EVAPORATOR Titilayo Adeyemi Beckom Patner: Group 3 Abstract: The objectives of this experiment include observation of the boiling

action in the evaporator and the determination of capacity and economy as they are affected by operating pressure. Introduction: The experiment is the large glass evaporator. Water is evaporated in a long tube surrounded by a steam jacket. The boiling mixture of liquid and water vapor enters a spherical separator. The vapor flows on to a condenser whilst the water portion drops into the center section of the evaporator and is recirculated. A water-driven aspirator is used to evacuate the apparatus for reduced pressure runs. Steam used for heating has its pressure controlled with a pressure regulator (please do not change the set pressure). Water level in the evaporator is manually controlled by monitoring its level in the central glass column. Open the ball valve for not more than 5 seconds at a time to admit city water into the equipment and close it again Experimental: To set the operating pressure, first turn on the aspirator drive water valve. Adjust the position of three-way vacuum valve located on the evaporator top product accumulator section, and set the desired vacuum with the vacuum regulator. Starting with the highest vacuum, at least 3 data points including one for the atmospheric pressure is required to plot the graphs of efficiency, economy, and capacity versus pressure. Use a graduated cylinder and a stop watch to determine the volumetric flow rate of vapor product and the heating steam. The collection time is decided by the rate of the vapor condensed in the condenser, the lower the operating pressure, the higher is the rate of the vapor condensed. At the completion of the experiment notify the instructor to shut off the system. Do not leave the equipment before the shut off completed. Open and leave the evaporator drain valves on.

Sample Calculations: Heating Steam Pressure vs. Feed Temperature Plot Fahrenheit-Celsius Conversion T=212 deg. F T(deg C)=(5/9)*(212-32)=100 deg C Pressure Conversion from inHg gauge to KPa absolute PG = -7.2 inHg

PABS = PATM+PG = (29.9-7.2) inHg = 22.7inHg ( )

Feed Water Temp (F) 212 199 192 184

Feed Water Temp (C) 100 92.77778 88.88889 84.44444

Feed Water Temp (K) 373.15 365.9278 362.0389 357.5944

Heating Steam Pressure (inHg gauge) 0 -7.2 -9.8 -13.2

Heating Steam Pressure (inHg abs) 29.9 22.7 20.1 16.7

Heating Steam Pressure (KPa abs) 101.253 76.87101 68.0664 56.55268

Pressure vs. Temperature

120 100 80 P(KPa) 60 40 20 0 355 360 365 T (K) 370 375 Pressure vs. Temperature Poly. (Pressure vs. Temperature)

Steam Capacity

Interpolated steam table values to obtain specific volume P= 76.8 KPa; T=92.8 C V=2140.8888887200005 cm3/kg **1 cm3=1mL** ( )

Heating Steam Pressure (KPa abs)

Feed Water Temp (C)

Q cond.vap or product (ml/s) 0.086956 0.6417 0.833333 1.11805

specific volume (m^3/kg)

m cond. vapor product /capacity (kg/h) 0.18711392 7 1.07904712 5 1.22649174 2 1.37184049 1

Q cond. heating steam (ml/s)

m heating steam (kg/h)

101.25300 59 76.871011 18 68.066401 97 56.552682 24

38.473892 18 24.928339 55 20.036889 99 13.640379 02

1673 2140.888 889 2446 2934

1.2461059 19 1.5986394 56 3.2791327 91 2.4271844 66

2.6813994 67 2.6881834 32 4.8261970 76 2.9781404 49

Capacity
1.6 1.4 Capacity (kg/h) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 Vacuum (KPa) 40 50 Capacity Poly. (Capacity)

Steam Economy **For given steam condensate flow rate, conversion to kg/h is done in the same manner as for vapor condensate results are in table above** P= 76.8 KPa; T=92.8 C; capacity=0.187113927 kg/h; kg/h steam used =2.688183432 kg/h

m condensed vapor product/capacity (kg/h) 0.187113927 1.079047125 1.226491742 1.371840491

m heating steam (kg/h) 2.681399467 2.688183432 4.826197076 2.978140449

Economy 0.06978219 0.40140383 0.25413213 0.4606366

**Highlighted Data was removed from plot**

Economy
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 10 20 30 Vacuum (KPa) 40 50

Economy

Economy Poly. (Economy)

Efficiency

 =Enthalpy of vapor= 2663KJ/kg =Enthalpy of saturated vapor = 2676KJ/kg = Temperature of saturated liquid =373.15 K =Temperature of liquid=365.9K = Enthalpy steam = 2703 KJ/kg =Enthalpy condensed steam = 495.2 KJ/kg ( )=

Heat Absorbed by Process Fluid Values in the numerator obtained from steam table Heat Supplied by Steam (@12 psig) 12 psig 620.6 mmHg gauge 29.9 inHg 759.5 mmHg atmosphere PABS= (620.6+759.5) mmHg gauge = 1380.1 mmHg abs

Steam Table Interpolation yields Hs = 2702.666 KJ/kg; Hcs=493.8 KJ/kg ( ) ( ( )( ) ) ( ( ( ) )( )( ) )

( ( ( )(

) ) )

HV (KJ/ kg) 2676

HVS TF (K) at (KJ/ kg) 2676 373.15

TFsat (K)

373.15

Cp (KJ/ kg* K) 4.18

Hs (KJ/kg ) 2702.6 66

Hcs (KJ/k g) 493.8

Numerator (KJ)

Denominator (KJ) Efficienc y

5922.852115 0.000000

2663 2658 2650

2676 365.92777 78 2676 362.03888 89 2676 357.59444 44

373.15 373.15 373.15

4.18 4.18 4.18

2702.6 66 2702.6 66 2702.6 66

493.8 493.8 493.8

18.54762113 34.88687621 53.53226449

5937.836985 0.312363 10660.42263 0.327256 6578.313181 0.813769

Highlighted Data was removed from plot Efficiency plotted is in fraction form

Efficiency
0.009 0.008 0.007 Efficiency 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 0 20 40 60 Vacuum (KPa) Efficiency Poly. (Efficiency)