ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T for the entire blessing of my life. It is
really great pleasure after working on this study completely.
I would like to express my gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor Miss
Norishahaini Mohamed Ishak to her valuable supervision, guidance and co-operation
in the research and preparation of this thesis possible. Her consistent motivation and
encouragement allowed me to perform better and unleashed my capabilities in many
areas, especially in the field related to this thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to the lab technician, Mr. Ahmad Rizza for
his support and assistance during the research program. I would also like to extend
my sincere thanks to my colleague and others whom are not mentioned here for their
support and cooperation throughout this research work.
Finally, I am also grateful to my parents and all my family members for their
love, continuous support and encouragement in completing this research work.

ABSTRACT

Numerous studies have been done on the reuse of waste material in

concrete. This innovation has created some solution to the limitation of sources found
in the construction industry. Besides that, the need to find new material to be
incorporated in concrete is important so that the environment can be protected.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the compressive strength of

concrete with waste ceramic tile as fine aggregate with different percentage of WCS.
The second objective is to determine the suitability of waste ceramic tile as sand
replacement in normal concrete.

Seventy-two concrete cubes test of 100mm x 100mm x 100mm comprises 2

sets of water cement ratio of 0.55 and 0.64 has been tested. The concrete cubes
were cast at three different percentages of WCS which are 5%, 10% and 20%. The
concrete cubes were cured by water submersion for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days.

The concrete was casted at the room temperature 28C and underwent slump
test before the concrete was compacted into their respected moulds before curing.
When the cubes were cured for 3, 7 and 28 days, they were subjected to
compressive strength test.

Result shows that the compressive strength of the concrete increase with
sand replacement by WCS although the strength shows much better in high water
cement ratio. Result also shows that concrete mixtures with WCS perform better than
the normal concrete mixture concerning compressive strength. The suitability of the
WCS as sand replacement with the result shows the particles of WCS that uniformly
graded, has a minor drop in workability and increases in compressive strength
compared to control concrete. The replacement of sand in concrete by ceramic
wastes will have major environmental benefits.

ii

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1:

Aggregate shape classification (BS812: Part 1:1975)..

13

Figure 3.1:

Classification of ceramic waste by type and production process

26

Figure 4.1:

The orientation of pan blades and the direction of pan rotation..

41

Figure 5.1:

Show the percentage passing of waste ceramic sand after sieve

test

Figure 5.2:

The comparison of compressive strength between control and

waste ceramic sand (WCS)..

Figure 5.3:

59

Show the percentage of compressive strength between the

control cube and waste ceramic sand.

Figure 5.4:

55

61

Comparison between the control and concrete with waste

ceramic tile for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days for 0.55w/c..

63

Figure 5.5:

The percentages of strength development based on control line...

65

Figure 5.6:

Comparison percentage strength increase and decrease for both

water cement ratio.

66

iii

LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1:

Standard physical characteristic of ceramic tiles..

27

Table 3.2:

The properties compare between stone and tiles.

28

Table 3.3:

Ceramic sands physical and chemical properties

29

Table 4.1:

Concrete mix proportion (0.64w/c) for cubic meter of concrete..

36

Table 4.2:

Concrete mix proportion (0.55w/c) for cubic meter of concrete..

36

Table 5.1:

Grading passing for waste ceramic as fine aggregate

54

Table 5.2:

Slump Test Result for 0.55w/c and 0.64w/c..

57

Table 5.3:

Compressive strength of 0.64 water cement ratio.

58

Table 5.4:

Percentage Increase of Strength in Concrete

60

Table 5.5:

Show the result of compressive strength between control cube

and waste ceramic tile cube for 0.55 water cement ratio.

62

Table 5.6:

Percentage Increase the Strength of Concrete.

64

Table 5.7:

Comparison percentage strength increase and decrease

between for 0.64w/c and 0.55w/c samples

66

iv

LIST OF PHOTO
Photo 4.1:

portland cement..

37

Photo 4.2:

Course aggregate..

38

Photo 4.3:

Water. 38

Photo 4.4:

The procedure of crushed waste ceramic tile using hammer..

Photo 4.5:

The procedure of crushed waste ceramic tile into 1.18mm using

39

LA abrasion machine.

40

Photo 4.6:

LA abrasion machine consist of 12 ball mill

42

Photo 4.7:

Compression machine test

43

Photo 4.8:

The vibration table 1200 x 600mm..

43

Photo 4.9:

Sieve apparatus..

44

Photo 4.10:

Sieve analysis.

45

Photo 4.11:

Weighing material...

45

Photo 4.12

Mixing material

46

Photo 4.13:

Slump test of the sample...

47

Photo 4.14:

The mould will be apply with oil

48

Photo 4.15:

The mould will be filling with the concrete.

48

Photo 4.16:

The concrete was compacted using vibration table around 1-2

minute.

48

Photo 4.17:

The curing process of samples

49

Photo 4.18:

The samples were test using the compression machine test in

order to get the compressive strength of concrete

50

Photo 4.19:

Concrete cube during compression strength test..

51

Photo 4.20:

The concrete cube after compression strength test.

51

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT...ii
LIST OF FIGURE .. iii
LIST OF TABLE.. .. iv
LIST OF PHOTO.. .v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.0

Background of study.................................................................................... 2

1.1

Introduction ................................................................................................. 2

1.2

Problem statement ...................................................................................... 4

1.3

Aim and objectives of study ......................................................................... 5

1.4

Scope of study ............................................................................................ 6

1.5

Research methodology................................................................................ 7

1.5.1

Primary data (data collection instrument) ............................................. 7

1.5.2

Secondary data (research collection) .... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 2: LITERITURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 8

2.0

An Overview of Concrete............................................................................. 9

2.1

Definition of Concrete .................................................................................. 9

2.2

Concrete composition .................................................................................. 9

2.2.1

Cement .............................................................................................. 10

2.2.2

Water .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.3

Aggregate ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3

Properties of Concrete.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3.1

Fresh concrete and hardened concrete . Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4

Classification of Aggregate ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.5

Function of Aggregates ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

vi

2.6

Fine aggregate characteristic ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.6.1

Effect of Shape and Texture .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.6.2

Effect of Grading ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.6.3

Effect of Absorption ............................................................................ 17

2.6.4

Effect of Mineralogy and Coating ........................................................ 17

2.6.5

Effect of Strength and Stiffness .......................................................... 18

2.6.6

Effect of Maximum Size ...................................................................... 18

2.6.7

Effect of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) ........................................ 18

2.6.8

Effect of Soundness and Toughness .................................................. 19

CHAPTER 3: WASTE CERAMIC IN CONCRETE ................................................... 20

3.0

Introduction to Ceramic ............................................................................. 21

3.1

Definition of Ceramic .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2

Ceramic History ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3

Ceramic Processing ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4

Types of Ceramics ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5

Ceramics Properties ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.1

Similarity properties of ceramic and sand ........................................... 28

3.6

The Application of Ceramic ....................................................................... 29

3.7

The utilization of waste ceramic.................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8

Properties of Concrete with Waste Ceramic . Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.1

Strength of concrete .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.2

Workability............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1

Introduction .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2

Calculation of materials ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3

The Specimen .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4

Materials ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4.1

Cement ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

vii

4.4.2

Aggregate ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4.3

Water ................................................................................................. 38

4.4.5

Waste Ceramic sand .......................................................................... 38

4.5

Equipment and apparatus ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5.1

Concrete mixer ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5.2

Los Angeles Abrasion Machine ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5.3

Compressive strength machine test....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5.4

Vibrating Table Machine ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5.5

Sieve Analysis Pan................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.6

Sieve analysis: ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.7

Weighing of material ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.8

Mixing of material ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.9

Slump test .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.10

Sampling ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.11

Curing ....................................................................................................... 49

4.12

Concrete strength of concrete cube test ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1

Introduction .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2

Sieve Analysis Test ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.1 Calculation of Uniformity Coefficient. .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3

Slump Test ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.4

Compressive Strength Tests (cube test) .................................................... 58

5.4.1 Compressive strength for 0.64 water cement ratio ................................... 58

5.4.2 Percentage Increase in Strength of 0.64w/c samples Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.4.3 Compressive strength tests for 0.55 water cement ratio .. Error! Bookmark
not defined.

viii

5.4.4 Percentage Increase in Strength of 0.55w/c samples Error! Bookmark not

defined.
5.5

Summary of Result Analysis and Data ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................... 68

6.1

Conclusion ................................................................................................ 69

6.2

Recommendations .................................................................................... 70

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ix