Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves & Sound

17.1: Mechanical Waves ___________________________- a disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another You can see the effects of a waves energy in the wave pool when it lifts people in the water. Mechanical waves ___________________________ to travel through.

Medium- ______________________________________________________________________ solids, liquids, and gases can all act as mediums Waves travel through a rope when you shake one end of it. Rope = medium Vibration- ____________________________________________________ A mechanical wave is created when a source of energy causes a vibration to travel through a medium. There are three (3) main types of mechanical waves: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ ________________________- wave that causes the medium to vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels These waves carry energy from left to right in a direction _______________________________ to the up and down motion of the medium. Example: shaking one end of a rope up and down ________________________- the highest point of the wave above the rest position _________________________- the lowest below the rest position ____________________________________- wave in which the vibration of the medium is ____________________ to the direction the wave travels. Example: Sound Wave in spring moving BACK and FORTH (not up and down) P-Waves - longitudinal waves produced by earthquakes _____________________________- the area where the particles in a medium are spaced close together ______________________________- the area where the particles in a medium are spread out Draw a longitudinal wave and label the parts:

_____________________________- wave that travels along a surface separating two media. Example- ocean waves They occur at ________________________________________________________________________ A bobber floating in the waves will travel in a circle because the motion from these surface waves is both up-and-down and back-and-forth like in the transverse and longitudinal waves Most waves do not move matter from one place to another Quick Lab: Observing Waves in a Medium Assessment questions 1-4 p. 503

Quick Lab: Comparing Frequency and Wave Speed Math Practice 1-4 p. 506

17.2: Properties of Mechanical Waves ____________________________________- any motion that repeats at regular time intervals Many things display periodic motion Period- ____________________________________, a complete motion that returns to its starting point For an ocean wave, the period is the time between 2 successive crests Frequency- _______________________________________________________________________ The frequency of a wave is how many wave cycles pass a point in a given time Frequency is measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz) A waves frequency equals the frequency of the vibrating source producing the wave ________________________________- distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next cycle of the waves. For a ____________________________, the wavelength is measured between adjacent crests or between adjacent troughs For __________________________________ the wavelength is the distance between the center of a compression to the center of the next compression Wave Speed To determine how fast a wave is traveling, remember how we find speed: _____________________ In waves, distance is like wavelength, and time is period. So we can solve for the speed of a wave using the following formula: Speed = ___________________________________________ The units for wave speed are the same as the units for speed we covered earlier: __________________ (m/s) If we keep speed constant, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency What does this mean if you have 2 waves with different frequencies? The wave with the lower frequency has a longer wavelength ____________________________- the maximum displacement of the medium from its rest position Considered the height of the wave The more energy a wave has, the greater its amplitude

Quick Lab: Comparing Frequency and Wave Speed Math Practice 1-4 p. 506 Section Assessment 1-10 p. 507

17.3: Behavior of Waves Reflection- _________________________________________________________________________ The reflection of a wave is like the reflection of a ball thrown at a wall. The ball cannot go through the wall so it bounces back. If you send a transverse wave down a rope attached to a wall, the wave reflects when it hits the wall Reflection does not change the speed or frequency of a wave, but the wave can be flipped upside down. If the reflection occurs at a ________________________________ (wall), then the reflected wave will be upside-down compared to the original wave (see picture on previous slide) Refraction- __________________________________________________________________________ As an ocean wave approaches the shore at an angle, the wave bends, or refracts toward shore because one side of each wave front hits before the other side does as it gets into shallow water. Refraction of the wave occurs only when the two sides of a wave travel at different speeds. _____________________________- the bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening. The pattern is very similar to the circular ripples you see when a pebble is tossed into a pond. A wave diffracts more if its wavelength is large compared to the size of an opening or obstacle __________________________________________ occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together There are two types of interference: 1. __________________________________ 2. __________________________________ _________________________________________- occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a larger displacement (taller), ex: crest meets crest _________________________________________- occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a smaller displacement, ex: crest meets trough __________________________________- wave that appears to stay in one place it does not seem to move through the medium Interference from reflected wave You can observe one if you pluck a guitar-Only certain points are stationary- called nodes.

Section Assessment Questions 1-6 p. 512

Some properties of sound: 1. _______________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________ Intensity-___________________________________________________________________ Sound intensity depends on both waves amplitude and the distance from the sound source Measured in __________________ (dB) See Figure 15: Sound Intensity Level Whisper: 15-20 dB Rock Concert: 110-120 dB Intensity depends on waves _____________________ (energy) and ________________________________________ If someone whispers in your ear, the sound intensity may be greater than when someone shouts at you from the other end of a field ___________________________- physical response to the intensity of sound, modified by physical factors Subjective, open to interpretation As intensity increases, ____________________________________, however: Loudness also depends on factors such as the health of your ears and how your brain interprets the information in sound waves! Frequency of a Sound Wave _______________________ becomes faster as sound frequency becomes -________________________ The frequency of a sound wave depends on how fast the source of the sound is vibrating In musical instruments, the size of the tubing through which air moves produces different frequencies Longer tubing = longer wavelength = lower frequency Pitch of a Sound Wave frequency of a sound as you perceive it High-frequency sounds have a _____________________ Low-frequency sounds have a -______________________ BUT pitch, like loudness, depends on other factors such as your age and health of your ears! Most people hear sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. __________________: sound at frequencies lower than most people hear ___________________: sound at frequencies higher than most people hear Ultrasound is used in a variety of applications, sonar & ultrasound imaging

________________: a technique for determining the distance to an object under water Stands for SOund NAvigation and Ranging Distance calculated by using the speed of sound in water and the time that the sound wave takes to reach and object and the echo takes to return __________________ - a change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both As a source of sound ________________, an observer hears a --------------------- frequency When the sound source moves ______________, the observer hears a ____________ frequency This is due to the sound waves being close together and spread out You are able to pick up slight vibrations in the air from sound because your ear has a membrane that vibrates when a sound wave strikes it. The outer ear gathers, and _____________________________________________________________ The middle ear _______________________________________________________________ The inner ear uses nerve endings to sense Most instruments vary pitch by changing the frequency of standing waves ________________________________- the response of a standing wave to another wave of the same frequency Think of a child being pushed on a swingif the pushes are timed at the right frequency, the child can swing higher and higher. In the same way, one wave can push another wave to a higher amplitude Section Assessment Questions 1-9 p. 521 Lab: Investigating Sound Waves