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Coverage Comparison of UMTS Networks in 900 and 2100 MHz Frequency Bands

Afzal Lodhi, Nishita Hathi, Yiannis Gkekas and Petrit Nahi AIRCOM International Cassini Court, Randalls Research Park, Randalls Way, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7TW, UK Email:afzal.lodhi @aircominternational.com Keywords: UMTS900, Network Planning, RSCP, SIR Abstract Network Operators' growing interest in deploying UMTS in 900 MHz is driven by better coverage compared to UMTS at 2 100 MHz, especially in rural and new areas. Lower frequency bands provide a number of benefits, such as better radio wave propagation, improved indoor coverage, cost efficient electronic devices and above all enormous CAPEX savings. This paper presents a coverage comparison between UMTS networks in 900 MHz and 2100 MHz frequency bands. Three key performance indicators, i.e., Pilot RSCP, E/II and SIR 0 are formulated and further employed to compare the expected coverage of these networks. The analyses are conducted by using AIRCOM International's radio network planning tool, ASSET. The results are presented in terms of RSCP and SIR coverage, highlighting the benefits of UNITS in 900 MHz band. I Introduction conclude that UNITS networks can be efficiently deployed and co-exist with other UMITS and GSM networks in the same geographical area by maintaining appropriate carrier spacings. The main benefits of UMTS 900 are due to the lower carrier frequency which allows the signal to propagate further than its equivalent at 2100 MHz. This better propagation environment helps in manufacturing cost effective electronic devices thereby reducing cost for transmit power, in addition to enormous CAPEX savings by deploying significantly less number of sites. However, the associated drawback of better propagation is the increased interference in the up-link (UL) and down-link (DL) which adversely affect the network performance. In this paper, we present a coverage comparison of UMTS 900 and 2 100 networks by using AIRCOM International's network planning tool ASSET. This tool can be used to efficiently dimension/plan co-existed (both coordinated or uncoordinated) UMTS and GSM networks in any frequency band. Considering the length of the paper, only the coverage aspect of the UMTS networks has been analysed. Three key performance indicators (KPIs) related to coverage have been formulated and further employed to compare the expected coverage of these networks: (i) received signal code power (RSCP), (ii) received chip energy relative to the total received power spectral density EI/J, and (iii) signal to interference ratio (SIR). The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the network and propagation models as wewll as the coverage KPIs are also formulated in this section. Section 3 presents the coverage comparison between UMTS 900 and 2100. Finally, section 4 concludes the paper. 2 Network Model and KPI Formulation

The provision of UMTS services in a cost effective manner has posed a major challenge to Operators, especially in sparsely populated and remote areas. The 900 MHz frequency band can potentially facilitate the provision of UMTS services to users in such areas because of the significantly smaller radio wave propagation path loss and better in-door coverage, as compared to 2100 MHz band. It has been shown that for the offering of circuit switched (64 kbps) and packet switched (384 kbps) UMTS services, the required number of sites in 900 MHz band is reduced by 60% compared to that at 2100 MHz [1, 2]. Current network deployments mostly use GSM 900 for blanket (country wide) coverage and UNITS 2100 in urban areas. Comparison of GSM and UMTS link budgets reveals that the cell range for a GSM speech service is similar to the cell range of UNITS circuit switched (64 kbps) service; which makes it possible to provide a higher rate service within the same coverage area by co-locating UNITS and GSM sites in 900 MHz band. There are many different deploymentscenarios that can be employed. Operators may choose to use the entire 900 MHz band for UMITS or they may use part of it for LJMTS. It is envisaged that the initial deployment of UNITS 900 network will take place in rural areas. The detailed deployment guidelines and sharing scenarios for individual UMITS and coexisted UNITS and GSM networks (for both coordinated (co-located) and uncoordinated operations) in 900 and 1800 MHz bands are provided in [3]. These guidelines

The inter-operability requirements for UTRA-FDD mode in the 900 MHz band were finalized by 3GPP in December 2005 and the results were published in [4]. The 900 MHz band which falls in Band Class VIII is defined as the paired bands from 880 to 915 MHz in the UL, and from 925 to 960 MHz in the DL. The user equipment (UE) and base station (BS) receiver and transmitter performances are specified in [5] and [6]. In 3GPP, the UTRA-FDD requirements in different frequency bands are exactly the same except for some differences in RF parameters, hence UMTS 900 supports the same services and data rates as UMTS 2100 but the UE sensitivity requirement is relaxed by 3dB from -117 dBm in UNITS 2100 to -114 dBm in UMITS 900. The BS sensitivity level remains unchanged. For the comparison of UMTS 900 network coverage with UMTS 2100, the RF planning tool ASSET is used. ASSET allows users to specify detailed UNITS equipment and site

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parameters. These parameters are used in combination with geographical information systems' (GIS) data, advanced propagation models and traffic models to perform coverage and capacity analysis. It is well known that the coverage in UMTS networks is heavily dependent on the cell-breathing phenomenon [7]. Hence, the coverage analysis for such systems cannot be accurately performed without knowing the extent to which the networks are loaded. ASSET employs a static system level Monte-Carlo simulator to model this effect. During the Monte Carlo simulation, a number of different snapshots of the network are generated which provide measures of network load. In general, a snapshot represent an average instant in time for a random distribution of UF/terminals. These snapshots are then used in calculations to obtain statistically valid measurements, giving an estimate of the mean network coverage. In each snapshot, the simulator sequentially evaluates the terminals (precisely once) to see if they can make a connection to the network. After each terminal is evaluated, the interference in the network is updated before moving on to the next terminal. For each connection, the network attempts to connect the terminal using the best possible scenario. The connection state of each of the terminals is recorded at the end of each snapshot and used to generate the final outputs. 2.1 Coverage KPIs

where IV." is the time-average total DL Noise power. For simplicity, only a single UMTS carrier a has been considered which simplifies R"' a (4)
SJk

where the thermal noise is given by N',"`= KTWrI'-,k with T W andq k7representing temperature in Kelvin, Chip rate and terminal noise figure, respectively. The time average DL TX power is given by
I=
m +pio p~cona of

~psyjc UMTs,

(5)

weep~y"w n dn P'Y" are the time-average common and synchronization channel powers. These are calculated by scaling the control channel powers with their respective activity factors f3 and expressed as
P common
nj 0CCPCH P CCPCH +3S CCPCH S CCPCH

+ ACH

pA C'H

I~PCH pPJCH()

and
psflc 13,PT SCHpP;-C 'j +
S
C

5SCR

(7)

Finally, the time-average UMTS TX power P,' 'Ts is defined as (8)


k k

The UMTS coverage is normally determined by the P channel RSCP, E/II and SIR and the same KPIs have b 0 used in the comparison of 900 and 2100 networks. Next, th entities are formulated in a way they are handled in the Mc Carlo simulator. 2.1.1 Pilot RSCP

whr ~and 31 are the DL traffic channel activity and and its control overhead factors, respectively. The DL traffic channel TX power (only when active) is given by P1K 2.1.3 Pilot SIR

The RSCP for the UMTS cell J, terminal k and UMTS car a can be expressed as [7, 8]

The only difference between Pilot E,1I, and Pilot SIR is that the own cell Pilot TX power is not considered as interference and can be expressed as [8]
E IR
-plIi

RJL4J R~J

.(pconrnmof
aka Jk C'J

+ pUMfTS)

where p.gd7 is the Pilot channel TX power and loss given by


Lik=L os k JK k

Lilk

is the

-paPiI! c.J

(9

Jik

U.J

Lmha Lsplitter tennan L Jpt~o L

where Ej is the cell orthogonality factor. From (8) and (9), it can he seen that both, Plot E,1I and SIR 0 are affected by interference which ultimately depends on the system load. 2.2 Propagation Model Hata empirical propagation model is the path loss at each pixel/terminal be used in the frequency ranges of basic equation describing the Hata

where L and G represent losses and gains, respectively. NV head amplifier (mha) loss is given by Lmho. 2.1.2 Pilot E,/h,

It is defined as the received chip energy, E, relative to the ti received power spectral density, I,, and can be expressed as
RSCP

The widely used Okumura considered for calculating location. This model can 500-2200 MHz [7]. The model is given by

Path Loss(dB) = ki + k2 logd + k 3 H,. + k4 logHm,, (3)


k5 logHef f k 6 1logH~fflog(d) + k7(Difr loss)

(10)

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Parameters frequency(MHz)
k_______
k2______

UMTS 90 900
150.60 44.90

UMTS 200] 2100


162.50 44.900

k; 3

-2.55 k40.0 -13.82 -6.55


k70.70

k, 5
k6

-2.55 0.0 -13.82 -6.55 0.80__

suburban and rural environments, an area of 30 Km' is chosen which includes a range of clutter types and height profiles. For fair comparison, identical three sector UMTS sites are deployed in the test area with respective 900 MHz and 2100 MHz propagation models. The cell and terminal parameter settings are given in table 2. For simplicity, a uniformly distributed traffic model is used by spreading 1200 terminals across the geographic area under consideration. Each terminal is subscribed to a single 12.2 kbps service for which the coverage KPIs' requirements are used as per table 3. RSCP 114 dBm -1l3dB -15dB

Table 1: Propagation models parameter settings. where d represents the distance (kin) from base station (BS) to mobile station (MS) and Hms, Hfjj are the height (in) of MS above ground, effective MS height and effective BS height (in). ki and k 2 represent the constant offset and multiplying factors for the log of distance between BS and MS. k3 is the MS antenna height correction factor. k 4 and k5 are the multiplying factors for the log of MS height and the log of effective antenna height, respectively. k6 and k 7 are the multiplying factors for logHJf flogd and diffraction loss (Diff Loss), respectively. Finally, the k parameters were tuned for 900 and 2100 MHz frequency bands with the values given in table 1. 3 Coverage Comparison

E~/I0

SIR

Table 3: Coverage KPIs minimum requirements.

3.1

Pilot RSCP Comparison

The comparison between UMTS 900 and 2100 networks is simulated for the island of Jersey. To model a mixture of urban, Cell Parameters Pilot Power (dBm) P,,,"l Git f~ Cell Antennas Gain (dBi) Max TX Power (dBm) P~ cc( P-CCPCH Power (dBm) Activity C CPCH S-CCPCH Power (dBm) PS-C 7 r7?TJ oSCCPCH Activity -Tj P-SCH Power (dBm)

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In Fig. 1, the best RSCP plot is shown for UMTS 2100 network where the sites are placed by ensuring the minimum RSCP requirement is satisfied in 95% of the analysis area. This plot depicts a picture of average highest RSCP levels and therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB (no shadowing). It can be seen that for the required RSCP levels a minimum of 21 sites are required to provide adequate coverage. In comparison, the best RSCP plot of UMTS 900 network is shown in Fig. 2. Again, by using the required RSCP levels UMTS 900 sites are placed ensuring 95% coverage in the analysis area. As expected, the plot shows that UMTS 900 requires only 12 sites to provide better coverage than UMTS 2 100, thereby reducing. approximately 60% of the original number of sites.

7.8 43 3-0 0.9


2-7 -30

Activity
rn S -S CH Pow er (d Bm

Of si
OjSJ-SCH

0.1
27 0.1

Activity AICH Power (dBm)


Activity

P~l
/, 3
AC

22
0.2

PICH Power (dBm)


Activity Noise Rise Limit (dB) Orthogonality Factor

P1jCH

22
0.2 3

0 jC
______ ______0.65

Terminal Parameters Terminal Antenna Gain (dBi) Gk~C~ L-Y Body Loss (dB) Table 2: Cell and terminal parameter settings.

I 0
0 Figure 1: Best Pilot RSCP plot for UMTS 2 100 network.

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Figure 2: Best Pilot RSCP plot for UNITS 900 network. 3.2 Pilot SIR Comparison

Figure 4: Pilot SIR plot for UMITS 900 network. and their respective activity factors. The E/II plots also 0 display similar trends to that of SIR plots, hence not included due to the restricted length of the paper. 4 Concluding Remarks A brief coverage comparison between UMTS 900 and 2100 is presented highlighting the enormous CAPEX savings that can be realized by using UMTS 900. With the ever increasing demand for higher data rate services, UNITS 900 provides a perfect replacement of GSM in 900 MHz Band. References [1] UMITS Forum white paper. "Deployment of UMTS in 900 MHz band", 2006. [2] H. Holma and T. Ahonpiiii and Eetu Prieur, "UNITS 900 co-existence with GSM 900," IEEE VTC, April 2007. [3] ECC Report 82, "Compatibility study for UMITS operarting within the GSM 900 and GSM 900 MHz and 1800 frequency bands", May 2006. [4] 3GPP. TSG RAN. UNITS 900 MHz work item technical report. 3GPP TR 25.816, 7.0.0, Release 7. [5] 3GPP. TSG RAN. BS radio transmission and reception (FDD). 3GPP TR 25.104, 7.5.0, Release 7. [6] 3GPP. TSG RAN. UE radio transmission and reception (FDD). 3GPP TR 25.101, 7.6.0, Release 7. [7] J. Laiho, A. Wacker and T. Novosad, Radio network planning and optimizationfor UMTS, Wiley, 2002. [8] AIRCOM International, 2007. "ASSET User Guide," July

In Figs. 3 and 4, the SIR plots are shown for UMTS 2100 and 900 networks, respectively. These plots are generated after running 100 snapshots and as they also depict a picture of average highest SIR levels, therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB. It can be noticed that the amount of simulated traffic plus the power and resource activity factors of the 12.2 kbps service provides high enough SIR values for UMITS 900 by even using 60% of the total sites than UMTS 2 100. Pilot SIR varies hugely with outer cell interference, hence the above observation is only true for this scenario and can change depending on the amount of traffic, the service type (packet switched or circuit switched)

Figure 3: Pilot SIR plot for UMTS 2100 network.

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