WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER

Basic Principle of Transformer :A transformer is static device by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form it consists of two inductive coils, which are electrically separated. But magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance. When one coil connected to a source of alternating voltage an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually induced emf. If the second coil circuit is closed a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred from first coil to the second coil. The first coil in which electric energy is feed from the A.C supply mains is called Primary and the other from which energy is drawn out is called secondary. Application in brief:1. 2. 3. 4. Transforms electric power from one circuit to another. It does so with out a change of frequency It Accomplishes this by electro magnetic induction Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive of influence each other. Classification & types of Transformer Transformer

Transformer related to electrical energy

Transformer related to electronic Circuit

High Power transformer Distribution transformer Furnace transformer Welding transformer Testing transformer Auto Transformer Instrument transformer Core type Transformer: Where the

Low Power transformer Distribution transformer Voltage transformer Ferro Resonant Transformer Converter transformer Pulse transformer Current Transformer 1

primary and secondary windings are located in two links of the core (diagram). The windings surround a considerable portion of the core. Shell Type Transformer where both the coils are located in the central limb thus splitting the core. In shell type the core surrounds a considerable portion of the winding as shown in the figure Construction Transformer consists of laminated cores of a specifically alloy steel having high resistance low hysteretic loss. Each lamination is insulated from each other to minimize the eddy current loss. The two coils are wound on a closed magnetic circuit. The coil connected to the supply is called Primary(P) and the other coil is called Secondary(S) Types of Winding : 1. Singlelayer cylindrical windings:-It is used for low capacity transformers & voltages not over 525V 2. Double layer cylindrical windings;- it is used on transformer with capacity upto 560kVAand voltages not over 525V Multiple-layer cylindrical Windings :- usually wound with round wire with the individual layers separated by plies of interlayer insulation for voltages above 520 Types of Insulation : The common practice is to provide oil impregnated paper insulation and for medium voltages, indoor application transformer with epoxy resin insulation are used in order to reduce the damages due to fire hazards. Normal applications Paper insulation ,Dry type - Epoxy Components of System and their function Transformer Cooling

Types of cooling :
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Air cooling, Oil cooling with natural air Oil cooling with forced oil Water Cooling Heat dissipated by the coil and core is transferred to the oil. The hot oil is higher than the cold oil next to the tank (radiators) and this difference gives rise to a natural circulation of oil in the tank. The heat transferred to the tank sides is then dissipated to the surrounding of air through the radiators The transformer cooling system must be designed so that the temperature rise does not exceed the limit specified. The limits given in relevant standards. Oil immersed transformer winding 95o and exterior surface of core and structural work 105 o

The transformer cooling system must be designed so that the temperature rise does not exceed the limit specified. The limits given in relevant standards. Oil immersed transformer winding 95o and exterior surface of core and structural work 105 o Dry type of transformer Class Y-50 oc A-65 oc E-80 oc B-90 oc F-115 oc H-140 oc Winding Insulation class oil immersed transformer Copper 250 o c Aluminium 250 o c Dry Type Copper Class A 180 oc Class E 250 oc Class B, F,H 350 oc Aluminium windings and insulation Class A 180 oc Class E, B,F,H 200 oc Pressure Relief Valve Fitted on the tank to permit venting out of gases formed inside, protects the transformer tank from explosion. The device consists of a self resetting spring loaded diaphragm should the tanks pressure increases above the calibration pressure the gas pressure will left the diaphragm and vent the excess pressure. Immediately after the pressure returns to normal the diaphragm will rest and reseal the transformer. The relief device is provided with alarm and trip contacts. For our GT pressure sealing is 0.42 Kg/cm2 Breather Installed in a pipe from conservator. One end connected to air cushion in conservator. Other end connected to external air through the breather. Breather is filled with dry silica gel (Pink) when oil in conservator rises air is let out through breather. When oil is contracted during low loads / low temperature air is breathed in by the conservator through breather. Silica gel absorbs the moisture and admits only dry air. Oil Temperature / Indicators The thermocouple is placed in the pocket provided with the tank near hot oil. Thermocouple leads are connected to oil temperature indicator which indicates the temperature. Winding Temperature Indicator Winding temperature indicator installed in Marshalling Kiosk gets inputs for measuring from 3

1) Thermocouple placed in the tank near hot oil. 2) C.T.secondary which measures the current in winding The indicator provided with alarm and trip Starting of Fan 65o Alarm 95 o Trip 120 o HV Bushing:The active part of the bushing consist of an oil impregnated paper core built up around a center pipe/ rod with aluminum foils for the best possible internal & external dielectric strengths .

3) BUCHNOLZ RELAY : Fitted in the pipe between tank and conservator. Gives alarm for incipient faults in the transformer which form gas. Gas pressure operates alarm contacts. Short circuit gives very high pressure and flow of oil through the relay resulting in closing of trip contacts in the relay. Transformer is protected from bursting. Gas samples can be collected and analyzed, to obtain the deterioration of oil and insulation. 4) Conservator : It is a large cylinder connected by pipe to the transformer. Transformer is oil filled upto certain level in the conservator. Remaining upper portion is filled with air. Expansion and contraction of transformer tank oil is accumulated by the air cushion in the conservator. Direct contact with external air is avoided. a) Air cushion connected with external atmosphere through breather. Air, which enters conservator, is dried by silica gel in the breather. b) All cushion contained in rubber bag (bellow) installed with in the conservator. Rubber bag is filled with air of positive pressure. Contact with external air is totally avoided. O.L.T.C It is on load tap changer , changing takes place in primary side because of low primary current. It has totally 17 positions. It will regulate supply from 77Kv low voltage to121 kV high voltage at 11Kv secondary voltage output constantly. OPERATIONAL FEATURES. The following are the losses that occur in the transformer and the losses should be kept low to get maximum efficiency. a) Core loss due to pulsation of magnetic flux in the iron core producing Eddy current and hysterists losses. b) Copper loss due to the heating of the conductors by flow of current c) Stray loss due to stray magnetic fields causing Eddy current in the conductors or in the surrounding tank d) Dielectric loss in the insulating materials particularly in the oil and paper