Urbanization in Asia
A Sourcebook for Local Governments
Sustainable Urbanization
in Asia
DISCLAIMER
The presentation of the material and designations employed in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The
analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of
the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Governing Council.
Information contained in this Publication is provided without warranty of any kind, either express or
implied, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose
and non-infringement.
UN-HABITAT specifically does not make any warranties or representations as to the accuracy or
completeness of any such data. Under no circumstances shall UN-HABITAT be liable for any loss,
damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered that is claimed to have resulted from the use of this
Publication, including, without limitation, any fault, error, omission with respect thereto. The use
of this Publication is at the User’s sole risk. Under no circumstances, including, but not limited to
negligence, shall UN-HABITAT or its affiliates be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special or
consequential damages, even if UN-HABITAT has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
HS Number: HS/042/12E
Contributors: Bernhard Barth, José Chong, Bharat Dahiya, Yeonghoon Kim, Thomas Stellmach
Foreword
Urban development challenges in Asia are multi-faceted and appear to be overwhelming at times. They
include insufficient provision of infrastructure, rapidly growing slums, urban sprawl and the associated
degradation of urban and peri-urban ecosystems, high levels of inequality and underemployment.
Many of these local challenges are aggravated by global phenomena such as climate change. This
publication has been developed in collaboration between the International Urban Training Centre
(IUTC) and UN-HABITAT in order to provide basic principles, knowledge and diverse case studies
on sustainable urban development which, if put into practice, should help to put cities on the right
path. The publication provides a brief introduction to urban trends in Asia and offers a host of urban
planning and management entry points for achieving sustainability. The sourcebook builds on the
Sustainable Urbanization training course which was launched at the IUTC in 2007 and will serve
as a background document for such courses in the future. I hope that this Sourcebook will serve to
enhance the capacity and creativity of urban leaders to steer their cities in the right direction. On
behalf of IUTC, I appreciate the valuable contributions of the staff at the IUTC and UN-HABITAT.
The sourcebook on Sustainable Urbanization in Asia, part of a series of publications on urban issues,
is designed for local governments in general and as background reading to support training events
for urban decision makers in particular. It draws heavily on the UN-HABITAT/UN-ESCAP Report,
The State of Asian Cities 2010/11. The sourcebook attempts to provide an overview of the multiple
challenges cities and local governments face and the many entry points to address them. It provides
a framework for achieving urban sustainability through multi-sectoral planning, urban management
and governance and highlights the importance of addressing the multitude of social, economic
and environmental challenges cities in Asia in an integrated manner. At the same time, sectoral
entry points for quick win action are highlighted. Further, opportunities for cities to benefit from
moving towards a green economy are explored. Throughout the publication, long-term planning and
decision-making are emphasized, as cities need to play a more active role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and building up their resilience to natural disasters and climate change.
Gulelat Kebede
Chief, Training and Capacity Building Branch
UN-HABITAT
iv Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments
Contents
7 Urban resilience 34
9 Strategic Planning 42
10 Policy Recommendations 46
60 Asia
China
50
Sri Lanka
40
Thailand
30
Myanmar
20 Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
cultural institutions, allowing for vibrant, mixed- 1.2 What are medium sized
use and culturally diverse urban spaces.
cities?
However, in recent decades more urban Asians Urban areas with populations under one million
have lived in smaller cities and towns than in all act as economic and growth centres and provide
the megacities in the region, a trend expected markets for rural products and urban services,
to continue over the next two decades (see performing the very important task of ‘bridging’
Chart 1.2). Today, 60 per cent of Asia’s urban rural areas and larger urban centres. In this way
population lives in urban areas with populations medium sized cities play an important role
under one million. providing indirect links between the rural areas
and the global economy. Many small towns
not only serve as administrative headquarters
for districts or sub-districts, they also serve as
‘stepping-stones’ for rural migrants on their
way to further destinations. Furthermore, many
small and medium sized towns and cities in Asia
have emerged as important economic centres in
their own right. Hence, it is important to give
more attention to sustainable planning in these
types of cities.
3000
2500
Over 10 million
2000
5-10 million
1500
1-5 million
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
short-term economic gains over overall long-term Asian cities and the trends and challenges of
development stability. This is exemplified by the urbanization in order to appreciate the urgent
vulnerability of cities to natural disasters, which need for sustainable planning and action for
are occurring more frequently and with increasing effective adaption to climate change required to
intensity than in the past. It is important to promote stable, equitable development for present
understand the evolving characteristics of and future generations.
Reflection Questions:
Has your city grown faster than other cities in your country?
The patterns of development in Asian economies: • Financial centres: financial services make up
an attractive business sector for cities, which
• Export–led growth: exports are a significant caters to the needs of foreign and domestic
source of economic growth and employment investors, both directly and indirectly. As a
in Asian countries. Through a combination of dynamic-high growth sector, it is a major
global capital and abundant cheap labour, Asia economic asset on a national, regional and
has created a number of manufacturing bases. global scale. In addition to Tokyo, Singapore,
As Asian countries develop, some now make and Hong Kong, a few Asian cities such as
high-value-added components and capital Shanghai and Mumbai, have made efforts to
goods. Though these goods have traditionally turn into international financial centres.
been destined for foreign markets, with
economic growth has come an expansion of The patterns of economic growth above indicate
domestic markets, which are now gaining in Asia’s advance in becoming a leading participant
importance for growth strategies. in the global economy. However, particularly
for small and medium cities in the region, the
• Knowledge economy: today, Asia is no challenge to realizing their growth potential is the
longer just a source of cheap manufactured lack of cost-effective and high-quality physical
goods and services. Many Asian countries infrastructure, an often inadequate regulatory
have sought new opportunities by improving framework, and the lack of capacity to develop
their innovative capabilities, which has led to and implement a local economic development
next-generation outsourcing. Instead of just strategy. Another significant shortcoming is the
exploiting cheap labour, western companies failure to capitalize on dynamic, ever-expanding
are increasingly looking to Asia for fresh talent and unique informal economies.
and moving their research and development
departments there (for example to Bangalore
in India). This has expanded Asia’s potential
for innovation on a global scale.
Figure 2.1: Urban vs. Rural Share in GDP in Asia and the Pacific (1990-2008)
90
80
70
60 Urban population
Percentage
50
40 Urban share of GDP
30
Agriculture: share GDP
20
10
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
FIGURE 2.1: Share of Urban Areas in GDP, Asia and the Pacific
100.0
85.5 84.5 87.0
90.0 83.5
80.0
80.0
75.5
71.0
70.0 62.5
60.0
Percentage
47.0 46.5
50.0 42.0
40.0 32.5
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
East and South-East South and North and Pacific Asia
North-East Asia South-West Central Asia
Asia Asia
100 25,000
80 20,000
$13,985
60 15,000
%
$7,916
US$
40 10,000
$1,945
20 5,000
$998
$703
$880
$360
$450
$531
$293
$230
0 0
a
an
ia
in ,
ka
re
a
Ch an
l
nd
ne
di
di
re
pa
es
po
an
ist
a
ne
of iw
In
bo
Ko
a
lad
pi
Ne
ail
ga
iL
k
do
ce Ta
lip
m
Pa
of
ng
Th
Sr
Sin
Ca
In
i
Ph
ic
Ba
bl
pu
in
Re
ov
In an effort to legitimise the informal sector, Quezon City has provided stalls and
sites to vendors under the “Integrated Hawkers Management Programme”. Vendors
are assigned individual spots on sidewalks or open spaces under what is known
as “Mayor’s Permits” and for a nominal fee, with priority given to members of the
Hawkers’ Association. Credit is also made available to vendors through the Self-
Employment Programme of Manila Community Services Inc. (Amin, 2002).
Malaysia is another of the few countries in Asia that have given formal recognition to
street vendors. The government’s 1990 national policy on hawkers included funding
for the credit schemes and training programmes that enable street vendors to improve
their business practices and facilities. The policy was part of a broader one aimed
at turning the capital Kuala Lumpur into “a clean, healthy and beautiful city for the
local people and tourists.” The plan involved relocating street vendors to food centres
in buildings or to central sites, and also assisted in the design of vans for mobile
hawking.
As in other South-East Asian cities, the number of street vendors in Kuala Lumpur has
risen sharply since the 1997-98 financial crisis, providing alternative livelihoods
to those who had lost their formal jobs. By the year 2000, the number of
licensed street vendors was close to 35,000, not to mention more than 12,000
unlicensed operators (Bhowmik, 2005).
UN-HABITAT, ESCAP, The State of Asian Cities 2010/11 (citing: Kohpaiboon (2008)
and ZsinWoon et al. (2007))
7
Generally, providing basic urban services such as urban poor being subjected to forced evictions,
water and sanitation, solid waste collection and which disrupt social and economic networks that
disposal, and transportation remains a challenge are vital for survival.
in most Asian sub-regions. The reasons for this
might involve a combination of inadequately With overall income increasing in Asia, the
targeted public resources along with issues number of people living in absolute poverty has
relating to recognition and/or legal tenure in declined in all but a few countries. Yet as shown
informal settlements. in Chart 2.4, in many cases more than 20 per
cent of the population still live under the poverty
With increased demand for land as city centres line of $1.25 a day.
expand, the lack of legal tenure results in the
In 1974, the World Bank decided to support the programme with soft loans
in order to accelerate implementation and upscaling. In 1979, the Indonesian
government endorsed KIP as national policy. By the time World Bank support
came to an end in 1982, the programme had improved the day-to-day living
conditions of close to 5 million urban poor. Permanent monitoring and
assessment, based on trial-and-error, as well as input from the communities,
were the major factors behind the success of the programme.
The KIP has gone through various stages of growth over the past 30 years,
evolving from a physical improvement approach to community-based
development. In the early years, the scheme received adequate support from
the government, international agencies and the people. Although rapid
urban extension remains a major challenge for KIP, recently support from the
government and the community has been waning and no international agency
funding is available to keep the programme going at its original pace. As
a result, the first slum improvement programme in the developing world
has not been able to keep pace with the current growth of slums in
Indonesian cities.
Chart 2.4: Populations Living on Less Than USD 1.25 A Day in Asia and the Pacific
China
Mongolia
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Philippines
Viet Nam
Asia-Pacific
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Earlier (1990 - 1999) Latest (2001 - 2006)
However, the absolute decline of poverty has in distribution between cities of the same country.
many countries occurred in parallel with a marked For example Beijing’s inequality index (Gini
increase in inequality in rural and in urban areas. Coefficient) is among the lowest in the world
This suggests that economic expansion benefits while inequality in Hong Kong, China is among
the better-off more than the poor. An additional the highest in the region.
trend is the significant discrepancy in income
0.9
0.7
0.6
Gini Coefficients
0.58
0.56
0.53 0.53
0.5 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.49
0.45 0.45
0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43
0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42
0.39 0.4 0.38 0.39 International
0.4 0.37 0.37
0.340.35
0.36
0.34
0.36 Alert Line
0.34
0.32 0.32
0.3 0.29
0.22
0.2
gh (2 )
Sh uh i (2 01)
Fu ng 004 )
ou 00 )
0 )
B n 20 )
No ang ga ( 03)
Yi uxi 004 )
ko ut ab (2 3)
Be n (2 04/ )
Zh xi ( 004 )
uh 20 /5)
D oji 004 )
Sh aqin (20 /5)
zh (20 5)
no om 00 )
Pe (2 5)
ka (20 )
Qu Ma rta 04)
Ka Ci (200 )
ok (2 3)
Ce Pas (20 )
Da u C y (2 3)
tc ar 20 )
So sim (200 )
Ch gkh (20 )
Ud onb la(2 6)
Ch tha (20 )
ian ni( 06)
i M a i(2 )
i C i(2 6)
(2 2)
2)
an ina 03
ya (2 /5
bo ty 03
zh (2 /5
Xi (20 4/5
W n (2 4/5
ch (2 /5
5
Ba (2 /5
Ph Col n (2 4/5
Ja nh 002
on a 02
R a rk i ( 6
ha n 06
6
ch H Ma 06
en g 04/
m bo 4/
an 00
a 0
0
on ur 00
nh No 00
ity 00
00
en an 004
ai 04
Sh , Ch (20
ez nil (20
0
m Ci 20
0
0
2
a 0
a (
g
lo ty
n a
i
ng jin
W a
e
a
n
Ko Bei
b
nh
Ho
Ho
(The State of Asian Cities Report, 2010) Many people in Asian cities suffer
from poor health mainly due to poor
environmental conditions that result
poverty has resulted in far less attention being
in malnutrition, poverty, cramped
accorded to environmental issues, in particular living conditions, polluted air and
those associated with urban development, contaminated water. Not only do these
especially due to out-dated laws and their poor conditions pose a major strain on state
enforcement. Based on existing consumption medical facilities, but many of the
patterns, Asia’s natural resource base will soon be poor still lack access to these medical
lower than that of any other region in per capita facilities or other health services in the
terms. Given the high resource and energy needs, first place. These unsanitary conditions
the growth of Asian cities is not environmentally together with high population densities
sustainable. Infrastructure, development and make Asian cities particularly conducive
growth strategies that are resource-heavy will to the breeding, mutation and spread
lock Asian cities into unsustainable consumption of disease.
and production patterns for years to come.
11
which have numerous negative impacts on urban improvements in certain cities such as Bangkok,
inhabitants. Colombo, Dhaka etc. but also serious decline in
air quality in cities such as Jakarta, Phnom Penh,
2.3.2 Prevailing environmental Ulaanbaatar, etc. These declines are thought
conditions to have occurred mostly because of increasing
Air: Air pollution causes as many as 519,000 rates of vehicle ownership, high manufacturing
premature deaths every year. concentrations in inner city areas (as mentioned
above), together with the use of low-quality coal
Air pollution stems from two sources: and wood in cooking/heating stoves.
• Stationary sources e.g. power plants, Apart from drought and flooding, threats
industrial activities and residential and to water resources result from many factors,
commercial buildings. including poor sanitation infrastructure, river
pollution and ground water overuse.
• Mobile sources e.g.: motor vehicles in
particular, due to poor maintenance, poor fuel Currently, urban authorities in Asia find it a
quality and inadequate traffic management. challenge to maintain and/or replace older parts
of water supply systems, many of which are
There is no comprehensive picture of air quality plagued by major leakage that results in serious
in Asia. At best, research has found some changes amounts of wasted water.
in air quality in specific cities. These show
The recycling of wastewater has a significant
impact on relieving the pressure caused by
Water scarcity
insufficient water resources. As of now, only a
According to UNESCO a country can be few Asian cities have the capacity or resources to
considered to be ‘water-scarce’ if total set up large-scale wastewater treatment facilities.
extraction is greater than 40 per cent This is considered a serious problem and
of annual water resources. improved sanitation and wastewater treatment is
a major issue in water management in the Asian
An Asian Development Bank Survey region.
of 18 Asian cities done earlier in
the decade showed that most Solid Waste: Despite records of improvements,
were extracting more than 60 per dumping is still the dominant method of solid
cent of annual volumes needed waste disposal in most Asian cities. While many
for replenishment. In cities such as governments try to improve services and facilities,
Chengdu and Shanghai (China) the developing Asian cities still face serious problems
rate was greater than 80 per cent. with inadequate waste management. While all
Another challenge in Asia is aging countries within the Asian region have policies
distribution systems. For example: in in place to manage waste collection and disposal,
Kathmandu, the distribution system implementation of these rules and regulations
loses around 35-40 per cent of clean is still lacking. Inadequate collection and
water through leakage alone. Similarly, disposal of solid waste in urban Asia is a source
Karachi loses 30 per cent of clean of health hazards, environmental degradation
water, while Chennai loses 25-30 per and greenhouse gas emissions. This indicates a
cent. As water demand rises and/
need for improvements in enforcement, as well
or losses due to leakage grow, the
as increased community awareness to promote
price of water increases and it does so
understanding by, and gain cooperation from,
disproportionately for the poor.
urban dwellers.
12 Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments
Reflection Questions:
What policies are in place and what practices are applied in your city vis-à-vis slum
prevention or slum upgrading?
How does the informal economy contribute to the overall economy in your city?
14 Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments
Asian Urbanization-Challenges
In urban areas, the poor are most Residents of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa district in Pakistan
vulnerable to climate change © UN-HABITAT
DIMENSIO
ICCarbon
M Economy: N
Dependency on fossil fuels, S
NO
inadequate investment in
OF
ECO
renewable energy
Infrastructure: Bad designs lock a
CC
cities consuption patterns for many
years
– Mega demand for land and natural
resources
Globalisation: Cross-country consuption
patterns leading to increase in
DIMENSIONS
trasportation of goods
E NTAL DIMENSI increase in chemical wastage
ALThe dynamic of per capita
NM ON
O
IRO
CI
SO
FC
deforestation, slash and burn consumption between developed
SO
E NV
FC nations:
C
Solid waste management C – e.g. 17.9 in United States as
Atmospheric brown clouds opposed to 1.5 in India*
Consumption patterns tend to
Urban sprawl: increased use of motor positively correlate according to
vehicles, congestion, poor increase in wealth rather thann
maintenance of motors vehicles an indication of the consuption of
a city as a whole.
CLIMATE CHANGE
NTAL IM IMPAC
N ME Increased PACT AL Eco refugesTS OF
CIpoor
O Ground water depletion, S
temperature: urban health and
SO
liveability disproportionate
IR
CC
OF
FC
EC
resources
C
* To Read more refer to UNEP. Atmosperic Brown Clouds: Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia,
http://www.unep.org?pdf/ABCSummaryFINAL.pdf
* To Read more refer to UNEP. Atmosperic Brown Clouds: Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia,
http://www.unep.org?pdf/ABCSummaryFINAL.pdf
Reflection Questions:
How is your city affected by climate change? Are certain economic activities, certain
communities and certain locations differently affected?
19
4 Are Asian cities Rapid urban growth characterises the urban form
equipped to tackle of the contemporary Asian city, which exhibits
planned as well as unplanned spatial expansion.
present
challenges? Following economic liberalization, China has
experienced dramatic urban transformation due
The processes that Asian cities put in place to to the demographic pressure from increased
promote economic growth, social inclusion and number of in-migrants and the emergence of an
address environmental challenges shape their expanding middle class.
ability to develop long-term urban sustainability.
Asia’s urban planning practices are as diverse
as its urban and national histories and current Common characteristics of
political and governance systems. To characterise modernist cities
‘Asian Urban Planning Practices’ this diversity
needs to be considered. The long history of Urban modernism is associated
Chinese and Indian civilizations, the spatial with one or more of the following
constraints of Japan, the socialist planning characteristics:
models of Russia and their impact on North and
Central Asian countries, the multitude of vibrant • Giving priority to the aesthetic
appearance of cities by making
national cultures in South-East Asia, the unique
them spacious, uncluttered, and
histories and cultural heritage of Australia, New with grand views. This provides few
Zealand and the Pacific Islands, etc., all lead to opportunities for the poor or for
specific urban planning practices and contexts, informal activities.
each of them deserving to be studied on its
own. Nonetheless some common characteristics • Priority given to vehicular movement
among Asian countries can be observed. as high car ownership is assumed.
In the 20th century western planning models • Separation of land use - whereby
had a strong influence on Asian urban planning separate areas are carved out for
culture. Many countries in Asia attempted to plan residences, community facilities,
the future development of their cities based on the retail, commerce, industrial activities,
idea of becoming modern and in a way ‘catching etc. It is assumed that people will
up with the west’ (Watson, 2009). However the travel between these areas by car.
associated urban modernism (see box below) as
well as its related outcomes are often considered • Allocating different residential
an unsuitable reference for shaping urbanization densities for different income groups
in Asia and are commonly seen as aggravating (for example, lower densities - one
house per plot - for higher income
environmental and socio-economic challenges.
groups).
4.1 The three main pressures (Watson, 2009)
on Asian urbanization
The contemporary Asian city nonetheless
exhibits significantly higher densities than
On a larger scale, urban corridors and mega–
comparable western cities due to varying factors
regions develop as a consequence of the economic
such as geographical constraints (as in Tokyo,
advantages they offer. National governments
Hong Kong and Mumbai), slower pace of
encourage this development through policies
infrastructure development on the city periphery
that strengthen these special zones via taxation,
compared to urban spatial expansion and rapid
population growth. provision of infrastructure, etc. (see Shenzhen
Special Economic Zone (SEZ), China).
20 Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments
Currently efforts are being made to take of the majority of inhabitants in rapidly growing
ecological principles into consideration while cities, especially who live in informal settlements.
planning new urban areas. For instance, the
Songdo city design in South Korea has obtained Master plans usually do not live up to the
the LEED certification. Another example is important challenges of the 21st century such
Dongtan in China. Despite these efforts these as climate change, food insecurity, oil depletion,
cities cannot offset the increased ecological informality, etc.
footprint they cause due to the increased wealth
and associated change of their populations’ The regulatory aspects of planning usually
lifestyles. Economic factors remain the main embody Western standards and associated
drivers of the urbanisation process. technological requirements that are not only
complex and time consuming but also found
Urban planning is the key to ensuring the to be costly and unsuitable for the urban poor.
sustainable development of Asian cities. Another problem is that plans are often drawn
Planning can guide their growth and integrate up by experts with little or no consultation
economic development and prosperity with with communities. Therefore there is little
social cohesion, with as little environmental understanding of the dynamic and context
impact as possible. of poverty and urbanization within cities
in developing countries, leading to many
One key problem with the predominant generalizations about values, lifestyles, priorities,
planning and urban management approaches is etc., which many not really align with the realities
that they fail to accommodate the “way of life” in Asian cities (UN-HABITAT 2009).
Reflection Questions:
Which of the plans in your city are being funded and implemented, which plans are
out-dated or are not being implemented?
What percentage of the area of your city is planned; what is the percentage of people
living in unplanned areas?
To what extent does the cultural context influence the rapid transformation of the
cities?
The rapid transformation of Asian cities is happening now. Which mistakes can be
avoided by learning from previous transformations of similar kind in Europe or North
America? How can new technologies - from high-rise buildings to ‘smart cities’ - be
exploited to the fullest?
What are the current urban trends in planning practices in Asia, in which ways do they
differ from region to region, and in which ways can external models be imported?
How can local planning tradition be preserved and at the same time modernised to
accommodate new needs?
Are urban planning practices taking into account local culture and participatory
processes?
22 Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments
Economy
Ma
g
nin
na
ge
n
Pla
me
nt
SUSTAINABLE
URBANIZATION
Equity Ecology
Governance
Source: Adapted from Cohen et.al (2009)
Public participation has many benefits, • An established distinction between short and
including: long-term objectives; to create legitimacy and
maintain commitment, rapid progress has to
- Better planning process and
be made on selected short-term actions.
identification of problems
- Better and faster execution of
• Outputs that are adopted through proper
actions
prioritization and sequencing of action.
- Better response to local needs
- Greater ability to deliver within • A willingness to strive for consensus backed
budget, with clear priorities
up by conflict resolution techniques and
- Increased residents’ understanding sound political decision-making.
of problems
- Better support from residents • Establishment of monitoring and evaluation
towards initiatives processes to track progress and outcomes, and
- Greater sense of belonging and that allow learning from experience. These
influence amongst local inhabitants should also allow for citizen involvement in
- Increased community cohesion monitoring implementation.
- Capitalizing on people’s experiences
and community resources • Provision of long-term support to cities
by local government associations, national
governments, bilateral donors and/or
(ESCAP, UN-HABITAT, 2011)
27
Reflection Questions:
How are urban governance, planning and management supporting sustainable urban
development in your city?
The Low Energy Office government building is a first of its kind in Malaysia.
Located in Putrajaya, the building exceeded projected energy savings of 50
per cent compared to buildings lacking in energy-efficient design, achieving a
total 58 per cent savings.
A few of the building’s cost-effective, energy-conserving measures include:
• Windows primarily orientated to where there is less direct sunlight
• Windows also equipped with appropriate shading mechanisms to allow maximum
light while minimizing heat.
• The roof is equipped with 100mm of insulation (compared with the usual
25mm), and a second canopy has been set up to protect the roof surface
from direct solar radiation.
These simple measures, together with several other innovations such
as natural air ventilation, an innovative lighting system, etc., help
reduce the energy burden of the building.
(Asia Business Council, 2007)
sustainable job market through the nurturing of economic development, it is also necessary
of ‘green’ industries within cities provides an to understand what the future demographic
economically and environmentally attractive projections are for the working populations in
manner of achieving both equity and sustainable Asia and what it means for national and city
development. economies. Chart 6.1 demonstrates the varying
labour challenges to be faced by Asian economies.
To further demonstrate the urgent need to shift
focus to a more effective and sustainable form
200,000
50,000
25,000
(10,000)
Saudi Arabia
Philippines
Hong Kong
Singapore
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Vietnam
Taiwan
Korea
Japan
China
India
Based on current trends, the world working age vary from country to country. Countries such
population is set to grow from 4.5 billion in 2010 as Korea, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan will be
to 5.2 billion in 2025. It is thought that Asia will facing an aging population, becoming relatively
be responsible for 300 million of those additional ‘labour-poor’ over time. However, countries such
700 million workers. However, these trends as India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia
and Vietnam will have a larger labour force in
Advantages of creating green jobs: the future, making them relatively ‘labour rich’.
For labour rich economies the challenge will
• The emerging green economy has be to employ the excess workers and foster real
flexibility to accommodate and offer economic gains through productive industries;
employment opportunities for a wide whereas labour poor countries will have to
range of skills and experiences. employ their shrinking work forces in higher
value-added jobs in order to ease the burden on
• Industries that are related to carbon
reduction such as renewable energy these workers of supporting a growing retired
sectors and waste management can population, as well as find workers with the right
create new jobs that previously did skills for new, technology-driven industries.
not exist.
• It is estimated that over the next two
decades the number of green jobs
could reach 100 million worldwide
– some of these jobs can be created
in existing industries that are usually
not thought of as green industries.
• Particularly for labour rich
economies, more jobs at home
would drive domestic economic
gains by reducing the pressure to
migrate or work abroad.
Reflection Questions:
What opportunities do you see for your city to move towards a “Green Economy”?
(ACCCRN, 2009)
35
rehabilitation, reforestation,
Measures of climate change wetlands, urban eco-system
adaptation in cities restoration) to reduce impacts
of extreme events (for example
Social flooding) and sea-level rise.
• Enhance community resilience • Explore urban agriculture for climate
• Upgrading of slums: Relocation of change adaptation
extremely vulnerable settlements and • Investing in storm water drainage
infrastructure • Placement of early warning systems
• Ensuring all relevant actors and • Reduction of and adequate disposal
organizations have capacity and of solid waste
knowledge prompted by good
governance • Reduce environmental burden
of transportation and urban
• Invest in effective emergency services infrastructure
• well trained and provisioned health
services Urban Planning, Management and
Economic Governance
• Access financing mechanisms such • Setting up a climate change
as the UNFCC Adaptation Fund coordinating mechanism at the
• Insurance schemes highest level of the city.
• Ensure economic development • Climate proofing Land Use Plans as
occurs according to principles of well as citywide and sectoral plans
sustainability • Climate change and natural disasters
• Diversification of jobs, focusing on don’t stop at municipal boundaries;
climate dependent livelihoods governance systems need to respond
to this fact
Environmental
• Environmental Management needs
• Climate proofing of urban to consider climate change
infrastructure, e.g.: seawalls and
storm surge barriers as well as water • Disaster Management needs to
and sanitation, transport and energy consider the changing nature of
infrastructure. disasters
• Explore eco-systems based (UNISDR, 2005, ICLEI, 2009,
adaptation (coastal zone UN-HABITAT 2011)
37
climate change. For example energy savings transport requirements with their associated
will reduce energy costs and in some cases greenhouse gas emissions.
will reduce air pollution.
• Transport: Invest in public transport;
• Reducing sprawl can reduce the costs promote non-motorized transport.
transport and infrastructure services and the
associated environmental costs. • Buildings: Make municipal buildings
‘green’, promote energy efficient building
• The investment decisions taken today can and construction techniques and material,
‘lock in’ a particular level of emissions for the and provide incentives for energy savings.
future that may not be sustainable.
• Waste: Compost organic waste or recover
What cities can do to reduce their greenhouse methane from landfills.
gas emissions?
• Urban Design: use opportunities to • Energy: Promote renewable energy, for
increase city density and reduce sprawl, example solar water heaters.
which would reduce infrastructure and
Reflection Questions:
In your opinion, what are key climate change actions the local government should
take?
Water
Infrastructure
Transportation
Infrastructure
Sewage
Infrastructure
Blue / Green
Infrastructure
Dynamics of
Waste
Liveable City
Infrastructure
Communications
Infrastructure
Energy
Infrastructure
The Integrated Sustainable Waste Management political, legal and environmental aspects to
framework recognizes three important dimensions assess current situations.
Sustainability
Generation Transfer Treatment
and separation Collection and transport and disposal Process
time
Reduction Reuse Recycling Recovery
Aspects
Technical
Environmental / health
Financial / economic
Socio-cultural
Institutional
Policy / legal / political
Source: WASTE (advisers on urban environment and development), Gouda, the Netherlands
Do we need it? Define the need (vs. greed) Light during the day
Source: UN-HABITAT, IUTC (2012): Sustainable Urban Energy- A Sourcebook for Asia
Cycle of
Mimited parking walkable, increased travel
supply bikeable
cities
Key characteristics of Transit Oriented • High-quality public spaces, and streets which
Development: are pedestrian and cyclist friendly
• A rapid and frequent transit service
• Medium to high density development within
• High accessibility to the transit stations 800 metres of a transit station
Reflection Questions:
In your opinion, which sectors promise the biggest development gains with limited
investments and simple changes to management and governance?
What opportunities do you see for the sector departments in your city to collaborate
more closely?
42 Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments
are we now
Where ?
IDENTIFY
STAKEHOLDERS
EA GET ANALYSE
AG
2
STARTED &
ST
o?
ASSESS
1 3
og
STA
A re
GE
a nt t
LANNING
IC P PR
B
EG
ADJUST
ESTABLISH
w
&
10
d o we w
AT
OC
4
e getting there?
MODIFY
STR
VISION
ESS
F O R SU
9 ENT
W h e re
5
MONITOR PM
&
ST
EVALUATE
LO
NA E SET
AI
BLE EV OBJECTIVES
U RBA N D
8 6
STA
G
7
ED
STRATEGIES
A
ST
SELECT
ACTIONS
How
d o w e ge t t h e r e ?
The next step is to decide which actions Planning is a continuous process. This
are better equipped to meet the step helps answer the question: “Are
identified objectives, while addressing we getting there?” Monitoring involves
social, environmental and economic a continuous process of measuring
issues, and fitting with current urban progress and performance of each
planning priorities and gaps. When step in the planning process to identify
doing this it is necessary to assess successes and failures as early as
the consequences of actions and possible. Evaluation on the other hand,
groups of actions (strategies), and utilizes the information gained from
using this information to prioritize the monitoring to see if changes need to
best ones. It is also useful to evaluate be made.
mainstreaming opportunities and then
refine actions and strategies to take Step 10: Adjusting and modifying
advantage of these.
As cities are rapidly and constantly
changing, objectives and plans too
Step 8: Implementing actions
need to change and adapt to current
Generally, when moving from ideas situations on a regular basis. New
to actions, planners often tend to information and knowledge that may
be less effective. Ideas are generally develop along the way should also
poorly implemented due to a variety be taken in and given consideration.
of reasons such as lack of political will, Long-term plans and strategies should
lack of cooperation between sectors, be reviewed and if deemed necessary,
funding and resources not coming adjusted. This should occur every 5
through, etc. Considering these issues years.
at an early stage can increase the
possibility that ideas actually become
actions.
CHAPTER ONE:
CHAPTER TWO:
• UNEP, Atmospheric Brown Clouds: regional
assessment report with focus on Asia (2008). • Cohen, Michael, William Morrish, Anushay
Available from: http://www.unep.org/pdf/ Anjum, and Lisa Guaqueta (2009).
ABCSummaryFinal.pdf Participatory Planning, Management
and Governance, Strategy Paper for UN-
• UN-HABITAT, The Challenge of Slums HABITAT.
- Global Report on Human Settlements
2003 (2003a). Available from: http:// • ESCAP, UN-HABITAT, Are we building
www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails. competitive and livable cities? Guidelines for
aspx?publicationID=1156 developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive
infrastructure (2011). Available from: http://
• UN-HABITAT, Slums of the World: www.unescap.org/ESD/environment/infra/
the face of urban poverty in the new documents/UN_Sustainable_Infrastructure_
millennium (2003b). Available from: http:// Guidelines_Preview.pdf
www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.
aspx?publicationID=1124 • UN-HABITAT and UN-ESCAP (2010)
The State of Asian Cities 2010/11, UN-
• N-HABITAT, Quick Guides for policy
U HABITAT, Fukuoka.
makers 1-7: Housing the poor in Asian cities
(2008). Available from: www.unhabitat.org/ • atson, V. (2009). The planned city sweeps
W
pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2918 the poor away.: urban planning and the
21st century urbanisation. Progress in
• N-HABITAT, Global report on human
U
settlements: Planning sustainable cities Planning,72, 151-193.
48 Sustainable Urbanization in Asia: A Sourcebook for Local Governments