ASSIGNMENT

ON
INSURANCE SECTOR

SUBMITTED BY:
Lloyd’s Club House
History of World Insurance Industry

By the midpoint of the 17th century, insurance was increasingly a focus

of the English middle-class business community. Their mobile cash and
credit resources challenged the status quo. The emergence of
coffeehouses became a dynamic process. They not only posed a
challenge to the landed nobility's financial power, but they created
opportunities for revolutionary business practices.

In the late 1680s, merchants and others who wrote insurance as a

sideline were gathering at Edward Lloyd's Coffee House. They actively
worked to attract seafarers and Lloyd's soon became a commercial
center. In addition to auctioning various items, Lloyd's was particularly
hospitable to shipping interests.

When Edward Lloyd died in 1712, son-in-law William Newton

succeeded him. The Coffeehouse subsequently passed through many
hands. Although Marine underwriters gathered there in the early 1700s,
it is not clear when it became a true insurance marketplace. The best
evidence suggests that Lloyd's developed gradually as it provided
increasingly comprehensive world shipping news.
The Growth of Maritime Business

British maritime trade grew significantly from 1690 to 1720. This, in

turn, greatly expanded the need for insurance. In 1717, promoters
sought government charters for two marine insurance companies—the
Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation and the London Assurance.
Their strategic goal was to eliminate competing corporations, groups, or
partnerships from marine insurance.

For several years, the companies' ambitions were thwarted until they
made a strategic adjustment. In time-honored fashion, they offered King
George I a bribe. The King's influence prevailed and charters were
granted under the existing 1720 Bubble Act. The legislation had been
passed in response to the "South Sea Bubble." This man-made disaster
involved the catastrophic failure of a stock company organized to
monopolize Britain's South Sea trade. When its shares became
disastrously over-inflated, the company's collapse caused financial panic
throughout the country.

Royal Exchange and London Assurance also hoped to take over most
marine insurance handled by individual underwriters. In a classic case
of unintended consequences, under the 1720 legislation, individuals
actually received competitive protection from other insurance
organizations. Ironically, the chartered companies wrote mostly fire
insurance and for years left the marine insurance market to individuals.
Individuals of Dubious Character

By the 1750s, Lloyd's had gained considerable visibility and

prominence. Unfortunately, it gradually became infiltrated by persons
of dubious character, particularly inveterate gamblers. Gambling was so
rampant that when newspapers published names of prominent people
who were seriously ill, bets were placed at Lloyd's on the anticipated
dates of their death. Reacting against such practices, 79 merchant
underwriters broke away in 1769, and 2 years later formed a "New
Lloyd's Coffee House" that became know as the "real Lloyd's."

The first Lloyd's Committee was established in 1771 to create and

monitor a sometimes problematic self-regulating code of behavior. Now
a society, Lloyd's consisted of a group of independent men allied by
mutual interests. It relocated to the Royal Exchange Building in 1774
where it provided Lloyd's first true underwriting room and where it
remained for 50 years. John Julius Auger stein, later called "the Father
of Lloyd's," became chairman in 1795 and subsequently initiated many
additional organizational changes and efficiencies.

The Question of "Reinsurance"

London's fledgling insurance business faced catastrophic losses like

those of today's insurers—but with a crucial difference. There was no
"reinsurance" to spread risks among insurers. Various reinsurance
methods have come and gone over the centuries; however, the principle
remains the same: to spread the risk among insurers.
Although not widely known today, reinsurance actually was illegal in
Britain between 1745 and 1864. At that time, the ruling powers believed
that reinsurance facilitated gambling by enticing those so inclined to
wager. The ban's fallacy became obvious as early as 1780, when French
and Spanish fleets captured 55 of 63 vessels traveling in a consolidated
convoy of troopships and merchant vessels. The ships belonged to the
East India and West India companies. Their capture generated an
unprecedented £1.5 million loss and caused many Lloyd's underwriters
to default on their obligations.

Early Lloyd's Professionalism

Lloyd's became more cohesive and professional over time. In 1800, its
underwriting room was restricted to merchants, underwriters,
insurance brokers, and bankers—all of whom needed to be
recommended by two or more members. A £15 subscription fee helped
control chaotic overcrowding and eliminates "undesirables."

Lloyd's prospered with the British economy. During the Napoleonic

Wars, insurance rates generated large profits. Prices of goods also
moved upward, benefiting underwriters. In 1811 Lloyd's was London's
only marine insurance market. However, with the 1812 battle of
Waterloo, Lloyd's first golden age began a steep decline.

Hard Times at Lloyd's

By 1818, commodity prices and wartime premiums fell as competition

heated up from new, powerful insurers. Another body blow came when
Lloyd's ostensible monopoly on marine insurance was eliminated by
decree in 1824, opening up such underwriting to others. Interestingly,
nearly all newly formed insurers wrote fire and life insurance, not
marine. Although a few strong companies wrote some marine insurance
and were competitive with Lloyd's, they were not vibrant enough to
constitute a serious threat.

For a time, Lloyd's went through a period of considerable difficulty. It

had 2,150 subscribers in 1814, but by 1843, membership had fallen to
fewer than 1,000 and only 190 of these were professional underwriters.
As the 1850s approached, prospects were improving as the last vestiges
of the Coffee House were disappearing.

Lloyd's Reorganizes

During the middle third of the century, Lloyd's established four

subscriber categories: underwriting members, no underwriting brokers,
Merchants' Room subscribers, and Captains' Room subscribers. Only
underwriting members could sign Lloyd's policies. No underwriting
brokers were annual subscribers. Merchants' Room subscribers
included merchants, bankers, and traders who were encouraged to
make market investments. Captains' Room subscribers were seafaring
men who sometimes sold ships and goods at auction.

However, changes would soon develop. The Captains' Room became a

separate club opened to others for an annual fee but was not successful.
Likewise, the Merchants' Room lasted only 10 years because of pressure
for space. This left just two member categories—underwriters and no
underwriters; the latter group ultimately declined to only a few.

By the 1860s, Lloyd's still remained a small institution providing

facilities for marine insurance transactions. It would take another
decade before the foundation was laid for building a much stronger
organization. The Lloyd's Act of 1871 created its first detailed
constitution sanctioned by Parliament and established the Lloyd's
Society as a legal entity. This, in essence, certified the economic
importance of insurance. The act defined the Committee of Lloyd's
authority and duties, delineated rules for underwriting members,
addressed punishment of members, and gave the Committee the right to
grant Underwriting Room admission to persons (called "associates")
not engaged in the insurance business.

As a new century approached, Lloyd's improvements in organization

and governance paved the way for the decisive leadership of Henry
Hozier, Frederick William Marten, and Cuthbert Heath. These
individuals of exceptional vision and perseverance would lay the
groundwork for Lloyd's 20th century emergence as a creative force in
almost every line of insurance.
History of Indian Insurance Industry

The history of insurance in India dates back to the year 1818, when the
Oriental Life Insurance Company was formed in Kolkata. The Life
Insurance Act of 1912 marked the beginning of a new era in the
insurance sector of India.

The Indian Insurance Companies Act was passed in the year 1928. This
act empowered the government of India to gather necessary information
about the life insurance and non-life insurance organizations operating
in Indian financial markets.

The Triton Insurance Company Ltd. formed in 1850 and was the first of
its kind in the general insurance sector in India. The Indian Mercantile
Insurance Limited was established in 1907, and was the company in
India to handle all classes of insurance.

The insurance sector in India has come a full circle from being an open
competitive market to nationalization and back to a liberalized market
again.

Tracing the developments in the Indian insurance sector reveals the 360-
degree turn witnessed over a period of almost 190 years.

The business of life insurance in India in its existing form started in

India in the year 1818 with the establishment of the Oriental Life
Insurance Company in Calcutta.

Some of the important milestones in the life insurance business in India

are:

1912 - The Indian Life Assurance Companies Act enacted as the first
statute to regulate the life insurance business.

1928 - The Indian Insurance Companies Act enacted to enable the

government to collect statistical information about both life and non-life
insurance businesses.

1938 - Earlier legislation consolidated and amended to by the Insurance

Act with the objective of protecting the interests of the insuring public.

1956 - 245 Indian and foreign insurers and provident societies taken
over by the central government and nationalized. LIC formed by an Act
of Parliament, viz. LIC Act, 1956, with a capital contribution of Rs. 5
crore from the Government of India.

The General insurance business in India, on the other hand, can trace
its roots to the Triton Insurance Company Ltd., the first general
insurance company established in the year 1850 in Calcutta by the
British.
Some of the important milestones in the general insurance business in
India are:

1907 - The Indian Mercantile Insurance Ltd. set up, the first company to
transact all classes of general insurance business.

1957 - General Insurance Council, a wing of the Insurance Association

of India, frames a code of conduct for ensuring fair conduct and sound
business practices.

1968 - The Insurance Act amended to regulate investments and set

minimum solvency margins and the Tariff Advisory Committee set up.

1972 - The General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972

nationalized the general insurance business in India with effect from 1st
January 1973.

107 insurers amalgamated and grouped into four companies’ viz. the
National Insurance Company Ltd., the New India Assurance Company
Ltd., the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. and the United India
Insurance Company Ltd. GIC incorporated as a company.
The Malhotra Committee, 1993

Reform in the Indian insurance sector was initiated with the formation
of the Malhotra Committee in 1993. It was named after R.N. Malhotra,
the then Finance Secretary and RBI Governor, who headed the
committee.

The aim of the Malhotra Committee was to assess the functionality of

the Indian insurance sector. This committee was also in charge of
recommending the future path of insurance in India.

The Malhotra Committee attempted to improve various aspects of the

financial sector, making them more appropriate and effective for the
Indian market.

The recommendations of the committee put stress on offering

operational autonomy to the insurance service providers and also
suggested forming an independent regulatory body.

“Malhotra Committee” was constituted by the government in 1993 to

examine the various aspects of the industry. The key element of the
reform process was Participation of overseas insurance companies with
26% capital. Creating a more efficient and competitive financial system
suitable for the requirements of the economy was the main idea behind
this reform.
In 1994, the committee submitted the report and some of the key
recommendations included:

i)Structure
Government stake in the insurance Companies to be brought down to
50%. Government should take over the holdings of GIC and its
subsidiaries so that these subsidiaries can act as independent
corporations. All the insurance companies should be given greater
freedom to operate.

ii) Competition
Private Companies with a minimum paid up capital of Rs.1bn should be
allowed to enter the sector. No Company should deal in both Life and
General Insurance through a single entity. Foreign companies may be
allowed to enter the industry in collaboration with the domestic
companies.
Postal Life Insurance should be allowed to operate in the rural market.
Only one State Level Life Insurance Company should be allowed to
operate in each state.

iii) Regulatory Body

The Insurance Act should be changed. An Insurance Regulatory body
should be set up. Controller of Insurance- a part of the Finance
Ministry- should be made independent

iv) Investments
Mandatory Investments of LIC Life Fund in government securities to be
reduced from 75% to 50%. GIC and its subsidiaries are not to hold
more than 5% in any company (there current holdings to be brought
down to this level over a period of time)

v) Customer Service
LIC should pay interest on delays in payments beyond 30 days.
Insurance companies must be encouraged to set up unit linked pension
plans. Computerization of operations and updating of technology to be
carried out in the insurance industry.

The committee emphasized that in order to improve the customer

services and increase the coverage of insurance policies, industry should
be opened up to competition. But at the same time, the committee felt
the need to exercise caution as any failure on the part of new players
could ruin the public confidence in the industry. Hence, it was decided
to allow competition in a limited way by stipulating the minimum
capital requirement of Rs.100 crores.

The committee felt the need to provide greater autonomy to insurance

companies in order to improve their performance and enable them to
act as independent companies with economic motives. For this purpose,
it had proposed setting up an independent regulatory body- The
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority.
Insurance Act, 1938 to IRDA Act, 1999

Reforms in the Insurance sector were initiated with the passage of the
IRDA Bill in Parliament in December 1999. The IRDA, since its
incorporation as a statutory body in April 2000 has fastidiously stuck to
its schedule of framing regulations and registering the private sector
insurance companies.

The other decisions taken simultaneously to provide the supporting

systems to the insurance sector and in particular the life insurance
companies was the launch of the IRDA’s online service for issue and
renewal of licenses to agents.

The approval of institutions for imparting training to agents has also

ensured that the insurance companies would have a trained workforce
of insurance agents in place to sell their products, which are expected to
be introduced by early next year.
Since being set up as an independent statutory body the IRDA has put
in a framework of globally compatible regulations.

Duties, Powers and Functions of IRDA

Section 14 of IRDA Act, 1999 lays down the duties, powers and functions
of IRDA.

1. Subject to the provisions of this Act and any other law for the time
being in force, the Authority shall have the duty to regulate, promote
and ensure orderly growth of the insurance business and re-insurance
business.

2. Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in sub-

section (1), the powers and functions of the Authority shall include, -

(a) issue to the applicant a certificate of registration, renew, modify,

withdraw, suspend or cancel such registration;

(b) protection of the interests of the policy holders in matters concerning

assigning of policy, nomination by policy holders, insurable interest,
settlement of insurance claim, surrender value of policy and other terms
and conditions of contracts of insurance;

(c) specifying requisite qualifications, code of conduct and practical

training for intermediary or insurance intermediaries and agents;

(d) specifying the code of conduct for surveyors and loss assessors;

(e) promoting efficiency in the conduct of insurance business;

(f) promoting and regulating professional organizations connected with

the insurance and re-insurance business;

(g) levying fees and other charges for carrying out the purposes of this
Act;
(h) calling for information from, undertaking inspection of, conducting
enquiries and investigations including audit of the insurers,
intermediaries, insurance intermediaries and other organizations
connected with the insurance business;

(i) control and regulation of the rates, advantages, terms and conditions
that may be offered by insurers in respect of general insurance business
not so controlled and regulated by the Tariff Advisory Committee under
section 64U of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938);

(j) specifying the form and manner in which books of account shall be
maintained and statement of accounts shall be rendered by insurers and
other insurance intermediaries;

(k) regulating investment of funds by insurance companies;

(l) regulating maintenance of margin of solvency;

(m) adjudication of disputes between insurers and intermediaries or

insurance intermediaries;

(n) supervising the functioning of the Tariff Advisory Committee;

(o) specifying the percentage of premium income of the insurer to

finance schemes for promoting and regulating professional
organizations referred to in clause (f);
(p) specifying the percentage of life insurance business and general
insurance business to be undertaken by the insurer in the rural or social
sector; and

(q) exercising such other powers as may be prescribed.

The Law Commission has favoured a review and revision of the

Insurance Act, 1938 in such a manner that "it should not only promote
insurance but also protect the interests of policyholders and strengthen
the Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) to ensure
financial stability in this sector.

IRDA has to play a vital role for the regulation and development of
insurance business. The report recalled that following a raft of
discussion held with the IRDA, the Law Commission prepared an
exhaustive Consultation paper in June 2003, identifying thirteen
tentative grounds of revision of the Insurance Act, 1938 and the IRDA
Act, 1999 ranging from merger of relevant provisions of IRDA Act with
the Insurance Act 1938 to harmonising of the Act with rules and
regulations.

On repudiation of life insurance policy under extant Sec 45 Insurance

Act 1938, the Commission has recommended taking into account the
suggestion of the Life Insurance Corporation that after the expiry of five
years, no policy of life insurance can be repudiated on any ground
whatsoever. However, an insurer can repudiate a policy before the
expiry of five years on the ground that the insured has made a
misstatement of or suppressed a material fact.
While Section 38 of the IA provides for assignment and transfer of life
insurance policies, there are certain anomalies in the working of sub-
sections.

Hence the Commission has recommended that a clear distinction be

made between absolute assignment and conditional assignment. As
Section 39 of the IA provides that the policyholder might nominate one
or more persons to whom the money secured by the policy should be
paid in the event of the death of the policyholder, the Commission has
favoured amending this section to make a distinction between a
"beneficial" nominee and a "collector" nominee.

Max New York Life Insurance Company

• VISON:

To become the most admired life Insurance Company in India.

• MISSION:

Become one of the top quartile life insurance companies in India.

Be a national player.
Be the brand of first choice.
Be the employer of choice.
Become principal of choice for agents.
 • Joint Venture Partner-

Max New York Life Insurance Company is a joint venture between New
York Life International Inc., a Fortune 100 company and America's
largest life insurance provider and Max India Limited one of the leading
multi-business corporations in India. Max New York Life Insurance Co
Ltd is a Rs. 250 crore joint venture with a paid up capital of Rs. 807
crore. Max India has raised its economic interest in life insurance joint
venture with a foreign partner, Max New York Life (MNYL) from 50%
to 74%.

It is widely known that as per the agreement signed between the two
leading giants in 2003, the New York Life was contributing 26 percent in
the 26:74 joint venture for every equity investment made. Max was
contributing 50 percent and the remaining 24 percent was funded
through an advance paid by New York Life to it. New York Life had an
option to raise its shareholding in the JV close to 50 percent at the par
value, in case of a relaxation up to 26 percent in the FDI sectoral cap in
the insurance segment. These terms were approved by the Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) and were highlighted in
the successive annual reports of Max India.
• Asset Under Management-

Max New York Life Insurance announced that it has clocked Rs. 2,100
crore in collected premiums for the period Jan - July 2008 recording a
growth of 81% over the similar period last year. Of this, first year
premiums contributed Rs. 1195crore, while earnings from renewal
premium stood at Rs.905 crore. The company has acquired around 27
lakh policies since inception and is ranked number 3 amongst private
life insurers in terms of number of policies sold (YTD June). The Assets
Under Management have also increased to over Rs.4138 crore on July
31, 2008 as compared to Rs.2271 crore on July 31, 2007. The capital
base of the company is expected to expand to Rs.3600 crore from
current equity base of Rs.1,232 crore.

New York Life is one of the largest and strongest life insurance
companies in the world with more than USD$215 billion assets under
management and has received among the highest ratings for financial
strength from the life insurance industry's principal rating agencies:
A.M. Best (AA+), Standard & Poor's (AA+), Moody's (Aa1), Fitch
(AAA). According to Moody's, "New York Life's rating reflects the
company's good quality investment portfolio, ample liquidity, and sound
capitalization, as well as the good growth potential of its international
business.”
• Strategies-

Max New York Life Insurance is further strengthening its investment

function, the growth strategy of the company. The company plans to
strengthen its investment desk by adding analysts and fund managers
and launching more fund options to provide better value to its
customers of both ULIP and traditional products. The company also
announced completion of one year of its Growth Super Fund, which has
provided a return on investment of 20.2% as on 30th May 2008. At a
time when equity markets have been volatile, the Growth Super Fund
has performed exceptionally well. During the same period CNX 500
recorded a growth of 11.11% and the BSE Sensex a growth of 12.86%.
Growth Super is a fund that has the mandate to invest a minimum of
70% in equity and can scale it up to 100%, with the rest invested in debt
and cash instruments.

For future expansion

i) Recruitment Vertical
ii) Health and Retirement Plan
iii) Highly Network Individual
iv) CEIP
v) Max BUPA:-Max India and BUPA International
vi) General Insurance

• Products –
Max New York Life brings to you specially customized products and
services that are flexible and can e customized to suit your needs
It now has 30 life insurance products and 8 riders that can be
customized to over 800 combinations enabling customers to choose the
policy or plan that best fits their need. These include:

INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE
Protection Plans:
• Whole Life
• Level Term
• Five Year Term R & C
• Life Partner Plus
Savings:
o Life Gain Endowment
o Life Pay Money Back
o Life Gain Plus 20
o Life Gain Plus 25
o 20-Year Endowment

Unit Linked:
o Life Maker Premium
o Life Maker Gold
o Life Maker Platinum
o Life Maker Pension
o Life Invest
GROUP INSURANCE
o Group Term Life
 o Group Gratuity
o Employee Deposit Linked Insurance
o Credit Shield
o Unit Linked Group Gratuity
o Unit Linked Group Superannuation
RURAL INSURANCE
o Max Suraksha
o Easy Term
o Max Mangal Endowment
o Max Vriksha Money Back

MAX ASSURE
o Max Assure Bonus Builder
o Max Assure Business Builder
o Max Assure Money Back
o Max Assure Future Builder
o Max Assure Secure Returns Builder

NAV
• Life Maker Investment Plan
• Life Maker Pension Plan
• Life Maker Premium
• Smart Steps
• Group Gratuity
• Group Superannuation

• Max Amsure Secure Returns Builder

Different Channels of Distribution

i) Agency Channel:- In Max New York Life Insurance, business is

done mainly through Agent Advisor. In India it has more than 55000
agents.

Two Programs is run under Agency Channel

i) AAP: - Agency Association Program

ii) CEIP

ii) Bancassurance: - Bancassurance is an innovative distribution

channel involving banks to sell insurance products of Insurance
Companies. Max New York Life Insurance has tied up with Yes Bank

iii) Direct Sales Team (DST):- Max New York Life Insurance makes
a data base of potential customers; contact them on the telephone to
market different policy of the company.

iv) Alternate channels - Business is done through associate partners,

internet etc.

Span of Organization
Max New York Life Insurance has a strong growth focus. The company
plans to significantly expand its distribution footprint by opening more
than 100 new offices every year for next 3-4 years. The number of agent
advisors is expected to touch 2, 00,000 from current 36,500. The growth
in agency distribution will be complemented by strong growth in
partnership distribution. The company currently has an equity base of
Rs.1, 032 crore. To support this growth plan, the shareholders are
committed to increase the capital base to Rs. 2,650 crores over the next
3-4 years. There are 13000 employees all over India and 55000 Agent
advisors.

CEO (Chief Executive Officer)

Channel Head

2 Vice President
M.P (Managing Partner)

SGO (Senior General Officer)

Partner

6 A.P (Associate Partner)

9 ASM/SM (Assistant Sales Manager/Sales Manager)

68.50%

Investment of Max New York life

18.3%

7.8%
5.30%
G-Sec (Rating: Sovereign)
Infrastructure (Rating:AAA /AA+)
Corporate
Cash & Short Term
Max New York Life invests only in safe debt
instruments with the highest credit ratings.

Our current portfolio has almost 70% invested in GOI bonds, 25% in
corporate bonds (AAA and AA rated bonds only). The balance 5% is
invested in short-term cash instruments to meet working capital
requirements.
.IRDA has overarching rights to amalgamate companies and change the
management to protect policyholder interests.

Actuarial of Max New York Life

Appointed actuaries are a life insurance company’s watchdogs. They are
there to ensure that a life insurance company is run properly and that
all liabilities towards policyholders are appropriately and correctly
recorded in the books
.IRDA has mandated that life insurance companies get two auditors to
certify the accuracy of accounts. Max New York Life’s auditors are
PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young. The regulator keeps a
close watch on a life insurance company’s assets to ensure that all
investments are safe and secure.

Comments:-

Max New York Life is the first company to be awarded license by IRDA
after liberalization of the insurance industry. The Company's paid up
capital is Rs. 657 crore, which is more than the norm laid down by
IRDA.

I think that the company has positioned itself on the quality platform
and it has developed a strong corporate governance model based on the
core values of excellence, honesty, knowledge, caring, integrity and
teamwork. The main strategy is to establish itself as a trusted life
insurance specialist through a quality approach to business. Their
financial practices are prudent enough to ensure safety of policyholder's
funds. Its primary channel of distribution is individual agents. As being
the best in class agency distribution model in place, the company is
spearheading a major thrust into additional distribution channels to
further grow its business. The five-pronged strategy to pursue
alternative channels of distribution includes the franchisee model, rural
business, direct sales force involving group insurance and telemarketing
opportunities and corporate alliances. It also offers a suite of flexible
products.

So the company has a strong distribution channel and solid strategies. It

also has a wide range of products, which will certainly help the company
to grow in the near future.