An Extension to the General Theory of Relativity An attempt to unify electromagnetism and gravity into a single unified field theory

Mark Christopher Luke Scarpelli 03/02/2011

Contents

1. Mathematical Study 2. Gravity Theory 3. Power 4. The Future 5. Glossary 6. Bibliography

Mathematical Study: In classical physics the equivalence of Gravitational and Inertial Forces was looked upon as a remarkable achievement. This principle of equivalence states that Inertial Forces cannot be distinguished from Gravitational Forces. In pursuing the General Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein was led to a theory of Gravitation, since he was able to "produce" a Gravitational Field merely by changing the system of coordinates. I propose an extension to the Gene ral Theory of Relativity: Electric Forces are also equivalent to Inertial and Gravitational Forces. Proving this theory may be possible by constructing a device which exhibits Independent Energy Fields. With sufficient intensity, the device should produce an electric field which will simulate Mass and function as a satellite. One should be able to "produce" a Gravitational Field, merely by changing the values in the initial system of coordinates.

Data:

A c cm Dyne 1 Erg E Erg F Hz g Pi s V X /

Ampere speed of light centimeter g cm/sE2 1 Dyne cm Exponent energy Force Hertz gram 3.14159 second volt multiplication division

3 X 10E10 cm/s Unit of Force Unit of Energy

1g cmE2/sE2

Example 1: Mass of moon = 7.36 X 10E25 g Radius of orbit = 3.85 X 10E10 cm Velocity of moon = 102000 cm/s Gravitational acceleration of Earth at Moon location = .27 cm/sE2 Earth's Moon functions as a satellite because the Moon's Inertial Force balances the Earth's Gravitational Force.

Inertial Force in Dynes, IF = mass X velocity squared / radius IF = (7.36 X 10E25 g) X (102000 cm/s) E2 / 3.85 X 10E10 cm IF = 1.988 X 10E25 g cm/sE2 IF = 2.0 X 10E25 Dynes Gravitational Force in Dynes, GF = mass X acceleration GF = 7.36 X 10E25 g X .27 cm/sE2 GF = 1.987 X 10E25 g cm/sE2 GF = 2.0 X 10E25 Dynes Gravitational Force equals Inertial Force

Example 2: An experimental device can have arbitrary dimensions. A cylindrical shape can be constructed and positioned on the Earth's equator. The radius of the cylinder orbit is taken as the radius of the Earth. Radius of cylinder orbit velocity at equator volume of cylinder radius Initial Mass Inertial Force in Dynes IF = mass X velocity squared / radius of orbit IF = 2.0 X 10E5 g X (44700 cm/s) E2 / 6.37 X 10E8 CM IF = 6.27 X 10E5 Dynes Gravitational Force in Dynes GF = mass X acceleration GF = 2.0 X 10E5 g X 980 cm/sE2 GF = 1960 X 10E5 Dynes For the cylinder to function as a satellite, the Inert ial Force should equal the Gravitational Force. By creating an electric field equal in mass to 6.23 X 10E7 g, the mass in the Inertial Force Equation will equal 6.25 X 10E7 g. The Inertial Force will then equal the Gravitational Force and the cylinder will function as a satellite. 6.37 X 10E8 cm 44700 cm/s 5.56 X 10E8 cmE3 762 centimeters 2.0 X 10E5 g

Energy = mass X speed of light E2 Ergs = mass X (3.0 X 10E10 cm/s) E2 Ergs = 6.23 X 10E7 g X (9.0 X 10E20 cmE2/sE2) Ergs = 5.625 X 10E28 g cmE2/sE2 This Electric Field should encompass the volume of the cylinder (5.625 X 10E28 Ergs) 5.56 X 10E8 cmE3

= 11.24 X 10E18 Ergs/cmE3

Electric Fields can be measured In Amperes and Volts. Ergs/cmE3 = Amperes X (Volts) E2 / 8pi 8pi X 11.24 X 10E18 Ergs/cmE3 = Amperes X (Volts) E2 2.8 X 10E20 Ergs/cmE3 = A X VE2 If A = 83000 then V = 5.84 X 10E7 Wattage needed 4.84 X 10E12

Gravity Theory: The Lumineferous ether has been a continuing idea for the last 200 years. I firmly believe this ether exists and is composed of the many wavelengths of energy which traverse space from every direction and distance. This energy creates a sea of energy which has been theorized and calibrated for a hundred years. The low frequencie s which stars, planets and black holes produce bend this sea of energy and produce gravimetric attraction. Every particle bends the Ether in the same way, but its a bit more difficult to measure the gravimetric effects of atoms. It is the vibrations of particles which bends the Lumineferous Ether and creates Gravity. The more particles the greater the vibration and the greater the gravimetric force. The Sea of Energy acts like the intelligence on a carrier wave (Gravity Wave), if you think of the sending and receiving of electromagnetic waves f rom radios using amplitude modulation. In Einsteins thought experiment of travelling close to the speed of light, he envisioned the bending of light rays from the back side of objects. This bending relates directly to the mass of objects, and the mass of objects relates directly to electromagnetic fields which can be artificially produced. An electromagnetic field which produces the bending of light rays changes the initial values in your system of coordinates and creates, what can be referred to, as Mass Simulation.

Power: A wave which continually reinforces itself is described as having non-linear positive feedback. When a wave is generated which produces non-linear positive feedback, a static charge of increasing amplitude is created. The power of this static charge is determined by the intrinsic properties of the wave producing device. Utilizing low frequency waves it may be possible to produce non -linear positive feedback and create usable electric en ergy. A low frequency wave is characterized by the size and configuration of a planet. The size will determine the circumference of the planet and the fundamental frequency. The configuration of the planet determines the number and size of core structur es. These core structures are responsible for additional harmonic frequencies and large scale magnetic fields. Planetary waves are nearly stationary and considered standing gravitational waves. Low frequency transmitters need exceptional power to generat e one complete wave. Low frequencies are easily absorbed by atmospheric energy fields. However, experimenting with the harmonic frequencies of the Earth will yield a frequency which produces a wave that forms a Regenerative Feedback. A complete wave wil l form a standing wave with a single nodal point. A single nodal point will produce non-linear positive feedback. The static charge produced will create a field which reaches maximum amplitude quickly. A controlled energy transfer would siphon off usable electric energy and introduce maximum power amplitude. An uncontrolled energy transfer could produce small scale lightning, large scale ionization, large scale thermal convection, and a large scale energy field. A large scale energy field will simulate m ass and enhance the Inertial Force, thereby producing a satellite with non -ballistic 8

motion. Initial harmonic frequencies of the Earth 7.5, 15, 30 Hz An experimental device could be constructed without the use of conductive materials. This would enable the collection of electrons using an electromagnetic field which resonates with the Earth and draws the electrons to a specifically shaped device. I would construct a Torus shape which would enable the collected electrons to be manipulated and enhance the initial electromagnetic field. The device would become a static electricity generator and collector. The device could either produce usable electric energy or, become a mass simulator.

The Future: Constructing devices which resonate with the earth can create large amounts of usable electric energy. Since the Earth is the power source, there would be no need of fossil fuels to produce electricity. The electric grid can be powered exclusively with Ear th resonant power and electricity would be virtually free. The whole of civilization would be freed from the downward spiral of environmental destruction. Every emerging country could count on virtually infinite electric energy for development, food production, travel, and general household uses. When used as a mass simulation device, ships can be constructed to replace the fossil fuel burners now used in air traffic. I see a world where the transportation platforms are quiet and never crash. I can see transportation devices which are used to traverse space at light speeds, merely by changing the initial values in a system of coordinates. With sufficient intensity distances shorten and time becomes negligible. When the intensity of the electromagnetic fiel d becomes great enough the coordinate of time is replaced by the coordinate of distance . You could call this altered coordinate system Hyperspace. The bending of light from all sources will show where the points of distance in the altered coordinate system are located in relation to your specific position in space. Travelling to a distant star will be possible by moving to the position where the bending of light from the star passes close by your position in the altered coordinate system. You would be visiting the star in the stars past position.

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Glossary: Charge - quantity of electric energy, coulombs Amp X second Dyne - the force necessary to give acceleration of one centimeter per second per second to one gram of mass. Electron volt - energy acquired by any charged particle carrying unit electronic charge when it falls through a potential difference or on e volt. 1 electron volt = 1.60207E-12 erg. An electron volt is associated through the Plank constant with a photon of wavelength 1.2395 microns. Electronics - denotes man made system for the generation of energy fields. Electrostatic unit - the force of 1 Dyne between charges 1 cm apart. Energy (En) - the capability of doing work. Potential energy is energy due to position of one body with respect to another or to the relative parts of the same body. Kinetic energy is due to motion. In cgs units, the erg, the energy expended when a force o f one dyne acts through a distance of one centimeter; the joule is 1 X 10E7 ergs. The potential energy of mass m, raised through a distance h, where the acceleration due to gravity a is En= mah. The kinetic energy of mass m, moving with a velocity v is, En = m (vE2)/2. Energy will be given in ergs where m is in grams, g in cm/sE2, h in cm, and v in cm/s. Energy of a charge in ergs where Q is the charge and V the potential in electrostatic units, En = QV/2

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Energy of the electric field - if H is the electric field intensity in electrostatic units and K the specific inductive capacity, the energy of the field in ergs/cmE3 is: En = K(HE2)/8pi Energy of rotation - is a mass whose moment of Inertia about an axis is I, rotates with angular velocity w about this axis, the kinetic energy of rotation will be, En = (IwE2)/2. Energy will be given in ergs if I = g/cmE2 and w in radians per sec. Energy - force, vigor. With energy is connected the id ea of activity; with force that of capability, with vigor that of health. Experiment - any action taken to discover something not yet known, or to demonstrate something theorized. Force - that which changes the state of rest or motion in matter, measured by the rate of change of momentum. The absolute unit - the dyne, the force which will produce an acceleration of one centimeter per second per second in a gram mass. The gram weight or weight of a gram mass is the cgs gravitational unit. The force F required to produce an acc eleration a in a mass m is given by F = ma. If m is substituted in grams and a in cm/sE2, F will be given in dynes. Force between two charges, Coulomb's law if charges q and q' are at a distance r in a vacuum, force between them is, F = q X q'/rE2 The force will be given in dynes if q and q' are given in electrostatic units and r in cm. Force between two charges, F=mXm1/uXrE2 m, m1 = cgs units of pole strength. two the

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Gravity - generally, the force that tends to draw all mass toward the center of the universe; or specifically, toward the center of mass-energy systems. Vibrations of particles of any size, quarks to galaxies, produce the Lumineferous ether and gravity, together. Hyperspace - when energy relationships represent extreme conditions, normal space dimensions change. Example - an object travelling at 60% radiation speed produces measureable distortions in space. The natural universe appears to warp and the hi gh speed object appears to lengthen. Law - a general statement, involving space and time that enables us to correlate events and thereby deduce orbits of particles. Since a law does not deal with specific events, but with the intrinsic properties of nature, it must be the same for all observers regardless of their frames of reference. This is the essence of the principle of invariance. Magnetic flux density - Tesla (T) = 1 Weber/ME2, 1 Weber = 1 Volt s. Mass - a system of energy forces which combine numer ically, to form a measurable structure, measured in grams. Matrix human mathematical construct (language), which allows measurement of forces that result from interactions between mass, energy, space & time, the calibration of universal phenomena. Phenomenon - any occurrence or fact that is directly perceptible. Regenerative Feedback This is the property of an electrical device to synchronize with an associated electrical device to enhance the power of the initial electrical device. Resonant Energy - feedback of radiated waves which intensifies or diminishes the related energy fields. Satellite - a body held in orbit by the gravitational attraction of a more massive body. 13

Second - unit of time. Simulation - Imitation; to mimic with an alternate system. Simulation Mechanics - deals with the relationship of changeable energy fields in the four dimensional matrix; representing mass, energy, space & time. Speed - relationship between space and time, measured in m/s. Standing Waves - produced between two confining surfaces If a wave advancing from one to the other is reflected back and forth between the surfaces so that interference between an advancing and a reflected wave occurs; Resonant Energy. System - an arrangement of connected parts which form unity: generally...the universe; specifically...atoms. Universe - system whose parts have the characteristics of mass, energy, space, and time.

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Bibliography: Albert Einstein The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity Translated from "Die Grundlage der allgemelnen Relatlvltatstheorie" Annalen der Physik, 49, 1910 Albert Einstein Relativity, the special and general theory Henry Holt and Co., 1920 A. Einstein, H. A. Lorentz, H. Veyl, H. Minkowski The Principle of Relativity Dover Publications, Inc., 1952 The American Radio Relay League, Inc. The Radio Amateur's Handbook The Rumford Press, 1954 Donald Goldsmith, Donald Levy From the black hole to the infinite universe Holden-Day, Inc. 1974 David Halliday, Robert Resnick Fundamentals of Physics, 2nd edition John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981 Delton T. Horn Basic Electronics Theory Tab Books, Inc. 1985 Lloyd Motz, Jefferson Hane Weaver The Story of Physics Plenum Press, 1989 15

Herbert Friedman The Astronomer's Universe W. W. Norton & Co. 1990 Martin Gardner The New Ambidextrous Universe W. H. Freeman a Co., New York, 1990 Peter Coveney, Roger Highfield The Arrow of Time Fawcett Columbine, Mew York, 1990

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