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1. what is Open Loop and closed loop control systems? Ans. In Open-Loop control, no feedback loop is employed and system variations which cause the output to deviate from the desired value are not detected or corrected. A Closed-Loop system utilizes feedback to measure the actual system operating parameter being controlled such as temperature, pressure, flow, level, or speed. This feedback signal is sent back to the controller where it is compared with the desired system setpoint. The controller develops an error signal that initiates corrective action and drives the final output device to the desired value. In the DC Motor Drive illustrated above, the tachometer provides a feedback.

2. Transfer Function of DC Servo motor? Ans. I have recreated the servo system in the first diagram on the main power servo page here:

In this block diagram, I have represented the DC motor and the potentiometer attached to its shaft as the transfer function G(s), and the amplifier with gain A. We will determine what the allowable range of A is to keep the system stable. The input of G(s) is the armature voltage of the motor, ea, and its output is the motor shaft angular position, m. From the block diagram,

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The closed loop transfer function of this system is

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3. Define Steady state response? Ans. The terms transient response arise naturally in the context of sine wave analysis. When the input sine wave is switched on, the filter takes a while to ``settle down'' to a perfect sinewave at the same frequency. The filter response during this ``settling'' period is called the transient response of the filter.

4. Define stability of a system? Ans. The stability of a system relates to its response to inputs or disturbances. A system which remains in a constant state unless affected by an external action and which returns to a constant state when the external action is removed can be considered to be stable. A systems stability can be defined in terms of its response to external impulse inputs.. Definition A system is stable if its impulse response approaches zero as time approaches infinity The system stability can also be defined in terms of bounded (limited) inputs. Definition A system is stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output.

5. What is Gain margin? Ans. The gain margin is the amount of gain increase required to make the loop gain unity at the frequency where the phase angle is 180. In other words, the gain margin is 1/g if g is the gain at the 180 phase frequency. Similarly, the phase margin is the difference between the phase of the response and 180 when the loop gain is 1.0. The frequency at which the magnitude is 1.0 is called the unity-gain frequency or crossover frequency. It is generally found that gain margins of three or more combined with phase margins between 30 and 60 degrees result in reasonable trade-offs between bandwidth and stability.

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6. What is Nyquist Plots? Ans. There are a number of polar graph options for studying control systems including the nyquist, inverse polar plot and the nichols plot. The nyquist open loop polar plot indicates the degree of stability, and the adjustments required and provides stability information for systems containing time delays. Polar plots are not used exclusively because,without powerful computing facilities, they can be difficult to generate at a detailed level and they do not directly yield frequency values.

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7. What is leadlag compensator ? Ans. A leadlag compensator is a component in a control system that improves an undesirable frequency response in a feedback and control system. It is a fundamental building block in classical control theory. Both lead compensators and lag compensators introduce a polezero pair into the open loop transfer function. The transfer function can be written in the Laplace domain as

where X is the input to the compensator, Y is the output, s is the complex Laplace transform variable, z is the zero frequency and p is the pole frequency.

8. What is state variables?

Ans. In Control Engineering and other areas of science and engineering, state variables are used to represent the states of a general system. The state variables can be used to describe the state space of the system. The equations relating the current state and output of a system to its current input and past states are called the state equations. The state equations for a linear time invariant system are expressed with Coefficient matrices.

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Control Systems:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What are the advantages of a closed-loop control system? Define transfer function. What are time domain specifications of a control system? Define settling time, peak overshoot. What is steady-state error? What is meant by a type of a system? Explain. What are the effects of Proportional, Derivative and Integral control? What is stability? For a system to be stable, what should be the location of poles and zeros of system on s-plane? What is Phase margin and gain margin? Explain their role in determining the stability of a system. 11. What is compensation? How lead and lag compensators improve the performance of a system? 12. What is controllability and observability?