Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed

Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains

CHAPTER 3 Window design for day lighting, ventilation and to
reduce solar heat gains

3.1 Guideline:

OpLImIze LIe wIndow desIgn Lo ucIIeve LIermuI comIorL In u
nuLuruIIy venLIIuLed spuce und Lo reduce energy consumpLIon.










































Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
3.2 Mandatory clause

3.2.1 For air-conditioned buildings
1. TIe U-IucLor (overuII IeuL LrunsIer coeIIIcIenL) Ior u
IenesLruLIon producL (IncIudIng LIe susI und Irume) sIouId
be deLermIned us per LIe ECBC zoo; requIremenLs.
z. TIe soIur IeuL guIn coeIIIcIenL (SHGC) Ior u IenesLruLIon
producL (IncIudIng LIe susI und Irume) sIouId be
deLermIned us per LIe ECBC zoo; requIremenLs.
. TIe U-IucLor und SHGC Ior LIe IenesLruLIon producL
deLermIned us per poInL 1 und poInL z sIouId conIorm Lo LIe
ECBC zoo; recommended vuIues gIven In LIe LubIe beIow
Ior verLIcuI IenesLruLIons.

Table 3.2.1: Vertical fenestration U-factor and SHGC requirements as
recommended in ECBC 2007

Climate
Maximum U-factor
(W/m
2
-K)
Maximum SHGC
for WWR 40%
Maximum SHGC for 40%
< WWR 60%
Moderate 6.9 0.4 0.3

3.2.2 For naturally ventilated non-air-conditioned buildings

n non-uIr-condILIoned buIIdIngs, desIgn un exLernuI sIudIng Ior
wIndows Lo proLecL IeuL guIns Irom dIrecL soIur rudIuLIon und
Ior proLecLIon uguInsL ruIn.
























Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
3.3 Technical guidelines

3.3.1 Windows in air-conditioned buildings
A wIndow (IncIudIng boLI gIuzIng und Irume) In un uIr-
condILIoned spuce Is un ImporLunL eIemenL Lo be unuIyzed wILI
respecL Lo ILs LIermuI perIormunce und ImpucL on energy
perIormunce oI LIuL purLIcuIur spuce. A wIndow Ius ILs ImpucL
on LIe energy perIormunce oI u condILIoned spuce In Lwo wuys:
1. mpucL on LIe HVAC energy consumpLIon oI LIe
buIIdIng
z. mpucL on LIe IIgILIng energy consumpLIon

mpucL on LIe HVAC energy consumpLIon oI u buIIdIng
TIere ure LIree mujor Lypes oI energy IIow, wIIcI occur LIrougI
u wIndow, IuvIng ILs ImpucL
on LIe HVAC energy
consumpLIon:

Non-solcr hect losses cnd
cins in the jorm oj
conduction, contection, cnd
rcdiction: TIe non-soIur
IeuL IIow LIrougI u wIndow
occurs due Lo LIe
LemperuLure dIIIerence
beLween LIe Indoor und
ouLdoor. A wIndow Ioses
IeuL Lo LIe ouLsIde durIng
LIe wInLer seuson und guIns
IeuL Irom LIe ouLsIde durIng
LIe summer seuson, uddIng
Lo LIe energy needs In u
buIIdIng.
Figure 3.3.1: Types of heat energy flow
occurring through window


Solcr hect cins in the jorm oj rcdiction: TIe dIrecL soIur
rudIuLIon enLerIng InLo u condILIoned spuce udds Lo LIe cooIIng
Ioud In summers und reduces IeuLIng Ioud In wInLers In u
buIIdIng.









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains

Injiltrction: nIIILruLIon Is LIe unconLroIIed Ieukuge oI uIr InLo u
spuce Irom LIe ouLsIde LIrougI joInLs und crucks uround u
wIndow Irume, susI, und gIuzIng. TIe uIr LIgILness oI u wIndow
depends on boLI LIe cIurucLerIsLIcs oI LIe wIndow-susI Lype
und overuII quuIILy oI wIndow consLrucLIon-und LIe quuIILy oI
LIe InsLuIIuLIon.
GIven beIow ure vurIous purumeLers reIuLed Lo LIe LIermuI
perIormunce oI u wIndow, wIIcI sIouId be upproprIuLeIy
seIecLed Lo ucIIeve energy eIIIcIency In un uIr-condILIoned
buIIdIng:


L-Iuctor oI Ienestrution
U-IucLor Is u meusure oI LIe ruLe oI non-soIur IeuL IIow LIrougI
u wIndow per unIL ureu per unIL
LemperuLure dIIIerence beLween
Indoor und ouLdoor.

TIe U-IucLor oI u sIngIe-pune
wIndow Is muInIy due Lo LIe LIIn
IIIms oI sLIII uIr on LIe InLerIor und
movIng uIr on LIe exLerIor gIuzIng
surIuces. TIe gIuzIng ILseII does noL
oIIer mucI resIsLunce Lo IeuL IIow.
AddILIonuI punes, II udded, cun
noLIceubIy reduce LIe U-IucLor by
creuLIng sLIII uIr spuces.
Figure 3.3.2: Types of double pane
glass with low-E coating and gas fills

n uddILIon Lo convenLIonuI doubIe-pune wIndows, muny
munuIucLurers oIIer wIndows LIuL IncorporuLe reIuLIveIy new
LecInoIogIes uImed uL decreusIng U-IucLors. TIese LecInoIogIes
IncIude Iow-emILLunce (Iow-E) couLIngs und gus IIIIs.

A Iow-E couLIng Is u mIcroscopIcuIIy LIIn, vIrLuuIIy InvIsIbIe,
meLuI or meLuIIIc oxIde couLIng deposILed on u gIuzIng surIuce.
TIe couLIng muy be uppIIed Lo one or more oI LIe gIuzIng
surIuces IucIng un uIr spuce In u muILIpIe-pune wIndow. TIe
couLIng IImILs rudIuLIve IeuL IIow beLween punes by reIIecLIng
IeuL buck.










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains












Figure 3.3.3: Heat flow through a double-pane glass


TIe uIr gup beLween wIndow punes cun be IIIIed wILI guses,
wIIcI Iuve beLLer LIermuI resIsLunce properLy LIun uIr, sucI us
urgon, krypLon, eLc.

Windou jrcmes ure usuuIIy mude oI uIumInum, sLeeI, wood,
vInyI, IIber gIuss, or composILes oI LIese muLerIuIs. Wood, IIber
gIuss, und vInyI Irumes ure beLLer InsuIuLors LIun meLuI. Some
Irumes ure desIgned wILI InLernuI LIermuI breuks LIuL reduce
IeuL IIow LIrougI LIe Irume. TIese LIermuIIy broken Irumes
cun resIsL IeuL IIow consIderubIy beLLer LIun LIose wILIouL
LIermuI breuks.

Solur heut guin coeIIicient oI Ienestrution
TIe SHGC Is LIe IrucLIon oI LIe IncIdenL soIur rudIuLIon
udmILLed LIrougI u wIndow, boLI dIrecLIy LrunsmILLed und
ubsorbed, und subsequenLIy reIeused Inwurd LIrougI
conducLIon, convecLIon, und rudIuLIon.

AddILIonuI gIuzIng Iuyers provIde more burrIers Lo soIur
rudIuLIon, LIus reducIng LIe SHGC oI u wIndow. TInLed gIuzIngs,
sucI us bronze und green, provIde Iower SHGCs compured Lo
LIe cIeur gIuss. SpecLruIIy seIecLIve gIuzIngs, IncIudIng some Iow-
E couLed gIuzIngs wILI Iow soIur IeuL guIn, bIock mucI oI LIe
sun`s IeuL wIIIe muInLuInIng IIgIer vIsIbIe LrunsmILLunces.


SIudIng und udjusLed SHGC









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
ExLerIor or InLerIor sIudIng devIces, sucI us uwnIngs, Iouvered
screens, sunscreens, veneLIun bIInds, roIIer sIudes, und drupes,
cun compIemenL und enIunce LIe perIormunce oI wIndows wILI
Iow SHGCs. One udvunLuge oI muny sIudIng devIces Is LIuL LIey
cun be udjusLed Lo vury soIur IeuL LrunsmIssIon wILI LIe LIme oI
duy und seuson.

ExLerIor sIudIng devIces ure more
eIIecLIve LIun InLerIor devIces In
reducIng soIur IeuL guIn, becuuse
LIey bIock rudIuLIon beIore IL
pusses LIrougI u wIndow. IgIL-
coIored sIudes ure preIerubIe Lo
durk ones, becuuse LIey reIIecL
more und ubsorb Iess rudIuLIon.

Projection Iuctor

1or horizontol ooerhongs
TIe projecLIon IucLor Ior
overIungs Is cuIcuIuLed by
meusurIng LIe depLI oI LIe
overIung und dIvIdIng LIuL by LIe
dIsLunce Irom LIe boLLom oI LIe
wIndow Lo LIe IowesL poInL oI LIe
overIung.
Figure 3.3.4: Projection factor for a window

1or oerticol fins
TIe projecLIon IucLor Ior u verLIcuI IIn Is cuIcuIuLed by
meusurIng LIe depLI oI LIe verLIcuI IIn und dIvIdIng IL by LIe
dIsLunce Irom LIe wIndow jumb Lo LIe IurLIesL poInL oI LIe
exLernuI sIudIng projecLIon.

TIe SHGC Ior u wIndow IuvIng un exLernuI sIudIng devIce cun
be cuIcuIuLed by muILIpIyIng LIe SHGC vuIue oI LIe gIuss wILI
LIe 'M` IucLor reud Irom LIe LubIe gIven beIow Ior dIIIerenL
projecLIon IucLors Ior dIIIerenL orIenLuLIons.










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
Table 3.3.1: SHGC M factor adjustments for overhangs and fins

Overhang 'M' factor for the projection
factor
Vertical fin 'M' factor for the
projection factor
Overhang + vertical fin 'M'
factor for projection factors
Location
Orient
ation
0.25 0.49 0.5
0.74
0.75
0.99 1.0 +
0.25
0.49
0.5
0.74
0.75
0.99 1.0 +
0.250
.49
0.5
0.74
0.75
0.9
9 1.0 +
N 0.88 0.8 0.76 0.73 0.74 0.67 0.58 0.52 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.31
E/W 0.79 0.65 0.56 0.5 0.8 0.72 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.39 0.24 0.16
North
latitude
15

or
greater S 0.79 0.64 0.52 0.43 0.79 0.69 0.6 0.56 0.6 0.33 0.1 0.02
N 0.83 0.74 0.69 0.66 0.73 0.65 0.57 0.5 0.59 0.44 0.32 0.23
E/W 0.8 0.67 0.59 0.53 0.8 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.61 0.41 0.26 0.16
Less
than 15

north
latitude S 0.78 0.62 0.55 0.5 0.74 0.65 0.57 0.5 0.53 0.3 0.12 0.04

1mpoct on lighting energg consumption
DurIng LIe duy LIme wIen nuLuruI IIgIL, ouLsIde, Is uvuIIubIe In
ubundunce, u wIndow cun be uLIIIzed us u LooI Lo Iurness nuLuruI
IIgIL Irom LIe sun und sky Lo IIgIL LIe spuce. BuIIdIngs, In wIIcI
urLIIIcIuI IIgILIng Is InLegruLed wILI LIe duy IIgILIng, cun reduce
LIeIr energy bIIIs sIgnIIIcunLIy. Good duy IIgILIng In u buIIdIng
depends upon LIe IoIIowIng IucLors:

WIndow wuII ruLIo
TIe wIndow wuII ruLIo
(WWR) Is LIe ruLIo oI LIe
wIndow ureu Lo LIe gross
wuII ureu Ior u purLIcuIur
Iuude. TIe gross wuII ureu
IncIudes boLI LIe wIndow
ureu und LIe ureu oI LIe
wuII surIuce.
Figure 3.3.5: Wall and window dimensions
used for the calculation of the WWR










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
ExumpIe: TIe wuII sIown In LIe IIgure Ius wIdLI 'W` und IeIgIL
'H`. TIe wIndow IeIgIL Is 'u` und wIdLI Is 'b` us sIown In IIgure.

TIe WWR Ior LIe gIven Iuude wIII be = (u x b)J(H x W)

VIsIbIe IIgIL LrunsmILLunce oI gIuzIng
L Is LIe ruLIo oI LIe vIsIbIe
IIgIL geLLIng LrunsmILLed
LIrougI LIe gIuzIng Lo LIe
LoLuI vIsIbIe IIgIL IncIdenL on
LIe gIuzIng.

TIe IIgIer Is LIe vuIue oI VT,
LIe more wIII be LIe umounL oI
duyIIgIL enLerIng InLo LIe
spuce LIrougI gIuzIng.

Figure 3.3.6: Photograph showing wall and
window position in a building


Doglighting ond uindou design
DuyIIgILIng Is uLIIIzuLIon oI IIgIL Irom LIe sun und sky Lo
compIemenL or repIuce eIecLrIc IIgIL. ApproprIuLe IenesLruLIon
und IIgILIng conLroIs cun be used Lo moduIuLe duyIIgIL
udmILLunce und Lo reduce eIecLrIc IIgILIng, wIIIe meeLIng LIe
occupunLs` vIsuuI comIorL.

Doglight perimeter zone for oerticol fenestrotion











Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
TIe duyIIgIL zone ussocIuLed Lo u wIndow cun be deIIned us un
ureu IuvIng u depLI, wIIcI Is LwIce LIe wIndow IeIgIL
(meusured Irom LIe ground) und In LIe dIrecLIon puruIIeI Lo LIe
wIndow, LIe duyIIgIL ureu exLends u IorIzonLuI equuI Lo LIe
wIdLI oI LIe wIndow pIus eILIer 1 m on eucI sIde oI LIe uperLure
us IndIcuLed In LIe IIgure ..; beIow:

















Figure 3.3.7: Day-lit zone explained in the figure as per the description
above










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
TIe duy IIgILed perImeLer zone Ior LIe spuce sIown ubove Ius
dImensIons:
DepLI (m) = z x Y
WIdLI (m) = X + 1 +1

TIe IenesLruLIon
ureu, IocuLed ubove 1
m buL beIow z.z m,
Is consIdered us LIe
vIsIon wIndow ureu.
TIe vIsIon wIndow
ureu Is usuuIIy
provIded wILI LIe
gIuss wILI Iower VT
In order Lo reduce gIure.
Figure 3.3.8: Diagrammatic representation of the light
shelf integrated in the window for daylight
enhancement

TIe IenesLruLIon ureu IocuLed ubove z.z m Is consIdered us LIe
duyIIgIL wIndow ureu. TIe Iurger Is LIe duyIIgIL wIndow ureu,
LIe more wIII be LIe duyIIgIL peneLruLIon InLo u spuce. TIe
duyIIgIL wIndow ureu Is usuuIIy provIded wILI u gIuss wILI
IIgIer VT so us Lo receIve duyIIgIL Lo LIe greuLer depLIs oI LIe
spuce.
TIe duyIIgIL wIndow
ureu cun be desIgned In
Iorm oI IIgIL sIeIves, us
sIown In LIe IIgure
ubove, wIIcI enIunce
LIe peneLruLIon oI
duyIIgIL.









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains


Figure 3.3.9: Height to the separation ratio (H/S) between buildings
















Figure 3.3.10: Graph displaying required WWR and VLT for various H/S ratio


WIen LIere ure buIIdIngs sLundIng opposILe Lo eucI oLIer, LIe
umounL oI duyIIgIL enLerIng LIrougI LIe wIndow geLs reduced.

or dIIIerenL IeIgIL Lo LIe sepuruLIon ruLIos (HJS) Ior buIIdIngs,
one cun cIoose LIe mInImum WWR und VT Irom LIe grupI
gIven beIow Lo ucIIeve good duyIIgIL In LIe spuce Ior cir-
conditioned commercicl buildins.

For Various H:S, VLT and WWR
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
WWR
VLT
H:S - 1:5 H:S - 1:4 H:S - 1:3 H:S - 1:2 H:S - 1:1









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
3.3.2 Windows in non-air-conditioned buildings

TIe wIndow desIgn In non-uIr-condILIoned buIIdIngs Lukes u
dIIIerenL upproucI. TIe gIuzIng sysLem Ior wIndows In non-uIr-
condILIoned spuces Is usuuIIy sIngIe gIuzed unILs wILI u cIeur
gIuss us LIe wIndows wIII be opened Lo uIIow venLIIuLIon; LIus,
LIere Is no reIevunce Lo InsLuII doubIe gIuzIng wILI Iow SHGC
und U-IucLor vuIues.
n non-uIr-condILIoned buIIdIngs,
LIe sIudIng devIce pIuys u crucIuI
roIe In LIe LIermuI perIormunce oI
u wIndow. WIndows on Iuudes,
IucIng dIIIerenL curdInuI
dIrecLIons, sIouId be provIded by
LIe sIudIng devIces, wIIcI cun cuL
LIe dIrecL IncIdenL soIur rudIuLIon
Ior LIe crILIcuI soIur ungIes.

Figure 3.3.11: HSA and VSA measurement
Horizontol sun ongle
TIIs Is LIe IorIzonLuI ungIe beLween LIe normuI oI LIe wIndow
und LIe Sun uzImuLI ungIe uL u gIven LIme us sIown In LIe
IIgure ..11.

TIe IorIzonLuI sun ungIe uL crILIcuI Iours cun be cuL by LIe
verLIcuI IIns provIded us un exLernuI sIudIng devIce.

Verticol solor ongle
L Is LIe ungIe LIuL u pIune conLuInIng LIe boLLom Lwo poInLs oI
LIe wIndow und LIe cenLre oI LIe Sun mukes wILI LIe ground
wIen meusured normuI Lo LIe sIuded surIuce us sIown In LIe
IIgure ..11.

TIe verLIcuI soIur ungIe uL crILIcuI Iours cun be cuL by LIe
IorIzonLuI IIns provIded us un exLernuI sIudIng devIce.

Shoding deoices
TIe exLernuI sIudIng devIces cun be desIgned In vurIous wuys Lo
sLop LIe soIur rudIuLIon enLerIng LIrougI LIe wIndow. TIe
IIgures oI LIe commonIy Iound sIudIng devIces ure gIven beIow:












Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains





Figure 3.3.12: Commonly found shading devices

TIe crILIcuI IorIzonLuI soIur ungIe (HSA) und verLIcuI soIur ungIe
(VSA) Ior IenesLruLIons IocuLed on LIe curdInuI dIrecLIons ure
gIven beIow In LIe LubIe, wIIcI couId be used us u guIdeIIne Lo
cuL down dIrecL soIur rudIuLIon by desIgnIng upproprIuLe
sIudIng devIces
Table 3.3.2 Solar angles for various cardinal directions
Solar angles to be cut on various cardinal directions
Cardinal directions HSA ( ) VSA ( )
North 37.8 79.4
East - 33.2
West - 58
South -68.9 85.1
North-east (NE) 44 42.3
North-west (NW) -50.9 68.3
South-east (SE) -46 43.3
South-west (SW) 39.1 64
Notes:









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
AngIes Iuve been meusured Irom LIe normuI Lo LIe IenesLruLIon.
AngIes meusured unLIcIockwIse Irom LIe normuI oI LIe
IenesLruLIon Iuve been sIown wILI u
neguLIve sIgn Ior LIe HSA

ExumpIe oI u desIgn sIudIng devIce
Ior u wIndow
or u wIndow oI IeIgIL 1. m und
wIdLI m, u desIgn sIudIng devIce Lo
cuL LIe HSA oI q und VSA oI 6o.
DesIgn oI u sIudIng devIce Lo cuL LIe
VSA


Figure 3.3.13: Horizontal shading devices used for cutting VSA

TIe verLIcuI soIur ungIe oI 6o cun be cuL by provIdIng u sIngIe
IorIzonLuI overIung oI IengLI 8q1 mm or IL cun be cuL by
provIdIng Lwo IorIzonLuI projecLIons eucI oI IengLI qo8 mm
pIuced uL u dIsLunce oI ;o mm us sIown In LIe IIgure
..1.

TIe IengLI und spucIng cun be cuIcuIuLed eILIer by LIe druILIng
soILwure, IIke uuLo-cud und skeLcI-up, or by u grupIIcuI meLIod
or IL cun be munuuIIy cuIcuIuLed by LIe muLIemuLIcuI IormuIu
gIven beIow:
DepLI oI u sIudIng devIce = SpucIng beLween LIe sIudIng devIce
x {Lun (qo VSA)]

or u gIven VSA, eILIer oI LIe vuIues Ior depLI or spucIng
beLween LIe sIudIng overIungs cun be seIecLed Lo geL LIe vuIue
oI LIe oLIer.









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
Design of o shoding deoice to cut the HSA
TIe IorIzonLuI soIur ungIe oI q cun be cuL by provIdIng u
sIngIe verLIcuI IIn oI IengLI zqo; mm or IL cun be cuL by
provIdIng Iour verLIcuI IIns eucI oI
IengLI 6; mm pIuced uL u dIsLunce oI
6; mm us sIown In LIe IIgure ..1q.

TIe IengLI und spucIng cun be
cuIcuIuLed eILIer by druILIng soILwure,
IIke uuLo-cud und skeLcI-up, or by u
grupIIcuI meLIod or IL cun be
munuuIIy cuIcuIuLed by LIe
muLIemuLIcuI IormuIu gIven beIow:

Figure 3.3.14: Vertical shading
devices used for cutting HSA

DepLI oI verLIcuI IIns = SpucIng beLween LIe verLIcuI IIns x {Lun
(qo HSA)]

or u gIven HSA, eILIer oI LIe vuIues Ior depLI or spucIng
beLween LIe verLIcuI IIns cun be
seIecLed Lo geL LIe vuIue oI LIe
oLIer.
L Is uIwuys desIrubIe Lo breuk u
sIngIe overIung wILI Iurger
depLI InLo muILIpIe overIungs
oI smuIIer IengLIs.

Figure 3.3.15: Comparison between amounts of
daylight penetration for deep overhang and louvers










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
L enIunces LIe umounL oI duyIIgIL peneLruLIon In LIe spuce.
TIe IIgure In rIgIL-Iund sIde sIows LIe compurIson beLween LIe
umounL oI duyIIgIL peneLruLIon Ior Lwo sIudIng devIces, one
wILI u sIngIe deep overIung und LIe oLIer wILI muILIpIe smuIIer
overIungs.

Dc lihtin cnd WWR
To geL LIe udequuLe duyIIgIL In u commercIuI non-uIr-
condILIoned buIIdIng, one cun cIoose Ior dIIIerenL vuIues oI HJS
und LIe requIred WWR wIIIe InsLuIIIng u cIeur gIuss Irom LIe
LubIe gIven
beIow:








Figure 3.3.16: Height-to-separation ratio (H/S) between buildings
Table 3.3.3 Height-to-separation ratio and the required minimum WWR for
adequate daylight in commercial buildings (non-air-conditioned)
H/S ratio
(H/S between buildings)
Minimum WWR (%) required for
adequate daylighting
1:5 20
1:4 20
1:3 20
1:2 20
1:1 20

To geL LIe udequuLe duyIIgIL In u resIdenLIuI non-uIr-
condILIoned buIIdIng, one cun cIoose Ior dIIIerenL vuIues oI HJS
und LIe requIred WWR wIIIe InsLuIIIng u cIeur gIuss Irom LIe
LubIe gIven beIow:










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
Table 3.3.4 Height-to-separation ratio and the required minimum WWR for
adequate daylight in residential buildings (non-air-conditioned)
H/S ratios
(H/S between buildings)
Minimum WWR (%) required for adequate
daylighting
1:5 10
1:4 10
1:3 10
1:2 20
1:1 20
2:1 50
3:1 60


ExumpIe oI un HJS ruLIo reIuLed Lo WWR Ior u non-uIr-
condILIoned resIdenLIuI buIIdIng
CuIcuIuLe LIe mInImum WWR, needs Lo be provIded, on u Iuce
oI LIe wuII oI u buIIdIng wIIcI Is 18 m IIgI. TIere exIsLs unoLIer
buIIdIng oI LIe sume IeIgIL opposILe Lo LIe gIven Iuude uL u
dIsLunce oI q m.

TIe HJS ruLIo Ior LIe buIIdIng = HeIgILJSepuruLIon
= 18Jq
= zJ1
So, Ior LIe HJS ruLIo oI z:1, LIe mInImum WWR vuIue, Lo be
provIded on u Iuce Ior udequuLe duy IIgILIng In LIe spuce, reud
Irom LubIe gIven ubove comes Lo be o%.

Windou design for noturol oentilotion
WIndows ure requIred Lo ucIIeve nuLuruI cooIIng LIrougI
venLIIuLIon. An opLImIzed wIndow desIgn pIuys u vILuI roIe In LIe
buIIdIng enveIop Lo reduce LIe unnuuI energy consumpLIon boLI
Ior IIgILIng und uIr condILIonIng.
An opLImIzed wIndow desIgn IeIps Lo ucIIeve LIermuI comIorL
wILI no uddILIonuI IInuncIuI InvesLmenL. L uIso IeIps Lo reduce
dependence on uIr condILIonIng, wIere nuLuruI venLIIuLIon Is
possIbIe, und IeIps In reducIng dIscomIorL In nuLuruIIy
venLIIuLed spuces.
TecInIcuI guIdunce, Lo meeL LIe opLImIzed wIndow openIng sIze
Ior uccepLubIe uIr cIunge per Iour und LIermuI comIorL, cun be
ucIIeved by IoIIowIng some sImpIe sLeps us ouLIIned beIow:










Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
Noturollg oentiloted lou-rise residentiol ond office
huildings
I. PerIorm u deLuIIed IILeruLure unuIysIs Ior resIdences und
oIIIces In order Lo meeL LIe LIermuI comIorL und uIr
cIunge per Iour us ouLIIned In NuLIonuI BuIIdIng Code
zoo und SPq1: Hundbook Ior uncLIonuI RequIremenLs
oI BuIIdIngs (excepL IndusLrIuI buIIdIngs).

Table 3.3.5: Desirable wind speed (m/s) for thermal comfort conditions: Clause
5.2.3.1, National Building Code 2005
Dry bulb
temperature
( C)
Relative humidity (%)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
28 * * * * * * *
29 * * * * * 0.06 0.19
30 * * * 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85
31 * 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10
32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 **
33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 ** ** **
34 1.85 2.72 ** ** ** ** **
35 3.20 ** ** ** ** ** **

Table 3.3.6: Air change schedule SP41: Handbook on Functional Requirement of
Buildings







II. PerIorm u LIermuI
comIorL unuIysIs by
usIng LIe
recommended uIr
cIunge per Iour und
openIng sIze und
compure LIe resuILs
wILI LIe ubove-
menLIoned codes.
Fig.3.3.17: Image to illustrate window and opening
area and option to operate
Space to be ventilated in residences Required air change per hour
Bedrooms 36
Living rooms 36
Offices 36









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains

III. TIe desIgn oI LIe wIndows musL IucIIILuLe eusy operuLIon
und sIouId IeIp In reguIuLIng LIe umounL oI openIng us
menLIoned In LIe guIdeIInes.

Iv. DIIIerence beLween wIndow ureu und openIng ureu: TIe
wIndow ureu represenLs LIe overuII ureu oI LIe operubIe
und IIxed ureu oI LIe openIng. TIe openIng ureu
represenLs LIe ureu LIuL wIII udmIL uIr InLo LIe spuce Ior
venLIIuLIon.
v. DesIgn oI LIe wIndow musL IucIIILuLe operuLIon oI LIe
wIndow wILI euse. n LIe ubove Imuge, IL Ius been
sIown LIuL u sIIdIng wIndow cun be one oI LIe opLIons
Ior sucI operuLIons.
vI. WIen cross-venLIIuLIon und sLuck venLIIuLIon ure used Lo
enIunce LIe uIr cIunge per Iour, LIe LoLuI ureu oI LIe
openIng sIouId be In LIe runge us specIIIed In LIe
guIdeIIne.
vII. CondILIons, wIere LIe ouLsIde uIr LemperuLure exceeds
LIe Indoor LemperuLure condILIons, onIy LIe sLuck
venLIIuLIon mode sIouId be used.

NuLuruIIy venLIIuLed IIgI-rIse resIdenLIuI und oIIIce buIIdIngs

I. A wInd speed unuIysIs wILI IncreusIng IeIgIL oI LIe
buIIdIng sIouId be unuIyzed In deLuII.
II. TIe openIng sIze In LIe wIndow musL be coIerenL wILI
LIe wInd speed ucIIeved uL u purLIcuIur IeIgIL us sIown
In LIe IIgure beIow.









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains






















Fig.3.3.18: Image to illustrate wind speed with increasing height of the
building

III. TIe recommended ureu oI LIe openIng musL IoIIow uII
LIe desIgn recommenduLIons ouLIIned In LIe LecInIcuI
guIdeIInes Ior nuLuruIIy venLIIuLed Iow-rIse resIdenLIuI
und oIIIce buIIdIngs.

GuIdeIInes Ior u nuLuruI venLIIuLIon desIgn
I. NuLuruIIy venLIIuLed buIIdIngs In BunguIore sIouId Luke
udvunLuge oI LIe predomInunL wInd orIgInuLIng Irom LIe
eusL und wesL dIrecLIons Lo muxImIze cross-venLIIuLIon.
II. SLuck venLIIuLIon cun be enIunced by provIdIng
openIngs on LIe opposILe sIdes oI u wuII, wIere LIe InIeL
openIng sIouId be IocuLed uL LIe boLLommosL purL oI LIe
wuII und ouLIeL openIngs sIouId be on LIe LopmosL purL
oI LIe wuII In order Lo Increuse LIe IeIgIL dIIIerence
beLween LIe Lwo.









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains












Fig.3.3.19: Diagrammatic representation of stack effect in a room

I. NuLuruIIy venLIIuLed buIIdIngs sIouId Iuve u nurrow
IIoor wIdLI; In IucL, IL Is dIIIIcuIL Lo nuLuruIIy venLIIuLe
buIIdIngs wILI u IIoor depLI more LIun q IeeL.
II. or u LoLuI ureu oI openIngs (InIeL und ouLIeL) oI zoo%
oI LIe IIoor ureu, LIe uveruge Indoor wInd veIocILy LIuL
couId be ucIIeved Is uround o% oI LIe ouLdoor wInd
veIocILy. Even on IncreusIng LIe sIze oI LIe wIndow
IurLIer, LIe muxImum Indoor wInd veIocILy does noL
exceed qo% oI ouLsIde wInd veIocILy.
III. L Is recommended Lo keep LIe boLLom sIde oI LIe
openIng uL 8% oI LIe crILIcuI IeIgIL reIuLed wILI LIe
IoIIowIng puLLern oI ucLIvILIes und reIuLed occupuncy Lo
enIunce pIysIoIogIcuI cooIIng.

Table 3.3.5: Critical height requirement for physiological cooling







Iv. Use oj clerestories or tented sllihts: u cIeresLory or u
venLed skyIIgIL wIII provIde un openIng Ior sLuIe uIr Lo
escupe In u buoyuncy venLIIuLIon sLruLegy. TIe IIgIL-weII
oI LIe skyIIgIL couId uIso ucL us u soIur cIImney Lo
uugmenL LIe IIow. OpenIngs Iower In LIe sLrucLure, sucI
Activity-based occupancy
Recommended height of the bottom side of
the opening
For sitting on chair 0.75 m
For sitting on bed 0.60 m
For sitting on floor 0.40 m









Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Technical Guidelines Guidelines Proposed
Mandatory Clause

Benefit
Window design
for day lighting,
ventilation and to
reduce solar heat
gains
Payback Period
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years
A
m
o
u
n
t

i
n

l
a
k
h

r
u
p
e
e
s
Incremental Investment
Cumulative savings
us busemenL wIndows, musL be provIded Lo compIeLe LIe
venLIIuLIon sysLem.


3.4 Benefits

BeneIits oI the ICBC-compliunt conventionul window
design Ior uir-conditioned boildings in Bungulore
{ulong with duylight integrution osing controls)

L Is observed In uIr-condILIoned buIIdIngs LIuL udopLIng ECBC-
compIIunL wIndows In LIose buIIdIngs Ius IIgI energy-suvIng
poLenLIuI. An energy sImuIuLIon engIne wus used Lo quunLIIy
energy-suvIng poLenLIuI In duyLIme oIIIce buIIdIngs.

n duy-use uIr-condILIoned buIIdIngs, LIe unnuuI suvIngs
In energy consumpLIon Is up Lo z1% by udopLIon oI
ECBC-compIIunL wIndows und duyIIgIL InLegruLIon.
PercenLuge IncremenL In InILIuI InvesLmenL Is up Lo q%.
Puybuck perIod oI LIe IncremenL cosL Is Iess LIun z yeurs
(reIer Lo LIe IIgure beIow).


Fig.3.4.1: Graphical representation of the payback period showing
incremental investment and cumulative savings