LA P O R A N R E S M I P R A K T IK U M F IS I K A D A S A R II 0 2 C IN C IN N E W T O N (Duty Millia K)

IK O S A P T IN U S 0 8 / 2 7 0 10 8 / P A / 1 2 213 G E O F IS IK A J UR U S A N F IS IK A F A K U LT A S ILM U P E N G E T A H U A N A LA M D A N M A T E M A T IK A U N IV E R S IT A S G A D J A H M A D A YOGYAKARTA 13 MEI 2009 I. P E N D A H U LU A N 1 . La t a r B e l a k a n g C a h a ya m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u u n s u r ya n g m e r u p a k a n b a gi a n d a l a m k e h i d u p a n ki t a s e h a r i - h a r i . C a h a ya i t u s e n d i r i b a n ya k m e m p u n ya i s i f a t ya n g b i s a d i p e l a j ar i s e c a r a f i s i k a , m i s a l n ya b i s a d i bi a s k a n , b i s a d i p a n t ul k a n , d a n l a i n - l a i n . U nt u k m e m p e l a j a r i n ya , k i t a b u t u h a l a t u nt u k m e m a n t u l k a n n ya a t a u p u n m i s a l un t u k p e m b i a s a n n ya . S a l a h s a t u n ya a d a l a h l e n s a , ya n g m e r u p a k a n s e b u ah a l a t o pt i c ya n g m e m p u n ya i t i t i k

fokus. B e b e r a p a s i f a t c a h a ya ya n g a k a n d i pe l a j a r i p r a k t i k a n ka l i i ni a d a l a h p e m a n t u l a n d a n i nt e r f e r e n s i , d e n ga n m e n ggu n a k a n l e n s a c e m b u n g d a n ge l a s d a t a r ( c e r m i n d a t a r ) . 2. Tujuan T u j u a n d a r i p r a kt i ku m k a l i i n i a d a l a h un t u k m e n e nt u k a n p an j a n g ge l o m b a n g s u a t u s um b e r c a h a ya d e n ga n i n t e r f e r e n s i . I I. D A S A R T E O R I S u a t u l a p i s a n t i pi s u d a r a d a p a t d i p e r o l e h a n t a r a l a i n d e n ga n s u s u n a n l e n s a d a n ge l a s d at a r s e p e r t i p a d a ga m b a r . La p i s a n ud a r a p a d a p e r s i n gg u n ga n s a n ga t t i p i s , t et a p i bi l a l a p i s a n i ni s e m a ki n m e n j a u hi p e r s i n ggu n g a n , m a k a akan b e r t a m b a h t e b a l s ed i k i t d e m i s e d i k i t . P a d a j a r a k ya n g s a m a , d i hi t u n g dari t i t i k p e r s i n ggu n ga n P , t e b a l l a p i s a n u d a r a j u ga s a m a t e b a l n ya . D e n ga n b e gi t u , l a p i s a n -l a p i s a n s a m a t e b a l i ni m e m b e n t uk l i n gk a r a n - l i n gk a r a n s e p u s a t ( k o ns e n t r i s ). J i k a s e b e r k a s si n ar j a t u h t e ga k l u r us p a d a p e r m u k a a n d a t a r l e n s a L, m a k a s e b a gi a n a k a n d i p a nt u l k a n d a n s e b a gi a n a k a n l a g i d i t e r u s k a n . Sinar ya n g d i t e r u s k a n m en ge n a i p e r m u k a a n l e n g k u n g l e n s a , s e b a gi a n d i p a n t u l k a n l a gi , d a n s e b a gi a n d i b i a s k a n m e n e m bu s l e n s a , k e l u a r m e l a l u i l a p i s a n tipis u d a r a d a n j a t u h pa d a p e r m u k a a n ge l a s G , b e r k a s i ni ak a n d i p a n t u l k a n k e m b a l i d e n ga n s e su a t u p e r ge s e r a n f a s a s e s u a i d e n ga n t e b a l l a p i s a n u d a r a . B a gi a n s i n a r ya n g d i p a n t ul k a n ol e h p e r m u k a a n c e k u n g l e n s a d a n

s i n a r ya n g d i p a n t ul k a n o l e h ge l a s G s e t e l a h m e l a l u i l a p i s a n t i p i s a k a n b e r i n t e r f e r e n s i s e h i n g ga m e m b e n t u k l i n gk a r a n ge l a p d a n t e r a n g ya n g s e p u s a t , ( p u s a t a da l a h ge l a p ) , l i n gk a r a n i n i l a h ya n g d i s e b u t d e n ga n cincin newton. C i n c i n N e w t o n s e be n a r n ya a d a l a h p o l a i n t e r f e r e n s i ya n g b e r u p a l i n gk a r a n - l i n gk a r a n ge l a p d a n t e r a n g ya n g k o n s e n t r i s . P o l a f r i n ge s i n i d i h a s i l k a n o l e h i nt e r f e - r e n s i c a h a ya ya n g d i p a n t u l k a n o l e h l a pi s a n udara ya n g t e r l e t a k d i an t a r a ge l a s d a t a r d a n l e n s a c e m b un g s e p e r t i ya n g telah dijelaskan tadi. U n t u k m e n gu k u r r u j i l i n gk a r a n - l i n gk a r a n i n i di p a k a i m i k r o s ko p ge s e r . K a l a u d i u k u r r u j u d a r i l i n gk a r a n ge l a p , m a k a d a p a t d i h i t u n g d e n ga n rumus :

D e n ga n

= r u j i l i n gk a r a n o r d e k e - m , s e d a n g R a d a l a h r u j i

k e l e n gk u n ga n l e n s a . P a n j a n g ge l o m b an g d a p a t d i h i t u ng d e n ga n m ya n g b e r b e d a - b e d a . R u j i k e l e n gk u n ga n l e n s a ( l e n s a d a t ar c e m b u n g) d i u k u r d e n ga n s p h e ro m e t e r .

h = k e n a i k a n k a k i t e n ga h , t e r b a c a p a d a m i k r o m et e r a = j a r a k a n t a r a 2 k a k i s ud u t r = r u j i ( r a d i u s / r u j i - r u j i ) l i n gk a r a n ya n g m e l a l u i i 3 k a k i = atau

I I I. M E T O D E E K S P E R IM E N

1. Alat - M i k r o s ko p ge s e r - Le n s a c e m b u n g d a t a r S um b e r c a h a ya m o n o c r o m a t i s

- spherometer 2 . S k em a

3 . La n gk a h K e r j a 1 . La m p u d i p o s i s i ka n a ga r b e r k a s c a h a ya ya n g d a t a n g h o r i z o n t al . 2 . Le n s a c e m b u n g d a t a r d i t a u h d i a t a s s e b u a h ge l a s d a t a r k e m u d i a n d i p a s a n g p a d a o b ye k v e r n i e r m i c r o s c o pe . 3 . K a c a p l a n d i p a sa n g p a r a l l e l d i p a s a ng s e d e m i k i a n h i n gga c a h a ya ya n g d a t a n g t e r p a n t yu l v e r t i c a l , s e h i n gga d e n ga n m a t a n a m p a k c i n c i n ya n g t a k b e gi t u j e l a s . 4 . Le n s a o b ye k d a r i m i k ro s k o p d i t em p a t k a n h a m p i r m e n ye n t u h l e n s a c e m b u n g d a t a r , k e m u d i a n j a u h k a n s am p a i t e r l i h a t ci n c i n - c i n c i n d e n ga n j e l a s . 5. C i n c i n ya n g k e 1 h i n gga k e 1 0 d i a m a t i , k e m ud i a n d i c a t a t j a r a k

m a s i n g - m a s i n g c i n c i n ( ya n g k e k a n a n m a u p u n ya n g k e k i r i ) d a r i t i t i k t e n ga h .

4. Analisis Data m a a d (= a- a) r m (1/2 d) (rm) 2

h= 73,1 mm R=

= a a 10 10 a R u m u s u n t uk G r a f i k : (r m ) 2 = m R

y IV . H A S IL 1. Data

m a (mm) a (mm) d (= a - a) (mm) r m

(=1/2 d) (mm) (r m ) 2

(mm)

1 1 6 1 , 7 0 1 6 1 0 , 7 0 , 3 5 0 ,1 2 2 1 6 1 , 8 3 1 6 0 ,7 7 1, 0 6 0 , 5 3 0 , 2 8 3 1 6 2 , 0 0 1 6 0 ,6 0 1, 4 0 0 , 7 0 0 , 4 9 4 1 6 2 , 0 8 1 6 0 ,5 2 1, 5 6 0 , 7 8 0 , 6 1 5 1 6 2 , 2 3 1 6 0 ,3 5 1, 8 8 0 , 9 4 0 , 8 8 6 1 6 2 , 2 9 1 6 0 ,2 5 2, 0 4 1 , 0 2 1 , 0 4 7 1 6 2 , 3 2 1 6 0 ,1 5 2, 1 7 1 , 0 85 1 , 18 8 1 6 2 , 3 9 1 6 0 ,1 0 2, 2 9 1 , 1 45 1 , 31 9 1 6 2 , 5 3 1 6 0 ,0 4 2, 4 9 1 , 2 45 1 , 55 1 0 1 6 2 , 61 1 6 0, 0 2 2 , 5 9 1 , 29 5 1 ,6 8

2. Grafik

0,12 0,28 0,49

0,61 0,88 1,04 1,18 1,31 1,55 1,68 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (r m ) 2 s a t u a n m i l i m e t e r ku a d r a t m G r a f i k H u b u n ga n ( r m ) 2 VS m

3 . P e n gh i t un ga n n x i yi x i yi x i 2 m x ( y- c - m x ) 2

1 1 0 , 12 0 , 12 1 0 , 1 6 6 2 0 2 0 , 0 1 08 2 2 0 , 28 0 , 56 4 0 , 3 3 2 4 0 4 0 , 0 1 24 3 3 0 , 49 1 , 47 9 0 , 4 9 8 6 0 5 0 , 0 0 47 4 4 0 , 61 2 , 43 1 6 0 , 6 6 4 8 0 7 0 , 0 13 6 5 5 0 , 88 4 , 42 2 5 0 , 8 3 1 0 0 9 0 , 0 00 1 6 6 1 , 04 6 , 24 3 6 0 , 9 9 7 2 1 1 0 , 0 00 3 7 7 1 , 18 8 , 24 4 9 1 , 1 6 3 4 1 3 0 , 0 02 1 8 8 1 , 31 1 0 ,4 9 64 1 , 3 2 9 61 5 0 ,0 0 6 2 9 9 1 , 55 1 3 ,9 5 81 1 , 4 9 5 81 6 0 ,0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1, 6 8 16 , 7 7 1 0 0 1 , 66 2 0 1 8 0 , 00 2 0 5 5 9 , 1 4 5 0 2 ,7 6 3 0 2 5 9 ,1 4 1 1 0 , 0 03 6

1/2

1/2 1/2

R=

h (mm) 2h h 2 a(mm) a 2 a 2 / 3 R (m m ) 7 3 , 1 1 4 6, 2 5 34 3 , 6 1 6 0 , 0 2 2 5 6 0 6 ,4 85 3 5 , 4 7 94 , 9 3 2

= = -8 m m m = 1 75 x 10

m R (mm)

 1 0 , 1 2 1 9 4 , 9 3 2 9 4 ,9 3 0 , 0 0 12 6 2 0 , 2 8 2 9 4 , 9 3 2 1 8 9, 8 6 0 , 0 01 4 7 3 0 , 4 9 3 9 4 , 9 3 2 2 8 4, 8 0 0 , 0 01 7 2 4 0 , 6 1 4 9 4 , 9 3 2 3 7 9, 7 3 0 , 0 01 6 1 5 0 , 8 8 5 9 4 , 9 3 2 4 7 4, 6 6 0 , 0 01 8 5 6 1 , 0 4 6 9 4 , 9 3 2 5 6 9, 5 9 0 , 0 01 8 3 7 1 , 1 8 7 9 4 , 9 3 2 6 6 4, 5 2 0 , 0 01 7 8 8 1 , 3 1 8 9 4 , 9 3 2 7 5 9, 4 6 0 , 0 01 7 2

9 1 , 5 5 9 9 4 , 9 3 2 8 5 4, 3 9 0 , 0 01 8 1 10 1 , 6 8 10 9 4 ,9 3 2 9 4 9 , 3 2 0, 0 0 1 7 7 0,00168 = -8 m 168 x 10

V. PEMBAHASAN P a d a p r a k t i k um i n i , d a t a ya n g d i a m b i l a d a l a h j a r i - j a r i c i n ci n ya n g t e r l i h a t p a d a m i k r o sk o p , da r i t e r a n g k e t e r a n g. J a r i - j a r i ya n g d i u k u r , ya i t u kekanan ( d i b e r i h u r u f a ) da n ya n g k e k i r i d a r i t i t i k p u s a t ( ya n g d i b e r i h u r u f a), tiap p e n gu k u r a n , s e b a n ya k 1 0 c i n c i n , j a d i ke k i r i 1 0 c i n c i n d a n k e k a n a n 1 0 cincin. D a l a m p r a k t i k um k al i i ni , m e t o d e ya n g d i gu n a k a n a d a l a h m e t o d e gr a f i k , d i m a n a k e l e bi h a n d a r i m e t o d e i n i a d a l a h k i t a a k a n m e m p e r o l e h informasi l e b i h b a n ya k d a r i d a t a ya n g t e l a h k i t a p e r o l e h s a a t p ra k t i k u m , d i m a n a kita b i s a m e ni n j a u b e sa r a n - b e s a r a n d a n s a t u a n - s a t u a n ya n g b e r h u b u n ga n , sesuai p e r s a m a a n ya n g k i t a p a k a i . N a m un , m e t o d e i n i j u ga m a s i h m e m i l i k i k e k u r a n ga n , ya i t u p a d a s a a t p e n a r i k an ga r i s t e r h a d a p t i t i k -t i t i k d a t a ya n g

t e l a h d i p l o t k e d a l am k e r t a s gr a f i k , ya n g d i s e b a b k a n o l e h p e r s e b a r a n titik d a t a ya n g k u r a n g b a gu s . D a r i p r a k t k u m ya n g t e l a h k a m i l a k uk a n , d a t a ya n g d i p e r o l e h b i s a d i b i l a n g b a gu s , k er e n a s a a t d i p l o t ke d a l a m gr a f i k , b i sa m e m b e n t u k ga r i s l i n i e r ya n g h a m p i r b i s a t e p at m e l e w at i s e m u a t i t i k, s e hi n gga l e b i h mudah b i l a p e r h i t u n ga n n ya m e n ggu n a k a n r e gr e s i l i n i e r . D a t a ya n g d i p e r o l e h ya i t u :

R = 94 , 9 3 2 m m

= 0 , 0 0 1 7 5 m m = 17 5 x 1 0 -8 m

1 =

0,00126 mm 2 =

0,00147 mm 3 =

0,00172 mm

 4 =

0,00161 mm 5 =

0,00185 mm 6 =

0,00183 mm 7 =

0,00178 mm 8 =

0,00172 mm 9 =

0,00181 mm 10 = 0,00177 mm = 0 , 0 01 6 8 m m = 1 6 8 x 1 0 -8 m D a r i k e d u a h a si l t e r s e b u t , t e r l i h a t a d a n ya s e d i k i t p e rb e d a a n d a r i

p e r h i t u n ga n p a n j a ng g e l o m b a n g ya n g d i p e r o l e h s e k i t a r 7 x 1 0 -8 m. M e s k i p u n m a s i h ad a p e r b e d a a n , n a m u n s a n ga t k e c i l , se h i n gga k i t a bisa m e l i h a t b a h w a h a si l d a r i k e d u a p e r sa m a a n t e r s e b u t s a m a - s a m a b i s a d i gu n a k a n u n t u k m e n gu k u r p a n j a n g ge l o m b a n g ya n g j a t u h p a d a l e ns a dan ge l a s , s e h i n gg a m e m b e n t u k ci n c i n n e wt o n t e r s e b ut . H a s i l n ya b e l u m bi s a s e m p u r n a b i s a d i k a r e n a k a n o l e h b e b e r a p a h a l , ya i t u d i k a r e n a k a n : K e k u r a n gt e p a t a n p r a k t i k a n s a a t m e m b a c a m i c r o m e t e r , k ar e n a s a k i n g k e c i l n ya ( h a r u s m e m a k a i l u p ) d a n s a n ga t s e d i k i t n ya p e r ge s e r a n ya n g terjadi.

b e r i k u t n ya , k a r e n a s a n ga t t e r a n g n ya c a h a ya s e h i n g ga m e n g ga n ggu a k o m o d a s i m a t a p e nga m a t .

V I.

K E S IM P U LA N

D a r i p r a k t i k um k a l i i n i , d i p e r o l e h h a s i l s e b a ga i b e r i k u t :

R = 94 , 9 3 2 m m

= 0 , 0 0 1 7 5 m m = 17 5 x 1 0 -8 m

 1 =

0,00126 mm 2 =

0,00147 mm 3 =

0,00172 mm 4 =

0,00161 mm 5 =

0,00185 mm 6 =

0,00183 mm 7 =

0,00178 mm 8 =

0,00172 mm

 9 =

0,00181 mm 10 = 0,00177 mm = 0 ,0 0 1 6 8 m m = 1 6 8 x 1 0 -8 m

V II. D A F T A R P U S T A K A

S t a f f La b . F i s i k a D a s a r F M IP A U G M . 2 0 0 9 . B u k u P a n du a n P r a k t i k u m Fisika D a s a r I I. Y o g ya k a r t a : F M IP A U G M H a l l i d a y & R e s n i c k . 1 9 9 0 . F i si k a J i l i d 2 E d i s i k e t i ga . J a k a r t a : E r l a n gga

V II I. LE M B A R P E N G E S A H A N

Y o g ya k a r t a , 1 3 M e i 2 0 0 9 Asisten, Praktikan,

Duty Milia K

Ik o S a p t i n u s