending width <0.05>: Arc /Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: 6,5 Arc /Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: a

45 Angle/Center.../Radius/Second/Undo/Width/ <End point of arc>: r Radius: 1 Angle/<End point>: a Included Angle: 22.5 Direction of chord <0>: 45 (Phng ca dy cung) Angle /.../Line/Radius/Secondpt/Undo/With/<End point of arc>: 1 Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: 7,8 Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>:

2.6. L nh POLYGON V a gic u Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Polygon Ti dng lnh, nhp polygon Enter Number of sides <4>: Vo s cnh ca a gic t 3 - 1024, hoc Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: To tm(1), hoc E Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: Nhp I, C hoc Bng 2.3 - Cc phng n v h nh a gic u Inscribed in circle V a gic ni tip trong ng trn Radius of circle: To im(2), hoc nhp gi tr bn knh Khong cch t tm ti nh Polygon chnh l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip Polygon. Circumscribed about circle V a gic ngoi tip ng trn. Radius of circle: To im(2), hoc nhp gi tr bn knh Khong cch t tm ti trung im cnh ca Polygon chnh l bn knh ng trn ni tip Polygon. Edge V Polygon thng qua cnh. First endpoint of edge: Tr im th nht(1)

46 Second endpoint of edge: Tr im th hai(2) Khong cch im (1) v im (2) chnh l mt cnh ca Polygon.

2.7. L nh RECTANG V hnh ch nht Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Rectangle Ti dng lnh, nhp Rectang hoc Rectangle Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: nhp to im (1) Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: nhp to im (2) Chamfer Quy nh vt gc ca cc gc hnh ch nht. Ngi s dng c th quy nh vt tng cnh ca gc. Ti dng lnh, nhp : rectang Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: C Specify first chamfer distance for rectangles <0.0000>: 10 Specify second chamfer distance for rectangles <10.0000>: 10 Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: nhp to im (1) Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: nhp to im (2) Elevation Quy nh cao ca hnh ch nht. Gi tr ny s c duy tr cho n ln thay i tip theo. Elevation for rectangles <0.0000>: Gi tr cao ca hnh ch nht Fillet Cho php v trn cc gc ca hnh ch nht vi bn knh cong xc nh. Fillet radius for rectangles <0.0000>: Gi tr bn knh ca gc hnh ch nht Thickness Quy nh dy ca hnh ch nht c v. Gi tr ny s c duy tr cho n ln thay i tip theo. Thickness for rectangles <0.0000>: dy hnh ch nht

47 Width Quy nh rng cc cnh hnh ch nht . Gi tr ny s c duy tr cho n ln thay i tip theo. Width for rectangles <0.0000>: rng hnh ch nht 2.8. L nh SPLINE Lnh v ng cong Draw menu: Spline Command line: Spline ng SPline i qua tt c cc im m ta chn. Lnh ny c dng to ra cc ng cong trn c hnh dng khng c nh (cc ng cong trong t nhin; cc ng ng mc trong h thng thng tin a l v.v... ) Ngoi ra AutoCAD cn c th to ra cc ng cong xp x dng Spline bng cch lm trn cc ng polyline sn c thng qua lnh PEdit. Tuy nhin so vi ng Spline lm trn t ng Polyline sn c th ng Spline thc (ng c v thng qua lnh SPline) c cc u im ni bt sau : ng Spline thc c to bng phng php ni suy i qua tt c cc im m t (CONTROL POINT), v cc im ny nm ng trn ng dn hng mong mun ca ng cong do vy vic xp x dng ng cong mong mun s tt hn. ng Spline thc c th d dng hiu chnh thng qua lnh Splinedit. Khi cc im m t vn s c gi li v d dng hiu chnh, trong khi ng lm trn t polyline th cc im m t s khng cn c bo ton. Bn v cha cc ng Spline thc s c kch thc File nh hn l bn v cha cc ng polyline lm trn c hnh dng tng ng. 2.9. L nh POINT V mt im c to nh trc Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Point Single Point Ti dng lnh, nhp Point Point: Tr im trn mn hnh trnh ln vi cc im chia li bn c th chn mt trong nhng kiu im khc nhau, Xem lnh (ddptype)

2.10.

L nh DDPTYPE T Format menu, chn Point Style

Chn kiu v kch thc im

48 Ti dng lnh, nhp ddptype AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Point Style (hnh 2.4)

H nh 2.4 - H P THOI Point Style. Trong hp hi thoi Point Stype hin kiu v kch thc im hin thi. thay i bn chn cc hnh tng tng ng. Point Size t kch thc cho im so vi kch thc mn hnh hoc kch thc h n v o ca bn v. Set Size Relative to Screen Kch thc ca im so vi mn hnh. Set Size in Absolute Units Kch thc ca im so vi n v o ca bn v.

Khi c l nh hi u ch nh c
2.11. L nh ERASE Lnh xo i tng la chn ra khi bn v Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Erase Command line: Erase Select objects: Chn cc i tng cn xo

49 2.12. L nh TRIM Lnh xn mt phn i tng nm giu hai i tng chn Cc loi i tng c th ct l arc, circle, elliptical arc, line, open 2D v 3D polylines, ray, v splines. Lnh ny khc vi lnh Erase ch : lnh Erase xo ton b i tng c nh du, cn lnh Trim s ch xo mt phn ca i tng c ch nh. Lnh ny thng c ng dng loi b cc phn tha (bavia) trong bn v v nh khi ta dng lnh Line v bn c tng chng hn, trc ht ta phI v mt hnh ch nht sau v cc on thng chia ct hnh ch nht c c cc nt ca bn c nh sau khi v rt c th s xut hin cc mu tha nm ngoi vng ch nht khi ta c th s dng lnh Trim loi b cc nt tha

Sau khi d l nh ng TRIM

H nh 2.5 - B n c v bng l nh Rectangle v l nh line. C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Trim Command line: Trim Bng 2.4 - C t i t ng Select cutting edges: (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend) Select objects: (chn cc cnh ct) Cc i tng va chn s c a vo danh sch cc cnh ct. Cc cnh ct c th l Line, arc, circle, polyline v Viewport. Tr li Null ( ) kt thc vic chn cnh ct, dng nhc tip theo ca AutoCAD l: <Select object to trim> / Project / Edge / Undo: (chn i tng cn ct hay P, E, U)

50 Select object to trim Chn cc i tng cn ct. AutoCAD thc hin lnh ct ngay v hi tip cc i tng cn ct khc. Project None / Ucs / View <current>: Chn N, U, V None Lnh Trim thc hin khi i tng ct cnh ca ng bao.

UCS Lnh Trim thc hin khi i tng giao vi ng bao hoc mt phng ng bao.

View

Edge Ch nh phn on thng cn ct. Extend / No extend <current>: Chn E, N hoc Enter Extend

51 ng bin c quy nh c phn ko di ca on thng. im ct chnh l giao im ca hai ng thng ca yu t ct v yu t bin. No extend Yu t ct c thc hin khi ng thng cn ct thc s giao vi on thng yu t bin. Undo Hy thao tc sai trc .

2.13.

L nh BREAK

Lnh Break dng xa mt phn ca mt line, Trace, Circ1el, Arc hay Polyline. P1 P2

P2

P1

Tr khi Break c

Sau khi Break

H nh 2.6 - D l nh Break xo mt ph n on th ng v v ng tr n. ng C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Break Command line: Break Bng 2. 5 - S d ng l nh Break Select object: Chn i tng (1) Enter second point (or F for first point): im th hai gii hn phn c xa (2) Nu chn i tng bng mt im, im c mc nh l im th nht gii hn phn c xa . Nu tr li F th AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh li im th nht v im th hai gii hn phn xa. Enter first point: Chn im th nht (1)

52 Enter second point: Chn im th hai (2) im th hai khng nht thit phi nm trn i tng, khi AutoCAD s ly im trn i tng gn im th hai nht. Khi i tng l mt ng trn th lnh Break s xa t im th nht ti im th hai theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.

2.14. L nh EXTEND Lnh ko di i tng v ti mt ng bin xc nh C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Extend Command line: Extend Select boundary edges: (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend) Select objects: (chn cc i tng c dng lm ng bin) ... Select object: (kt thc vic chn ng bin) <Select object to extend> / Project / Edge / Undo:(chn i tng cn ko di hay P, E, U).

Bng 2.6- K o dn i t ng Select object to extend Ch nh on mun ko dn. im t chut khi tc ng ln i tng phi gn cui ng pha i tng chn. nh Enter khi kt thc lnh. Project Ch ra cch thc ko di i tng.

53 None / Ucs / View <current>: Chn N, U , V None i tng c ko dn trong trng hp i tng c to im giao vi cnh ca mt phng bin trong khng gian.

UCS i tng c ko dn ti cnh bin hoc mt phng bin.

View

Edge Ch nh on mun ko dn. Extend / No extend <current>: Chn v tr hoc Enter Extend ng bin c quy nh c phn ko di ca on thng. im ko di chnh l giao im ca hai ng thng ca yu t ko di v yu t bin. No extend Yu t ko di c thc hin khi ng thng ko di thc s ct on thng yu t bin. Undo Hy thao tc sai trc .

54 2.15. L nh LENGTHEN Thay i chiu di i tng (nn hoc gin) l on thng hoc cung trn Command line: Lengthen Select an object or [DElta/Percent/Total/DYnamic]: + Chn mt i tng : AutoCAD s cho hin th chiu di hin thi ca i tng. + DE : cho php thay i chiu di i tng bng cch nhp vo khong tng (delta). Nu gi tr khong tng l m th s lm gim kch thc i tng, khong tng dng s lm tng kch thc i tng. Sau la chn ny s xut hin dng nhc ph : Enter delta length or [Angle] <0.0000>: nhp vo khong tng ti y Select an object change or[Undo]: Chn i tng cn hiu chnh chiu di Dng nhc trn s xut hin lin tc cho n khi ta bm phm + Percent : La chn ny cho php thay i chiu di i tng theo t l phn trm so vi chiu di gc ban u ca i tng c chn. Khi t l phn trm >100 th chiu di i tng tng; khi t l phn trm <100 th chiu di i tng gim. Sau la chn ny s xut hin dng nhc ph : Enter percentage length or [Angle] <100.0000>: nhp gi tr phn trm mi Select an object change or[Undo]: Chn i tng cn hiu chnh chiu di + Total : La chn ny dng thay i tng chiu di ca mt i tng hoc gc m cung theo gi tr mi nhp vo. Sau la chn ny s xut hin dng nhc ph : Speciafy total length or [Angle] <1.0000>: nhp gi tr (hoc A chn gc) Select an object change or [Undo]: Chn i tng cn hiu chnh kch thc + Dynamic : dng thay i ng chiu di ca i tng thng qua con tr chut.

2.16. L nh CHAMFER Lnh lm vt mp i tng Lnh Chamfer (vt mp) cho php ni tip hai ng thng bng mt on thng xc nh. Lnh ny hot ng tng t nh lnh Fillet. Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Chamfer Command line: Chamfer (TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.5000, Dist2 = 0.5000 Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: Chn mt phng thc

55 Bng 2.7 - Minh ho l nh CHAMFER Select first line Chn mt trong hai cnh cn ct vt ca i tng 2D hoc 3D solid. Trng hp i tng 2D

Select second line: Chn cnh ct vt th hai Trng hp i tng 3D Nu bn chn cnh ca i tng 3D solid, bn phi cho bit mt tronghai mt lin k nhau ti cnh l b mt c s. Select base surface:chn mt c s Next / <OK>: Chn N hoc O Chn O la chn mt c s. Chn N la chn mt tip theo. Thng qua hai mt xc nh c cnh giao nhau gia hai mt.

Loop / <Select edge>: Chn mt phng thc Select edge La chn ct vt tng cnh

Loop Chn tt c cc cnh trong mt c s

Polyline

56 Ct vt cho mt Polyline: hot ng ca ty chn ny tng t nh trong lnh fillet.

Distances t khong cch cho cnh vt. Ty chn ny dng xc nh di vt cho mi cnh, chng c th bng nhau, khc nhau hay bng 0. Gi tr di vt xc nh bng ty chn ny s tr thnh hin hnh v c duy tr cho n khi thay bng gi tr khc. Enter first chamfer distance <current>: Cho khong cnh vt cnh th nht Enter second chamfer distance <current>: Cho khong cnh vt cnh th nht

Angle t khong cch vt cho cnh th nht, khong cch vt cnh th hai c tnh thng qua cnh th nht v gc gia chng. Enter first chamfer distance <current>: Cho khong cnh vt cnh th nht Enter angle from the first line <current>: Gi tr gc

Trim Chn ch ct / khng ct cho lnh chamfer Trim/No Trim <current>: chn mt phng thc Method Chn phng thc nhp theo hai khong cch hoc theo mt khong cch v mt gc. Distance / Angle / <current>: Chn mt phng thc

57

Php bin i hnh, sao chp hnh v qun l bn v theo lp

C l nh sao ch p v bi n i h nh c
3.1. L nh MOVE

Lnh di chuyn mt hay nhiu i tng C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Move Command line: Move Select objects: Chn cc i tng mun di chuyn Specify base point or displacement: To im c s (1) Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: To im ch di chuyn ti (2)
i m c s (1) c th l i m b t k : bn trong, bn ngoi ho c trn i tng chn. l i m m sau khi k t thc l nh Move th to i m sri ng vo to i m sd ch n (2).

3.2.

L nh ROTATE

Lnh xoay i tng quanh mt im chun theo mt gc

Base point

Base point

H nh 3.1 - Xoay i t quanh 1 i m bng l nh Rotate. ng

58 C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Rotate Command line: Rotate Select objects: Chn cc i tng mun xoay Specify base point: Ch nh im chun (1) Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: ch nh gc xoay hoc di chuyn chut cho n khi i tng t c hng mong mun ri nhn im ch.

3.3.

L nh SCALE

Lnh thay i kch thc i tng v Lnh Scale cho php tng gim kch thc ca mt hay mt nhm i tng theo mt t l nht nh. Nu cc i tng ny c ghi kch thc th cc gi tr kch thc s c t ng cp nht (vi iu kin ta chp nhn gi tr mc nh ca dng nhc Dim text trong ln ghi kch thc . C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Scale Command line: Scale Select objects: Chn i tng thu phng Specify base point: Ch nh im chun (1) Specify scale factor or [Reference]: H s phng hoc R

Scale factor Nhp h s thu phng ca cc i tng c chn. Nu t l ln hn 1 s lm tng kch thc ca i tng v ngc li.

59 Reference Tng t nh lnh Rotate, cn phi nhp vo t l tham chiu ca cc i tng v t l mi cn t c. AutoCAD s t ng thu (hoc phng) i tng theo t l tng ng vi gi tr tham chiu. Specify reference length <1>: nhp chiu di tham chiu Specify new length: nhp chiu di mi V d:

3.4.

L nh MIRROR

Lnh ly i xng gng To mt hnh i xng vi mt hnh c trn bn v qua mt trc i xng xc nh. Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Mirror Command line: Mirror Select object:(chn i tng) .... Specify first point of mirror line: (im th nht ca trc i xng(1)) Specify second point of mirror line: (im th hai ca trc i xng(2)) Delete old objects <N>: (Y hoc N) Tr li Y xa cc i tng c i v tr li N nu mun gi cc i tng c.

Ly i xng cc hng ch v thuc tnh Ty thuc vo gi tr ca bin mirrtext m cc hng ch v cc thuc tnh c ly i xng bng lnh mirror s c dng bnh thng hay i xng. Khi Mirrtext = 1 (mc nh) cc hng ch c ly i xng nh cc hnh v khc. Khi Mirrtext = 0, sau khi i xng, cc hng ch s c dng bnh thng.

60 Vi cc gi tr ca thuc tnh trong Block, khi ly i xng cng chu tc dng ca bin Mirrtext nh i vi text. V d sau y minh ha nh hng ca bin Mirrtext.

3.5.

L nh STRETCH

Lnh ko gin i tng v Cho php di chuyn mt phn i tng c chn m vn duy tr vic dnh ni vi phn cn li. Cc i tng c th Stretch l lines, arcs, Traces, Solids v Polylines... Dim... C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Stretch Command line: Stretch Select objects: (chn i tng mun ko dn thng qua ch chm khung) V d:

Specify base point or displacement: im c s hay di (3) Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: im th hai hay di (4) Ch : Khi chn i tng trong lnh Stretch phi dng kiu chn bng ca s (Crossing, Window, CPolygon, WPolygon) t nht mt ln. Nhng i tng no giao vi khung ca s chn s c ko gin (hoc co li) nhng i tng no nm lt hn trong khung ca s chn s c di i (Move). Nu dng chn i tng kiu ca s nhiu ln, ca s cui cng l ca s chu tc dng ca lnh Stretch. C th loi (Remove) mt hay nhu i tng khi danh sch la chn hoc thm (Add) i tng vo danh sch chn.

61 Nu khng xc nh ca s khi chn i tng, AutoCAD s thng bo: You must select a window to Stretch (bn cn chn mt ca s Stretch) v chm dt lnh. 3.6. L nh COPY

Lnh sao chp i tng Trn thanh cng c, chn T Edit menu, chn Copy Command line: Copy Bng 3.1 - Minh ho l nh COPY Select objects: Chn i tng cn sao chp Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: Chn im c s Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: chn im ch copy n Base point or displacement Nu bn tr vo mt im, AutoCAD dng im th nht lm im c s(1). To im th hai(2) l v tr ca i tng c sao chp. Nu bit khong cch c th dng cch nhp to cc. Mulltiple Cho php sao chp i tng gc thnh nhiu bn m ch cn mt ln gi lnh copy. AutoCAD s lp i lp li dng nhc Second point of displacement cho n khi nhn c tr li Null th kt thc lnh.

3.7.

L nh OFFSET

Lnh v song song Lnh Offset cho php to mt i tng mi song song vi i tng c ch ra v cch i tng ny mt khong xc nh hay i qua mt im xc nh. i tng gc c th l mt trong cc dng line, arc, pline, spline... Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Offset Command line: Offset Specify offset distance or [Through] < gi tr mc nh>: nhp v khong cch gia cc i tng song song Select object to offset or <exit>: chn i tng gc

62 Specify point on side to offset: chn pha (phi hay tri) t i tng pht sinh Select object to offset or <exit>: tip tc chn hoc thot Gii thch : Offset distance To mt i tng song song vi i tng chn thng qua khong cch. Specify point on side to offset: (chn pha t i tng mi bng cch nhp vo mt im bt k v pha ).

Through To mt i tng song song vi i tng chn thng qua to im Select object to offset: (chn i tng v song song) Through point: To im (1)

L : L nh offset ch c tc dng v cc i tng nh l line, arc, circle v polyline. Khi u i chn i tng ch c th chn bng cch i m vo i tng . Khng th chn i tng bng Window, Cross, Fence, WPolygon, CPolygon hay Last.

3.8.

L nh ARRAY

Lnh sao chp to dy Lnh array cho php sao chp i tng thnh nhiu i tng v sp xp chng theo dng dy ch nht (rectangular) hay dy trn (polar). Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Array Command line: Array Sau khi gi lnh Array s xut hin hp thoi hnh 3.2 (nu ta s dng lnh -Array th s xut hin cc dng nhc thay v hin hp thoi. Ti cch nhp lnh ny cc tham s lnh s c nhp theo phng thc hi p ging nh phn ln cc lnh ca AutoCAD ).

63 Command line: -Array Select objects: chn i tng gc Select objects: kt thc chn i tng Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: chn kiu sp xp i tng pht sinh l R hoc P Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: s hng cc i tng s pht sinh Enter the number of columns (|||) <1>: s ct cc i tng s pht sinh Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): gin cch gia cc hng ca i tng pht sinh Specify the distance between columns (|||): gin cch gia cc ct ca i tng pht sinh

H nh 3.2 - Hp thoi Array v la chn Rectangular array. i Rectangular Ty chn ny cho php to ra mt mng theo dng ch nht. AutoCAD s yu cu nhp vo s hng v ct, cng nh khong cch gia cc hng v ct.

Khi khong cch gi a cc hng l d ng, s hng thm vo snm ph a trn i tng c s. Cn khi khong cch gi a cc hng l m th ngc li. T ng t nh th n u khong cch gi a cc ct l d ng th cc ct thm vo s nm ph a bn phi i tng c s v ngc li.

64 Vi la chn Rectangular ny nu khai bo t hp thoi hnh 3.2 ta c th chn i tng c s bng cch bm phm , sau khi bm chn phm ny mn hnh hp thoi tm thi b ct i, ta c th s dng chut chn mt hoc nhiu i tng, sau khi kt thc chn hp thoi hnh 3.2 s li ti hin ta tip tc thc hin lnh Array. + Cc khai bo Row offset v Column ofset : l khong cch gia cc hng v cc ct ca i tng s c to ra. Cc khong cch ny c th nhp trc tip bng cch g s vo cc tng ng hoc bm ch nh chng t mn hnh ho.

+ Khai bo Angle of array : dng ch nh gc quay xt theo hng hoc ct ca cc i tng pht sinh. C tham s chn t hp tho ny c s dng t ra m h nh minh c i o ho trn hp tho V d trn h nh 3.2 ta chn s hng (rows)=3; s ct i. (columns) = 4; gc nghing (Angle of array)=30, th trn ph n th hi n s nh n th y khi h nh gm 3 hng, 4 ct c th hi n nghing mt gc 30 . Polar Ty chn ny cho php t cc i tng c sao chp theo mt ng trn (circle) hay cung trn (arc). Cc i tng c sao chp c th ly cng phng vi i tng gc hay s c quay khi to dy.

H nh 3.3 - l nh Array.

65

H nh 3.4 - Hp thoi Array v la chn Polar array. i Hp thoi hnh 3.4 cng c nhiu thnh phn tng t ca hp thoi hnh 3.2, cch s dng cc phm ; l hon ton tng t. Ngoi ra hp thoi hnh 3.4 cn c thm cc thnh phn s liu sau y : + Center point X,Y : L to ca tm pht sinh. to ny c th nhp trc tip hoc bm chn t mn hnh ho thng qua cng c .

+ Method : la chn phng php v pht sinh dy (pht sinh theo s lng cho trc hay pht sinh lin tip cc i tng theo gc tm ...) + : la chn ny nu c chn cc i tng s c t ng xoay i mt gc (hnh 3.4), nu khng chn th sau khi pht sinh cc khi hnh mi s c cng hng th hin nh ca i tng gc. Trong ty chn ny, nu mun thc hin t dng nhc theo cch nhp truyn thng th cc bc tin hnh s l : Command line: -Array Rectangular or Polar array (R/P): p Select objects: Specify opposite corner: chn i tng c s

66 Select objects: kt thc chn i tng Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: p Specify center point of array or [Base]: nhp to tm xoay ca cc i tng s pht sinh Enter the number of items in the array: s lng i tng s pht sinh Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: gc pht sinh - nu l 360 th s l pht sinh theo mt vng trong kn Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: c xoay i tng sau khi pht sinh khng? (Y = c, N = khng - xem hnh 3.3) 3.9. L nh FILLET

Lnh bo trn i tng Bng 3.2 - Minh ho l nh FILLET Lnh Fillet dng ni tip hai ng thng, cung trn, ng trn bng mt cung trn c bn knh xc nh. Mc nh AutoCAD yu cu xc nh hai i tng hay hai phn on ca Polyline fillet. Vic chn i tng thng tin hnh bng cch im vo i tng hay cng c th bng ca s nhng phi m bo trong mt ln chn khng c qu hai i tng trong ca s . Sau khi chn hai i tng, AutoCAD s t ng ko di chng (nu cn) cho ti khi chng ct nhau, ri ta i phn tha (gi li on c chn) v ni chng bng mt cung trn c bn knh l bn knh hin hnh (xc nh bng ty chn Radius trong lnh ny).

Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Fillet Command line: Fillet Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 15.0000 (cc tham s hin ti ca AutoCAD ) Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]:chn i tng (1) hoc mt trong cc tham s Select second object: chn i tng th (2)
Polyline

Tu chn ny cho php ln cong tt c cc phn on ca Polyline vi cng bn knh xc nh. Polyline/Radius/<Select first object>: p Select 2D polyline: (chn polyline phng).

67 Tt c cc phn on s c ln cong theo bn knh hin hnh, k c cc on c ln cong cng s c ln cong theo bn knh mi. Radius t bn knh ln cong Ty chn ny cho php kim tra v thay i bn knh ln cong Polyline/Radius/<Select first object>:r Specify fillet radius <10.0000>: (vo gi tr bn knh ln cong) Gi tr nhp vo s l gi tr hin hnh v c duy tr cho n khi thay i n. Khi ln u tin dng lnh fillet, gi tr Radius c mc nh bng 0 v vi bn knh th hai ng c fillet ch ni nh vi nhau. C th dng tnh cht ny ni nh hai ng thng, cung trn mt cch nhanh chng. Trim Chn ch ct / khng ct cho lnh Fillet Enter Trim mode option [Trim/No trim] <current>: chn mt phng thc

C l nh lm vi c v l c i p
Khi nim v lp thun tin khi v v qun l cc bn v phc tp, AutoCAD dng cc lp (Layer) khc nhau th hin. C th hnh dung lp nh mt tm knh trong sut c hnh v. Bn v s gm mt hay nhiu tm knh nh vy chng ln nhau. c tnh ca lp - Mi lp c mt tn ring, cha kiu ng nt (Line type), mu sc (Color) mc nh do ngi s dng qui nh. Cc hnh v t trn mt lp nu khng c ch nh ring s c mu sc v kiu ng nt ca lp . - C th c cc hnh v trn mt (hoc nhiu) lp tt i hoc cho chng xut hin li trn bn v. - C th sa cha, v d ty xa, trn nhiu lp cng mt lc nhng mi ln ch c v trn mt lp. Lp ang hot ng gi l lp hin hnh (Current layer), khi mt hnh c v, n s c t ln lp hin hnh. Tn lp hin hnh c th hin trn dng trng thi (status line). - Mt lp c th b ng c (freez), b kha (lock) hoc tt (turn off). - S lng lp c th khai bo trong 01 bn v l khng c gii hn. Tn lp thng c t theo ni dung ca cc i tng trn v d : + Lp a hnh + Lp ng ng mc + Lp c s h tng v.v...

68 3.10. L nh LAYER Lnh Layer dng t lp mi, chn lp hin hnh, t mu sc v kiu ng nt cho lp, tt hoc m lp, kha hay m kha cho lp, lm ng c hay tan ng cho lp v lit k cc lp nh ngha trong bn v. Trn thanh cng c, chn T Format menu, chn Layer Ti dng lnh, nhp Layer AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi hnh 3.5 Trong mc Layer, bn c th to mt layer hin tai, thm mt layer mi vi tn c nhp ti Name, i tn mt layer.

H nh 3.5 - Hp thoi nh danh l p. T hp thoi ny ta c th bt tt, lm ng cng hoc lm tan ton b Layer, kho v m kho cc Layer bng cch bm chut trc tip ln cc hp biu th tng ng c th l :

69 : Tt <m> lp hin hnh, khi lp b tt th biu tng chuyn thnh , lc ny mi i tng thuc lp tm thi b ct khi mn hnh v ta khng th nhn thy, khng th sa cha, khng th in cc i tng thuc lp ny cho n khi phi bt tr li chng. : ng bng (Freeze) <lm tan bng (Thaw) > ca lp hin chn. Khi lp b ng bng biu tng ny t ng chuyn thnh . : Kho <m kho> cho lp. Khi lp b kho cc i tng trong lp s khng th hiu chnh c, tuy nhin ta vn c th nhn thy cc i tng thuc lp v vn c th in chng c. : Bm chut vo v tr ny ta c th thay i mu sc th hin cho cc i tng thuc lp thng qua hp thoi hnh 3.6. Mu y c hiu l mu ngm nh, ngha l nu ta v mt i tng no thuc lp ny th mu ca i tng ban u c chn l mu ca lp, tuy nhin sau ta hon ton c th chn v nh ngha li mu cho tng i tng theo cc mc ch c th no .

H nh 3.6 - Hi u ch nh m u cho l p. : Cho php c th hiu chnh kiu nt ca cc i tng v thuc lp. Khi bm chn vo v tr ny s thy xut hin hp thoi hnh 3.7 t y c th chn mt trong cc kiu nt th hin cho cc i tng thuc lp. AutoCAD mc nh cho php chn mt trong 07 kiu nt v (lin nt; gch chm; chm chm ...) tuy nhin ta c th chn thm nhiu kiu nt khc na nu bm chn phm . Khi AutoCAD s cho hin hp thoi vi rt nhiu kiu la chn nt khc

70 nhau (c lin kt vi File) thm ch ngi s dng cng cn c th t nh ngha thm cc kiu nt v mi.

H nh 3.7 - Hi u ch nh n t v cho l p. : Khi bm chn vo v tr ny AutoCAD s cho hin hp thoi hnh 3.8, t y ngi s dng c th hiu chnh m nht ca nt v th hin trn lp hin chn. dy ca nt v c th c chn t 0 (mc nh) n 2.11mm. Tuy nhin nu chn dy nt v ln th khi th hin cc bn v d b ri v cng i hi thi gian ng k mi khi thc hin lnh thu phng hnh.

H nh 3.8 - Hi u ch nh d y cho n t v ca l p. Ngoi ra t hp thoi hnh 3.5 ta cn c th thc hin nhiu thao tc khc na nh : Bm nh ngha mt lp mi.

71 Bm nu mun loi b lp hin chn

Bm chn lp ang c nh du lm lp hin hnh. Sau lnh chn ny, nu ta v thm mt i tng no th i tng mi s thuc v lp hin hnh. Bm v.v... hin cc thng tin chi tit cho lp hin chn.

N u ta mun thc hi n vi c nh p c tham s l nh Layer t dng l nh th ch c vi c g thm d u tr - trc c u l nh t dng nh c. i Command: -layer Enter an option [?/Make/Set/New/ON/OFF/Color/Ltype/ LWeight/ Plot/ Freeze/ Thaw/ LOck/ Unlock/ stAte]: chn mt trong cc tham s Bng 3.3 - L nh Layer ? -- List Layer Ty chn ny lit k tnh trng, mu sc, kiu ng nt ca cc lp c ch nh. AutoCAD s yu cu vo tn mt hay mt nhm lp cn xem: Layer name to list <*>: tn cc Layer cn lit k hoc Make To mt lp mi v qui nh n lm lp hin hnh New current layer <0>: Nhp tn hoc Set Qui nh mt lp c lm lp hin hnh New current layer <0>: Nhp tn New To mt (hay nhiu) lp mi nhng khng lm cho n thnh hin hnh. Tn ca lp khng c di qu 31 k t bao gm cc k t l ch, s v -, _, $. Tn ca cc lp cch nhau bi du phy. New layer name(s): danh sch tn ON Lm cho hin th (thy c) mt hay nhiu lp c chn Layer name(s) to turn On <>: danh sch tn OF Lm tt (khng thy c) mt hay nhiu lp c chn. Layer name(s) to turn Off <>: danh sch tn Color

72 Thit lp mu cho lp. Khi mt lp mi c to thnh, AutoCAD mc nh cho n c mu trng (white). Dng ty chn ny thit lp mu khc cho lp. Color: Nhp tn ca loi mu hoc s nguyn tng ng ca mu 1 255 Ltype Thit lp kiu ng nt.Khi to lp mi, AutoCAD mc nh cho n c kiu ng nt l nt lin (continuous). Ty chn ny cho php thit lp kiu ng nt khc cho lp (kiu ng nt ny c ti vo bn v hoc nm trong file AutoCAD.lin). Linetype (or ?) <CONTINUOUS>: C th vo tn kiu ng nt hoc lit k tn ca tt c cc kiu ng nt a vo bn v v cc m t vn tt v chng. Freeze Lm ng c mt hay nhiu lp c ch nh. Ty chn ny ging nh ty chn OFF nhng AutoCAD s khng x l cc hnh v trn cc lp b ng c trong qu trnh cp nht cc thay i gip cho vic th hin li (regeneration) nhanh chng hn. Layer name(s) to Freeze <>: danh sch tn Thaw Lm tan nhng lp b ng c. Layer name(s) to Thaw <>: danh sch tn Lock Kha mt hay nhiu lp c ch nh. Khi mt lp no b kha (lock), cc hnh v trn lp ny c th thy c nhng khng th xa hay hiu chnh c. Layer name(s) to Lock <>: danh sch tn Unlock M kha mt hay nhiu lp b kha c ch nh. Layer name(s) to Unlock <>: danh sch tn

3.11.

L nh LINETYPE

To, np, t kiu ng AutoCAD cho php bn qui nh loi ng theo tng nhm i tng hoc theo tng lp. Nu bn qui nh loi ng cho lp th tt c cc i tng v trn lp u c th hin bng loi ng c trng c qui nh cho lp tr phi bn thay i

73 tnh cht ca n. Trc khi qui nh loi ng cho lp hoc tng thc th, bn phi np cc loi ng bng lnh LINETYPE Trn thanh cng c, chn T Format menu, chn Linetype Ti dng lnh, nhp LineType AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi hnh 3.9

H nh 3.9 - nh ki u cho n t v. Nt Load... Np cc loi ng vo bng LineType (hp thoi hnh 3.10).

74

H nh 3.10 - Np ki u ng. Cc la chn trong hp thoi hnh 3.10 +Nt File... : Cho php np tp th vin cha cc kiu ng nt khc nhau vo bng Available Linetypes + Chn kiu ng nt ti Available Linetypes ri nhn nt OK cc loi kiu ng thng c np + Chn Cancel hu b lnh Chn kiu ng thng cho lp hin hnh Name Dng con tr chut chn tn kiu ng hoc nh tn ti Name v ti chng vo bn v Description Hin th kiu ng thng chn Global Scale Factor iu chnh t l ca cc kiu ng nt t trn ton b bn v. Vi h s t l thch hp, c th lm co li hay ko dn cc on gch v cc khong h xen k. (Xem lnh LTScale) Current Object Scale iu chnh t l ca kiu ng hin ti khi bt u v. Cc i tng trc khng b thay i t l ISO Pen Width t dy ca nt v.

75 Use Paper Space Units for Scaling H s t l gia paper space v model space l nh nhau. c s dng khi lm vic vi nhiu vng nhn ( Viewports ) Ti dng lnh nhp -Linetype AutoCAD hin th Command: -linetype ?/Create/Load/Set: ? -- List Linetypes Hin ln danh sch cc kiu ng thng c trong tp tin *.lin File to list <AutoCAD>: Tn tp tin cha cc kiu ng thng Create Ty chn ny thit lp mt kiu ng nt mi v ct vo mt file th vin. Vic to ra mt kiu ng nt mi ca ngi dng s c cp n gio trnh nng cao. Load Ty chn ny cho php ti kiu ng nt vo bn v t mt file xc nh, xut hin dng nhc tip theo: Linetype (s) to load: (tn kiu ng nt cn ti vo) C th vo tn nhiu kiu ng nt, cc tn cch nhau bng du phy, hoc dng cc k t i din * v ?. Sau AutoCAD s hin th hp thoi Select Linetype file chn file c cha cc m t kiu ng nt cn ti vo bn v. Cc file ny c phn m rng l.lin. Set Cho php t mt kiu ng nt tr thnh hin hnh. ?/Create/Load/Set: s New object linetype (or ?) <BYLAYER>: tn kiu ng thng, ?, bylayer, byblock hoc ?-AutoCAD s lit k v m t (nu c) cc kiu ng nt ti vo bn v. Bylayer - Cc i tng v s c kiu ng nt ca lp cha n. Byblock - Cc i tng v c v vi nt lin cho ti khi chng c nhm thnh mt khi (block). Khi t (insert) khi ny vo bn v, n s c kiu ng nt l kiu ng nt hin hnh.

76 3.12. L nh LTSCALE Lnh Ltscale dng iu chnh t l ca cc kiu ng nt t. Vi h s t l thch hp, c th lm co li hay ko dn cc on gch v cc khong h xen k. Command line: ltscale Enter new linetype scale factor <gi tr hin hnh>: (vo h s t l) H s t l l mt s ln hn 0. Gi tr ny s nh hng ti tt c cc nt t ng bn v.

Bng 3.4 - i u ch nh t l ng n t

3.13.

L nh PROPERTIES

y l mt trong nhng lnh thuc dng tng qut ca AutoCAD . Lnh ny c th s dng thay i cc tnh cht, thuc tnh, to ... ca cc i tng v. Sau khi gi lnh ny nu ta chn (Select) mt i tng no thuc mn hnh ho th mi thuc tnh lin quan n i tng chn s c th hin trn cc s liu ca hp thoi Properties. Lnh ny c th c gi thng qua mt trong cc cch sau : Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Properties Ti dng lnh, nhp Properties Chn mt i tng (select) - bm phm chut phi hin menu ng ri chn Properties. Bm p phm chut tri vo i tng cn hiu chnh. Sau khi gi lnh s thy mt hp thoi c dng nh trn hnh 3.11. y l hp thoi c bit, c lin kt ng vi i tng chn nn cc thnh phn s liu trn n s khc nhau tu thuc vo kiu ca i tng hin chn. Trn hnh 3.11 l th hin khi ta ang chn mt i tng l cung trn. Nu ta trn mn hnh ho ta chn mt i tng khc (ch nht chng hn) th phn th hin trn hp thoi s thay i tng ng theo.

77

B m chut v o y thay i m u hi n th cho i t hi n chn ng

H nh 3.11 - Hp thoi Properties.

Trn hp thoi ny cha hu nh ton b thng tin v i tng hin chn (mu sc, kiu ng, to ...). Nu mun thay i thuc tnh no ca i tng ch vic kch chut vo v tr s liu m t (hnh 3.11). Ngoi ra tin thm cho ngi s dng AutoCAD 2002 cn cho php chn, sa thuc tnh i tng thng qua hp thoi chn nhanh (Quick select), bng cch bm phm gi hp thoi hnh 3.12.

78

H nh 3.12 - Hp thoi Quick Select.

79

v k hiu vt liu Ghi v hiu chnh vn bn

C l nh vk hi u m t c t c
4.1. M t c t v h nh c t

Thng thng trong mt bn v k thut ngoi cc th hin ng nt cn cn n cc th hin bn trong khi hnh. V d khi ta v mt mt ct a cht th ngoi cc nt th hin lp a cht cn cn n cc th hin bn trong phn gii hn ca mi lp t (loi t, thnh phn ct liu....). Khi v mt bn v xy dng ngoi cc bn v hnh chiu bng, chiu ng... rt nhiu trng hp cn cn n cc hnh v c th hin mt ct. Cc hnh ct v mt ct khng ch mang ngha l lm p cho bn v m i khi cn cha ng thm ry nhiu ni dung thng tin trong . V d nhn vo bn v mt ct ta c th bit l mt ct i qua vt liu l thp, hay g hay b tng; nhn vo bn v a cht cng trnh ta c th bit tn, mt s tnh cht c l ca lp t m t v.v... Cc minh ho trn cho thy vic th hin bn v vi cc hnh ct, mt ct mang ngha rt ln. Tuy nhin cc mu t mt ct trong AutoCAD 2002 ch yu c vit theo tiu chun ANSI (America National Standards Institute) v tiu chun ISO (International Standards Organization). Cc tiu chun ny ch c mt s mu l c th s dng c cho TCVN. Do vy nu mun c cc bn v ng TCVN th ngi s dng phi t nh ngha ly cc mu t cho mnh.

H nh 4.1 Mt s m u m t c t ca Autotcad.

80 4.2. Tr nh t vh nh c t, m t c t To hnh ng kn bng cc lnh Line, Rectangle, Arc, Pline, Ellipse, Trim.... T Draw menu chn Hatch (hoc t dng nhc g lnh : Bhatch) T hp thoi Boundary Hatch chn tab t ti hp thoi ny. (hnh 4.2). Chn cc tham s mu

v mt hnh ct ta c th thc hin theo th t sau :

T hp thoi hnh 4.2 chn sau ch nh vng cn t trn mn hnh ho. C th chn nhiu vng khc nhau thng qua hnh ng chut, bm phm Enter quay li vi hp thoi hnh 4.2. Bm chn chn th bm 4.3. L nh FILL xem th hnh dng mu t, nu chp nhn mu t hin kt thc lnh.

Bt <tt> ch in y cc i tng nh multilines, traces, solids, solid-fill hatches, v b dy ca polylines Ti dng lnh, nhp fill Tu chn ON/OFF <ON>: Nhp ON hoc OF, hoc ON Bt ch in y cc nt v c dy ca i tng v.

OFF Tt ch in y.

Khi AutoCAD ang ch FILL=ON, cc hnh ct, mt ct th hin y thuc tnh ca chng, tuy nhin trong trng hp s lng cc hnh ct c trong bn v l ln, cu hnh my li khng mnh th mi ln thu phng hnh hoc v li (Regen) s l kh mt thi gian, khi ta c th chuyn FILL=OFF tm thi cho php AutoCAD khng th hin cc mu t - rt ngn thi gian mi khi thc hin lnh thu phng. 4.4. L nh BHATCH

V k hiu vt liu trong mt ct thng qua hp hi thoi

81 Lnh Bhatch cho php gch mt ct (hatch) mt vng khp kn c bao quanh bi cc ng (thng hay cong) bng cch im vo mt im bn trong vng hay chn ng bao quanh vng . Ti thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn hatch Command line: bhatch AutoCAD s hin th hp thoi Boundary Hatch nh sau:

H nh 4.2 - Hp thoi Boundary Hatch. Pattern Type - t loi mu Predefined - Chn loi mu t c nh ngha trong tp tin AutoCAD.pat User-defined -Mu do ngi dng nh ngha Custom - Mu t do ngi dng nh ngha c t trong tp tin a.pat hoc phn tip theo trong tp tin AutoCAD.pat Pattern - Chn tn mu t ln bn v. c th xem v chn kiu mu t cc mu c sn ca AutoCAD bn c th nhn nt Swatch : Th hin ca mu chn c tn chn Pattern. Custom Pattern - Nhp tn mu t do ngi s dng to ra Scale - Thay i t l mu t Angle - Vo gc nghing cho ng gch. Spacing -Xc nh khong cch gia cc ng gch.

82 Double - La chn ny cho php AutoCAD v lot ng th hai vung gc vi lot ng gc (gch an cho). Composition : c hai la chn +Associative : cc ng m t mt ct c lin kt vi nhau. KHi nu tta thc hin lnh Scale, Stretch vi cc ng bin ca mu t th din tch vng mu t cng s c t ng thay i theo. + Nonassociative : ch ny cc mu t mt ct s ch c nh ngha 01 ln. Sau khi thc hin lnh Bhatch nu ta thay i din tch ng bin th din tch vng t s khng c thay i theo (hnh 4.3)

Mu t c s Boundary Pick Points

Associative

Nonassociative

H nh 4.3 - Minh ho cc la chn Composition.

Ty chn ny t ng nh ngha vng cn gch mt ct bng cch ch ra mt im trong vng . AutoCAD s yu cu: Select interal point: (chn mt im trong vng cn gch mt ct) Nhc nh trn s c lp li chn nhiu vng cn gch cng vi kiu mt ct chn cho n khi tr li bng Null ( ) kt thc.

Select Objects Ty chn ny cho php nh ngha vng cn gch mt ct bng cch chn ng bao. Khi nhy chut vo ny, AutoCAD s yu cu : Select Object: chn i tng ( lm ng bao)

83

Trong trng hp khng mun t mu ln ch nm pha trong ng bao bn chn i tng TEXT pha trong ng bao ri thc hin t.

Remove Islands Hu b i tng ng bao nm pha trong ng bao khc

View Selections Xem tt c cc ng bao v cc nguyn th chn la. Inherit Properties Tha hng mu t ca i tng c chn. Select hatch object: Chn i tng c t Mi thng s mu t ca i tng s c cp nht trn hp hi thoi Boundary Hatch, bn c th s dng mu t cho cc i tng khc. Preview hatch: xem trc vic gch Nhy chut vo ny, AutoCAD s hin th mt ct s c gch vi cc chn la trn. Sau AutoCAD s hin th li hp thoi khi nhn phm cho php to cc sa i cn thit. Advanced Options s hin hp thoi hnh 4.4 di y

84

H nh 4.4 - La chn Advanced. Island Detection Style La chn ny dng xc nh kiu ca mu t khi gp trung hp c mt min ng kn khc nm lt hn trong min hin chn (cc hnh lng nhau). Khi AutoCAD cho php chn mt trong 3 kiu t : Normal Mi ng gch s c bt u t ng bao ngoi cng, nu n bt gp mt ng bao bn trong n s tt cho n khi gp mt ng bao khc. Nh vy, tnh t ngoi vo cc ng bao c s l c gch cn cc ng s chn khng c gch ( ng bao ngoi cng c s l). Outer Ch gch bt u t ng bao ngoi cng v s tt khi gp mt ng bao bn trong. Ignore in y vng c gii hn bi ng bao ngoi cng l i cc i tng bn trong.

85 4.5. L nh HATCH

V k hiu vt liu trong mt ct thng qua ca s lnh Command line: hatch Pattern (? or name/U, Style) <gi tr mc nh>: Gi tr mt nh l tn ca mu mt ct c dng trc . Vo tn ca mt mu mi (cha trong file AutoCAD.pat) hoc? lit k tn cc mu trong file ny. Sau khi vo xong tn mu, AutoCAD yu cu nhp vo t l v gc. V d c th nh sau : Command line: hatch Enter a pattern name or [?/Solid/User defined] <ANGLE>: Nhp tn mu v d : AR-B816 Specify a scale for the pattern <1.0000>: nhp t l mu Specify an angle for the pattern <0>: nhp gc in mu Select objects to define hatch boundary or <direct hatch>: chn i tng cn t Select objects: Enter kt thc Nu mun t nh ngha mu t c th s dng lnh nh sau : Tr li U cho dng nhc trn nu mun t to mt mu mt ct n gin. Dng nhc tip theo l: Command line: hatch Enter a pattern name or [?/Solid/User defined] <ANGLE>: U - s xut hin dng nhc ph Specify angle for crosshatch lines <0>: nhp vo gc nghing nt gch mu t Specify spacing between the lines <1.0000>: nhp khong cch gia cc nt gch Double hatch area? [Yes/No] <N>: Y nu mun c cc nt gch theo phng vung gc, N nu mun ch c nt gch theo mt hng Select objects to define hatch boundary or <direct hatch>: Chn i tng cn t Select objects: kt thc lnh C th xc nh kiu gch (N, O hay I) bng cch thm n sau tn mu mt ct, k c mu do ngi dng nh ngha, ngn cch bng du phy. N (Normal)- Bnh thng (cng ging nh khi khng xc nh kiu). O (Outer) - ch gch vng bn ngoi. I (Ignote) - B qua cu trc bn trong. Nu mun cc ng gch sc khng lin kt thnh mt khi m s l nhng ng thng ring bit (expolded hatch) th phi thm vo trc tn mu mt du sao (*). Sau khi chn hay nh ngha mu v kiu, AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh ng bao vng cn gch mt ct bng cch chn i tng.

86 Select Object: chn cc i tng cc nh ng bao quanh vng cn gch mt ct. nh hng ca Text, attribute, Ahepe, Trace, Solid i vi vic gch mt ct: nu cc ng gch sc i qua cc i tng ny (vi iu kin l chng cng c chn), n s t ng tt. Nh vy cc i tng ny s khng b cc ng gch ct qua tr khi dng kiu Ignote. Ch : - Lp li lnh Hatch: Mu, kiu, t l, gc s tr thnh mc nh sau khi dng lnh Hatch. Nu lp li ngay lnh Hatch (bng cch nhn Spacebar hay Enter), AutoCAD s hiu rng gch mt ct vi mu, kiu, t l, gc quay nh trc . N s b qua cc nhc nh ny v ch nhc nh vic chn i tng xc nh ng bao. - Xc nh vng cn gch mt ct: Nu xc nh bng pick point th im ch ra phi nm trong mt ng bao kn, nu khng mt ct s khng c to thnh v hp thoi boundary definition error xut hin. Nhy chut vo Look at it thy ni ng bao khng kn. - Phn din tch c gch khng c gch chnh xc khi dng select object. Mt cch chnh xc th cc nguyn th to thnh ng bao phi giao nhau cc im u ca chng, nu khng th s nhn c kt qu sai lch nh hnh sau:
x l cc trng hp ny phi hiu chnh li cc i tng v hoc dng Bpoly.

4.6.

L nh HATCHEDIT

Lnh hiu chnh mt ct Lnh ny c th gi trc tip t dng nhc, t Tool box hoc t Menu nh sau : Ti thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Object - Hatch... Command line: Hatchedit Select associative hatch object: chn i tng mu t cn hiu chnh s lm xut hin hp thoi hnh 4.5

87

H nh 4.5 - Hp thoi la chn Hatchedit. Hp thoi ny tng t nh hp thoi hnh 4.4 trnh by, tuy nhin do y l hp thoi hiu chnh nn trong la chn ny mt s chc nng ca hp thoi hnh 4.4 b cm (khng truy nhp c) nh cc chc nng Pick points; Select Objects v.v... AutoCAD mc nh chi cho php nhp cc mu mt ct cha s phn on ti a l 10000. Vi cc vng t c din tch ln tham s ny c th b trn. Khi ngi s dng c th nh ngha li tr s ca bin MAXHATCH (v d tng ln 20000) bng lnh : Command line: Setenv "maxhatch" "20000" tr s ti thiu v ti a ca bin MAXHATCH l t 100 10000000.

C l nh Ghi v hi u ch nh vn bn trong AutoCAD c

Cc k t trong bn v AutoCAD c th l cc cu, cc t, cc k t, dng ghi ch thm ch l mt on vn bn hoc bng biu. y l cc li vn c dng miu t cc i tng bn trong bn v hoc l gii thch v cng ngh, v tnh cht cc i tng v v.v... Vn bn trong bn v AutoCAD cng l mt b phn khng th thiu v vic th hin vn bn trong bn v cng i hi c thm m, tnh khoa hc v cc kin thc nht nh. Tu thuc vo v tr, tnh cht miu t m cc k t c th c kiu ch, kch thc ch, mu sc,

88 hng trnh by khc nhau. Vic la chn hp l cho cc tham s th hin vn bn trong Autotcad s gip cho bn v tr nn sng sa hn, giu thng tin v mang tnh thm m cao hn. 4.7. Tr nh t nh p v bn vo trong bn v n

to mt i tng vn bn trong bn v AutoCAD thng thng ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau: To kiu ch cho vn bn bng lnh Style Nhp k t hoc on vn bn bng lnh Text (hoc MText) Hiu chnh ni dung vn bn th hin bng lnh Ddedit on vn bn trong Autotcad cng l mt i tng (tng ng cc i tng Line, Arc, Rectangle...) do vy cng c th c sao chp, ct dn tng t nh cc i tng khc ca Autotcad. iu cng c ngha l vn bn trong AutoCAD u c hiu nh cc i tng ho do nu trong bn v c cha qu nhiu vn bn th khi thc hin cc lnh thu phng s b chm, khc phc tnh trang Autotcad cho php s dng lnh Qtext thay th cc dng ch (on vn bn) bng mt mt khung hnh ch nht.

4.8.

L nh STYLE T Format menu, chn Text Style... Command line: Style hoc -Style

Lnh t kiu ch

Lnh ny gi n hp thoi hnh 4.6 qua ngi s dng c th chn Font ch, c ch cng cc tham s khc nh dng vn bn s vit ra mn hnh AutoCAD.

H nh 4.6 - Hp thoi Text Style.

89 T hp thoi hnh 4.6 ngi s dng cng c th to ra cc kiu ch nh sn (Tieu de; Ghi chu; Bng v.v...) bng cch : Bm chn hin ca s nhp tn. Ti nhp vo tn ca kiu ch cn khai bo (v d nhp vo ch Tieu de - hnh 4.7) ri bm phm OK tr v.

H nh 4.7. Font Name : chn Font ch ca kiu nh to (v d chn Font .VnTimeH) Font Style : kiu ch th hin (bnh thng, ch m, ch nghing...) Height : chiu cao ca ch. Nu nhp tr s chiu cao =0 (mc nh) th mi khi nh lnh Text hoc MText s c li nhc yu cu nhp chiu cao ch s xut hin. Nu tr s Height c nhp vo ti ay l tr s >0 th k t y mi k t vit ra mn hnh u c cng chiu cao l Height. Upside down : dng ch i xng theo phng ngang Backwards : dng ch i xng theo thng ng Width factor : h s nn ch theo phng ngang. Nu h s l <1 ch s b nn li, ngc li ch s c gin rng ra theo phng ngang. Oblique Angle : nghing ca dng ch so vi phng ngang. Trong tr ng h ta nh p l nh -Style th thay v xu t hi n hp thoi h nh 4.6 cc p tham s c yu c u nh p vo t dng nh c.

4.9.

L nh TEXT, DTEXT

Lnh vit ch trn bn v. Lnh ny cho php nhp cc dng ch vo trong bn v. Vi mt lnh Text ta c th nhp c nhiu dng ch nm cc v tr khc nhau trong bn v. Kiu ch xut hin trn mn hnh l kiu ch c quy nh bi lnh STYLE. T Draw menu, chn Text -> Single Line Command line: dtext hoc text Current text style: "Tieu de 1" Text height: 0.5000 Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: nhp vo to im s vit ch Specify height <0.5000>: Nhp chiu cao ch Specify rotation angle of text <0>: nhp gc nghing ca ch

90 Enter text: Nhp ni dung dng Text Enter text: Nu mun thay i kiu ch th sau khi nhp lnh xut hin dng ch Current text style: "Tieu de 1" Text height: 0.5000 Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: g ch S Enter style name or [?] <Tieu de 1>: nhp vo tn mi (v d Tieu de 2 chng hn)

H nh 4.8. Minh ho vi t ch trong AutoCAD . Nu mun hiu chnh vic cn l cho dng k t th sau khi xut hin dng nhc nhp ch J (Justify). Cc khi nim s dng trong lnh TEXT v DTEXT c m t trong bng 4.1 sau y Bng 4.1 - Minh ho l nh TEXT, DTEXT Start point y l ty chn mc nh. Ch cn tr li dng nhc trn bng mt im, AutoCAD s dng im lm im cn l tri trn ng c s ca dng ch. Jystify/Style/<Start point>: (im bt u dng ch) Height <gi tr hin thi>: (chiu cao ch) Rotate angle <gi tr hin thi>: (gc ca ng c s dng ch) Text: (ni dung dng ch - kt thc bng ) Justify Dng chn cc ty chn cn l khc.

91 Command: text Justify/Style <Start point>: J Align/Fit/Center/Middle/right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: Dng ch vit trn bn v c cc im cn l l t hp ca cc v tr Top/Middle/Baseline/Bottom (nh/chnh gia/ ng c s/y) v left /Center/Right (tri/gia/phi). Hnh sau minh ha v tr cc im cn l ca mt text. Align A (Align): Kiu tra va. AutoCAD s yu cu vo im bt u v im kt thc (nm trn ng c s) cho dng ch. AutoCAD s t iu chnh ln (chiu cao v chiu rng) ca ch dng ch nhp vo nm va vn gia hai im. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: A First text line point: To im u dng Second text line point: To im cui dng Text: (Nhp mt dng ch) Fit F (Fit): tng t nh Align nhng AutoCAD s hi thm chiu cao ch v dng chiu cao ny nhng s iu chnh rng ch dng ch t vo va vn gia hai im. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: F First text line point: To im u dng Second text line point: To im cui dng Height <4.5741>: cao ch Text: (Nhp mt dng ch) Center C (Center) - Baseline Center: im cn l l im gia trn ng c s. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: C Center point: To tm dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch Middle M (Middle): im cn l l tm ca hnh ch nht tng tng bao

92 quanh c dng ch. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: M Middle point: To im gia dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch Right im cn l l im bn phi ng c s. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: R End point: To im cui dng Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch TL (Top Left) im cn l l nh trn bn tri ca hnh ch nht tng tng bao quanh c dng ch. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: TL Top/left point: To im trn bn tri dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch TC (Top Center) im gia ca nh trn. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: TC Top/center point: To im gia ca nh trn dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch TR (Top Right) nh trn bn phi Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: TR Top/right point:To im nh trn bn phi dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch

93 Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch ML (Middle Left) im bn tri ca ng Middle. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: ML Middle/left point:To im gia bn tri dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch MC (Middle Center) im gia ca ng Middle. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: ML Middle point:To trung im dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch MR (Middle Right) im bn phi ca ng Middle. Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: ML Middle/right point:To im gia bn phi dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch BL (Bottom Left) im bn tri ca ng dy Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: ML Bottom/left point:To im di bn tri dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch BC (Bottom Center) im gia di ca ng dy Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: ML

94 Bottom/center point:To im gia di dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch BR (Bottom Right) im bn phi ca ng dy Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR: ML Bottom/right point:To im bn phi di dng ch Height <5.7200>: cao ch Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch Text: Ni dung dng ch Style Ty chn ny cho php chn kiu ch khc nhau m trc c t bng lnh Style. Nu khng ch nh r kiu ch th AutoCAD s dng kiu ch mc nh l kiu ch va dng trc hoc va to thnh bng lnh Style. Style name (or ?) <current>: Nu tr li? cho dng nhc Style name th AutoCAD s lit k tt c cc kiu ch c thit lp trong bn v. Null: nu tr li Null ( ) ngay t dng nhc u tin th AutoCAD hiu rng dng ch mi s cng loi v t ngay bn di dng ch trc . Cc du iu khin c bit C th t li im cn l ca dng ch trn bn v ti bt k im no trong khi ang son tho bng cch chn mt im mi vi thit b ch im. iu ny cho php t cc dng ch bt k ch no trn bn v vi duy nht mt lnh Dtext. Vit cc k t c bit: Cc m i u khi n cc k t c bi t: %%nnn V k t c m ASCII l nnn %% O Gch u abc %%U Gch chn abc %%d Du (o) (degree) %%p Du k hiu dung sai ( ) (plus/minus) %%c Du k hiu ng knh ng trn (F ) %%% Du k hiu phn trm (%)

95 4.10. L nh MTEXT Lnh vit nhiu dng ch trn bn v thng qua hp hi thoi Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Text -> Multiline Text Command line: Mtext Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 0.2000 Specify first corner: bm chut chn to gc th nht ca ch Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: bm chut chn to gc th hai ca ch AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Multiline Text Editor (hnh 4.9)

H nh 4.9 - Hp thoi Multiline Text Editor. Bn c th khai bo cc thng s v nhp ni dung text cn th hin trn hp thoi.

4.11. L nh QTEXT Lnh phn r thuc tnh i tng dng ch gii

Vic th hin vn bn trn mn hnh thng chim nhiu thi gian v mi mt k t l mt i tng v phc tp c to thnh t nhiu ng thng hoc cung trn. tit kim thi gian, trong trng hp khng cn phi c cc ch gii th hin trn bn v bn c th dng lnh QTEXT. Do lnh ny cho php cc ch gii th hin trn bn v c th hin nhanh di dng khung hnh ch nht m chiu di hnh ch nht l chiu di ca dng ch v chiu rng ca n l chiu cao ca ch, nn thi gian ti hin rt nhanh. Cch thc hin nh sau:

Command line: qtext ON / OFF <current>: Chn ON hoc OFF Nu bn mun th hin cc ch gii di dng khung ch nht tit kim thi gian ti sinh do s dng lnh REGEN th bn nh ch On. Ngc li, nu bn mun c cc ch gii th

96 bn tt cng tc trn bng ch OFF. Hnh bn l cc th hin ca hai ch ON v OFF ca lnh QTEXT. Sa lnh TEXT bng lnh CHANGE v DDMODIFY Sa ch bng lnh Change Command line: Change Select objects: Chn i tng sa i Properties/<Change point>: Enter text insertion point:Nhp im chun ca dng ch Text style: STANDARD New style or press ENTER for no change: Kiu ch mi hoc New height <2.8708>: Gi tr cao ch New rotation angle <0>:Gc nghing ca dng mi New text <Hin hnh>:Nhp dng ch mi Sa ch bng lnh DDModify Lnh vit nhiu dng ch trn bn v thng qua hp hi thoi T Modify menu, chn Properties Command line: ddmodify AutoCAD hin th hp thoi Modify Text (hnh 4.10) cha cc chc nng sa i dng ch gii.

H nh 4.10 - S a d ng Text bng hp thoi.

97 Nu sa mu, bn nhn chut vo nt Color, sa kiu ng bn nhn chut vo nt Linetype, sa lp (Layer) bn nhn vo Layer. Nu ch sa mt k t trong dng th bn nhn chut vo dng ch mun sa, dng phm Del hoc Backspace xo k t sai v nh k t mi. Tu theo nhu cu m bn nhn vo cc tng ng ca hp hi thoi.

4.12. Nh p ti ng Vi t trong AutoCAD Mc d cc font ch ting Vit cng l cc TRUE TYPE FONT (TTF) tng t nh vi cc ngn ng khc trn th gii. Tuy nhin do bng m chun quc gia ca chng ta cha tht s c ng dng rng ri nhiu c nhn, t chc, a phng a ra cc b m ring ca mnh (trong ton quc hin c ti trn 40 bng m ting Vit khc nhau). Do vy c kh nhiu bng m c cc k t ting Vit b trng vi m iu khin ca AutoCAD , v th trong kh nhiu trng hp khi nh cc dng vn bn ting Vit vi lnh TEXT (DTEXT) ti dng nhc (command line) s khng hin th c. khc phc tnh trng ny c th thc hin theo mt trong 2 cch sau : S dng lnh MTEXT khng phi nhp cc k t ting Vit ti dng lnh Nu s dng lnh TEXT (DTEXT) th trc ht nn nhp ting Vit theo dng khng du (toi dang muon hoc tieng Viet), sau bm p phm chut tri vo k t va xut hin trn mn hnh ho gi hp thoi lnh Ddeit. Sa li cc k t t y.

H nh 4.11 - S a ti ng Vi t trong hp thoi Edit Text. Ngoi ra AutoCAD cn cho php ngi s dng c th trnh by cc k t theo dng t c cha hoc ch to vin thng qua bin TextFill. Khi TEXTFILL = 1 (ON) cc k t s c t c; khi TEXTFILL = 0 (OFF) cc k t s ch th hin di dng vin

TEXTFILL = 1 (ON)

98

C l nh vv t h nh c o
4.13. L nh XLINE (Construction line) Lnh v mt ng thng hoc mt chm ng thng giao nhau. Lnh ny thng c s dng v cc ng ging, cc ng nm ngang hoc thng ng. Trong php v mt chiu cng c th s dng lnh ny tm im v, nu kt hp thm vi cc lnh Trim, Scale... c th to thnh cc cnh ca hnh chiu. Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Construction line Command line: XLine Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: chn mt im bt u v (hoc chn H,V,A,B,O) Specify through point: chn im th hai ca ng thng Specify through point: chn im khc nu mun v chm ng thng i qua im 1 Cc la chn ca lnh XLine Hor : to ng thng nm ngang. Sau la chn ny ta ch vic nhp (hoc truy bt im) mt im m ng thng i qua. Ver : To ng thng theo phng thng ng. Sau la chn ny ta ch vic nhp (hoc truy bt im) mt im m ng thng i qua. Ang : To ng thng xin theo mt gc no . Sau la chn ny AutoCAD yu cu ta nhp vo Enter angle of xline (0) or [Reference]: nhp gc nghing Specify through point: chn mt im thuc ng thng Bisect : to ng thng i qua phn gic ca mt gc (thng qua 3 im), la chn ny AutoCAD yu cu ta nhp vo 03 im. im (1) thuc v tm ca gc, im (2) v (3) thuc v hai cnh ca gc. Command: XLine Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: B Specify angle vertex point: bm chn nh ca gc Specify angle start point: bm chn mt im thuc cnh th nht ca gc Specify angle end point: bm chn mt im thuc cnh th hai ca gc Offset : To mt ng thng song song vi mt ng thng c sn. Command: XLine Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: O Specify offset distance or [Through] <Through>: nhp khong cch hoc t

99 Select a line object: chn i tng gc Specify through point: chn mt im xc nh v tr ng thng s pht sinh

4.14. L nh RAY Lnh v mt na ng thng. Draw menu chn Ray Command line: Ray Lnh ny thc hin hon ton tng t nh lnh XLine nhng thay v v c ng thng lnh Ray s ch v na ng thng xut pht t im nh ngha u tin. Command: Ray Specify start point: chn im u tin (im xut pht) Specify through point: chn im th hai (im nh hng cho na ng thng) Specify through point: chn im khc (im nh hng cho na ng thng mi i qua im (1) Specify through point: kt thc lnh 4.15. L nh DONUT Lnh v hnh vnh khn Draw menu chn Donut Command line: Donut Specify inside diameter of donut <current>: Gi tr ng knh trong Specify outside diameter of donut <current>: Gi tr ng knh ngoi Specify center of doughnut: To tm(1) Hnh vnh khuyn s c t mu bn trong nu gi tr ca lnh Fill l ON v ngc li khi Fill l OFF. V d: Command: Donut Inside diameter <0.5>: 12 Ouside diameter <1.0>: 16 Center of doughnut: 20.30 Dng lnh DONUT c th v hnh trn c, nu cho bn knh vng trn trong (Inside diameter) bng 0 v Fill l On.

100 4.16. L nh TRACE Lnh v cc on thng c dy Command line: Trace Specify trace width <0.2000>:Nhp khong cch, hoc vo gi tr, hoc Specify start point: Tr im (1) Specify next point: Tr im (2) Specify next point: Tr im (3) hoc kt thc lnh

on thng c t khi lnh Fill c gi tr ON Xem thm lnh PLine

4.17. L nh SOLID Lnh v min c t c Mi 2D Solid c m t bi 3 hoc 4 cnh. Vi cc hnh 3 cnh th cch nhp tng i n gin ch vic bm chn 3 im lin tip khng thng hng ta s c mt ming tam gic t c. Ring vi hnh Solid 4 cnh khi khai bo im phi ch th t im nhp vo. Nu im (1) - (2) l m t cnh th nht th (3) - (4) l m t cnh i din nhng 5 phi c cng hng vi (1) - (2) 6
1 2

H nh 4.12 - V h nh 2D Solid. Command line: Solid SOLID Specify first point: bm chn im (1) Specify second point: bm chn im (2) Specify third point: bm chn im (3) Specify fourth point or <exit>: bm chn im (4) hoc kt thc

101 4.18. L nh MLINE v o th ng song song n Lnh MLine (Multiple Line) c s dng v on thng song song, rt tin trong th hin cc bn v quy hoch kin trc. Trong cc con ng lun cn th hin bi 2 nt (mp phi v mp tri ng), khi cc trc ng giao nhau th cc nt th hin li khng c php ct nhau (xem hnh 4.13). Nu ch s dng lnh Line ,Pline... th s mt rt nhiu cng sc, trong khi nu dng lnh MLine th bi ton s tr nn kh n gin v tin li.

H nh 4.13 - Bn quy hoch th nh ph. Th t thc hin lnh MLine nh sau v ng gp khc hnh 4.14 nh sau: T thanh cng c chn T Draw menu chn Multiline Command line: MLine Current settings: Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = STANDARD (cc tham s mc nh hin c ca lnh MLine) Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/STyle]: bm chn im (1) Specify next point: bm chn im (2) Specify next point or [Undo]: bm chn im (3) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: bm chn im (4) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: bm chn im (5) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: kt thc knh

102

1 4 5

H nh 4.14 - V hai ng g p khc song song nhau bng l nh MLine. Khi thc hin lnh MLine nu mun thay i cc tham s mc nh ca lnh ny [Justification/Scale/STyle] th sau khi nhp lnh, ti dng nhc Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/STyle]: nhp J hoc S hoc ST Justification : La chn ny s dng nh v tr ng tm ca i tng MLine l tim ng (Zero); nh (Top) hoc chn (Bottom). Nh minh ho trn hnh 4.12 th ng MLine c v vi nh v TOP. Scale : S dng xc nh khong cch gia hai ng bin phi v bin tri ca i tng MLine. STyle : Ta c th nh ngha trc mt s kiu ng cho lnh MLine, sau s dng la chn ny i kiu cho lnh v hin ti. Sau khi chn ST ta c th nhp tn kiu ng mun th hin hoc g ? hin danh sch.

4.19. L nh MLSTYLE L nh t ki u cho v o ng th ng song song(MLine) T Format menu, chn Multiline Style... Command line: Mlstyle Lnh ny s dng nh ngha cc kiu th hin cho i tng MLine. Cc kiu nh ngha ti y c th c lu tr trn File s dng cho cc bn v sau. Lnh ny lm hin hp thoi hnh 4.15 di y

103

H nh 4.15 - Hp thoi Multiline Styles. Ti hp thoi ny ta c th khai bo cc kiu ng khc nhau cho i tng MLine sau t tn (Name), ghi ln a cng (Save), ti t cc tp tin c (Load), hoc a vo danh sch cc kiu s s dng cho bn v hin ti (Add). Vic nh ngha cc phn t th hin ca i tng MLine c thc hin thng qua hp thoi (hnh 4.16)

H nh 4.16 - Hp thoi Element Properties. Kiu mc nh ca MLine l ng thng song song 2 nt (tri v phi) tuy nhin thng qua hp thoi ny ngi s dng c th khai bo thm cc nt ph khc nh ng tm, ng ph tri v.v... bng cch bm chn phm ri khai bo v tr ca nt thng qua bin Offset (khi Offset=0.000 - ng mi khai bo l ng trc).

104 4.20. L nh MLEDIT L nh hi u ch nh i tng vMLine. T thanh cng c chn T Modify menu chn Multiline Command line: Mledit Lnh ny cho php hiu chnh i tng MLine. Cc i tng MLine sau khi th hin ra bn v c th s ct qua nhau, u u vi nhau, vt ln trn (che) nhau... Lnh Mledit chnh nhm mc ch th hin cc quan h ny. C 12 phng n hiu chnh chia thnh 4 nhm : Giao ct (Crosses) Ni ch T (Tee) B gc (Corners) Ct ngang (Cuts) Cc la chn ny c th hin trn hp thoi hnh 4.17

H nh 4.17 - Hp thoi Multiline Edit. Sau khi cho hin hp thoi ny, hy chn mt trong cc phng n bng cch bm chn vo phng n ri bm tip . Khi AutoCAD s cho tr li vi dng lnh yu

cu chn i tng MLine (1) v MLine (2)... V d ta v 2 ng MLine nh trn hnh 4.18a sau khi gi lnh Mledit chn .

2 4.16a - i t MLine gc ng 4.16b - K t qu hi u ch nh

H nh 4.18 - S d ng Mledit s a i t MLine. ng

105 sau khi bm chn ng Mline 1 v ng Mline 2 theo th t nh th hin trn hnh ta s c kt qu nh trnh by hnh 4.18b. 4.21. L nh REGION Lnh to mt min t cc hnh ghp Lnh ny dng chuyn i mt i tng (dng hnh kn) hoc mt nhm i tng thnh mt i tng duy nht - gi l mt min (Region). Mi min c th c to ra t mt s i tng n gin. Tuy nhin nu to mt Region t cc cc ng (Line, Arc...) th cc i tng ny phi to thnh mt vng kn. Sau lnh Region c bn hnh dng th hin ca cc i tng trn bn v l khng thay i, tuy nhin tnh cht i tng ho thay i. V d mt hnh t gic ng kn c to bi lnh Line s gm 04 i tng Line, sau khi c Region s tr thnh 01 i tng duy nht. Mt vng trn v bng lnh Circle nu cha Region th c th d dng thay i bn knh thng qua cc tay cm, nu Region th s tr thnh 01 min trn. T thanh cng c chn T Draw menu chn Region... Command line: Region Sau AutoCAD s yu cu chn i tng cn Region (Select objects:). Khi chn xong bm Hy bm kt thc lnh. 4.22. L nh UNION Cng cc vng Region T thanh cng c chn T Modify menu chn Solids editings - Union... Command line: Union Lnh ny cho php hp nht cc vng Region ( nh ngha) nu cc vng c giao nhau th phn nt nm trong vng giao nhau s c loi b.

a) Trc khi Union

b) Sau khi Union

H nh 4.19 - S d ng l nh Union to h nh hoa vn t cc v Region. ng

106 thc hin c hnh v hoa vn nh th hin trn hnh 4.17 trn y. Th t cc bc thc hin nh sau: V cc hnh ch nht, trn v elip bng cc lnh v thng thng; Gi lnh Region to ra 5 i tng Region (hnh ch nht + 02 hnh trn + 02 hnh elip); Gi lnh Union - nh du ton b 5 i tng Region to c hnh hoa vn 4.23. L nh SUBTRACT Tr cc vng Region T thanh cng c chn T Modify menu chn Solids editings - Subtract... Command line: Subtract Lnh ny loi b phn giao nhao ca cc min Region. Min (region) c chn trc c hiu l min c s (min s cn li mt phn sau lnh Subtract), cc min chn sau c hiu l cc min iu kin loi b.

a) Trc khi Subtract

b) Sau khi Subtract chn chn h nh ch nh t trc

c) Sau khi Subtract chn cc h nh tr n, elip trc

H nh 4.20 - S d ng l nh Subtract to h nh hoa vn t cc v Region. ng Command: subtract Select solids and regions to subtract from .. Select objects: chn min c s Select objects: kt thc Select solids and regions to subtract .. Select objects: chn min iu kin Select objects: kt thc 4.24. L nh INTERSECT Ly giao ca cc vng Region T thanh cng c chn T Modify menu chn Solids editings - Intersect...

107 Command line: Intersect Cch thc hin lnh ny tng t nh vi lnh Subtract nh kt qu th ch nhng vng giao nhau ca cc Region mi c gi li (hnh 4.21)

a) Trc khi Intersect

b) Sau khi Intersect

H nh 4.21 - S d ng l nh Intersect. 4.25. L nh BOUNDARY Lnh Boundary to nn mt i tng Pline (hoc Region) c dng mt ng bao kn. Cc i tng gc khng b mt i. T Draw menu chn Boundary Command line: Boundary Thy xut hin hp thoi hnh 4.22

H nh 4.22 - Hp thoi Boundary Creation.

108 Chn ri bm vo mt im bn trong vng ng kn (hnh 4.23). Kt thc

lnh ny mt i tng Pline c to thnh, s dng lnh MOVE ri di PLine ra bn cnh ta c th hin nh trn hnh 4.23.

Pick point

H nh 4.21 - Minh ho s d ng l nh Boundary.

109

Cc lnh Ghi v hiu chnh kch thc

5.1. Kh ni m i 5.1.1. Cc thnh phn ca kch thc

Ghi kch thc l mt phn khng th thiu trong mi bn v k thut. Tu thuc cc tiu chun ngnh, tiu chun quc gia cch th hin ng ghi kch thc c th cng c cc khc bit. Chng ny ch yu trnh by cc lnh lin qua n vic ghi, hiu chnh v nh ngha li cc bin ghi kch thc cho ph hp vi tng yu cu c th. Cc thnh phn ch yu nht th hin mt ng ghi kch thc c m t trong hnh 5.1 di y.
ng nh t m (Center Line) u mi tn (Arrowheads)

ng k ch th c (Dimension line)

300

ng ging (Extension lines) ch s ghi k ch th c (Dimension text)

H nh 5.1 - Cc th nh ph n s li u ca ng k ch th c. Nu t kch thc l "enabled" th tt c cc thnh phn ca kch thc s c coi nh l mt i tng duy nht (kch thc lin kt). Nu khng, mi thnh phn ca kch thc s l mt i tng ring bit, iu ny thun tin hn trong vic hiu chnh kch thc. C th dng lnh Explode phn kch thc lin kt ra thnh cc i tng ring bit. 5.1.2. Bin kch thc (Dimension Variables) v kiu kch thc (Dimension Style)

iu khin cc thnh phn ca kch thc, AutoCAD dng cc bin kch thc. Mi bin kch thc nhn mt gi tr nht nh v c th thay i c. Bin kch thc c th nhn cc kiu gi tr logic (ON/OFF), khong cch, h s t l, s nguyn hay l mt dng chui k t (String).

200

110 Mt tp hp cc bin kch thc vi cc gi tr nht nh s to nn mt kiu kch thc. AutoCAD cho php ngi dng to v lu tr cc kiu kch thc trong bn v. Khi gi mt kiu kch thc no lm hin hnh th cc kch thc sau s c v vi gi tr cc bin kch thc thuc kiu . Nu thay i gi tr cc bin kch thc ca mt kiu nh ngha, th cc kch thc c v theo kiu ny cng c cp nht cc gi tr mi. Ngoi tr bin Dimaso v Dimsho, AutoCAD lu tr gi tr tt c cc bin kch thc trong kiu kch thc. Bng sau gii thiu v cc bin kch thc thng dng. Gn gi tr cho bin kch thc v to kiu kch thc gn gi tr cho bin kch thc, hy nhp tn bin vo dng nhc Dim: trong mode ghi kch thc, theo c php sau: Dim: tn bin kch thc Current value <gi tr hin thi> New value: (vo gi tr mi) C th nhp vo y gi tr mi cho bin hay duy tr gi tr hin hnh. Gi tr ca bin kch thc c lu tr cng vi bn v cho n khi n c gn gi tr khc. C th lu tr gi tr ca bin kch thc trong kiu kch thc. Trong mt kiu kch thc, mi bin c mt gi tr xc nh v c th thay i c. Cng nh bin kch thc, kiu kch thc c th lu tr cng vi bn v v ti mt thi im c mt kiu kch thc l hin hnh, do nn to trc mt s kiu kch thc theo mun ngi dng trong bn v nguyn sinh.

5.1.3.

Cc im nh ngha (Definition point)

Cc im nh ngha l cc chm trn mn hnh, xut hin ti v tr dng to mt kch thc lin kt. Nu mt kch thc hin th th cc chm cng hin th theo (ngay c khi lp cha chm - Depoints - ch tt - OFF), nhng khi in ra s khng c cc im ny. Mun in cc chm ny phi i tn lp Depoints thnh tn khc. 5.1.4. To kiu kch thc

Khi m mt bn v mi, AutoCAD t ng to mt kiu kch thc c tn l Unnamed. c th ghi kch thc ng theo mun (ty thuc vo tiu chun k thut), ngi dng phi to ra cc kiu ghi kch thc.

5.2. L nh DIMLINEAR Lnh ghi kch thc theo on thng Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Linear Command line: Dimlinear

111 Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Tr im th nht ca ng ging Specify second extension line origin: Tr im th hai ca ng ging Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: chn v tr ghi ng kch thc Object Selection - Automatic Extension Lines Nu bn nhn phm Enter chn mt i tng, AutoCAD t ng xc nh ng kch thc thng qua i tng m bn chn.

Sau khi AutoCAD xc inh c ng kch thc bn c th thay i mt s thuc tnh ca ng kch thc Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated):To im(3) hoc chn mt thuc tnh Mtext Sa i cc dng ghi ch ca ng kch thc thng qua hp thoi MText (xem thm lnh MText). Vi chc nhp ny ta cn c th ghi c ra mn hnh cc k t c bit nh , , , ... thng qua la chn Symbol. Text Sa i dng ghi ch ca ng kch thc.

Angle Thay i gc ca dng ghi ch so vi ng kch thc Enter text angle: Gi tr gc

Horizontal

Vertical

112 Ghi kch thc theo chiu ngang Ghi kch thc theo chiu dc

Rotated Quay ng kch thc Dimension line angle <current>: Nhp gi tr gc quay

5.2.1. L nh DIMALIGNED Lnh v ng kch thc thng To ra ng kch thc t ng nh hng mt cch ph hp vi i tng Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Aligned Command line: dimaligned First extension line origin or ENTER to select: chn mt im hoc Enter Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: chn im (1) Specify second extension line origin: chn im (2) Specify dimension line location or Select object to dimension: chn v tr t ng kch thc. Vi lnh Dimaligned ng ghi kch thc s song song vi on thng ni hai im gc ca ng ging.

Lnh Dimaligned.

113 5.3. L nh DIMRADIUS Lnh nh cc kch thc bn knh cho ng trn v cung trn Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Radius Command line: dimradius Select arc or circle: Chn ng trn hoc cung trn

5.4. L nh DIMCENTER Lnh to ra du tm hoc ng thng tm ca ng trn v cung trn Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Center Mark Command line: dimcenter Select arc or circle: Chn mt i tng

5.5. L nh DIMDIAMETER Lnh nh cc kch thc ng knh cho ng trn v cung trn Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Diameter Command line: dimdiameter Select arc or circle: Chn ng trn hoc cung trn

5.6. L nh DIMANGULAR Lnh nh cc kch thc gc Ti thanh cng c, chn

114 T Dimension menu, chn Angular Command line: dimangular Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>: bm mt im trn 1 cnh ca gc Select second line: bm mt im trn cnh th hai ca gc Specify dimension arc line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: bm chn v tr t ng ghi kch thc gc Arc Selection Circle Selection

5.7. L nh DIMORDINATE Ghi kch thc theo to im Ghi kch thc tung (hay honh ) ca mt im c trng dc theo mt ng dn n. Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Ordinate Command line: dimordinate Specify feature location: chn im c trng Specify leader endpoint or [Xdatum/Ydatum/Mtext/Text/Angle]: im cui ca ng dn hay X xc nh honh v Y xc nh tung . Dimension text <ta X hay Y c o>: ch s kch thc. Nu vo im cui ca ng dn, AutoCAD s o khong cch t im ny ti im c trng quyt nh l khong cch tung hay honh (ty thuc gi tr theo phng X hay Y ln hn).

5.8. L nh DIMBASELINE Lnh v mt lot cc ng kch thc thng qua ng ging c s ca ng kch thc chn Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Baseline

115 Command line: Dimbaseline Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>):

Select AutoCAD yu cu bn chn mt ng kch thc lm ng ging c s (ng ging chung). Select base dimension: Chn ng kch thc c s Sau khi chn ng kch thc c s, AutoCAD yu cu ch v tr ng ging th hai ca ng kch thc mi. ng ging th nht ca cc ng kch thc mi c to s chung vi ng ging c s.

Specify a second extension line origin AutoCAD yu cu ch v tr ng ging th hai ghi tip vi ng ging th nht l ng ging chung da vo ng kch thc ban u

5.9. L nh DIMCONTINUE Lnh ghi kch thc nhiu on chia k tip nhau

Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Continue Command line: Dimcontinue

V d: ghi ng kch thc tip theo bn chn ng ging ca ng kch thc trc .

116 5.10. L nh LEADER Ghi kch thc theo ng dn T Dimension menu, chn Leader Command line: Leader Lnh ny cho php ghi ch theo ng dn. Nu tr s bin DIMASSOC=ON th im bt u ca Leader s lin kt vi i tng c ghi ch. Khi ta hiu chnh bn v, di di hoc dch chuyn i tng m t th im gc Leader cng c t ng di di theo (dng ghi ch vn nguyn v tr c).
(2) C a lc D150 (1)

Command line: Leader Specify first leader point, or [Settings] <Settings>: bm chn im 1 Specify next point: bm chn im 2 Specify next point: nhp im (3) hoc Specify text width <0.0000>: nhp rng ch th hin hoc Enter first line of annotation text <Mtext>: Nhp dng ghi ch th nht Enter next line of annotation text: nhp dng ghi ch th 2 C th s dng hp thoi Leader Settings thay i cc tham s th hin cho i tng Leader bng cch : Command line: Leader Specify first leader point, or [Settings] <Settings>: S S thy xut hin hp thoi Leader Settings hnh 5.2

117

H nh 5.2 - Hp thoi Leader Settings. Trang Annotation (hnh 5.2) Annotation type : nh dng cho dng ghi ch o MText : dng ghi ch l on vn bn o Copy an object : cho php c th sao chp on vn bn o Tolerance : chn kiu ghi dung sai o Block reference : cho php chn mt BLock vo ng dn o None : to ng dn khng c dng ch thch. MText Options : ch nh la chn on vn vn o Prompt for width : c xut hin dng nhc nhp chiu rng on vn bn o Always left justify : on vn bn lun c cn l tri o Frame text : to khung bao quanh on vn bn. Annotation Reuse : gn cc la chn s dng li cho dng ch thch. o None : khng s dng li o Reuse next : s dng li cho ln ghi ng dn tip theo o Reuse current : s dng cho dng ch thch hin ti. Trang Leader Line & Arrow (hnh 5.3) Leader Line : dn ng dn o Straight : to phn on ni cc im ca ng dn l on thng o SPline : to phn on ni cc im ca ng dn l ng SPline

118

H nh 5.3 - Hp thoi Leader Settings (trang Leader line & Arrow). Arowhead : cho php chn kiu mi tn u ng dn. Number of Points : s lng cc im trn ng dn (im m t ng dn). nu chn No Limit th lnh s c t ng kt thc ky bm Enter hai ln lin tip. Angle Constrains : gn gc rng buc gia cc phn on m t ng dn th nht vi ng dn th hai.

H nh 5.4 - Hp thoi Leader Settings (trang Attachment).

119 Trang Attachment (hnh 5.4) : nh kiu lin kt cho ng dn v dng ghi ch. Top of top line : lin kt ng dn ti nh ca dng Text Middle of top line : lin kt ng dn ti im gia ca dng nh Text Middle of multi-line text : lin kt ng dn ti im gia ca c on Text Middle of bottom line : lin kt ng dn ti im gia ca cnh y dng Text Bottom of bottom line : lin kt ng dn ti pha trn ca dng nh on Text Underline bottom line : c gch chn on Text.

5.11. L nh TOLERANCE Lnh ghi dung sai Khi th hin kch thc dung sai thng thng c cc thnh phn s liu sau nh trn hnh 5.5. di y. K hi u dung sai Tr s dung sai Chu n

//

0.012

H nh 5.5 - Cc th nh ph n th hi n ca k ch th dung sai. c

Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Tolerance Command line: Tolerance Cc kch thc dung sai c ghi thng qua hi thoi Geometric Tolerance (hnh 5.6)

H nh 5.6 - Hp thoi ghi k ch th dung sai. c

120 Khi bm chn Sym s thy xut hin tip mt hp thoi Symbol (hnh bn), trn cho php ta chn biu tng ca lnh ghi dung sai. Tu thuc vo bn v c th, cc tiu chun ngnh, quc gia ta c th chn ra cc biu tng ghi c th cho bn v hin trng. 5.12. L nh DIMTEDIT Sa i v tr v gc dng ghi ch ca ng kch thc Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Align Text Command line: Dimtedit Select dimension: chn ng kch thc cn hiu chnh

AutoCAD hin dng nhc: Specify new location for dimension text or [Left/Right/Center/Home/Angle]: dng chut di tr s kch thc n v tr mi hoc bm chn L, R, C, H, A Left Dch chuyn dng ghi ch sang bn tri phi Right Dch chuyn dng ghi ch sang bn

Home Chuyn dng ghi ch v v tr ngm nh

Angle Thay i gc ca dng ghi ch Text angle : Gi tr gc

5.13. L nh DIMSTYLE To v sa i kiu ng kch thc trn ca s lnh T Dimension menu, chn Style Command line: Dimstyle

121 S thy hin hp thoi hnh 5.7

H nh 5.7 - Hp thoi Dimension Style. T hp thoi ny ta c th thay i kiu ghi kch thc hin hnh [chn kiu (Style) khc ri bm Set Current]; hiu chnh cc bin ghi kch thc [Modify]; to mt kiu bin kch thc mi [New] ... Styles : Lit k danh sch cc kiu kch thc c trong bn v List : phng n lit k o All styles : ton b o Styles in use : ch lit k cc kiu ang s dng trong bn v Set current : gn mt kiu bin kch thc ang chn lm kiu hin hnh. New...: To kiu bin kch thc mi Modify...: hiu chnh kiu kch thc hin c Override...: cho php gn chng cc bin kch thc trong kiu kch thc hin hnh (thng qua hp thoi). Compare...: cho php so snh gi tr cc bin gia hai kiu kch thc (thng qua hp thoi). Khi nh to nn mt kiu bin kch thc mi bm chn phm New - khai bo tn kiu bin kch thc mi ri bm phm Continue, s thy xut hin hp thoi hnh 5.8. T y ta c th hiu

122 chnh hu ht cc tham s m t ng ghi kch thc (kiu mi tn, mu sc, dy nt v, kiu ch, font ch, cch th hin ng nt, hng ghi ch v.v...) kiu mi nh ngha ny s c cng thm vo danh mc kiu ghi kch thc (Style) v sau ngi s dng c th la chn th hin ra mn hnh tu thuc yu cu tng chi tit.

H nh 5.8 - To ki u ghi k ch th m (trang Line and Arrows). c i Trang Line and Arrows (hnh 5.8): Dimenssion lines : nhn cc gi tr lin quan n gn kch thc. o Color : chn mu ca gn kch thc o Lineweight : chiu rng nt v cho ng kch thc o Extension beyond ticks: khong nh ra khi ng ging ca ng kch thc o Baseline spacing : khong cch gia cc ng kch thc trong chui kch thc song song o Suppress : b qua phn mi tn (tri v phi) ghi trn ng kch thc. Extension lines (ng ging) o Color : mu ca ng ging o Lineweight : chiu rng nt v

123 o Extension beyond dim lines : khong ng ging nh ra khi ng kch thc o Offset from origin : khong cch t i tng ghi kch thc n u ng ging. o Suppress : b qua ng ging th nht hoc th hai. Arrowheads (mi tn) o 1st : mi tn cho u kch thc th nht o 2nd : mi tn cho u kch thc th hai o Leader : mi tn cho ng dn dng ch thch o Arrow size : kch thc mi tn Center Marks for circles : xc nh du tm v ng tm (vng trn, cung trn)

H nh 5.9 - To ki u ghi k ch th m (trang Text). c i Trang Text (hnh 5.9): Text Appearance : nh dng kiu xut hin ca ch o Text style : kiu ch o Text color : mu ch o Text height : chiu cao ch

124 o Fraction height scale : t l iu chnh chiu cao ch o Draw frame around text : vin khung cho ch Text Placement : iu khin v tr xut hin ch o Vertical : gn kiu th hin khi ch nm theo phng thng ng o Horizontal : gn kiu th hin khi ch nm theo phng nm ngang o Offset from dimension line : khong cch gia k t v ng kch thc. Text alignment : nh hng cho ch s ghi kch thc o Horizontal : ch ghi kch thc nm ngang o Alignment with dimension line : ch song song vi ng kch thc o ISO Standard : ch s ghi kch thc song song vi ng kch thc khi bn trong hai ng ging v nmg ngang khi b ngoi ca hai ng ging

H nh 5.10 - To ki u ghi k ch th m (trang Fit). c i Trang Fit (hnh 5.10) Fit Options : chn kiu in k t vo bn trong hay bn ngoi ng ging o Either the text or the arrows whichever fits best : y l kiu in linh hot.

125 + khi khong cch gia hai ng ging ch th c mi tn v v ch s nm lt bn trong ng ging ; + Khi ch ch cha ch th s ch c ch nm bn trong cn mi tn th hin bn ngoi ng ging ; + Khi ch ch cho mi tn th mi tn nm gia hai ng ging, ch nm ngoi ; + Khi khong cch gia hai ng l qu nh khng ch cho thm ch ch 2 mi tn, th c mi tn v phn ch s s cng nm ngoaid ng ging. o Arrows : ch s v mi tn s c sp xp theo th t sau + khi khong cch gia hai ng ging ch th c mi tn v v ch s nm lt bn trong ng ging ; + Khi ch ch cho mi tn th mi tn s nm trong hai ng ging cn ch s s nm ngoi; + Khi khng ch cho mi tn th mi tn v ch s s cng nm ngoi. o Text : ch s v mi tn s c sp xp theo th t sau + Khi ch cho mi tn v ch s th c hai s cng nm bn trong hai ng ging ; + Khi ch ch cho ch th ch nm trong, mi tn nm ngoi ; + Khi khng ch cho ch th c mi tn v ch cng nm ngoi o Both text and Arrows : Khi khng ch th c hai s cng nm ngoi o Always keep text between ext lines : ch s lun lun nm bn ngoi hai ng ging. o Suppress arrows if they dont's fit inside extension lines : s khng xut hin mi tn nu khng ch. Text placement : Gn v tr ghi ch s nu chng b di chuyn khi v tr mc nh o Bestside the dimension line : xp ch s ghi kch thc bn cnh ng kch thc ; o Over the dimension line, with a leader : c mt ng dn ni gia ch s v ng kch thc ; o Over the dimension line, without a leader : khng v ng dn ni gia ch s v ng kch thc; Scale for dimension features : gn t l kch thc cho ton b bn v hoc t l khng gian giy v ; o Use overall scale of : gn t l cho to b cc bin ca kiu kch thc. Vi cch chn ny nu ta tng t l th mi thnh phn ca ng ghi kch thc cng thay i theo;

126 o Scale dimension to layout (paper space) : h s t l da trn t l khung nhn hin hnh. Fine tuning : la chn thm (tinh chnh) o Place text manually when dimensioning : b qua tt c cc thit lp ch s, kch thc theo phng nm ngang; o Always draw dim line between ext lines : ng kch thc nht thit phi v ngay c khi ch s nm ngoi hai ng ging; Trang Primary units (hnh 5.11) Linear dimensions : gn dng v n v cho kch thc di o Unit format : nh dng n v cho tt c cc loi kch thc (ngoi tr kch thc gc); o Precision : hin th s ch s thp phn sau du phy

H nh 5.11 - To ki u ghi k ch th m (trang Primary units). c i o Fraction format : nh dng cho phn s

127 o Decimal separator : nh dng du phy ng (v d Pi= 3.14159265 c th nh dng li l Pi=3,14159265) o Round off : nh ngha quy tc lm trn. V d nu ta nhp 0.25 th tt c cc kch thc s c lm trn n 0.25. o Prefix : tin t v d ng knh vng trn = 250 thng c ghi l 25 vy y c hiu l tin t ca ch s ghi kch thc. o Suffix : hu t - l ch s thm vo ng sau mi tr s kch thc ; o Measurement scale : xc nh t l o + Scale factor : h s t l chiu di cho cc loi kch thc (tr kch thc gc). V d nu ta nhp 2 th AutoCAD s hin th 1mm v tng ng 2 mm khi ghi kch thc. o + Apply to layout dimensions only : ch p dng t l ny cho cc kch thc to trn Layout. o Zero suppression : iu khin vic hin th cc s 0 v ngha + Leading : b qua cc s 0 v ngha trc ch s ghi kch thc. V d 0.2500 s ch cn .2500 ; + Trailing : b qua cc s 0 v ngha trong phn thp phn. V d 15.2500 s ch cn 15.25 ; + 0 Feet : b qua cc s 0 c ngha ca cc ch s ghi kch thc c tr s nh hn 1 foot. + 0 Inches : b qua phn gi tr Inch ca ch s c ngha nu khong cch l s nguyn ca feet. Angular dimensions : hin th v gn dng hin hnh cho n v gc o Units format : nh dng n v cho gc; o Precision : hin th s ch s thp phn c ngha cho n v gc. o Zero suppression : b qua cc s 0.

128

H nh 5.12 - To ki u ghi k ch th m (trang Alternate Units). c i Trang Alternate Units (hnh 5.12) gn cc n v lin kt, dng v chnh xc cho on v chiu di, gc. Display Alternate units : thm n v o lin kt vo ch s kch thc . o Unit format : nh dng n v lin kt cho tt c cc loi kch thc (ngoi tr kch thc gc); o Precision : hin th s ch s thp phn sau du phy ; o Multiplier for Altenate units : ch nh h s chuyn i gia n v kch thc chnh v kch thc lin kt. o Round distances to : nh ngha quy tc lm trn ; o Prefix : khai bo tin t o Surfix : khai bo hu t Zero suppression : kim tra vic loi b s 0 v ngha ; Placement : nh v tr t kch thc lin kt o After primary units : t kch thc lin kt sau ch s kch thc chnh ; o Below primary units : t kch thc lin kt trc ch s kch thc chnh.

129

H nh 5.13 - To ki u ghi k ch th m (trang Tolerance). c i Trang Tolerance (hnh 5.13) : nh dng hin th cc ch s dung sai Tolerance format : iu khin nh dng ch s dung sai o Method : phng php tnh dung sai kch thc + None : khng thm vo sau ch s kch thc sai lch gii hn tr s dung sai ; + Symmetrical : du xut hin trc cc gi tr sai lch gii hn ; + Deviation : cc sai lch m (Lower value) v dng (Upper value) c gi tr khc nhau ; + Limits : to cc kch thc gii hn l nht v nh nht ; + Basic : to khung ch nht bao quanh ch s kch thc. o Precision : hin th s ch s thp phn sau du phy ; o Upper value : gii hn sai lnh trn; o Lower value : gii hn sai lnh di; o Scale for height : t s chiu cao ch v ch s dung sai kch thc ; o Vertical position : nh dng im cn l theo phng thng ng. o Zero suppression : kim tra vic loi b s 0 v ngha ;

130 Alternate unit tolerance : gn chnh xc v quy tc loi b s 0 i vi cc n v dung sai lin kt. o Precision : hin th chnh xc; o Zero suppression : kim tra vic loi b s 0 v ngha ; 5.14. L nh DIMEDIT Lnh sa thuc tnh ng kch thc Ti thanh cng c, chn T Dimension menu, chn Oblique Command line: Dimedit Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: Chn mt thuc tnh Home Di chuyn v tr ca dng ghi ch ng kch thc Select objects: Chn mt ng kch thc

New Thay i ni dung dng ghi ch ng kch thc

Rotate Thay i gc ca dng ghi ch so vi ng kch thc Enter text angle: Nhp gi tr gc quay Select objects: Chn i tng ng kch thc

Oblique To ng kch thc xin Select objects: Chn ng kch thc Enter obliquing angle (RETURN for none): Nhp gi tr gc xin

131

Cc lnh hiu chnh, cc lnh lm vic vi khi

C l nh hi u ch nh c
6.1. L nh SELECT

Lnh la chn i tng trong bn v Khi nhn mt lnh hiu chnh hay kho st, AutoCAD s yu cu chn i tng (Select object) cn hiu chnh. Command line: select Select objects: Chn cc i tng ng thi ti v tr con tr s xut hin chn (object selection target). Khi mt i tng c chn, n s m i hay i mu - iu ny gip ngi v d dng nhn thy i tng no c chn. chn i tng, c th tr li cho mi dng nhc Select object bng mt trong cc ty chn sau: Mt im (mc nh): Nu cho ta mt im, AutoCAD s d ngay trn bn v xem i tng no i qua im ny, nu c, i tng s c chn. Nu khng c i tng no th s xut hin dng nhc Other corner yu cu ta nhp gc khc ca ca s ch nht c th chn i tng theo kiu Window hoc Crossing. Khng nn vo mt im l giao im ca hai hay nhiu i tng v nh th s khng xc nh chnh xc i tng no c chn. Bng 6.1 - L nh Select Auto C th chn tng i tng bng cch a chn ch vo i tng (sao cho i tng cn chn phi nm trong hoc ct qua chn ri nhy chut (hoc ). Nu chn khng xc nh c i tng no ( chn nm vng trng trn mn hnh) th im s tr thnh nh th nht cho ty chn Box trn v khi ta phi vo nh th hai). y l ty chn mt nh mi khi xut hin dng nhc Select object.

132 Add Dng tt Remove, quay tr v Select object ALL Chn tt c cc i tng c trn bn v. BOX AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh hai gc ca ca s nh ty chn Window hay Crossing. Nu nh th hai c chn nm bn phi so vi nh th nht th Box tng t nh Window, trong trng hp ngc li th Box tng t nh Crossing. Crossing Ging nh ty chn Window nhng ngoi ra cn chn cc i tng b ng bao ca s ct qua. Cpolygon Tng t ty chn WP nhng s chn cc i tng nm hon ton trong a gic v cc i tng b ng bao ca a gic ct qua. Fence Hng ro. Ty chn ny tng t nh CP nhng s xc nh mt ng bao khng khp kn v AutoCAD s chn cc i tng b ng bao ny ct qua. Group La chn theo nhm i tng. Select objects: group Enter group name: Nhp tn nhm Last Chn i tng c v sau cng trn bn v. Multiple AutoCAD cho php ln lt nhiu i tng bng cch lp i lp li dng nhc Select object. Ch sau khi tr li bng Null ( ) th AutoCAD mi bt u cng tc d tm trn bn v. Previous Ly cc i tng c chn (nu c) ca ln chn i tng gn ln ny nht. Remove i sang mode "Remove" - loi i tng khi danh sch chn tm thi. Sau khi b loi cc i tng ny li c mu nh c. Trong mode m AutoCAD s dng dng nhc Remove object thay cho dng nhc select object.

133 thay cho dng nhc select object. Single Ty chn ny ch cho php c chn mt ln (bng cc ty chn trn). i tng c chn s c a ngay vo danh sch chnh thc v kt thc vic chn i tng, lnh hiu chnh (hoc kho st) s c thi hnh ngay sau . Undo Hy b mt hay nhiu ln chn la sai va thc hin trc , mi ln U b mt thao tc chn. Window Ty chn ny cho php chn la tt c cc i tng nm hon ton trong ca s hinh ch nht do ngi v ch ra. AutoCAD s nhc tip theo: First corner: (im trn, tri ca ca s) Second corner: (im di, phi ca ca s) Wpolygon Tng t nh ty chn Window, WP cho php chn cc i tng nm hon ton trong mt vng gii hn bi mt a gic kn xc nh. Khi AutoCAD s yu cu nhp vo cc nh ca a gic. First polygon point: (vo nh th nht ca a gic) Undo/<End point of line>: (vo nh tip theo hoc U) AutoCAD s lp li dng nhc Undo/<End point of line> cho php xc nh cc nh tip theo ca a gic. Trn mn hnh s xut hin nhng dy bng (rubber) ni cc im vo v ch ra a gic dng chn la. Dng U (Undo) khi mun b mt nh xc nh sai trc v (hoc nhy nt phi chut) khi xc nh xong a gic. Lu rng cc cnh ca a gic khng c ct nhau. Null: (hoc ) Bo cho AutoCAD vic chn la i tng xong v sau cc i tng c chn la s c a vo danh sch chnh thc, chu tc dng ca cc lnh kho st v hiu chnh. 6.2. L nh CHANGE

Lnh thay i thuc tnh ca i tng Lnh Change cho php thay i cc tnh cht hoc cc thng s v tr ca cc i tng c chn.

134 C php: Command line: Change Select object: Chn i tng cn thay i tnh cht ... Specify change point or [Properties]: (tnh cht/<im thay i>) Change point Thay i thng s v tr ca i tng Nu tr li dng nhc Specify change point or [Properties]: bng mt im (P) th AutoCAD coi l im thay i thng s v tr i vi cc i tng c chn. Tc dng ca lnh ty thuc vo loi i tng: Line: u no ca line gn P s di ti v tr P. Nu chn la nhiu ng thng, cc ng thng ny s quy t ti P. Circle: Bn knh ng trn s thay i sao cho trn i qua P. Text: P tr thnh im t mi ca text line. Nu tr li thay v P th AutoCAD s cho php thay i kiu ch, chiu cao ch, gc quay, ni dung dng ch bng cc dng nhc tng ng. Attribute: cho php thay i cc tnh cht ca Attribute nh l vi text. Ngoi ra cn thay i c tag, prompt v gi tr mc nh ca Attribute. block: P tr thnh im chn mi ca Block. Nu tr li thay v P, AutoCAD cho php thay i gc quay ca Block. Properties Thay i tnh cht ca i tng Khi dng ty chn ny, AutoCAD s c dng nhc: Enter property to change [Color/Elev/LAyer/LType/ltScale/LWeight/Thickness]: C (Color): t mu mi cho cc i tng c chn. Dng nhc tip theo cc AutoCAD l: New color <mu hin thi>: Nhp vo mu mi (bng tn hoc s ch th mu) hoc nu chp nhn mu hin thi. E (Elev): Thit lp cao (gi tr ta Z ca i tng 2D) mi cho cc i tng c chn. Dng nhc tip theo l: New elev <gi tr hin thi>: vo gi tr cao mi hoc chp nhn gi tr hin thi. La (Layer): thay i lp cho cc i tng c chn (C th v lp xem chng VI). AutoACD s yu cu vo tn lp mi bng dng nhc:

135 New layer <lp hin thi> 2LT (LType): Thit lp kiu ng nt mi cho cc i tng chn (C th v kiu ng nt xem chng VI). Dng nhc tip theo ca AutoCAD l: New line type <kiu hin thi>: vo kiu mi hoc chp nhn gi tr hin thi. T (Thichness): Thay i b rng nt v cho cc i tng c chn (ch vi cc i tng c nh ngha b rng nt v). Dng nhc tip theo ca AutoCAD l: New Thichness <gi tr hin thi>: vo gi tr b rng ng nt mi hay chp nhn gi tr hin thi. Dng nhc change what property (Color/Elev/Layer/Ltype/ Thichness)? s c lp li sau khi kt thc mt ty chn cho php thay i nhiu tnh cht. Khi thay i cc tnh cht cn thit, hy tr li Null ( ) cho dng nhc trn kt thc lnh v lc kt qu thay i c th hin trn mn hnh.

6.3.

L nh DDGRIPS (OPTIONS)

Lnh iu khin Grip thng qua hp hi thoi Lnh ddgrips dng cho php mode grip hot ng hay khng v thay i mu sc, kch thc ca grip thng qua hp thoi. T Tools menu, chn Options... Command line: ddgrips (hoc Options) AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi hnh 6.1 Select Settings Enable grips: cho php hay khng cho php mode Grip. Enable Grip Within Block: cho php hay khng cho php Grip bn trong Block. Grip color: Mu sc cho Grip c chn (Selected) v grip khng c chn (unselected).

Grip size: t kch thc grip.

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H nh 6.1 - H P THOI Options (trang Selection).

H nh 6.2 - Minh ho khi d li u c v khng c ch Grips. 6.4. L nh BLIPMODE Ti dng lnh, nhp blipmode Tu chn Command: blipmode ON/OFF <OFF>: Nhp ON hoc OF, hoc

Hin/n du (+) khi ch im v

137 ON Hin du + khi ch im v trn mn hnh OFF n du + khi ch im v trn mn hnh

6.5.

L nh GROUP t tn cho mt nhm i tng c chn la Ti dng lnh, nhp group AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Object Grouping

H nh 6.3 - Nhm i t ng. Group Name Hin th danh sch tn ca cc nhm hin c. Selectable + yes : chn mt nhm bn ch vic chn mt i tng trong nhm + no : Ch thc hin la chn vi cc i tng c chn Group Identification Group Name Hin th tn ca nhm c la chn.

138 Description Hin th din t ca nhm c la chn. Find Name Cho bit tn nhm ca i tng c chn trong bn v Pick a member of a group : chn mt i tng Sau khi chn i tng AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi gm danh sch tn nhm cha i tng c chn. Highlight Cho bit nhng i tng cng mt nhm trn bn v. Include Unnamed nh r c nhng nhm cha t tn. Create Group New To mt nhm gm cc i tng c la chn. Tn nhm c t ti Group Name, din gii nhm t ti Description. Selectable Ch r ni nhm mi c la chn Unnamed n tn ca nhm, hoc nhm khng tn. AutoCAD t nh ngha tn *A cho mi nhm mi. Change Group Remove Loi b i tng c chn ra khi nhm.

Thm i tng vo trong nhm

Add

Rename

i tn cho nhm hin ti. Tn mi c nhp ti Group Name.

139 Re-order Thay i s th t ca cc i tng trong nhm, s th t trong nhm bt u bng 0. AutoCAD hin th hp thoi Order Group

H nh 6.4 - Hp thoi Order Group. Group Name Hin th tn nhm i tng. Description Hin th din gii ca nhm i tng. Remove from position (0-n) Ch r v tr hin ti ca i tng trong nhm cn di. Replace at position (0-n) Ch r v tr chn i tng di chuyn. Number of objects (1-n) S lng i tng di chuyn. Re-Order Thc hin thay i v tr ca cc i tng trong nhm. Highlight Lm sng cc i tng c trong nhm hin theo th t trn vng bn v. Reverse Order o ngc s th t cc i tng trong nhm hin ti.

140 Description Cp nht din gii cho nhm i tng. Explode Ph b nhm, cc i tng tr li tnh cht ban u. Selectable Ti Selectable thay i gia Yes/no + yes : chn mt nhm bn ch vic chn mt i tng trong nhm + no : Ch thc hin la chn vi cc i tng c chn S dng trn dng lnh Nu trn dng lnh, bn nhp -group th bn nhn c li nhc nh sau: ?/Order/Add/Remove/Explode/REName/Selectable/<Create>: chn hoc Create To mt nhm mi. Group name (or ?): t tn nhm mi hoc Sau , bn la chn cc i tng cn t vo trong nhm. ? -- List Groups Hin th danh sch tn v s din t ca cc nhm trong bn v. Groups(s) to list <*>: Nhp danh sch tn hoc Order Thay i v tr ca cc i tng c trong nhm Add Thm i tng vo nhm hin ti. Group name (or ?): Nhp tn hoc Select objects: Chn i tng cn thm vo nhm Remove Loi b i tng ra khi nhm. Group name (or ?): t tn nhm mi hoc Select objects: Chn i tng loi b ra khi nhm. Explode Loi b tt c cc i tng ra khi nhm, ng thi nhm b xo. Group name (or ?): Nhp tn hoc ReName i tn nhm. Old group name (or ?): Cho tn nhm cn i tn New group name (or ?) : Nhp tn mi cho nhm

141 Selectable Group name (or ?): Cho tn nhm This group is selectable. Do you wish to change it? <Y> chn N hoc Chuyn i gia ch chn theo nhm v chn theo i tng. 6.6. L nh ISOPLANE :Ti dng lnh, nhp isoplane Enter isometric plane setting [Left/Top/Right] <Top>: Nhp chn la hoc Li ng c gip ta th hin i tng 3 chiu trong mt phng nh hnh hp bn. Mt li ng c m cc lnh SNAP v GRID s dng s ph ln hnh hp. Cc bn v ng c ch l gi khng gian 3 chiu. Khi v bn khng th nhn n t gc khc hay dch chuyn cc ng n trong n. thc hin cc kh nng khc, cn s dng h to ngi dng UCS v cc cng c v khng gian 3D. Li ng c c 3 trc chnh vi nghing 30,90,150 v 3 mt tri, phi, trn, mi mt gn vi hai trc. Lnh ISOPLANE gip chn mt ng c hin thi v cp trc to hin thi. Toggle Chuyn ti mt tip theo, theo th t mt tri ti mt nh, ti mt phi. Left Chn mt tri, c nh ngha nghing t 90 150 . Top Chn thao tc lm vic ti mt trn. nh ngha t 30 150 . Right Chn thao tc lm vic ti mt bn phi. nh ngha t 90 30 . Trong qu tr nh vc th s dng ph m t t Ctrl - E chuy n l nh vt m t n y sang m t khc mt cch nhanh chng v ti n l i.

S dng li v ng c

142 6.7. L nh DSETTINGS T Tools menu, chn Drafting Settings... Shortcut menu: Right-click Snap, Grid, Polar, Osnap, or Otrack on the status bar and choose Settings. Ti dng lnh, nhp dsettings (c th gi lnh ny thng qua vic bm phm chut phi ln nt Snap, Grid, Polar, Osnap, hoc Otrack gi Menu ng ri chn Settings...) AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Drafting Settings hnh 6.5

To li cho bn v thng qua ca s hi thoi

H nh 6.5 - Hp thoi Drafting Settings (trang Object Snap). Hp thoi ny s dng xc nh cc phng php bt im (Object snap) v d tm (Tracking) cc i tng khi v hnh. m bo cho cc nt v c bt u v kt thc ng mun khng b ht cng nh khng b tha ra mi khi v i tng ny giao vi i tng khc. 6.8. L nh PEDIT

Lnh sa i cc ng a tuyn Polyline

143 Tu thuc vo i tng l Polyline 2D, Polyline 3D, 3D Mesh. AutoCAD hin th dng nhc tng ng C php: Trn thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Object Polyline Command line: pedit Select polyline or [Multiple]: chn i tng cn hiu chnh Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: chn kiu hiu chnh Nu i tng l ng thng hay ng trn th AutoCAD hin dng nhc: Khi i tng khng phi l Polyline s xut huin dng nhc Do you want it to turn into one? <Y>: Chn Y , N Nu chn Y i tng s c chuyn i thnh ng Polyline 2D v lc bn c th hiu chnh i tng . Nu chn N AutoCAD yu cu chn i tng Polyline khc. Bng 6.2 - L nh s a i ng a tuy n 2D Polyline Selection Nu chn mt ng 2D polyline, AutoCAD hin th dng nhc: Close / Join / Width / Edit vertex / Fit / Spline / Decurve/ Ltype gen / Undo / eXit <X>: Lnh Pedit cho php hiu chnh mt lot cc tnh cht ca polyline, sau khi hon thnh vic hiu chnh mt tnh cht th dng nhc trn lp li cho php hiu chnh mt tnh cht khc cho n khi dng ty chn X (exit) kt thc lnh. Cc ty chn ca lnh Pedit nh sau: Close To mt phn on khp kn polyline (ni phn on cui cng vi phn on u tin). Open Khi mt polyline ang khp kn th ty chn ny s hy b cho ty chn Close. N xa phn on khp kn polyline, lm cho polyline tr nn m. Join Cho php ghp cc arc, line v polyline khc vo polyline c chn to thnh mt polyline duy nht. Khi AutoCAD s nhc:

144 Select object: (chn i tng ghp vo)

Lu :1 - Polyline gc ( ghp cc i tng khc vo) phi l ang m (open). - i tng thm vo phi ni nh vi polyline gc. Width Cho php xc nh b rng ng nt mi v ng b cho tt c cc phn on ca polyline c chn. Dng nhc tip theo ca AutoCAD s l: Enter new width for all segment: (vo b rng mi cho tt c cc phn on).

Edit vertex Khi dng ty chn ny, AutoCAD li th hin mt lot cc ty chn con v cho php hiu chnh cc nh (vertex) ca polyline v cc phn on k bn chng (nh no c nh du bng du X th hiu chnh c nh ). Thot u AutoCAD nh du nh u tin ca polyline v hin dng nhc: Next/Previous/Break/Insert/Move/Regen/Straighten/Tangent/Wi dth/eXit<N>: Next Di chuyn im nh du n nh k . Previous Di chuyn im nh du v li nh trc . Break Tch polyline lm hai hoc xa mt s phn on ca polyline. Dng nhc tip theo l: Next/Previous/Go/eXit<N>: im gy th nht l nh c nh du khi dng ty chn Break. Dng Next/Previous di chuyn n im gy th

145 Break. Dng Next/Previous di chuyn n im gy th hai. Dng Go thi hnh. Cc phn on gia im gy th nht v im gy th hai s b xa. Dng eXit thot khi Break tr li Edit vertex. Insert Chn mt nh ti mt im xc nh theo sau nh hin thi c nh du. AutoCAD s c dng nhc: Enter new location of new vertex: vo v tr cho nh mi(1)

Move Di nh ang c nh du X n mt v tr mi. Bn cng phi nhp v tr ca nh mi trn dng nhc: Enter new location: Nhp to nh mi(1)

Regen Thit lp li polyline v cp nht cc thay i. Thng dng vi ty chn Width.

Straighten Xa cc phn on nm gia hai nh c chn, thay th bng mt phn on thng. Dng nhc ca AutoCAD ging nh trong Break: Next/Previous/Go/eXit<N>:

Tangent Cho php t hng tip tuyn ti cc nh c nh du dng khi lm cong polyline bng Fit. Dng nhc ca AutoCAD l:

146 Direction of tangent: (vo gc xc nh hng ca tip tuyn) Width Cho php thay i b rng nt v ca phn on ngay sau nh c nh du. AutoCAD nhc nh: Enter starting width <gi tr hin hnh>: b rng bt u Enter ending width <gi tr hin hnh>: b rng kt thc

Exit Thot khi Edit vertex tr li lnh Pedit. Fit To mt ng cong trn u qua cc nh ca polyline. Nu c t cc hng tip xc ti cc nh ny, ng cong c to thnh s s dng cc hng tip xc .

Spline To mt ng cong iu khin c. ng cong ny s dng cc nh ca polyline lm cc im iu khin. ng cong to thnh s i qua cc im iu khin u v cui (tr khi polyline ng) v b ko v hng cc im khc nhng khng nht thit phi i qua cc im ny.

Ltype gen Lm cho loi ng nt nh hng chung trn ton b cc phn on ca polyline (nu l ON) hay ch nh hng ring trn tng phn on (nu l OFF). Hnh sau minh ha cho s khc nhau ca mt polyline v trong hai trng hp.

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C th dng bin Plinegen t Ltypegen cho cc polyline mi (Plinegen = 0 tng ng vi Ltypegen OFF v Plinegen =1 tng ng vi Ltypegen ON) . Undo Hy b thao tc va thc hin xong. Exit Thot khi lnh Pedit 3D Polyline Selection Nu bn chn ng 3D Polyline, AutoCAD hin dng nhc: Close / Edit vertex / Spline curve / Decurve / Undo / eXit <X>: Chn mt tnh cht Cc la chn ny nh khi lm vic vi a tuyn hai chiu, song cc ng cong s c to bi la chn "cc ng spline" s l ba chiu. Close To mt phn on khp kn polyline (ni phn on cui cng vi phn on u tin). Open Khi mt polyline ang khp kn th ty chn ny s hy b cho ty chn Close. N xa phn on khp kn polyline, lm cho polyline tr nn m. Edit vetex Khi dng ty chn ny, AutoCAD li th hin mt lot cc ty chn con v cho php hiu chnh cc nh 3 chiu (vertex) ca polyline v cc phn on k bn chng (nh no c nh du bng du X th hiu chnh c nh ). Thot u AutoCAD nh du nh u tin ca polyline v hin dng nhc: Next Di chuyn im nh du n nh k . Previous Di chuyn im nh du v li nh trc . Break Tch polyline lm hai hoc xa mt s phn on ca

148 polyline. Dng nhc tip theo l: Next/Previous/Go/eXit<N>: im gy th nht l nh c nh du khi dng ty chn Break. Dng Next/Previous di chuyn n im gy th hai. Dng Go thi hnh. Cc phn on gia im gy th nht v im gy th hai s b xa. Dng eXit thot khi Break tr li Edit vertex. Insert Chn mt nh ti mt im xc nh theo sau nh hin thi c nh du. AutoCAD s c dng nhc: Enter new location of new vertex: vo v tr cho nh mi Move Di nh ang c nh du X n mt v tr mi. Bn cng phi nhp v tr ca nh mi trn dng nhc: Enter new location: Nhp to nh mi(1) Regen Thit lp li polyline v cp nht cc thay i. Thng dng vi ty chn Width. Straighten Xa cc phn on nm gia hai nh c chn, thay th bng mt phn on thng. Exit Thot khi Edit vertex tr li lnh Pedit. Spline curve S dng cc nh ca a tuyn nh l cc im nh v ca ng cong m s ng hay m nh l a tuyn gc. ng cong i t im u n im cui v "" ti nh d khng cn phi qua chng. Bn ch ra cng nhiu im nh v trn phn ca khung, chng cng lm nn ng cong hn. ng cong loi ny gi l B-spline, chng c th to thnh ng cong bc hai hay ng cong bc ba.

Decurve B cc nh b sung khi "Fit curve" v tt c cc on a

149 tuyn s c nn thng li. Undo B kt qu mi nhn c do vic s dng phn tu chn ngay trc . Exit Thot lnh PEDIT. 3D Polygon Mesh Selection Khi la chn li 3D Polyline AutoCAD hin dng nhc: Edit vertex / Smooth surface / Desmooth / Mclose / Nclose / Undo / eXit <X>: Edit vetex Li a gic c th coi nh mt mng ch nht MxN, M v N c cho trong lnh 3DMESH (hoc cho bng SURFTAB1 V SURFTAB2 i vi cc lnh RULESURF, TABSSURF, REVSSURF v EDGESURRF). Vertex (m, n). Next / Previous / Left / Right / Up / Down / Move / REgen / eXit <current>: Chn mt la chn

Next Di chuyn nh nh du X ti nh tip theo. Previous Di chuyn nh nh du X ti nh trc . Left Dch chuyn du X li theo hng N. Right Dch chuyn du X tin theo hng N. Up Dch chuyn du X tin theo hng M. Down Dch chuyn du X li theo hng M. Move Di chuyn nh hin ti ti v tr mi.

150 Enter new location: To im v tr mi Regen Thit lp li polyline v cp nht cc thay i. Thng dng vi ty chn Width. Exit Thot khi Edit vertex. Smooth surface Kim sot kiu ca mt c vin, nu SURFTYPE bng 5 l kiu mt B-spline bc hai, bng 6 l mt B-spline bc ba, bng 8 l mt vm.

Desmooth B mt trn mi vin v khi phc cc im nh v ca li a gic gc. Mclose ng polyline nu li ang m theo hng M. Mopen M polyline nu li ang ng theo hng M. Nclose ng polyline nu li ang m theo hng N. Mopen M polyline nu li ang ng theo hng N. 6.9. L nh FIND T Edit menu, chn Find... Command line: Find S thy xut hin hp thoi hnh 6.6.

Lnh tm kim v thay th Text.

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H nh 6.6 - t m ki m v thay th Text trong bn v. Ti Find text string : nhp vo xu k t cn tm Ti Replace with : nhp vo xu k t s thay th Bm chn Options... Nu mun hiu chnh cc phng n tm kim v thay th. Khi AutoCAD s cho hin hp thoi hnh 6.7

H nh 6.7 - Chn i t t m ki m v thay th . ng Chn cc i tng cn tm v thay th ri bm phm OK quay li hp thoi hnh 6.6. Bm phm Find (hnh 6.6) thc hin lnh tm kim.

152 Bm phm Replace thc hin lnh thay th tng t. Bm phm Replace All thc hin lnh thay th ton b.

C l nh lm vi c v khi c i
Khi (Block) l mt nhm cc i tng c lin kt vi nhau to thanh mt i tng duy nht. Sau khi to khi chng c th c s dng nh mt biu tng, mt k hiu hoc mt m hnh trong bn v (inh c, bnh rng, t in, in tr, bn gh, con ln v.v..). iu c bit tin li ca Block l chng c th c nh ngha ri ghi ra File s dng cho cc bn v sau ny. Ngha l nu s dng khi ta c th to ra cc th vin i tng v ng tiu chun, ph hp vi cc yu cu k thut ca tng ngnh, ngh c th. 6.10. L nh BLOCK nh ngha mt khi Cho php nhm cc i tng hin din trn bn v thnh mt khi mi. Command line: -Block Block name (or ?): (nhp tn khi hoc ?) insertion base point: (nhp im c s chn) Select object: (chn cc i tng cn nhm vo khi) Block name Tn ca khi c th di ti 31 k t v c th dng cc k t c bit ht nh ($), (-), (_). Nu nhp vo mt tn khi trng vi mt tn khi no ang tn ti, AutoCAD s nhc: Block <tn> already exists: (khi <tn>ang tn ti). Sau khi xc nh tn khi: Nu tn khi tn ti th AutoCAD hin dng nhc Redifine it? <N>: (nh ngha li khi khng? Nu Y (yes)) c nh ngha li, cn N (No) l khng nh ngha li v thot khi lnh Block. Nu tn khi cha tn ti th AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh im c s chn, y l im c dng chn khi vo bn v. Tuy im ny c th ly bt k nhng thun tin cho qu trnh qun l v s dng khi cn chn im ny l im c trng ca khi. Insertion base point: To im c s (1) Tip theo AutoCAD yu cu xc nh cc i tng thnh phn ca khi cng bng dng nhc select object: Chn cc i tng nhm thnh mt khi

153

Sau khi nh ngha khi xong, cc nguyn th c nhm thnh khi s bin mt. Nu mun phc hi phi dng lnh OOps. ? -- Listing Previously Defined Blocks Nu tr li dng nhc ban u bng ?, AutoCAD s cho php lit k mt hoc nhiu khi c. Khi s c dng nhc Block (s) name to list <*>: (nhp tn mt hoc nhiu khi, hoc Enter yu cu lit k tt c cc khi c nh ngha trong bn v hin hnh). Cc tham s ca lnh Block trn y cng c th c khai bo thng qua hp thoi (hnh 6.8) nu ta nhp lnh bng mt trong cc cch sau : Trn thanh cng c, chn T Draw menu, chn Block -> Make... Command line: Block

H nh 6.8 - nh ngh a cc tham s to khi.

154 Sau khi gi hp thoi hnh 6.8 thao tc nh sau : Ti Name : t tn cho khi s to Bm Bm sau chn cc i tng thnh phn ca khi; chn im chn ca khi;

Chn n v khi chn khi Insert units Bm 6.11. L nh ATTDEF Lnh nh ngha thuc tnh cho khi c to T Draw menu, chn Block -> Define Attributes... Command line: attdef Xut hin hp thoi hnh 6.9 di y kt thc.

H nh 6.9 - nh ngh a thuc t nh cho khi. Mode : nh kiu Invisible: Nu chn thuc tnh ny th cc thuc tnh c nh ngha s khng th hin trn mn hnh; Constant: Thuc tnh c nh ngha c mt tnh cht c nh v khng th thay i c trong qu trnh chn khi vo bn v; Verify: Thuc tnh c nh ngha s hin th trn dng nhc cho bn kim tra li v nu cn bn c th thay i qu trnh chn khi vo bn v;

155 Preset: AutoCAD chn khi vo bn v v ly gi tr thuc tnh c nh ngha v khng t ra cu hi. Attribute: thuc tnh Tag - nhp tn ca thuc tnh Prompt - Nhp dng nhc nu ta mun n xut hin khi chn khi c cha nh ngha thuc tnh ny. Value - Nhp gi tr mc nh cho thuc tnh (nu mun c) Insertion point - im chn Cho php nhp ta im u ca thuc tnh hoc bng thit b ch im trn mn hnh (nhy chut vo pick point). Text options: Cho php xc nh kiu ch, chiu cao, gc quay, kiu cn l cho thuc tnh. Justication: Kiu cn l cho thuc tnh (ging nh cn l cho dng text). Text Style: Kiu ch vit thuc tnh ( c nh ngha bng lnh Style). Height: Chiu cao ch Rotation: Gc quay ca dng text. Align below previous attribute: Nu chn chc nng ny s cho php to mt thuc tnh mi c cc thng s Text options ging nh ca thuc tnh va to thnh trc . Ring insertion point th ging nh khi trong lnh Text m ta ( xung dng). Sau khi chn la xong v OK, c th thy tn ca thuc tnh xut hin trnmn hnh. gn thuc tnh vo khi no , khi chn cc thnh phn ca khi th ta phi chn c cc thuc tnh ny (nhy chut vo tn ca thuc tnh). 6.12. L nh INSERT Lnh chn khi thng qua hp hi thoi Cho php chn mt khi c nh ngha (hay mt bn v ang tn ti) vo bn v hin hnh thng qua hp thoi (hnh 6.10). Ti thanh cng c, chn T Insert menu, chn Block

156

H nh 6.10 - Hp thoi Insert. Cc ty chn trong hp thoi ny nh sau Name... nhp tn khi cn chn vo son tho tn khi hoc nhy chut vo block... xut hin hp thoi ph v chn tn block cn chn trong cc block c nh ngha ca bn v hin hnh. Browse... bm chn phm ny (nu mun chn khi l mt bn v c trn a) xut hin hp thoi ph v chn tn file ang tn ti trong th mc hin hnh hay cc th mc khc. Insertion point: im chn. Nhp ta ca im s chn khi vo bn v. Khi mt bn sao ca khi s c v vo bn v, sao cho im c s ca khi (base point) s trng hon ton vi im chn (insertion point) va nhp. Scale : (t l) cho php phng, thu khi theo c ba phng vi t l ty . T l theo cc phng c th khc nhau. Nu dng h s t l gi tr m c th ly i xng. Rotation (quay): cho php xoay khi khi chn vo bn v vi gc quay tng ng c nhp vo trong son tho Rotation. Explode (tch ra): Nu dng chc nng ny cho php chn mt khi nh l mt tp hp cc nguyn th ring l ch khng phi l mt thc th n. Khi c th hiu chnh ring cho tng nguyn th ca khi. Khi dng chc nng expode, khi s c chn vi cc h s t l X, Y, Z bng nhau, c ngha l ch dng mt h s t l v khng c gi tr m. Ngo i ra ta cng c th chn khi v n bn v m khng c n thng qua hp thoi bng cch t d ng l nh g km thm d u tr (-) tr l nh Insert c

157 Command line: -Insert Enter block name or [?] : nhp tn khi hay ? lit k cc khi c nh ngha trong bn v Specify insertion point or [Scale/X/Y/Z/Rotate/PScale/PX/PY/PZ/PRotate]: nhp im chn khi trn bn v Enter X scale factor, specify opposite corner, or [Corner/XYZ] <1>: nhp h s t l theo phng X Enter Y scale factor <use X scale factor>: nhp h s t l theo phng Y,(mc nh bng X) Specify rotation angle <0>:>: Nhp gc quay Cc ty chn ca lnh ny nh sau: Corner - nh gc: Ty chn ny cho php xc nh t l X v Y ng thi; chc nng ny dng im chn v mt im khc nh l hai nh ca mt hnh ch nht. Kch thc X v Y ca hnh ch nht chnh l t l X v Y. dng chc nng corner, sau dng nhc Scale factor phi vo mt im, dim ny s l im th hai ca hnh ch nht. Nu im th hai nm bn tri im chn s c t l X l m, nu im th hai nm trn im chn s c t l Y l m. XYZ: ty chn ny cho php chn cc i tng 3 chiu (3D) vo bn v. Sau khi thc hin cc thao tc trn, khi c chn vo bn v s c im c s trng vi im chn v tun theo t l cng nh gc quay t. Ngoi trnh t thao tc nh trn khi thc hin lnh insert ta c th o ngc mt phn, bng cch nhp t l trc khi nhp im chn. iu ny tin li khi ta ko khi vo v tr (v c hin tng ko l (drag) nn thy trc c v tr ca khi trong bn v). thc hin thao tc ny, cn vo mt trong cc ty chn sau tr li dng nhc insertion point. Scale: AutoCAD s nhc vo t l chung cho c 3 trc X, Y, Z v s khng nhc vo t l sau khi chn im chn na. XScale tng t Scale nhng ch vo t l cho X YScale tng t Scale nhng ch vo t l cho Y ZScale tng t Scale nhng ch vo t l cho Z Rotate: AutoCAD s nhc vo gc quay v cng s khng nhc vo gc quay sau na. PScale tng t nh scale, nhng t l ny ch dng hin th khi ko khi vo v tr. AutoCAD vn nhc vo t l sau khi vo im chn. PXScale tng t PScale nhng ch nh hng n t l X

158 PYScale tng t PScale nhng ch nh hng n t l Y PZScale tng t PScale nhng ch nh hng n t l Z PRotate tng t Rotate nhng AutoCAD nhc vo li gc quay sau . Sau khi vo mt trong cc ty chn trn dng nhc insertion point: li xut hin ta vo mt chc nng khc hoc vo im chn. Duy tr s ring bit gia cc phn khi chn. Khi chn mt khi nhng mun duy tr s ring bit ca cc nguyn th phi t du sao (*) trc tn khi Chn mt file vo bn v Mt bn v c th coi nh mt khi khi chn vo bn v khc, khi s dng lnh insert AutoCAD s tm file bn v cn chn (vi iu kin khng c mt tn khi no c nh ngha trng vi tn file) v coi file nh mt khi chn. N s dng tn file lm tn khi, sau lnh insert hot ng bnh thng. thc hin vic chn mt file nh chn mt khi, cn tr li dng nhc Block name nh sau: tn khi = tn file V d: Command: insert Block name (or?): Chair = Chair (Gn file Chair.dwg thnh khi Chair) Nu qun tn file c th vo du (~) sau dng nhc Block name hin th hp thoi select drawing file (chn file bn v) v c th chn file cn chn thng qua hp thoi ny. Thay i mt bn v c chn Gi s bn v bulong c chn vo bn v LAP, khi bulong l mt khi ca bn v LAP. Ta mun thay i khi bulong trong bn v LAP, cc thay i ny s khng t ng cp nht c trn bn v LAP. Mun cp nht c - c ngha mun thay i c khi bulong trong bn v LAP - phi dng lnh insert v tr li dng nhc Block name, theo cc cch sau: Tn khi = tn file (s dng khi tn khi khc tn file) Tn khi = Tn khi = ~ (s dng khi tn khi trng tn file) (nu mun xc nh tn file bng hp thoi)

Sau khi c xong nh ngha khi t file, AutoCAD s thng bo: Block <tn khi> redefined (khi <tn khi> c nh ngha li)

159 Sau AutoCAD cp nht cc thay i cho nh ngha khi. Nu ch mun thay i nh ngha khi m khng chn thm khi vo bn v phi tr li Ctrl + C cho dng nhc insertion point. V d: Command: insert Block name (or?): bulong = Block bulong redefired insert point: Ctrl + C

6.13. L nh MINSERT Chn mt khi vo nhiu v tr c sp xp thnh mng C th xem lnh minsert nh l lnh n kt hp t hai lnh insert v array rectangular. V d ta nh chn i tng Gh bnh vo bn v vi 3 hng v 5 ct i tng (hnh 6.11). Th t tin hnh nh sau: Command line: minsert Command: minsert Enter block name or [?] <Gh bnh>: Specify insertion point or [Scale/X/Y/Z/Rotate/PScale/PX/PY/PZ/PRotate]: chn mt im bt u chn Enter X scale factor, specify opposite corner, or [Corner/XYZ] <1>: chn t l hng X hoc Enter Y scale factor <use X scale factor>: chn t l hng Y Specify rotation angle <0>: chn gc quay cho i tng Enter number of rows (---) <1>: 3 (3 hng) Enter number of columns (|||) <1>: 5 (5 ct) Enter distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): 20 (khong cch gia cc hng Specify distance between columns (|||): 20 (khong cch gia cc ct) Lu : sau lnh minsert ta thm vo bn v mt khi, do l mt khi v vy khng th hiu chnh (xa hay di v.v...) ring tng khi. Du sao (*) cng khng c s dng t trc tn khi trong lnh minsert.

160

H nh 6.11 - S d ng l nh Minsert.

6.14. L nh DIVIDE Lnh chia i tng v thnh nhiu phn bng nhau Lnh Divide chia mt i tng thnh nhiu phn c di bng nhau v t cc im nh du (point) dc theo i tng ti cc im chia. T Draw menu, chn Point-> Divide Command line: Divide Select object to divide: chn i tng cn chia Enter the number of segments or [Block]: B Enter name of block to insert: Gh bnh Align block with object? [Yes/No] <Y>: Y Enter the number of segments: 10

H nh 6.12 - S d ng l nh Divide.

161 Mt i tng c th c chia ra thnh t 2 n 32767 phn on. Cc i tng c chia bi lnh divide l line, arc, circle v 2D polyline. Sau khi chia xong v tr chia c nh du bng im (point), c dng v kch thc ca kiu im hin thi.

6.15.

L nh MEASURE

Lnh chia i tng theo di on Lnh Measure cho php o i tng bng mt on (segment) c di xc nh. Cc i tng c th chn cho lnh ny l line, arc, circle v polyline. Cu trc ca lnh Measure tng t lnh Divide. T Draw menu, chn Point-> measure Command line: measure Select object to measure: chn i tng bng cch im vo i tng Specify length of segment or [Block]: B Enter name of block to insert: Gh bnh 1 Align block with object? [Yes/No] <Y>: Y Specify length of segment: 12 (chiu di on chn)

H nh 6.13 - S d ng l nh Measure.

Length of segment Ty thuc vo im khi chn i tng gn u no, AutoCAD s bt u o t u . on cui cng c th ngn hn cc on khc. Ti cc im chia c nh du bng point.

162 Phn on i tng l mt on thng

Phn on i tng l mt ng trn

Phn on i tng l mt ng Polyline

6.16. L nh WBLOCK Ghi block ra a Cho php ghi ton b hay mt phn bn v hay mt khi nh ngha thnh mt file bn v mi khi cn c th chn vo bn v nh mt khi. Command line: Wblock AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi hnh 6.14. Qua NSD c th t tn v ghi File File cho khi v nh ngha.

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H nh 6.14 - S d ng l nh Measure. Block : ghi khi ra File, chc nng ny s cho php ta s xut mt trong cc khi (Block) nh ngha ra File. Entire drawing : La chn ny cho php ghi ton b cc ni dung trn bn v hin ti ra File. Objects : Ch ghi mt s i tng theo ch nh ca NSD. Vi la chn ny th NSD phi c thm ddonjg tc chn i tng . File name : nhp vo tn File s ghi ca khi. Location : a ch ghi File. C th bm thoi. Insert units : n v tnh ca Block. Sau khi la chn ng cc tham s trn bm chn kt thc lnh. chn a ch nghi File t hp ; chn im chn

164 6.17. L nh EXPLODE Lnh lm tan khi Lnh explode tan khi (k c khi n danh nh kch thc, mu mt ct v.v... do AutoCAD nh ngha) v thay th bng cc nguyn th to ra khi . Lnh ny c tc dng khi cn hiu chnh cc nguyn th thnh phn ca khi. Ti thanh cng c, chn T Modify menu, chn Explode Command line: Explode Select object: (chn khi cn lm tan) Lu : khng th lm tan (explode) cc i tng sau: Cc khi c chn bng lnh minsert. Cc khi c t l X, Y, Z khng bng nhau.

165

Trnh by v in bn v trong Autocad

Khi l nh tra cu
7.1. L nh LIST Lit k thng tin c s d liu ca mt hay mt nhm i tng c la chn Lnh List cho php lit k cc d liu (lp, mu sc, im t...) ca mt hay nhiu i tng. Trn thanh cng c, chn T Tools menu, chn Inquiry>List Command line: list Select object: (chn i tng cn kho st) s thy xt hin cc thng tin m t i tng . V d sau khi chn i tng l BLock Gh bnh s thy xut hin cc thng tin. Select objects: BLOCK REFERENCE Layer: "0" Space: Model space Handle = 1B3 "Gh bnh" at point, X= 38.1225 Y= 34.3266 Z= 0.0000 X scale factor 1.0000 Y scale factor 1.0000 rotation angle 0 Z scale factor 1.0000

7.2. L nh DBLIST Lit k thng tin ca tt c cc i tng trn bn v Command line: dblist 7.3. L nh DIST o khong cch v o gc

166 Lnh dist hin th khong cch, (gc) xc nh bi hai im trn bn v. Trn thanh cng c, chn T Tools menu, chn Inquiry>Distance Command line: dist Specify first point : (im th nht) Specify second point : (im th hai)

7.4. L nh ID Hin th to mt im trn mn hnh Lnh id cho php lit k cc d liu (lp, mu sc, im t...) ca mt hay nhiu i tng. T Tools menu, chn Inquiry>ID Point Command line: id Point: (ch ra im cn xc nh ta )

7.5. L nh AREA o din tch v chu vi Lnh Area dng o din tch mt vng xc nh v chu vi ng bao vng . Cc vng c th o c bng lnh Area bao gm: polygon, polyline, circle.

Trn thanh cng c, chn T Tools menu, chn Inquiry>Area Command line: area <First point> / Object / Add / Subtract: First point Nu tr li nhc nh trn bng mt im, AutoCAD s yu cu vo im k tip v lp li cho n khi tr li l Null ( ). Sau AutoCAD s hin th din tch v chu vi tng ng vi vng khp kn trn c s cc im vo.

167 Object o din tch vng gii hn bi i tng c chn v di ca i tng .

Add Ty chn ny s t lnh Area trong mode cng, cho php cng din tch v chu vi tng ng vi nhiu vng. AutoCAD cui cng s hin th tng din tch cc vng c chn.

Subtract Ty chn ny t lnh Area trong mode tr, ngc li vi mode cng.

Khi c l nh i u khi n mn h nh c
7.6. L nh ZOOM Thu phng hnh v trn bn v Lnh Zoom cho php phng to hay thu nh hnh v ang hin th trn mn hnh nhng kch thc thc ca chng vn c gi nguyn. T View menu, chn Zoom Command line: zoom All / Center / Dynamic / Extents / Previous / Scale(X/XP) / Window / <Realtime>: Realtime Thu phng bn v trn mn hnh thng qua biu tng : Nhn phm Esc kt thc lnh. All Ty chn ny cho php xem trn mn hnh ton b hnh v (gii hn c t bi lnh Limits). Nu hnh v vt qu gii hn hnh v, mn hnh s hin th ton b hnh v ny.

168 Center Ty chn ny cho php xc nh mt ca s c tm v chiu gim ln ca ca s cn zoom. Mun hin th vng c chn ln mn hnh cn phi nhn phm Enter. Nu chn ca s hin th bn trong khung mu s tng tc zoom. Dynamic Hin th mt mn hnh c bit gm mt s phn: - Mt khung ch nht mu trng (hay en) bao ton b phn v (extents). - Mt khung ch nht mu xanh (hay tm) ch vng mn hnh trc . - Bn du gc vung mu ch vng mn hnh m ta c th zoom vi tc cao. quan st c nh dng ban u bng vi khung ch nht mu xanh m ta c th di chuyn ny bng thit b ch im chn vng mn hnh cn hin th. Du X ch tm ca quan st , c th ri duX ti v tr cn thit ri nhy chut. Khi du s c thay th bng mi tn ch vo cnh phi cho php tng hay gim.

Extents Hin th phn v va kht mn hnh.

Previous Ty chn ny cho php phc hi li mn hnh trc . AutoCAD lu c 10 mn hnh trc , do c th zoom previous li 10 ln cao quy nh.

Scale T l tham chiu n ton cnh: l t l thu phng hnh v so vi kch thc thc ca chng khi c nh ngha bng lnh Limits. T l bng 1 s hin th ln mn hnh ton b hnh v (ton cnh) c gii hn bng lnh limits. T l ln hn 1 l phng to cn thu nh hn 1 l thu nh hnh v.

169

- T l tham chiu cnh mn hnh hin hnh: l t l thu phng hnh v ang hin th trn mn hnh. Khi dng t l ny phi thm X sau h s t l. -C th vo h s t l theo sau l XP tham chiu n khng gian phng (paper - space).

Window Hin th trn mn hnh phn hnh v c xc nh bng mt ca s ch nht.

7.7. L nh PAN X dch bn v trn mn hnh Lnh Pan cho php x dch hnh v trn mn hnh c th xem c tt c cc phn khc nhau ca hnh v m khng thay i kch thc hin hnh. Trn thanh cng c, chn T View menu, chn Pan>Realtime Command line: Pan Dispiscement: (vo di hay im gc) Second point: ( hay vo im th hai) Nu vo di v cho nhc nh th hai th cnh trn mn hnh s trt theo di a vo. Nu xc nh im gc v im th hai, cnh s trt theo di t im gc ti im th hai. Hnh v bn minh ha cng dng ca lnh Pan.

170 7.8. L nh VIEW Cho php t tn, lu gi, xo, gi mt cnh mn hnh T View menu, chn Named Views Command line: View

H nh 7.1 - Hp thoi View. Nu mun nh ngha phn din tch th hin trn mn hnh th bn nhn nt New... Khi bn s nhn tip mt hp thoi New View (hnh 7.2).

H nh 7.2 - Hp thoi New View. Ti View Name bn c th cho tn ca phn din tch th hin trn mn hnh (V d Mn hnh 1) Nu bn mun n l phn th hin mn hnh th nhn vo nt Current Display.

171 Nu mun xc nh ranh gii theo ch ca s bn nhn vo nt Define Window. Sau bn c th nhn nt th hin. dng thit b chut tr trc tip phn din tch

Nu mun bit thng tin v phn din tch th hin trn mn hnh, bn ch cn chn tn ca ca s th hin ri nhn nt Details... Bn s nhn c mt khung ca s vi cc thng tin sau:

H nh 7.3 - Hp thoi View Details.

c L nh i u khi n m in c y
C l nh nh d v i u khi n trang in l mt trong nhng l nh quan trng v c ng phc t nh t ca AutoCAD. K t phin bn AutoCAD 2000 nhm c l nh ny p c c nhng ci ti n vt b c, gip cho ng s dng c thm nhi u la chn m i i, t thm ch t lng cho c trang in. Vi c hi u r v s dng thnh th c l nh ng c o c nh d v i u khi n trang in l y u t quan trng v c n thi t c c c ng c bn in mt c nhanh chng ng tiu chu n k thu t v c ch t lng cao. ch

7.9. L nh LAYOUT L nh nh d trang in ng Layout c hiu l m phng phn th hin bn v trn giy. Vi mt bn v ta c th thit lp nhiu Layouts, mi Layout tng ng vi mt phng n in c th (c c giy, cu hnh my in c th). Trong mi Layout cng c th to v nh v tr cho Viewport; c th thm BLock khung tn hoc cc i tng v khc. Nh vy ti mi trang Layout khng ch lu tr cc thng tin thuc i tng v m cn c nhiu thng tin khc l :

172 Cc thit lp my in (Plot settings) Kch thc giy (paper size) Hng in (Image Orientation) T l in (Plot scale) im gc in (Plot Offset) ... Command line: Layout Enter layout option [Copy/Delete/New/Template/Rename/SAveas/Set/?] <set>: Lnh ny c th c s dng to mt Layout mi; xo mt Layout c; i tn Layout v.v... Copy : Sao chp Layout. Sau lnh ny AutoCAD s hi tn Layout s Copy n. Nu ta khng nhp tn mi th AutoCAD s mc nh ly tn ca Layout gc v cng thm 1; Delete : xo Layout, AutoCAD s yu cu nhp vo tn ca Layout cn xo; New : to mt Layout mi, AutoCAD s yu cu nhp tn cho Layout; Rename : i tn Layout, AutoCAD s xut hin dng nhc yu cu t tn mi cho Layout hin ti; Template : To mt Layout mi cho bn v thng qua File mu; Save : Ghi lai Layout. Cc Layout s c ghi trn bn v mu (DWT). Layout hin hnh cui cng s c chn lm mc nh; Set : Gn mt Layout lm Layout hin hnh; ? : Lit k cc Layout khai bo trong bn v hin ti.
C th hi u ch nh c Layout bng c b m ph m chut phi t tn mt Layout c ch i b t k, sth y xu t hi n MENU ng (h nh 7.4)

H nh 7.4 - Hi u ch nh Layout t MENU ng. Sau khi to Layout nu ln u tin bm chn Layout th AutoCAD s cho hin th mt Viewport vi gii hn chnh l mp ca kh giy (Paper size) do NSD chn. Vic chn kiu

173 my in, kh giy, hng in v.v.. cho Layout ny c thc hin thng qua hp thoi (hnh 7.5).

7.9.1. Trang Plot Device (h nh 7.5) Layout name : Tn biu kin ca Layout; Page setup name : Hin th thit lp trang in t tn v c ghi. NSD c th chn trong bng danh sch cc thit lp ny lm c s nh dng cho trang hin hnh. Cng c th to thm cc nh kiu mi bng cch bm chn phm Add... s thy hin th mt thoi hnh 7.6.

H nh 7.5 - Hp thoi Plot (trang Plot Device).

174

H nh 7.6 -Hp thoi User Define Page Setups. Plotter confirguration : Chn kiu my in (my v). My in hoc my v l cc thit b u ra thng c khai bo t trc trong mc Start - Settings - Printers. Ti hp thoi (hnh 7.5), ta c th chn mt trong cc thit b u ra cho Layout ny. Nu mun chnh su hn vo cc thuc tnh ca my in c th bm chn tip phm . Ti y (hp thoi hnh 7.7) NSD c th hiu chnh cc tham s "k thut" ca my in nh phn gii; ch tiu hao mc; khay giy v.v.. cng c th thm vo mt hoc nhiu kh giy khng thuc tiu chun (giy nh kh)... Trong trng hp cha bit r lm v thit b u ra (trng hp v trn my nhng sau s mang i mt ni khc in do khng th bit chnh xc tn my in, my v), ta vn c th khai bo cc Layout bng cch chn kiu my in l none (tng t trn hnh 7.5). Khi mc d cha bit r v my in ta vn c th xc nh c kh giy, nt v, hng in v.v... (thng qua trang Layout Settting). Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny th ta khng th chn chc nng xem trc trang in (Plot Preview) c, bi v chc nng ny i hi phi c tn v cc nh dng phn cng c th AutoCAD c th tnh ton v th hin ng nh hnh nh trang in s xut hin trn giy.

175

H nh 7.7 - Hp thoi User Define Page Setups. : Gi (tng ng phm Help); Plot style table (pen assignments) : nh kiu cho nt v. Cc kiu nt v c nh ngha trc v c th ghi ra File (*.CTB) NSD c th nh ngha li ( kiu nt; khai bo kiu mi ( ) thng qua Wizard ca AutoCAD. ) cc

Pen parameterrs - cc thng s v bt Mi i tng trong bn v c mt mu lin kt vi n. Ty thuc vo my v, c th v mi mu vi mt cy bt, loi ng nt, tc v v b rng bt khc nhau. Mt vi loi my in, chng hn nh my in laser hay my in tnh in, c th v cc ng vi cc b rng khc nhau. Cc b rng ny i khi c gi l lone width hay lineweights. Mc d chng khng c mt cy bt no c, AutoCAD vn dng khi nim Pen Width (b rng bt) cho Line widths hay Lineweights. Pen assignments... Cc phn nh cho bt

176 Nhy chut vo ny, AutoCAD s xut hin hp thoi pen assignments cho php iu khin s phn nh v mu sc (color), bt, loi ng nt (linetype), tc (Speed) v b rng (width) bt cho my v hin thi.

H nh 7.8 - Hp thoi hi u ch nh ki u trang in. i vi cc loi my v c bt, AutoCAD cn bit b rng bt iu khin vic v cc solid, polyline, trace v c lng nng h bt. i vi my v khng bt (my in), AutoCAD dng Pen width xc nh b rng ng nt c dng. Nu thit b hin thi c nhiu bt hay nhiu b rng ng nt, c th lin kt chng vi ton b 255 mu. Trong trng hp ngc li th ct Pen width v cc son tho trong Modify values s m i, lc ny AutoCAD ch hi mt b rng bt duy nht cho tt c cc bt v yu cu nhp vo pen width (lc ny s khng b m). Ch : Cn phn bit gia loi ng nt c my v thit lp vi loi ng nt ca i tng trong bn v. Tt nht l nn iu khin loi ng nt bng chnh phn mm AutoCAD , khng nn dng loi ng nt ca my v. Nn dng loi ng nt lin tc (s 0) ca my v cho tt c cc loi ng nt thit lp trong bn v, khi bn v s c in ra vi loi ng nt ng nh AutoCAD quy nh.

177 gi lnh Options (trang Plotting),trong hp thoi Options ny NSD c th nh ngha thm kiu my in (thm ch nhng kiu my in, my v dng ring ca AutoCAD), hiu chnh nt v v.v... : hp chn ny nu c nh du th mi khi ta truy nhp ln u tin n mt Layout hp thoi ny s c gi NSD c th nh ngha cc gi tr cho my in, nt v ...

H nh 7.9 - Hp thoi Options (trang Plotting).

7.9.2. Trang Layout settings (h nh 7.10) Paper size and paper units :Hin th cc kch c giy tiu chun m my in hin chn c th chp nhn c; nu thit b in chn l None (hnh 7.5) th ti chn ny NSD c th chn c giy no cng c, nhng cc la chn trn Layout s ch dng s liu tim n khng th in ngay c, cng khng th gi chc nng Plot Preview (xem trc trang in) c; Drawing orientation : la chn hng in o Portrait : in thng gc (l kiu in thng thng, ging nh ta vit ch trn giy vy);

178 o Landscape : in xoay ngang (l kiu in m b rng ca trang in ln hn b di ca trang in); o Plot upside - down : in theo hng t di ln trn. Plot area : chn vng in (phm vi in) o Layout : in tt c cc hnh bn trong l ca giy (Paper size). im gc bt u in c tnh t im c to 0,0 trn Layout. y l chc nng ch c th chn khi ta gi hp thoi ny t Layout tab (nu gi t Model tab th chc nng ny c chuyn thnh Limits ); o Limits : Vng c in l gii hn ca bn v. Khi ta phi chn ty l in cho ph hp;

H nh 7.10 - Hp thoi Plot (trang Plot Settings). o Externs : Vgn in l ton b cc phn v. AutoCAD s t ng tnh ton li phm vi in trc khi in; o Display : Vng in l ton cnh mn hnh hin hnh (hoc viewport hin hnh); o View : vng in l vng c nh ngha bi lnh view; o Window : vng in l khung ca s c xc nh bi NSD thng qua vic kch chn trc tip trn mn hnh ho;

179 Plot scale : ty l in mc nh l 1:1 khi in cc Layout; mc nh l Scaled to Fit khi in Model tab. o Scale : xc nh t l in; Nu mun vng v xc nh t va ln c giy chn, hy chn chc nng Scale to Fit bng cch nh du vo chn tng ng. AutoCAD s t ng hiu chnh t l v cho cc i tng chng c in ra va ng vi kh giy chn. o Custom : to t l tu , nh ngha mi n v in t tng ng vi bao nhiu n v di (mm hoc inches...) trn giy; Thng bo <n v> = Drawing Units phn nh n v inch hay milimeter chn trc cho c giy. V d: trc chn n v l milimeter th thng bo trn s l: Plotted MM = Drawing Units. Trong cc son tho thng bo ny, c th nhp vo gi tr tng ng. V d: n v l milimeter, t l l 1 = 1 th c ngha l mt n v v s c in ra ng mt milimeter. Nu t l ny l 3=10 ngha l 10 n v v s c in ra ng 3 milimeter. o Scale lineweights: bin xc nh vic b rng nt v c b thay i bi t l phng ny hay khng? nu bin ny c chn th khi ta tng t l bn v b rng nt v cng tng ng c tng theo. Plot offset : im gc bt u in (Plot origin). Plot options : ch nh cc la chn b rng nt in hin hnh o Plot with lineweights: in vi chiu rng nt v c nh ngha trn hp thoi Layer Properties Manager; o Plot with plot styles : in vi cc b dy nt v c nh ngha trong Plot Style Table (la chn ny thay th cho Pen Asignments ca cc phin bn trc); o Plot paperspace last : in theo cc la chn nt in t Layout trc o Hide object : che cc nt khut khi in. Partial Preview : hin th vng in so vi Paper size v vng c th in; Full Preview : Hin th ton bn v ging nh hnh nh n s xut hin trn trang in (hnh nhmu sc, kiu nt, dy nt ...)

7.10. L nh PLOT Xut bn v ra giy Lnh plot cho php xut bn v ra cc thit b ci t hay xut bn v thnh cc file hnh v khc nhau c nh hnh.

180 Ti thanh cng c, chn T File menu, chn Plot Command line: Plot (hoc Print) Lnh ny gi n hp thoi tng t nh th hin trn hnh 7.5 (hoc 7.10) ri thng qua NSD c th chn la cc tham s trang in, kh giy, hng in v.v... Khi in cc bn v trong AutoCAD nu bit s dng Layout kt hp vi la chn v khai bo Viewport s c th to ra cc cng c in rt tin li. Sau khi chn cc tham s trang in bm chn phm OK xut bn v ra giy. Trong trng hp khng c my in kt ni trc tip (hoc qua mng) ta cn c th chn chc nng in ra File (hnh 7.11). Kiu in ra File ny khng phi l ghi li cc ni dung v *.DWG m lc ny AutoCAD tnh ton cc phn t v (tng ng vi cc tham s trang in, my in chn) ri ghi chng thnh mt dng File c bit ri sau NSD c th mang n bt k ni no c my tnh kt ni vi loi my in m mnh nh ngha ri thc hin lnh xut bn v (m khng cn c File bn v, thm ch khng cn n mi trng ho AutoCAD, thm ch khng cn n c mi trng WINDOWS) V d: t h iu hnh DOS, c th dng lnh: COPY/b <tn file kt xut>PRN

H nh 7.11 - In bn v ra File.

C l nh t v hi u ch nh khung nh n ng c o
Khung nhn ng (Floatting Viewports) l mt i tng c bit ca AutoCAD. Ti mi Viewport NSD c th di hnh (Move), xoay hnh, thay i kch thc v.v... sau cc Viewports c th c t trn cc Layout ( chun b in). V cc Viewport l cc i tng ca AutotCAD nn ta khng th trc tip hiu chnh chng trn cc Layout, mi vic hiu chnh phi c tin hnh t Model tab. Cc hiu chnh t Model tab khng ch c hiu lc trn Model tab m sau khi hiu chnh chng s c t ng cp nht n tt c cc Viewport v Layout c lin quan. Mt li th ca Floating Viewport l trn tng Viewport ta c th lm ng cc lp theo nhng ring bit. iu c ngha l ta c th xut ra giy cc bn v c phn th

181 hin rt khc nhau; c th v tch i tng theo mt phm vi no ri phng to chng v t vo mt v tr khc trong bn in... 7.11. L nh LAYOUT (Template) To mt Viewport t cc mu c sn Ti thanh cng c, chn Command line: Layout Enter layout option [Copy/Delete/New/Template/Rename/SAveas/Set/?] <set>: T Thy xut hin hp thoi hnh 7.12.

H nh 7.12 - To mt Layout t cc File m u. T hp thoi ny NSD c th chn mt mu cho Layout ca mnh thng qua cc mu theo nhng tiu chun khc nhau. Thc cht cc mu ny cng l cc File *.DWT c v v t trong th mc Template. Chng ta cng c th to thm cc mu cho ph hp vi tiu chun VN, tiu chun ngnh s dng li cho cc bn v sau ny.

7.12. L nh VPORTS To mt Floating Viewport Ti thanh cng c, chn T View menu, chn Viewport -> New Viewport

182 Command line: Vports Thy xut hin hp thoi sau

H nh 7.13 - To v hi u ch nh Viewport. Trn thanh Setup : nu ta chn li l 3D th ti bng danh sch Change view to s tng ng xut hin cc hnh chiu 3 chiu. Preview : th hin hnh nh ca Viewport s xt hin trn trang in. Bm chut ln mt no ti y ta c th chn li kiu th hin ca ca s (v d bm chn gc phn t th nht [phi trn bn tri] - ri chn vng ny th hin Top t [Change view to]).

7.13. L nh MVIEW To v sp xp cc khung nhn ng. Command line: Mview (hoc -Vport) Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Hideplot/Lock/Object/ Polygonal/ Restore/ 2/ 3/ 4] <Fit>: chn mt im Specify opposite corner: chn im gc th 2

183 Regenerating model. ON/OFF : lm hin (n) cc i tng trong Layout hin ti (bng cch bm chn i tng trn mn hnh). Hideplot : che nt khut cho cc i tng trn Layout hin ti; Fit : to Viewport va kht vng ho Lock : kho Viewport c chn Object : ch nh mt ng bao kn chuyn chng thnh ng bao ca Viewport. Polygonal : to mt Viewport c hnh dng bt k bng cch ch nh cc nh ca a gic. Cc tham s yu cu nhp vo tng t nh khi thc hin lnh Pline. 2 / 3 / 4 : cho php to Viewport c 2 hoc 3 hoc 4 ca s.

C Viewport sau khi t c th thay c o i thuc t nh thng qua l nh Properties (b m chut phi ln v ng ho hi n MENU ng sau chn Properties). T hp tho ny c i th t thm nhi u thuc t nh kh c cho Viewport nh : kho (lock); che n t khu t, nh l t l vv.v... i

7.14. L nh VPLAYER (Viewport Layer) iu khin s hin th ca cc lp trn khung nhn ng. Command line: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: chn mt ch Lnh ny c th c s dng iu khin trng thi FREEZE/THAW ca ring tng Viewport (khc vi lnh Layer l iu khin trang thi cho ton b bn v c Model tab ln Layout tab). V d trn hnh mt Layout ta ang th hin 2 Viewport (ca cng mt hnh v ging nhau). Nay ta mun in ra giy vi mt Viewport hin y cn mt l

184 khng c ng kch thc chng hn. Nu dng lnh Layer tt lp DIM (lp ghi ng kch thc) th trn c 2 Viewport ng kch thc s cng b tt. Vy t c mc ch ny ta phi s dng lnh VPLayer nh sau Command line: Vplayer Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: F (Freeze) Enter layer name(s) to freeze or <select objects>: DIM Enter an option [All/Select/Current] <Current>: A (ton b) Enter an option [?/Freeze/Thaw/Reset/Newfrz/Vpvisdflt]: kt thc

186

vk thut bng ch ng tr nh AutoCAD2002

C l nh v ph m t t ca AutoCAD 2002 c
S TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tn l nh 3DARRAY 3DFACE 3DPOLY ALIGN APPLOAD ARC AREA ARRAY ATTDEF ATTEDIT BHATCH BLOCK BOUNDARY BREAK CHAMFER CHANGE CIRCLE COPY Ph m t t 3a 3f 3p al ap a aa ar att ate h, bh b bo br cha -ch c co, cp Tc d ng ca l nh To mt mng 3 chi u gm nhi u i t ng. To mt b m t 3 chi u. To mt a tuy n trong kh ng gian 3 chi u. S p x p i t ng. Ti mt ng dng dng AutoLISP, ADS, ho c ARX v o m i trng c ng tc ca AutoCAD . V cung tr n. o di n t ch v chu vi. Sao ch p i t ng. To mt thuc t nh gn (cho khi). Sa cc thuc t nh gn cho khi. i n y m u t cho mt v k n. ng nh ngh a 1 khi t cc i t nh d u. ng To 1 mi n ho c 1 ng a tuy n t mt v ng ng k n. Xo mt ph n i t ho c chia n thnh 2 ph n. ng L m vt gc cho mt i t ng. Thay i thuc t nh cho 1 i t ng. V mt v ng tr ng. Sao ch p 1 i t ng.

C ng ty tin h Hi Ho c

187 Ph m t t ed vp dal, dimali dan, dimang dba dce dco, dimcont ddi, dimdia ded ,dimed dli, dimlin dor, dimord dov, dimover dra, dimrad d, dst, ddim,dimsty dimted di div do Tc d ng ca l nh Sa x u k t v cc thuc t nh. Chn hng nh n trong kh ng gian 3 chi u. To hng cho ng ghi k ch thc. To ng ghi k ch thc cho gc. To cc ng ghi k ch thc lin tc. nh d u v tr t m ca v ng tr n ho c cung tr n. To cc ng ghi k ch thc lin tc. Ghi k ch thc ng k nh cho v ng tr n ho c cung tr n. Sa ng ghi k ch thc. To mt ng ghi k ch thc. To 1 i m ghi k ch thc. Qun l cc ki u bi n ghi k ch thc. Ghi k ch thc bn k nh cho v ng tr n ho c cung tr n. To v ch nh sa ki u ghi k ch thc t d ng l nh. D ch chuy n v xoay tr s ng k ch thc. l khong cch v gc th ng qua 2 i m. c ng Chia i t th nh nhi u ph n. ng V v i n y mt v ng tr n ho c mt v nh khuyn.

S TT 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Tn l nh DDEDIT DDVPOINT DIMALIGNED DIMANGULAR DIMBASELINE DIMCENTER DIMCONTINUE DIMDIAMETER DIMEDIT DIMLINEAR DIMORDINATE DIMOVERRIDE DIMRADIUS

32 33 34 35 36

DIMSTYLE DIMTEDIT DIST DIVIDE DONUT

188 S TT 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 51 52 53 54 Tn l nh DRAWORDER DSVIEWER DTEXT DVIEW ELLIPSE ERASE EXPLODE EXPORT EXTEND EXTRUDE FILLET FILTER GROUP HATCH HATCHEDIT HIDE IMAGE IMAGEADJUST IMAGEATTACH Ph m t t dr av dt dv el e x exp ex ext f fi g -h he hi im iad iat

vk thut bng ch ng tr nh AutoCAD2002

Tc d ng ca l nh Thay i cc thuc t nh hi n th ca i t ng. M ca s trgip. Hi n Text trn m n h nh. Chn ch vh nh chi u trc o ho c phi cnh. V h nh Ellipse ho c cung Ellipse. Xo i t khi bn v. ng L nh ph n tch mt khi bn vthnh cc i t ng ring bi t. Ghi s li u bn v ra File dng khc. M rng i t v. ng Dng h nh khi t mt h nh ph ng. l m tr n gc ca 2 ng th ng. Lc i t ng. t tn cho mt nhm i t nh d u. ng T mt v theo m u t ch nh. ng Sa m u t . D u cc n t v khu t trong mt i t 3 chi u. ng Chn 1 File nh v o bn v hi n ti. i u khi n t ng phn, sng ti cho mt i t Image nh d u. ng nh danh cho i t Image mi. ng

C ng ty tin h Hi Ho c

189 Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh C t mt ph n h nh vv to thnh 1 i t Image ng mi. Chn File nh v o AutoCAD . Chn khi v o bn v. Nhng i t v o AutoCAD . ng T m giao th c chung ca 2 i t 3 chi u. ng T m ph n giao ca 2 mi n ng k n. i u khi n lp. To ng ch gii cho i t ng. K o d i mt i t ng. V 1 ng th ng. nh ki u ng v. Hi n th cc thng tin v nhm i t nh d u. ng t h s t l n t v. Copy thuc t nh t mt i t sang i t ng ng khc. L nh chia i t theo d i on. ng L nh l y i x ng g ng. To cc ng th ng song song nhau. L nh di chuy n mt hay nhi u i t ng.

S TT 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

Tn l nh

IMAGECLIP IMPORT INSERT INSERTOBJ INTERFERE INTERSECT LAYER LEADER LENGTHEN LINE LINETYPE LIST LTSCALE MATCHPROP MEASURE MIRROR MLINE MOVE

icl imp i, ddinsert io inf in la, ddlmodes lead len l lt, ltype, ddltype li, ls lts ma me mi ml m

190

vk thut bng ch ng tr nh AutoCAD2002

S TT 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Tn l nh MSPACE MTEXT MVIEW OFFSET OPTIONS OSNAP PAN PASTESPEC PEDIT PLINE PLOT POINT POLYGON PREVIEW

Ph m t t ms t, mt mv o op, pr, gr, ddgrips os, ddosnap p pa pe pl print po pol pre ch, mo, props,

Tc d ng ca l nh Chuy n ki u hi n th v v. ng L nh vi t nhi u d ng ch trn bn v th ng qua hp hi thoi. To i m nh n ng. L nh v song song. Gi hp thoi chn t i u ch nh cc tham s B t i m c bi t ca mt i t ng. X d ch bn v trn m n h nh. Chn v o bn v cc ni dung t ClipBoard. L nh sa i cc ng a tuy n Polyline. L nh v ng a tuy n. Xu t bn v ra gi y. V mt i m c to nh trc. V a gic u. Xem trc trang in.

87

PROPERTIES

ddmodify, ddchprop

Hi n hp thoi thuc t nh i t ng

88 89

PSPACE PURGE

ps pu

Chuy n ki u hi n th v v. ng Xo cc tn v bi n khng d n ( lm gn ng k ch thc bn v).

C ng ty tin h Hi Ho c

191 Ph m t t exit rec r ra re rea reg ren rr rev ro rpr sc scr sec set sha sl sn Tc d ng ca l nh Thot khi AutoCAD . V h nh ch nh t. V li cc i t trn m n h nh hi n ti. ng V li cc i t trn t t c cc m n h nh. ng Phc hi v l m sch v v trn m n h nh hi n ng ti. Phc hi v l m sch v v trn mi m n h nh. ng To v cho i t v. ng ng i tn mt i t ng. To nh cho bn v theo ch thc ti o. To h nh khi b ng cch xoay i t ph ng ng quanh 1 trc. Xoay i t ng. t cc tham s cho l nh Render ( nh bng). L nh thay i k ch thc i t v. ng Chy lin ti p cc l nh theo k ch bn. To m t c t ca mt m t ph ng v mt h nh khi. i t bi n cho cc i t trong bn v. ng nh bng bn v. Chi u mt h nh khi ln mt m t ph ng. B t (t t) ch b t i m khi di chuy n chut.

S TT 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

Tn l nh QUIT RECTANG REDRAW REDRAWALL REGEN REGENALL REGION RENAME RENDER REVOLVE ROTATE RPREF SCALE SCRIPT SECTION SETVAR SHADE SLICE SNAP

192 S TT 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 Tn l nh SOLID SPELL SPLINE SPLINEDIT STRETCH STYLE SUBTRACT TABLET THICKNESS TOLERANCE TOOLBAR TORUS TRIM UNION UNITS VIEW VPOINT WBLOCK Ph m t t so sp spl spe s st su ta th tol to tor tr uni un, ddunits v, ddview -vp w

vk thut bng ch ng tr nh AutoCAD2002

Tc d ng ca l nh To ra mt ng a tuy n ng k n t c. c Ki m tra vn phm cho cc k t nh p trong bn v. To ra cc ng cong b c 2 ho c b c 3. Sa i t Spline. ng Di chuy n ho c k o dn i t ng. nh ki u cho cc k t . To v ho c mi n ca hai i t theo ng ng nguyn t c loi tr. B t (t t) k t ni ti b n s ho. d y ng v. nh ngh a cc dung sai h nh hc. Hi n ( n) cc thanh c ng c ca AutoCAD . To h nh bnh xe. L nh c t ng c i t ch n. ng H nh t 2 i t xo cc ng ranh gii p ng, chung. Chn ki u to , n v t nh cho bn v. C t ho c c li ph n hi n th trn m n h nh. Chn i m nh n, hng nh n cho cc i t 3 ng chi u. Ghi cc i t ra File. ng

C ng ty tin h Hi Ho c

193 Ph m t t we xa xb xl xr z Tc d ng ca l nh To h nh khi 3 chi u t 1 m t dc hng trc X. K t ni mt tham chi u khc n bn vhi n ti. nh mt bi u t c l p v o bn v. ng To mt ng th ng d i v hn. i u khi n cc tham chi u bn ngoi n bn v. Thu phng i t v. ng

S TT 127 128 129 130 131 132

Tn l nh WEDGE XATTACH XBIND XLINE XREF ZOOM