EXPT.

NO: 5

CYCLE-II

Short circuit studies with MATLAB.

Objective: To find the total fault current and magnitude of bus voltages and line currents during (i) Single line to ground fault. (ii) Line to line fault. (iii) Double line to ground fault. (iv) Symmetrical 3phase fault. Simulation Tools: Syntax: IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software, power Power System block set.

Simulation: 5.1 SYMMETRICAL 3PH FAULT: 1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon. 2. Enter the following programs Zbus and Symfault in the MATLAB Text Editor. 3. Prepare Zdata parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance and reactance. 4. Run the programs Zbus and Symfault to get the bus voltages, fault current and line currents during the fault. 5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the Zbus. Example: Solution: Zbus = 0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.1200i 0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.2400i 0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.1200i 0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.3400i

EXPT.NO: 5

CYCLE-II

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3 Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0.16*j Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. 3 Total fault current = 2.0000 per unit Bus Voltages during fault in per unit Bus Voltage Angle No. Magnitude degrees 1 0.7600 0.0000 2 0.6800 0.0000 3 0.3200 0.0000 Line currents for fault at bus No. 3 From Bus G 1 1 G 2 3 To Current Bus Magnitude 1 1.2000 2 0.1000 3 1.1000 2 0.8000 3 0.9000 F 2.0000 Angle degrees -90.0000 -90.0000 -90.0000 -90.0000 -90.0000 -90.0000

Simulation: 5.2 SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT:

1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon.

2. Enter the following programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbus2 and lgfault in the MATLAB Text Editor. 3. Prepare Zdata0, Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance and reactance. 4. Run the programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbua2 and lgfault to get the bus voltages, fault current and line currents during the fault. 5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the Zbus0, zbus1 & Zbus2.

EXPT.NO: 5

CYCLE-II

Example: Solution: Line-to-ground fault analysis Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3 Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0.1*j Single line to-ground fault at bus No. 3 Total fault current = 2.7523 per unit
Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit Bus No. 1 2 3 -------Voltage Magnitude------Phase a Phase b Phase c 0.6330 1.0046 1.0046 0.7202 0.9757 0.9757 0.2752 1.0647 1.0647 3

Line currents for fault at bus No. From Bus 1 2 2 3 To Bus 3 1 3 F

-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a Phase b Phase c 1.6514 0.0000 0.0000 0.3761 0.1560 0.1560 1.1009 0.0000 0.0000 2.7523 0.0000 0.0000

Simulation: 5.3 LINE TO LINE FAULT: 1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon.

2. Enter the following programs Zbus1, Zbus2 and lLfault in the MATLAB Text Editor. 3. Prepare Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance and reactance.

EXPT.NO: 5

CYCLE-II

4. Run the programs Zbus1, Zbua2 and lLfault to get the bus voltages, fault current and line currents during the fault. 5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the zbus1 & Zbus2. Example: Solution:
Line-to-line fault analysis Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3 Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0.1*j Line-to-line fault at bus No. 3 Total fault current = 3.2075 per unit Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit Bus No. 1 2 3 -------Voltage Magnitude------Phase a Phase b Phase c 1.0000 0.6720 0.6720 1.0000 0.6939 0.6939 1.0000 0.5251 0.5251 3

Line currents for fault at bus No. From Bus 1 2 2 3 To Bus 3 1 3 F

-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a Phase b Phase c 0.0000 1.9245 1.9245 0.0000 0.2566 0.2566 0.0000 1.2830 1.2830 0.0000 3.2075 3.2075

Simulation: 5.4 DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT: 1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon.

2. Enter the following programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbus2 and dlgfault in the MATLAB Text Editor. 3. Prepare Zdata0, Zdata1 & Zdata2 parameters i.e. element bus numbers and element resistance and reactance. 4. Run the programs Zbus0, Zbus1, Zbua2 and dlgfault to get the bus voltages, fault current and line currents during the fault.

EXPT.NO: 5

CYCLE-II

5. Enter the faulted bus no. and fault impedance, after editing the Zbus0, zbus1 &
Zbus2

Example: Solution:
Double line-to-ground fault analysis Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3 Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0.1*j Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. 3 Total fault current = 1.9737 per unit Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit Bus No. 1 2 3 -------Voltage Magnitude------Phase a Phase b Phase c 1.0066 0.5088 0.5088 0.9638 0.5740 0.5740 1.0855 0.1974 0.1974 3

Line currents for fault at bus No. From Bus 1 2 2 3 To Bus 3 1 3 F

-----Line Current Magnitude---Phase a Phase b Phase c 0.0000 2.4350 2.4350 0.1118 0.3682 0.3682 0.0000 1.6233 1.6233 0.0000 4.0583 4.0583

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

Power Flow solution of Power System.

Objective: (i) To find the power flow solution of a given power system using Gauss-Seidal and Newton Raphson method (ii) To evaluate the transient stability of a power system Simulation Tools: Syntax: MATLAB has a rich collection of functions immediately useful to the control engineer or system theorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root-finding, matrix inversion, and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical tools. More generally, MATLAB linear algebra, matrix computation, and numerical analysis capabilities provide a reliable foundation for control system engineering as well as many other disciplines. Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further complicating the analysts role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it is through simulation. Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of power systems. A common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to achieve their performance objectives. SimPowerSystems was designed to provide a modern design tool that will allow scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems. SimPowerSystems uses the Simulink environment, allowing a model to be built using simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the extensive Simulink modeling library. Since Simulink uses MATLAB as the computational engine, designers can also use MATLAB toolboxes and Simulink blocksets. Users can rapidly put SimPowerSystems to work. The libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are proven ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Qubec, a large North American utility located in Canada. And for users who want to refresh their knowledge of power system theory, there are also self-learning case studies. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

Several computer programs have been developed for the power flow solution of practical systems. Each method of solution consists of four programs. The program for the Gauss-Seidel method is Ifgauss, which is preceded by Ifybus, and is followed by busout and lineflow. Programs Ifybus, busout, and lineflow are designed to be used with two more power flow programs. These are ifnewton for the Newton-Raphson method and decouple for the fast decoupled method. The following is a brief description of the programs used in the Gauss-Seidel method. Ifybus : This program requires the line and transformer parameters and transformer tap settings specified in the input file named linedata. It converts impedances to admittances and obtains the bus admittance matrix. The program is designed to handle parallel lines. Ifgauss : This program obtains the power flow solution by the Gauss Seidel method and requires the files named busdata and linedata. It is designed for the direct use of load and generation in MW and Mvar, bus voltages in per unit, and angle in degrees. Loads and generation are converted to per unit quantities on the base MVA selected. A provision is made to maintain the generator reactive power of the voltage-controlled buses within their specified limits. The violation of reactive power limit may occur if the specified voltage is either too high or too low. After a few iterations (10th iteration in the Gauss method), the var calculated at the generator buses are examined. If a limit is reached, the voltage magnitude is adjusted in steps of 0.5 percent up to 5 percent to bring the var demand within the specified limits. busout : This program produces the bus output result in a tabulated form. The bus output result includes the voltage magnitude and angle, real and reactive power of generators and loads, and the shunt capacitor/reactor Mvar. Total generation and total load are also included as outlined in the sample case. Lineflow : This program prepares the line output data. It is designed to display the active and reactive power flow entering the line terminals and line losses as well as the net power at each bus. Also included are the total real and reactive losses in the system. The output of this portion is also shown in the sample case. DATA PREPARATION In order to perform a power flow analysis by the Gauss-Seidel method in the MATLAB environment, the following variables must be defined: power system base MVA, power mismatch accuracy, acceleration factor, and maximum number of iterations. The name (in lowercase letters) reserved for these variables are basemva, accuracy, accel and maxiter, respectively. Typical values are as follows : Basemva = 100 ; Accel = 1.6 ; accuracy = 0.001 ; maxiter = 80 ;

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

The initial step in the preparation of input file is the numbering of each bus. Buses are numbered sequentially. Although the numbers are sequentially assigned, the buses need not be entered in sequence. In addition, the following data files are required. BUS DATA FILE busdata : The format for the bus entry is chosen to facilitate the required data for each bus in a single row. The information required must be included in a matrix called busdata. Column 1 is the bus number. Column 2 contains the bus code. Columns 3 and 4 are voltage magnitude in per unit and phase angle in degrees. Columns 5 and 6 are load MW and Mvar. Column 7 through 10 are MW, Mvar, minimum Mvar and maximum Mvar of generation, in that order. The last column is the injected Mvar of shunt capacitors. The bus code entered in column 2 is used for identifying load, voltage-controlled, and slack buses as outlined below : 1 This code is used for the slack bus. The only necessary information for this bus is the voltage magnitude and its phase angle. 0 This code is used for load buses. The loads are entered positive in megawatts and megavars. For this bus, initial voltage estimate must be specified. This is usually 1 and 0 for voltage magnitude and phase angle, respectively. If voltage magnitude and phase angle for this type of bus are specified, they will be taken as the initial starting voltage for that bus instead of a flat start of 1 and 0. 2 This code is used for the voltage-controlled buses. For this bus, voltage magnitude, real power generation in megawatts, and the minimum and maximum limits of the megavar demand must be specified. LINE DATA FILE linedata Lines are identified by the node-pair method. The information required must be included in a matrix called linedata. Columns 1 and 2 are the line bus numbers. Columns 3 through 5 contain the line resistance, reactance, and one-half of the total line charging susceptance in per unit on the specified MVA base. The last column is for the transformer tap setting ; for lines, 1 must be entered in this column. The lines may be entered in any sequence or order with the only restriction being that if the entry is a transformer, the left bus number is assumed to be the tap side of the transformer.

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

Simulation: (i) Gauss-Seidal and Newton Raphson method 1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon. 2. Enter the programs lfybus, lfgauss, lfnewton busout and lineflow in the MATLAB Text Editor. 3. Prepare the line, transformer parameters and transformer tap settings data in a matrix named linedata. 4. Run the programs lfybus, lfgauss, busout and lineflow in MATLAB Command Window to get the power flow solution using Gauss-Seidal Method. 5. Run the programs lfybus, lfnewton, busout and lineflow in MATLAB Command Window to get the power flow solution using Newton-Raphson Method.

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

Example: Solution:
clear basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100; SYSTEM (American Electric Power) Angle ---Load---- -------Generator----- Static Degree MW 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.70 0.0 2.4 0.0 7.6 0.0 94.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.8 0.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0 11.2 0 0 0 6.2 0 8.2 0 3.5 0 9.0 0 3.2 0 9.5 0 2.2 0 17.5 0 0 0 3.2 0 8.7 0 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 0 10.6 Mvar 0.0 12.7 1.2 1.6 19.0 0.0 10.9 30.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 1.6 2.5 1.8 5.8 0.9 3.4 0.7 11.2 0.0 1.6 6.7 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.9 MW Mvar Qmin Qmax 0.0 0.0 0 0 40.0 0.0 -40 50 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 -40 40 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 -30 40 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 -6 24 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ql 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3 0 0 0 0 0 0];

% IEEE 30-BUS TEST % Bus Bus Voltage Mvar % No code Mag. busdata=[1 1 1.06 2 2 1.043 3 0 1.0 4 0 1.06 5 2 1.01 6 0 1.0 7 0 1.0 8 2 1.01 9 0 1.0 10 0 1.0 11 2 1.082 12 0 1.0 13 2 1.071 14 0 1 15 0 1 16 0 1 17 0 1 18 0 1 19 0 1 20 0 1 21 0 1 22 0 1 23 0 1 24 0 1 25 0 1 26 0 1 27 0 1 28 0 1 29 0 1 30 0 1 % % Bus bus % nl nr linedata=[1 2 1 3 2 4 3 4 2 5 2 6 4 6 5 7 6 7 6 8 6 9 6 10 9 11 9 10

Line code R X 1/2 B = 1 for lines p.u. p.u. p.u. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl 0.0192 0.0575 0.02640 1 0.0452 0.1852 0.02040 1 0.0570 0.1737 0.01840 1 0.0132 0.0379 0.00420 1 0.0472 0.1983 0.02090 1 0.0581 0.1763 0.01870 1 0.0119 0.0414 0.00450 1 0.0460 0.1160 0.01020 1 0.0267 0.0820 0.00850 1 0.0120 0.0420 0.00450 1 0.0 0.2080 0.0 0.978 0 .5560 0 0.969 0 .2080 0 1 0 .1100 0 1

EXPT.NO: 4
4 12 12 12 12 14 16 15 18 19 10 10 10 10 21 15 22 23 24 25 25 28 27 27 29 8 6 lfybus lfgauss busout lineflow 12 13 14 15 16 15 17 18 19 20 20 17 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 27 29 30 30 28 28 0 0 .1231 .0662 .0945 .2210 .0824 .1073 .0639 .0340 .0936 .0324 .0348 .0727 .0116 .1000 .1150 .1320 .1885 .2544 .1093 0 .2198 .3202 .2399 .0636 .0169 .2560 .1400 .2559 .1304 .1987 .1997 .1923 .2185 .1292 .0680 .2090 .0845 .0749 .1499 .0236 .2020 .1790 .2700 .3292 .3800 .2087 .3960 .4153 .6027 .4533 .2000 .0599 0 0.932 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.968 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.0214 1 0.065 1];

CYCLE-II

% form the bus admittance % Load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel % Prints the power flow solution on the % Computes and displays the line flow and

matrix method screen losses

Output:
Method Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000951884 No. of Iterations = 34 Voltage Mag. 1.060 1.043 1.022 1.013 1.010 1.012 1.003 1.010 1.051 1.044 1.082 1.057 1.071 1.043 1.038 1.045 1.039 Angle Degree ------Load-----MW Mvar 0.000 21.700 2.400 7.600 94.200 0.000 22.800 30.000 0.000 5.800 0.000 11.200 0.000 6.200 8.200 3.500 9.000 0.000 12.700 1.200 1.600 19.000 0.000 10.900 30.000 0.000 2.000 0.000 7.500 0.000 1.600 2.500 1.800 5.800 ---Generation--MW Mvar 260.950 40.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -17.010 48.826 0.000 0.000 35.995 0.000 0.000 30.759 0.000 0.000 16.113 0.000 10.406 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Injected Mvar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Bus No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0.000 -5.496 -8.002 -9.659 -14.380 -11.396 -13.149 -12.114 -14.432 -16.024 -14.432 -15.301 -15.300 -16.190 -16.276 -15.879 -16.187

EXPT.NO: 4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1.028 1.025 1.029 1.032 1.033 1.027 1.022 1.019 1.001 1.026 1.011 1.006 0.994 -16.881 -17.049 -16.851 -16.468 -16.455 -16.660 -16.829 -16.423 -16.835 -15.913 -12.056 -17.133 -18.016 3.200 9.500 2.200 17.500 0.000 3.200 8.700 0.000 3.500 0.000 0.000 2.400 10.600 283.400 0.900 3.400 0.700 11.200 0.000 1.600 6.700 0.000 2.300 0.000 0.000 0.900 1.900 126.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300.950

CYCLE-II
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.089 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.300 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.300

Total

Line Flow and Losses --Line-from to 1 2 3 Power at bus & line flow MW Mvar MVA 260.950 177.743 83.197 -17.010 -22.140 5.125 36.126 32.657 2.720 1.704 -0.966 -1.200 1.954 -3.087 -1.600 -3.239 4.432 -17.624 14.627 16.995 6.474 10.467 0.000 3.229 18.805 -1.915 -3.712 -7.318 0.656 -9.575 -10.900 -12.154 1.317 0.759 3.154 261.504 179.117 83.354 40.497 175.350 45.783 83.008 61.913 2.683 80.414 78.095 7.767 44.713 77.390 72.313 46.492 95.721 80.256 17.649 0.000 59.945 72.026 37.586 29.766 28.638 15.842 21.134 25.272 18.814 37.193 30.010 29.599 --Line loss-MW Mvar 5.461 2.807 5.461 1.106 2.995 2.047 2.807 0.771 1.106 0.771 0.605 0.000 2.995 0.151 2.047 0.605 0.368 0.103 0.000 -0.000 0.060 0.151 0.368 0.103 10.517 7.079 10.517 -0.519 8.178 2.263 7.079 1.345 -0.519 1.345 1.181 4.686 8.178 -1.687 2.263 1.181 -0.598 -0.558 1.593 1.279 -13.085 -1.687 -0.598 -0.558 Transformer tap

18.300 1 -172.282 4 45.702 5 82.990 6 61.905 1 4 2 3 6 12 2 7 2 4 7 8 9 10 28 5 6 6 -2.400 -80.390 78.034 -7.600 -44.596 -77.263 70.132 44.131 -94.200 -79.995 -14.210 0.000 -59.858 -69.527 37.537 29.534 27.687 15.828 18.840 -22.800 14.361 -37.170 -30.000 -29.431

0.932

0.978 0.969

EXPT.NO: 4
28 9 6 11 10 6 9 20 17 21 22 9 4 13 14 15 16 12 12 15 12 14 18 23 12 17 16 10 15 19 18 20 19 10 10 22 -0.570 0.000 -27.687 0.003 27.731 -5.800 -15.828 -27.731 9.018 5.347 15.723 7.582 0.000 -0.003 -11.200 -44.131 -0.021 7.852 17.852 7.206 0.000 0.021 -6.200 -7.778 1.592 -8.200 -17.634 -1.586 6.009 5.004 -3.500 -7.152 3.658 -9.000 -3.646 -5.332 -3.200 -5.970 2.779 -9.500 -2.774 -6.703 -2.200 6.720 -8.937 -17.500 -15.613 -1.849 -2.366 0.000 8.911 -15.653 6.747 17.000 0.623 -5.936 3.569 4.393 9.846 4.487 16.113 16.114 -7.500 -9.941 -10.274 2.428 6.968 3.370 10.406 10.406 -1.600 -2.273 0.708 -2.500 -6.540 -0.702 1.741 2.963 -1.800 -3.257 1.440 -5.800 -1.413 -4.355 -0.900 -1.661 0.787 -3.400 -0.777 -2.675 -0.700 2.709 -3.389 -11.200 -9.609 -1.627 2.433 0.000 29.086 15.653 28.540 17.962 15.840 28.359 9.698 6.920 18.551 8.811 16.113 16.114 13.479 45.237 10.274 8.219 19.164 7.955 10.406 10.406 6.403 8.103 1.742 8.573 18.808 1.734 6.256 5.815 3.936 7.859 3.931 10.707 3.910 6.885 3.324 6.197 2.888 10.090 2.881 7.217 2.309 7.245 9.558 20.777 18.333 2.463 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.081 0.014 0.110 0.052 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.074 0.217 0.053 0.000 0.074 0.006 0.217 0.006 0.039 0.031 0.053 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.039 0.005 0.005 0.017 0.017 0.081 0.110 0.001 -4.368 1.593 0.461 0.811 1.279 0.811 0.180 0.037 0.236 0.107 0.461 4.686 0.132 0.155 0.428 0.112 0.132 0.155 0.006 0.428 0.006 0.079 0.063 0.112 0.027 0.027 0.037 0.079 0.010 0.010 0.034 0.034 0.180 0.236 0.001

CYCLE-II

10

11 12

13 14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

EXPT.NO: 4
22 10 21 24 15 24 22 23 25 24 26 27 25 25 28 29 30 27 8 6 27 30 27 29 0.000 -7.531 1.850 5.643 -3.200 -4.972 1.771 -8.700 -5.601 -1.765 -1.322 0.000 1.330 3.520 -4.866 -3.500 -3.476 0.000 4.892 -18.192 6.178 7.093 0.000 18.192 0.570 -18.780 -2.400 -6.093 3.716 -10.600 -6.932 -3.683 0.000 -4.380 1.628 2.795 -1.600 -2.900 1.282 -2.400 -2.728 -1.270 1.604 0.000 -1.590 2.372 -0.786 -2.300 -2.306 0.000 0.835 -4.152 1.675 1.663 0.000 5.463 -2.003 -3.510 -0.900 -1.513 0.601 -1.900 -1.359 -0.537 0.000 8.712 2.464 6.297 3.578 5.756 2.186 9.025 6.230 2.174 2.079 0.000 2.073 4.244 4.929 4.188 4.171 0.000 4.963 18.660 6.401 7.286 0.000 18.994 2.082 19.106 2.563 6.278 3.764 10.769 7.064 3.722 0.052 0.001 0.043 0.031 0.006 0.043 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.044 0.026 0.044 0.026 -0.000 0.086 0.162 -0.000 0.000 0.060 0.086 0.034 0.162 0.034 17.594 0.107 0.001 0.067 0.063 0.012 0.067 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.066 0.049 0.066 0.049 1.310 0.162 0.304 1.310 -4.368 -13.085 0.162 0.063 0.304 0.063 22.233

CYCLE-II

23

24

25

26 27

28

0.968

29

30

Total loss

Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method Maximum Power Mismatch = 7.54898e-007 No. of Iterations = 4 Bus No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage Mag. 1.060 1.043 1.022 1.013 1.010 1.012 1.003 1.010 1.051 Angle Degree ------Load-----MW Mvar 0.000 21.700 2.400 7.600 94.200 0.000 22.800 30.000 0.000 0.000 12.700 1.200 1.600 19.000 0.000 10.900 30.000 0.000 ---Generation--MW Mvar 260.998 40.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -17.021 48.822 0.000 0.000 35.975 0.000 0.000 30.826 0.000 Injected Mvar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 -5.497 -8.004 -9.661 -14.381 -11.398 -13.150 -12.115 -14.434

EXPT.NO: 4
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1.044 1.082 1.057 1.071 1.042 1.038 1.045 1.039 1.028 1.025 1.029 1.032 1.033 1.027 1.022 1.019 1.001 1.026 1.011 1.006 0.995 -16.024 -14.434 -15.302 -15.302 -16.191 -16.278 -15.880 -16.188 -16.884 -17.052 -16.852 -16.468 -16.455 -16.662 -16.830 -16.424 -16.842 -15.912 -12.057 -17.136 -18.015 5.800 0.000 11.200 0.000 6.200 8.200 3.500 9.000 3.200 9.500 2.200 17.500 0.000 3.200 8.700 0.000 3.500 0.000 0.000 2.400 10.600 283.400 2.000 0.000 7.500 0.000 1.600 2.500 1.800 5.800 0.900 3.400 0.700 11.200 0.000 1.600 6.700 0.000 2.300 0.000 0.000 0.900 1.900 126.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 300.998

CYCLE-II
0.000 16.119 0.000 10.423 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.144 19.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.300 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.300

Total

Line Flow and Losses --Line-from to 1 2 3 Power at bus & line flow MW Mvar MVA 260.998 177.778 83.221 -17.021 -22.148 5.127 36.122 32.671 2.705 1.703 -0.958 -1.200 1.958 -3.158 -1.600 -3.222 4.503 -17.526 14.646 16.975 6.475 10.500 0.000 3.222 18.705 -1.885 -3.754 -7.322 0.653 261.553 179.152 83.378 40.493 175.384 45.792 83.008 61.920 2.683 80.436 78.076 7.767 44.722 77.373 72.282 46.489 95.717 80.257 17.664 0.000 59.951 71.994 37.570 29.766 28.644 15.836 --Line loss-MW Mvar 5.464 2.808 5.464 1.106 2.995 2.048 2.808 0.771 1.106 0.771 0.604 0.000 2.995 0.151 2.048 0.604 0.367 0.103 -0.000 0.000 10.524 7.085 10.524 -0.517 8.178 2.264 7.085 1.344 -0.517 1.344 1.179 4.685 8.178 -1.687 2.264 1.179 -0.598 -0.558 1.594 1.278 Transformer tap

18.300 1 -172.314 4 45.712 5 82.990 6 61.912 1 4 2 3 6 12 2 7 2 4 7 8 9 10 -2.400 -80.412 78.012 -7.600 -44.605 -77.242 70.126 44.121 -94.200 -79.995 -14.205 0.000 -59.864 -69.521 37.523 29.528 27.693 15.823

0.932

0.978 0.969

EXPT.NO: 4
28 7 5 6 6 28 6 11 10 6 9 20 17 21 22 9 4 13 14 15 16 12 12 15 12 14 18 23 12 17 16 10 15 19 18 20 18.819 -22.800 14.356 -37.156 -30.000 -29.425 -0.575 0.000 -27.693 0.000 27.693 -5.800 -15.823 -27.693 9.027 5.372 15.733 7.583 0.000 -0.000 -11.200 -44.121 0.000 7.856 17.857 7.208 0.000 -0.000 -6.200 -7.782 1.582 -8.200 -17.640 -1.576 6.014 5.001 -3.500 -7.154 3.654 -9.000 -3.643 -5.357 -3.200 -5.975 2.775 -9.500 -2.770 -6.730 -9.618 -10.900 -12.187 1.287 0.826 3.196 -2.370 0.000 8.916 -15.657 6.741 17.000 0.626 -5.932 3.560 4.414 9.842 4.490 16.119 16.119 -7.500 -9.961 -10.291 2.442 6.947 3.363 10.423 10.424 -1.600 -2.287 0.687 -2.500 -6.519 -0.681 1.744 2.956 -1.800 -3.251 1.451 -5.800 -1.424 -4.376 -0.900 -1.665 0.765 -3.400 -0.755 -2.645 21.134 25.272 18.831 37.178 30.011 29.598 2.438 0.000 29.093 15.657 28.501 17.962 15.835 28.321 9.704 6.953 18.558 8.813 16.119 16.119 13.479 45.232 10.291 8.227 19.161 7.954 10.423 10.424 6.403 8.111 1.724 8.573 18.806 1.717 6.262 5.810 3.936 7.858 3.932 10.707 3.911 6.918 3.324 6.203 2.879 10.090 2.871 7.231 0.060 0.151 0.367 0.103 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.081 0.014 0.110 0.052 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.075 0.217 0.053 -0.000 0.075 0.006 0.217 0.006 0.039 0.031 0.053 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.039 0.005 0.005 0.017 -13.086 -1.687 -0.598 -0.558 -4.368 1.594 0.462 0.809 1.278 0.809 0.180 0.037 0.237 0.107 0.462 4.685 0.133 0.155 0.428 0.112 0.133 0.155 0.005 0.428 0.005 0.080 0.063 0.112 0.027 0.027 0.037 0.080 0.010 0.010 0.034

CYCLE-II

10

11 12

13 14

15

16

17

18

19

EXPT.NO: 4
20 19 10 10 22 10 21 24 15 24 22 23 25 24 26 27 25 25 28 29 30 27 8 6 27 30 27 29 -2.200 6.747 -8.947 -17.500 -15.623 -1.877 0.000 -7.531 1.877 5.654 -3.200 -4.970 1.770 -8.700 -5.611 -1.764 -1.325 0.000 1.333 3.545 -4.877 -3.500 -3.500 0.000 4.903 -18.184 6.189 7.091 0.000 18.184 0.575 -18.759 -2.400 -6.104 3.704 -10.600 -6.930 -3.670 -0.700 2.679 -3.379 -11.200 -9.606 -1.594 0.000 -4.384 1.596 2.788 -1.600 -2.893 1.293 -2.400 -2.721 -1.280 1.602 0.000 -1.588 2.366 -0.778 -2.300 -2.300 0.000 0.827 -4.157 1.668 1.661 0.000 5.466 -1.999 -3.467 -0.900 -1.506 0.606 -1.900 -1.358 -0.542 2.309 7.259 9.564 20.777 18.340 2.462 0.000 8.714 2.464 6.304 3.578 5.751 2.192 9.025 6.236 2.180 2.079 0.000 2.073 4.262 4.939 4.188 4.188 0.000 4.972 18.653 6.410 7.283 0.000 18.987 2.080 19.077 2.563 6.286 3.753 10.769 7.062 3.710 0.017 0.081 0.110 0.001 0.052 0.001 0.043 0.031 0.006 0.043 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.045 0.026 0.045 0.026 0.000 0.086 0.161 0.000 0.000 0.060 0.086 0.033 0.161 0.033 17.599 0.034 0.180 0.237 0.001 0.107 0.001 0.067 0.063 0.012 0.067 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.066 0.049 0.066 0.049 1.309 0.162 0.304 1.309 -4.368 -13.086 0.162 0.063 0.304 0.063 22.244

CYCLE-II

21

22

23

24

25

26 27

28

0.968

29

30

Total loss

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

Programs: % This program obtains th Bus Admittance Matrix for power flow solution
j=sqrt(-1); i = sqrt(-1); nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R = linedata(:,3); X = linedata(:,4); Bc = j*linedata(:,5); a = linedata(:, 6); nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr)); Z = R + j*X; y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance for n = 1:nbr if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero % formation of the off diagonal elements for k=1:nbr; Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k); Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)); end end % formation of the diagonal elements for n=1:nbus for k=1:nbr if nl(k)==n Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) + Bc(k); elseif nr(k)==n Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k) +Bc(k); else, end end end clear Pgg

% Power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method

Vm=0; delta=0; yload=0; deltad =0; nbus = length(busdata(:,1)); for k=1:nbus n=busdata(k,1); kb(n)=busdata(k,2); Vm(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4); Pd(n)=busdata(k,5); Qd(n)=busdata(k,6); Pg(n)=busdata(k,7); Qg(n) busdata(k,8); Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qmax(n)=busdata(k, 10); Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11); if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 + j*0; else delta(n) = pi/180*delta(n); V(n) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) + j*sin(delta(n))); P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva; Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n))/basemva; S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n); end DV(n)=0; end num = 0; AcurBus = 0; converge = 1; Vc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1); Sc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1); while exist('accel')~=1 accel = 1.3; end while exist('accuracy')~=1 accuracy = 0.001;

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

end while exist('basemva')~=1 basemva= 100; end while exist('maxiter')~=1 maxiter = 100; end iter=0; maxerror=10; while maxerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter iter=iter+1; for n = 1:nbus; YV = 0+j*0; for L = 1:nbr; if nl(L) == n, k=nr(L); YV = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k); elseif nr(L) == n, k=nl(L); YV = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k); end end Sc = conj(V(n))*(Ybus(n,n)*V(n) + YV) ; Sc = conj(Sc); DP(n) = P(n) - real(Sc); DQ(n) = Q(n) - imag(Sc); if kb(n) == 1 S(n) =Sc; P(n) = real(Sc); Q(n) = imag(Sc); DP(n) =0; DQ(n)=0; Vc(n) = V(n); elseif kb(n) == 2 Q(n) = imag(Sc); S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n); if Qmax(n) ~= 0 Qgc = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n); if abs(DQ(n)) <= .005 & iter >= 10 % After 10 iterations if DV(n) <= 0.045 % the Mvar of generator buses if Qgc < Qmin(n), Vm(n) = Vm(n) + 0.005; DV(n) = DV(n)+.005; elseif Qgc > Qmax(n), % tested. If not within % is changed in steps of % up to .05 pu in order to

are

limits Vm(n) 0.005 pu bring the

% the generator Mvar within

end

Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.005; % specified limits. DV(n)=DV(n)+.005; end else, end else,end else,end end if kb(n) ~= 1 Vc(n) = (conj(S(n))/conj(V(n)) - YV )/ Ybus(n,n); else, end if kb(n) == 0 V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n)-V(n)); elseif kb(n) == 2 VcI = imag(Vc(n)); VcR = sqrt(Vm(n)^2 - VcI^2); Vc(n) = VcR + j*VcI; V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n) -V(n)); end

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

maxerror=max( max(abs(real(DP))), max(abs(imag(DQ))) ); if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ') fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n') fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n') converge = 0; pause, else, end end if converge ~= 1 tech= (' ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else, tech=(' Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method'); end k=0; for n = 1:nbus Vm(n) = abs(V(n)); deltad(n) = angle(V(n))*180/pi; if kb(n) == 1 S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n); Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n); Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n); k=k+1; Pgg(k)=Pg(n); elseif kb(n) ==2 k=k+1; Pgg(k)=Pg(n); S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n); Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n); end yload(n) = (Pd(n)- j*Qd(n)+j*Qsh(n))/(basemva*Vm(n)^2); end Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh); busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad'; clear AcurBus DP DQ DV L Sc Vc VcI VcR YV converge delta

% This program prints the power flow solution in a tabulated form on the screen.
%clc disp(tech) fprintf(' Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror) fprintf(' No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter) head =[' Bus Voltage Angle ------Load--------Generation--Injected' ' No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar ' ' ']; disp(head) for n=1:nbus fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pg(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n)) end fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total ') fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf(' %9.3f\n\n', Qsht)

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

% This program is used in conjunction with lfgauss or lfnewton % for the computation of line flow and line losses.
SLT = 0; fprintf('\n') fprintf(' fprintf(' --Line-Transformer\n') fprintf(' from to tap\n')

Power MW

Line Flow and Losses \n\n') at bus & line flow --Line Mvar MVA MW

loss-Mvar

for n = 1:nbus busprt = 0; for L = 1:nbr; if busprt == 0 fprintf(' \n'), fprintf('%6g', n), fprintf(' %9.3f', P(n)*basemva) fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n', abs(S(n)*basemva)) busprt = 1; else, end if nl(L)==n k = nr(L); In = (V(n) - a(L)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n); Ik = (V(k) - V(n)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(k); Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva; Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva; SL = Snk + Skn; SLT = SLT + SL; elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L); In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n); Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k); Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva; Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva; SL = Snk + Skn; SLT = SLT + SL; else, end if nl(L)==n | nr(L)==n fprintf('%12g', k), fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk)) fprintf('%9.3f', abs(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', real(SL)), if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~= 1 fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L)) else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL)) end else, end

end end SLT = SLT/2; fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total loss fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT)) clear Ik In SL SLT Skn Snk

')

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-II

Exercises:
1. A power system network is shown in Figure. The generators at buses 1 and 2 are represented by their equivalent current sources with their reactances in per unit on a 100-MVA base. The lines are represented by model where series reactances and shunt reactances are also expressed in per unit on a 100 MVA base. The loads at buses 3 and 4 are expressed in MW and Mvar. (a) Assuming a voltage magnitude of 1.0 per unit at buses 3 and 4, convert the loads to per unit impedances. Convert network impedances to admittances and obtain the bus admittance matrix by inspection. (b) Use the function Y = ybus(zdata) to obtain the bus admittance matrix. The function argument zdata is a matrix containing the line bus numbers, resistance and reactance. 1 2

j0.25 j0.25 -j4 j0.2

- j4 j0.4 j0.1 j0.2 j0.16

-j4

S3

- j4

S4

100 MW + j25 Mvar

200 MW + j50 Mvar

EXPT.NO: 2

CYCLE-II

Transfer Function analysis of any given system upto 3rd Order using SIMULINK
Objective: To analyse a given system using Simulink 1. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software 2. Control System Toolbox 3. Simulink Syntax: MATLAB has a rich collection of functions immediately useful to the control engineer or system theorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root-finding, matrix inversion, and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical tools. More generally, MATLAB linear algebra, matrix computation, and numerical analysis capabilities provide a reliable foundation for control system engineering as well as many other disciplines. Simulink is a software package that enables you to model, simulate, and analyze systems whose outputs change over time. Such systems are often referred to as dynamic systems. Simulink can be used to explore the behavior of a wide range of real-world dynamic systems, including electrical circuits, shock absorbers, braking systems, and many other electrical, mechanical, and thermodynamic systems. Simulating a dynamic system is a two-step process with Simulink. First,you create a graphical model of the system to be simulated, using the Simulink model editor. The model depicts the time-dependent mathematical relationships among the systems inputs, states, and outputs. Then, you use Simulink to simulate the behavior of the system over a specified time span. Simulink uses information that you entered into the model to perform the simulation . Simulink provides a library browser that allows you to select blocks from libraries of standard blocks and a graphical editor that allows you to draw lines connecting the blocks You can model virtually any real-world dynamic system by selecting and interconnecting the appropriate Simulink blocks. A Simulink block diagram is a pictorial model of a dynamic system. It consists of a set of symbols, called blocks, interconnected by lines. Each block represents an elementary dynamic system that produces an output either continuously (a continuous block) or at specific points in time (a discrete block). The lines represent connections of block inputs to block outputs. Every block in a block diagram is an instance of a specific type of block. The type of the block determines the relationship between a blocks outputs and its inputs, states, and time. A block diagram can contain any number of instances of any type of block needed to model a system.

Simulation Tools:

EXPT.NO: 2

CYCLE-II

Simulation: 1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon. 2. Enter SIMULINK in the command window. 3. Click on File menu and open new model window. 4. Double click on CONTINOUS and select transfer function block and drag the icon to your model window. 5. Double click on SOURCES and select step input block and drag the icon to your model window. 6. Double click on SINKS and select Scope block and drag the icon to your model window. 7. Connect the blocks with the given block diagram. 8. Click on Simulation menu and click on simulation. 9. Copy the obtained plots by double clicking on scope icon. 10. Type EXIT at the command window to close the MATLAB. Simulink model:

Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-II

Plotting of Bode Plots, Root Locus and Nyquist plots for the Transfer Functions of Systems up to 5th order using MATLAB.
Objective: To plot Bode Plot, Root Locus and Nyquist plot for a given transfer function using MATLAB Simulation Tools: Syntax: MATLAB has a rich collection of functions immediately useful to the control engineer or system theorist. Complex arithmetic, eigen values, root-finding, matrix inversion, and FFT are just a few examples of MATLAB important numerical tools. More generally, MATLAB linear algebra, matrix computation, and numerical analysis capabilities provide a reliable foundation for control system engineering as well as many other disciplines. The Control System Toolbox builds on the foundations of MATLAB to provide functions designed for control engineering. The Control System Toolbox is a collection of algorithms, written mostly as M-files, that implements common control system design, analysis, and modeling techniques. Convenient graphical user interfaces (GUI's) simplify typical control tasks. Control systems can be modeled as transfer functions, in zero-pole-gain, or state-space form, allowing you to use both classical and modern control techniques. We can manipulate both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. Systems can be single-input/single-output (SISO) or multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO). In addition, we can store several LTI models in an array under a single variable name. Conversions between various model representations are provided. Time responses, frequency responses, and root loci can be computed and graphed. Other functions allow pole placement, optimal control, and estimation. Finally, the Control System Toolbox is open and extensible. We can create custom M-files to suit your particular application. Typically, control engineers begin by developing a mathematical description of the dynamical system that they want to control. This to-be-controlled system is called a plant. The Control System Toolbox contains LTI Viewer, a graphical user interface (GUI) that simplifies the analysis of linear, time-invariant systems. The time responses and pole/zero plots are available only for transfer function, state-space, and zero/pole/gain models. The Control System Toolbox provides a set of functions that provide the basic time and frequency domain analysis plots used in control system engineering. These functions apply to any kind of linear model (continuous or discrete, SISO or MIMO, or arrays of models). Time responses investigate the time-domain transient behavior of linear models for particular classes of inputs and disturbances. We can 1. IBM PC- Compatible with MATLAB Software 2. Control System Toolbox

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-II

determine such system characteristics as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error from the time response. The Control System Toolbox provides functions for step response, impulse response, initial condition response, and general linear simulations. In addition to time-domain analysis, the Control System Toolbox provides functions for frequency-domain analysis using the following standard plots: Bode plots, Nichols plots, Nyquist plots, and Singular value plots.

Simulation: 1. Open the MATLAB Command window by clicking on the MATLAB.exe icon. 2. Enter the given transfer function in the command window by using the syntaxSYS= TF (NUM, DEN) where num is the matrix containing the elements of numerator and den is the matrix containing the elements of denominator. 3. Enter the command: RLOCUS (NUM, DEN) to generate root locus of the given transfer function. 4. Enter the command: BODE (NUM, DEN) to generate bode plot of the given transfer function. 5. Enter the command: NYQUIST (NUM, DEN) to generate bode plot of the given transfer function. 6. Copy the obtained plots 7. Type: EXIT at the command window to close the MATLAB. Example: Obtain the Root locus of the given transfer function: G(S).H(S)= 10/S^3+2S^2+5S+8) Solution: NUM=[K] DEN=[1 2 5 8] SYS=TF (NUM,DEN) RLOCUS(SYS) BODE(SYS) NYQUIST(SYS)

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-II
Bode D iagrams

Plots Obtained:
6

-20

2 Phase (deg); M agnitude (dB)

-40

Im Axis ag

-60 0

-2

-100

-4

-200

-6 -3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5 0 R Axis eal

0.5

1.5

10

-1

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

Results & Conclusions: 1.From Bode Plot: Gain Margin: _______________ Phase Margin: _______________ Gain Crossover Frequency: _______________ Phase Crossover Frequency: _______________ 2. From Nyquist Plot: Gain Margin: _______________ Phase Margin: _______________ Gain Crossover Frequency: _______________ Phase Crossover Frequency: _______________ 3. From RootLocus:

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-II

Exercises: 01. Plot Bode Plot, Root Locus and Nyquist plot for the following transfer functions 1. 2.

B ( s ) 2 s 3 + 5 s 2 + 3s + 6 = A( s ) s 3 + 6 s 2 + 11s + 6 B( s) s 2 + 2s + 3 = A( s ) ( s + 1) 3 4s 2 + 16 s + 12 s 4 + 12 s 3 + 44s 2 + 48s 10 ( s + 2) ( s + 4) ( s + 1) (s + 3) (s + 5) 2 K ( s + 2) 2 ( s 2 + 4) (s + 5) 2

3. F(s) = 4. F (s) = 5. G (s) =

02. Consider the unity feedback control system with the following feed forward T.F G (s) =

K s ( s 2 + 4 s + 5)

Plot the root loci with MATLAB. Determine closed loop poles that have the damping ratio of 0.5. Find the gain value K at this point 03. Consider a unity feed back control system with the following feed forward transfer function G (s) =

s+2

s + 9 s 2 + 8s

Plot a root locus diagram with MATLAB. Superimpose on the s-plane constant & time and constant wn circles

EXPT.NO: 2

CYCLE-I

Pspice simulation of Single Phase full converter using RL & E Loads and Single Phase AC Voltage Controller using RL & E Loads
Objective: To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE for Step, Pulse and sinusoidal inputs Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics:

EXPT.NO: 2

CYCLE-I

Simulation: Single-Phase Full Converter: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER VS 10 0 SIN(0 169.7V 60HZ) Vg1 6 2 PULSE (0V 10V 2777.8US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US) Vg2 7 0 PULSE (0V 10V 2777.8US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US) Vg3 8 2 PULSE (0V 10V 11111.1US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US) Vg4 9 1 PULSE (0V 10V 11111.1US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US) R 2 4 10 L 4 5 20MH C 2 11 793UF RX 11 3 0.1 VX 5 3 DC 10V VY 10 1 DC 0V *SUBCIRCUIT FOR AC THYRISTER MODEL .SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2 S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD RG 3 4 50 VX 4 2 DC 0V VY 5 2 DC 0V RT 2 6 1 CT 6 2 10UF F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11 .MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.1V VOFF=0V) .ENDS SCR XT1 1 2 6 2 SCR XT3 0 2 8 2 SCR XT2 3 0 7 0 SCR XT4 3 1 9 1 SCR .TRAN 10US 35MS 16.67MS .PROBE .END

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

EXPT.NO: 2

CYCLE-I

Single Phase AC Voltage Controller: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER VS 1 0 SIN(0 169.7V 60HZ) Vg1 2 4 PULSE (0V 10V 4166.7US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US) Vg2 3 1 PULSE (0V 10V 12500.0US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US) R 4 5 2.5 L 5 6 6.5MH VX 6 0 DC 0V *C 4 0 1245.94UF CS 1 7 0.1UF RS 7 4 750 *SUBCIRCUIT FOR AC THYRISTER MODEL .SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2 S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD RG 3 4 50 VX 4 2 DC 0V VY 5 2 DC 0V RT 2 6 1 CT 6 2 10UF F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11 .MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.1V VOFF=0V) .ENDS SCR XT1 1 4 2 4 SCR XT2 4 1 3 1 SCR .TRAN 10US 33.33MS .PROBE .END

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

EXPT.NO: 2

CYCLE-I

Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Class: IV/IV B.Tech Branch: EEE Semester: 1st Laboratory: Simulation of Electrical Systems

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE-I
1. Pspice Simulation of Transient Response of RLC Circuits 2. Pspice simulation of Single Phase full converter using RL & E Loads and single phase AC Voltage Controller using RL & E Loads 3. Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper 4. Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control 5. Pspice simulation of D.C Circuit for determining Thevenins equivalent 6. Transfer Function analysis of D.C. Circuit using PSPICE and Step Response of an RLC circuit by parametric analysis using PSPICE.

CYCLE-II
1. Plotting of Bode Plots, Root Locus and Nyquist plots for the transfer functions of Systems up to 5th order using MATLAB. 2. Transfer Function analysis of any given system up to 3rd Order using SIMULINK 3. Power Flow evaluation of Power System. 4. Short circuit studies using MATLAB 5. Stability analysis of Power Systems using MATLAB 6. Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits

EXPT.NO: 8

CYCLE-II

Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits

Objective: To simulate the transient response of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator circuit using PSPICE. Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics:

EXPT.NO: 8

CYCLE-II

Simulation: For Integrator: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
Example 10-2 Integrator Circuit * The input voltage is represented by a piece-wise linear waveform. * To avoid convergence problems due to a rapid change of the input * voltage, the input voltage is assumed to have a finite slope. VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 1NS -1V 1MS -1V 1.0001MS 1V 2MS 1V + 2.0001MS -1V 3MS -1V 3.0001MS 1V 4MS 1V) R1 1 2 2.5K RF 2 4 1MEG RX 3 0 2.5K RL 4 0 100K C1 2 4 0.1UF * Calling subcircuit OPAMP XA1 2 3 4 0 OPAMP * Subcircuit definition for OPAMP .SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4 RI 1 2 2.0E6 * Voltage-controlled current source with a gain of 0.1M GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M R1 3 4 10K C1 3 4 1.5619UF * Voltage-controlled voltage source with a gain of 2E+5 EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5 RO 5 7 75 * End of subcircuit OPAMP .ENDS * Transient analysis for 0 to 4 ms with 50 us increment .TRAN 50US 4MS * Plot the results of transient analysis for the voltage at node 4 .PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1) .PLOT AC VM(4) VP(4) .PROBE .END

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted. For Differentiator:

EXPT.NO: 8

CYCLE-II

1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
Example 10-3 Differentiator Circuit * The maximum number of points is changed to 410. The default * value is only 201. .OPTIONS NOPAGE NOECHO LIMPTS=410 * Input voltage is a piece-wise linear waveform for transient analysis. VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 1MS 1 2MS 0 3MS 1 4MS 0) R1 1 2 100 RF 3 4 10K RX 5 0 10K RL 4 0 100K C1 2 3 0.4UF * Calling op-amp OPAMP XA1 3 5 4 0 OPAMP * Op-amp subcircuit definition .SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4 RI 1 2 2.0E6 * Voltage-controlled current source with a gain of 0.1M GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M R1 3 4 10K C1 3 4 1.5619UF * Voltage-controlled voltage source with a gain of 2E+5 EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5 RO 5 7 75 * End of subcircuit OPAMP .ENDS OPAMP * Transient analysis for 0 to 4 ms with 50 s increment .TRAN 10US 4MS * Plot the results of transient analysis 4 .PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1) .PROBE .END; End of circuit file

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

EXPT.NO: 8

CYCLE-II

Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 8

CYCLE-I

Step Response of an RLC circuit by Parametric analysis using PSpice.

Objective: To simulate the Step response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE by parametric analysis Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics:

EXPT.NO: 8

CYCLE-I

Simulation: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
* Step Response of RLC-circuit by Parametric Analysis VIN 1 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step input of 1 V .PARAM VAL = 1 ; Defining parameter VAL R 1 2 {VAL} ; Resistance with variable values L 2 3 50UH C 3 0 10UF .STEP PARAM VAL LIST 1 2 8 ; Assigning STEP values .TRAN 1US 400US ; Transient analysis .PROBE ; Graphical waveform analyzer .END ; End of circuit file

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted. Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 3

CYCLE-I

Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper

Objective: To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE for Step, Pulse and sinusoidal inputs Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics: Resonant Pulse Commutation Circuit:

Buck Chopper:

EXPT.NO: 3

CYCLE-I

Simulation: Resonant Pulse Commutation Circuit: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*RESONANT PULSE CHOPPER VS 1 0 DC 200V Vg1 7 0 PULSE(0V 100V 0 1US 1US 0.4MS 1MS) Vg2 8 0 PULSE(0V 100V 0.4MS 1US 1US 0.6MS 1MS) Vg3 9 0 PULSE(0V 100V 0 1US 1US 0.2MS 1MS) Rg1 7 0 10MEG Rg2 8 0 10MEG Rg3 9 0 10MEG CS 11 11 0.1UF RS 11 4 750 C 1 2 31.2UF IC = 200V L 2 3 6.4UH D1 4 1 DMOD DM 0 4 DMOD .MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E-25 BV=1800V) RM 4 5 0.5 LM 5 6 5.0MH VX 6 0 DC 0V VY 1 10 DC 0V XT1 10 4 7 0 DCSCR XT2 3 4 8 0 DCSCR XT3 1 3 9 0 DCSCR .SUBCKT DCSCR 1 2 3 4 DT 5 2 DMOD ST 1 5 3 4 SMOD .MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E-25 BV=1000V) .MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.1 ROFF=10E+6 VON=10V VOFF=5V) .ENDS DCSCR .TRAN 0.5US 3MS 1.5MS 0.5US .PROBE .END

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

EXPT.NO: 3

CYCLE-I

Buck Chopper: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*BUCK CHOPPER VS 1 0 DC 110V VY 1 2 DC 0V Vg 7 3 PULSE(0V 20V 0 0.1NS 0.1NS 27.28US 50US) RB 7 6 250 LE 3 4 681.82UH CE 4 0 8.33UF IC=60V L 4 8 40.91UH R 8 5 3 VX 5 0 DC 0V DM 0 3 DMOD .MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0) Q1 2 6 3 QMOD .MODEL QMOD NPN(IS=6.734F BF=416.4 BR=0.7371 CJC=3.638P + CJE=4.493P TR=239.5N TF=301.2P) .TRAN 1US 1.6MS 1.5MS 1US UIC .PROBE .END

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

Waveforms:

EXPT.NO: 3

CYCLE-I

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-I

Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control

Objective: To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE for Step, Pulse and sinusoidal inputs Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics:

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-I

Simulation: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*SINGLE PHASE INVETER WITH PWM CONTROL VS 1 0 DC 100V Vr 17 0 PULSE(50V 0V 0 833.33US 833.33US 1NS 16666.67US) Rr 17 0 2MEG Vc1 15 0 PULSE(0 -30V 0 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US) Rc1 15 0 2MEG Vc3 16 0 PULSE(0 -30V 8333.3US 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US) Rc3 16 0 2MEG R 4 5 2.5 L 5 6 10MH VX 3 4 DC 0V VY 1 2 DC 0V D1 3 2 DMOD D2 0 6 DMOD D3 6 2 DMOD D4 0 3 DMOD .MODEL DMOD D (IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0) Q1 2 7 3 QMOD Q2 6 9 0 QMOD Q3 2 11 6 QMOD Q4 3 13 0 QMOD .MODEL QMOD NPN (IS=6.734F BF=416.4 CJC=3.638P CJE=4.493P) Rg1 8 7 100 Rg2 10 9 100 Rg3 12 11 100 Rg4 14 13 100 XPW1 17 15 8 3 PWM XPW2 17 15 10 0 PWM XPW3 17 16 12 6 PWM XPW4 17 16 14 0 PWM .SUBCKT PWM 1 2 3 4 R1 1 5 1K R2 2 5 1K RIN 5 0 2MEG RF 5 3 100K RO 6 3 75 CO 3 4 10PF E1 6 4 0 5 2E+5 .ENDS PWM .TRAN 10US 16.67MS 0 10US .PROBE .options abstol = 1.00n reltol = 0.01 vntol = 0.1 ITL5 = 20000 .FOUR 60HZ V(3,6) .END

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not.

EXPT.NO: 4

CYCLE-I

5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 5

CYCLE-I

Pspice simulation of D.C Circuit for determining Thevenins equivalent

Objective: To simulate the Step response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE by parametric analysis Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics:

EXPT.NO: 5

CYCLE-I

Simulation: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
* Step Response of RLC-circuit by Parametric Analysis VIN 1 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step input of 1 V .PARAM VAL = 1 ; Defining parameter VAL R 1 2 {VAL} ; Resistance with variable values L 2 3 50UH C 3 0 10UF .STEP PARAM VAL LIST 1 2 8 ; Assigning STEP values .TRAN 1US 400US ; Transient analysis .PROBE ; Graphical waveform analyzer .END ; End of circuit file

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted. Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-I

Pspice Simulation of Transient Response of RLC Circuit

Objective: To simulate the transient response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE for Step, Pulse and sinusoidal inputs Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax: Transient analysis can be performed by the .TRAN command, which has one of the general forms .TRAN TSTEP TSTOP [TSTART TMAX] [UIC] .TRAN[/OP] TSTEP TSTOP [TSTART TMAX] [UIC] TSTEP is the printing increment, TSTOP is the final time(or stop time), and TMAX is the maximum size of internal time step. TMAX allows the user to control the internal time step. TMAX can be smaller or larger than the printing time, TSTEP. The default value of TMAX is TSTOP/50. The transient analysis always starts at time = 0.However, it is possible to suppress the printing of the output for a time of TSTART. TSTART is the initial time at which the transient response is printed. Pspice analyses the circuit from t=0 to TSTART, but it does not print or store the output variables. Although Pspice computes the results with an internal time step, the results are generated by interpolation for a printing step of TSTEP. In transient analysis, only the node voltages of the transient analysis bias point are printed. However the .TRAN command can control the output for the transient response bias point. An .OP command with a .TRAN command namely, .TRAN/OP, will print the small-signal parameters during transient analysis. If UIC is not specified as an option at the end of the .TRAN statement, Pspice calculates the transient analysis bias point before the beginning of transient analysis. Pspice uses the initial values specified with the .IC command. The General form of Pulse source is PULSE (-VS +VS TD TR TF PW PER) where VS is Initial Voltage, +VS is Pulsed voltage, TD is Delay time and TR is Rise time, TF is Fall time, PW is Pulse Width and PER is Period. -VS and +VS must be specified by the user and can be either voltages or currents. TSTEP and TSTOP are the incrementing time and stop time, respectively during transient (.TRAN) analysis. The General form of Sinusoidal source is SIN (VO VA FREQ TD ALP THETA) where VO is Offset voltage, VA is Peak voltage, FREQ is Frequency, TD is Delay time, ALPHA is Damping Factor and THETA is Phase Delay. VO and VA must be specified by the user and can be either voltages or currents. TSTOP is the stop time during transient (.TRAN) analysis. The waveform stays at 0 for a time of TD, and then the voltage becomes an exponentially damped sine wave.

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-I

The General form of Piecewise Linear Source is PWL (T1 V1 T2 V2 . TN VN) where (T1, V1) ,(T2, V2).(TN, VN) are the points in a waveform. The voltage at times between the intermediate points is determined by using linear interpolation. Schematics: For Pulse Input: For Sinusoidal Input:

For Step Input:

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-I

Simulation: For Pulse Input: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*PULSE RESPONSE OF AN RLC CIRCUIT VIN 7 0 PULSE(-220V 220V 0 1NS 1NS 100US 200US);Pulse Input R1 7 5 2 L1 5 3 50UH C1 3 0 10UF .TRAN 1US 400US .PROBE .END ;Resistance ; Inductor ; Capacitor ;Command for Transient Analysis ;Graphical waveform analyzer ;End of circuit file

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted. For Step Input: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
* Step-Response of Series RLC-Circuits VI1 1 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step of 1 V VI2 4 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step of 1 V VI3 7 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step of 1 V R1 1 2 2 L1 2 3 50UH C1 3 0 10UF R2 4 5 1 L2 5 6 50UH C2 6 0 10UF R3 7 8 8 L3 8 9 50UH C3 9 0 10UF .TRAN 1US 400US ; Transient analysis .PLOT TRAN V(3) V(6) V(9) ; Plots on the output file .PROBE ; Graphical waveform analyzer .END ; End of circuit file

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-I

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted. For Sinusoidal Input: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
*An RLC-circuit with a sinusoidal input voltage * SIN (VO VA FREQ) ; Simple sinusoidal source VIN 7 0 SIN (0 10V 5KHZ) ; sinusoidal input voltage R1 7 5 2 L1 5 3 50UH C1 3 0 10UF .TRAN 1US 500US ; Transient analysis .PLOT TRAN V(3) V(7) ; Plots on the output file .PROBE ; Graphical waveform analyzer .END ; End of circuit file

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted.

EXPT.NO: 1

CYCLE-I

Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

EXPT.NO: 6

CYCLE-I

Transfer Function analysis of D.C. Circuit using PSpice.

Objective: To simulate the Step response of a given RLC circuit using PSPICE by parametric analysis Simulation Tools: 1. IBM PC- Compatible with PSPICE Software 2. Microsim Text Editor 3. Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator 4. Microsim Probe Editor Syntax:

Schematics:

EXPT.NO: 6

CYCLE-I

Simulation: 1. Open the PSPICE Text Editor by clicking on MicroSimTextEdit.exe icon. 2. Enter the following program in the text editor
* Step Response of RLC-circuit by Parametric Analysis VIN 1 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1MS 1V) ; step input of 1 V .PARAM VAL = 1 ; Defining parameter VAL R 1 2 {VAL} ; Resistance with variable values L 2 3 50UH C 3 0 10UF .STEP PARAM VAL LIST 1 2 8 ; Assigning STEP values .TRAN 1US 400US ; Transient analysis .PROBE ; Graphical waveform analyzer .END ; End of circuit file

3. Save the file and open the Pspice Analog/ Digital Simulator by clicking on PSpice A_D.exe icon. 4. Open the saved file from File menu and check whether Simulation is successful or not. 5. If the Simulation is successful Click on File menu Examine Output and check the Netlist. 6. For viewing the plots Click on File menu Run Probe and in Microsim Probe Editor Click on Trace menu Add and add trace expressions to be plotted. Waveforms:

Results & Conclusions:

CYCLE-I
1. Pspice Simulation of Transient Response of RLC Circuits 2. Pspice simulation of Single Phase full converter using RL & E Loads and
single phase AC Voltage Controller using RL & E Loads

3. Pspice Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck Chopper 4. Pspice simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM control 5. Pspice simulation of D.C Circuit for determining Thevenins equivalent 6. Transfer Function analysis of D.C. Circuit using PSPICE and Step Response
of an RLC circuit by parametric analysis using PSPICE.

CYCLE-II
1. Plotting of Bode Plots, Root Locus and Nyquist plots for the transfer functions of Systems up to 5th order using MATLAB. 2. Transfer Function analysis of any given system up to 3rd Order using SIMULINK 3. Power Flow evaluation of Power System. 4. Short circuit studies using MATLAB 5. Stability analysis of Power Systems using MATLAB

6. Pspice simulation of OP-AMP based Integrator & Differentiator Circuits