Overview: : Overview: Introduction to CT Structure of CT Equivalent circuit of a CT Specification and Accuracy Applications 2 Introduction: : Introduction: Current transformer or CT is a type

of instrument transformer that is used in power system for measurement, detection, and protection the system. It is a device used to measure large current by scaling large primary currents to a smaller, easy to measure, secondary currents. 3 Introduction: : Introduction: In power distribution system, high voltage and high intensity of current always present. 4 Special instruments are needed Brief history: Measuring instruments, such as ammeters, voltmeters, kilowatt-hour meters, etc , whether electromechanical or electronic, meet insuperable design problems if faced with the high voltages or high currents. For these reasons the use of instrument transformers (CT and PT) followed very soon by the development of AC power circuits. Such transformers were developed by a number of workers during the nineteenth century and by 1900 had come into fairly general use. Introduction: : Introduction: 5 Instruments, With high voltage and current Problems (Isolation, high lose, large size of instrument,) CT is used to isolate the instruments from the power circuits reduce the current to lower level to be measured more easily. Solution Structure: : Structure: 6 There are four basic types of current transformers: window-type CT contain no primary winding. Instead, the wire that carries the current is threaded through a window in the toroidal transformer. Bar-Type CT The bar-type CT is a window-type CT with a primary bar inserted straight through the window. Donut-shaped CT(window-type CT) Bar-type CT Structure: : Structure: Split-Core Type CT The split-core type CT is a special case of window-type CT. Its winding and core construction is such that it can hinge open, or totally separate into two parts Wound CT consist of an integral primary winding that is inserted in series with the conductor that carries the measured current. 7 Split-core type CT Structure: : Structure: 8 Window-type CT Wound CT Structure: : Structure: Current transformer is a step up transformer. The current is stepped down in a known ratio called current ratio. 9 For example, a CT with a current ratio of 300:5 will produce 5 amps of secondary current when 300 amps flows through the primary. 300A 5A Current = ratio ammeter reading Equivalent circuit: : Equivalent circuit: The equivalent circuit of a CT is that of a typical transformer; however, the parameters of the circuit are different. 10 Zb: the burden impedance Equivalent circuit: : Equivalent circuit: R1 and leakage inductance xl1 can be omitted since I1 is determined by the external line load. The circuit is simplifies to: 11 Equivalent circuit: : Equivalent circuit: 12 I1 = I1/a ; IM = (a^2)*IM I1 = IM + Ib According to this equation Ib is smaller than I1/a The error is caused by the magnetizing current. Phase diagram: : Phase diagram: 13 I1=I1/a Ib Phase shift IM Specification: :

Specification: Current Transformers performance specifications, includes primary current, secondary current, Ratio, insulation voltage, accuracy, and burden. Primary current, the load of the current transformer, is the measured current. Secondary current is the range of current outputs. The CT ratio is the ratio of primary current input to secondary current output at full load. For example: 300:5 Insulation voltage represents the maximum insulation that current transformers provide when connected to a power source. 14 Specification: : Specification: Accuracy is the degree of certainty with which the measured current agrees with the ideal value. Burden is the maximum load that devices can support while operating within their accuracy ratings. Typically, burden is expressed in volt-amperes (VA), the product of the voltage applied to a circuit and the current. 15 0.3 B 0.2 Accuracy in % Maximum Burden in Ohms CT Class (B for metering application, C, T ,H, L for relaying application) Accuracy: : Accuracy: The accuracy of the current ratio of a CT is affected by a number of factors including: Burden Saturation class External electromagnetic fields Temperature and Physical configuration. 16 Safety Precautions: : Safety Precautions: It is important to ensure that the secondary of any CT is not left disconnected while the primary supply is on. In this condition, high voltage spikes are produced in the transformer secondary, often thousands of volts, sufficient to break down the transformer insulation, or affect the accuracy of the transformer. Hence the secondary of current transformer is never left open. 17 Applications: : Applications: Current transformers safely isolate measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the circuit being measured. They are commonly used in the electrical power industry for: Measurement: measure current for power measurement and control. (In this case, accuracy is very important.) Protection of power system: perform circuit control, perform roles for safety protection and current limiting. 18 Applications: : 19 Applications: 110 kV grid Current Transformers in measurement application: Applications: : Applications: 20 CTs Circuit Breaker CTs used in power control circuit: Slide 21: 21 3 phase ground fault detection : 22 3 phase ground fault detection CT Relay Motor Applications: : Applications: CTs also can also be found in small power application such as: 23 Current clamp or current probe is an electrical device having two jaws which open to allow clamping around an electrical conductor. Residual current device (RCD),or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) Slide 24: 24 CT CT