Heat of Neutralisation (Form 4, Chapter 7 Acids and Bases) 1.

Heat of neutralisation the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali. 2. Neutralisation a reaction between an acid reacts with a base (alkali) to form a salt andwater. 3. Hydrogen ion from acid reacts with hydroxide ions from alkali to form water. H+(aq) + OH(aq) > H2O(l) 4. Neutralisation reaction gives out heat and always an exothermic reaction. Example 1: (Strong acids monoprotic acid and strong alkalis) Chemical equation: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) > H2O(l) Heat of neutralisation of strong acids and strong alkalis are the same (H = -57.3 kJ mol-1) Example 2: (Strong acids diprotic acid and strong alkalis) Chemical equation: H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) > Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Ionic equation: 2H+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) > 2H2O(l) Heat of neutralisation of strong acids and strong alkalis are the same (H = -57.3 kJ mol-1) Example 3: (Weak acids and strong alkalis) Chemical equation: CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) > CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) Ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) > H2O(l) Heat of neutralisation of weak acids and strong alkalis are lower (H = -55.0 kJ mol-1) than heat of neutralisation of strong acids and strong alkalis (H = -57.3 kJ mol-1). Example 4: (Strong acids and weak alkalis) Chemical equation: HCl(aq) + NH4OH(aq) > NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l) Ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) > H2O(l) Heat of neutralisation of strong acids and weak alkalis are lower (H = -51.5 kJ mol-1) than heat of neutralisation of strong acids and strong alkalis (H = -57.3 kJ mol-1). Example 5: (Weak acids and weak alkalis) Chemical equation: CH3COOH(aq) + NH4OH(aq) > NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l) Ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) > H2O(l) Heat of neutralisation of strong acids and weak alkalis are lower (H = -50.4 kJ mol-1) than heat of neutralisation of strong acids and strong alkalis (H = -57.3 kJ mol-1). The next post in this series would be the final post in the series of Thermochemistry SPM Form 5 from Berry Berry Easy. Heat of Combustion will be discussed in detailed in the next part where list of energy contents for different fuel substances, types of chemical equations and their corresponding heat of combustions will be given.

Heat of Precipitation (Form 4, Chapter 8 Salts) 1. Heat of precipitation the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed fromtheir ions in aqueous solution. 2. Precipitation reaction = double decomposition which is used to prepare insoluble salts. 3. Heat change of a solution = mc Joule [m = mass of the solution (g), c = specific heat capacity of the solution (J g-1C-1), = temperature change in the solution (C)] 4. Heat change in a reaction, mc = n x H 5. Heat of reaction / Heat of precipitation, H = mc / n Example 1: Chemical reaction: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) > PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) Ionic reaction: Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) > PbI2(s) Heat of precipitation of PbI2 = Heat change / Number of moles of PbI2 Example 2: Chemical reaction: BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) > BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) Ionic reaction: Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) > BaSO4(s) Heat of precipitation of BaSO4 = Heat change / Number of moles of BaSO4 Heat of Displacement (Form 4, Chapter 6 Electrochemistry & Form 5, Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction) 1. Heat of displacement the heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal. 2. Heat change of the reaction mixture / Heat energy released / Heat given out in the reaction = mc Joule 3. Heat change in a reaction, mc = n x H 4. Heat of reaction / Heat of displacement, H = mc / n Example 1: Chemical equation: Mg(s) + FeCl2(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + Fe(s) Ionic equation: Mg(s) + Fe2+(aq) > Mg2+(aq) + Fe(s) Example 2: Chemical equation: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) > ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Ionic equation: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) > Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) The upcoming Part 3 in this series of notes on Thermochemistry would feature solely on the typically easily understood subtopic on Heat of Neutralisation.

Heat of Combustion (Form 5, Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds) 1. Heat of combustion the heat change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. 2. Combustion redox reaction between substance (fuel) reacts rapidly with oxygen with the production of heat energy. 3. Combustion reaction gives out heat and always an exothermic reaction. 4. Heat evolved in combustion of fuel = Heat absorbed by water. 5. Bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heat of combustion. 6. The more carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecules in a fuel, the more heat that is releasedwhen 1 mol of fuel combusts. There are differences in heats of combustion: Chemical equation H (kJ mol1) -286 -392 -890

H2(g) + O2(g) > H2O(l) C(s) + O2(g) > CO2(g) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) > CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g) > CO2(g) + -728 2H2O(l) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) > 2CO2(g) + -1376 3H2O(l) C3H7OH(l) + 9/2 O2(g) > 3CO2(g) -2016 + 4H2O(l)

The selection of suitable fuel: Fuel value (the amount of heat energy given out when one gram of the fuel is completely burnt in excess of oxygen): The higher the fuel value, the more energy is released. Effect on the environment: Production of soot which caused air pollution. Hydrogen fuel is known as clean fuels (no soot or poisonous gases). Cost per gram of fuel. Fuel values of common fuels
Substances Fruits Egg Coal Fuel value (kJ g-1) 2 6 14

Glucose Dry cow dung Sugars Wood Gasoline Butanol Kerosene Biodiesel (Vegetable oil) Diesel fuel Natural gas Hydrogen

15.5 15.5 17 18 34 36.6 37 42.2 46 53.6 143

Qualities of a fuel are based on the following:

Easily available Cheap in cost High fuel value Do not pollute the environment