Introduction to Micropile Design 101

Presentation for

Arizona Ram Jack Seminar

Introduction to micropile analysis, design, and construction with TITAN Micropiles
January 15, 2010
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Agenda
Introduction to Con-Tech Systems Ltd TITAN Injection Bore (IBO) Anchor System Corrosion Protection Micropile Design Micropile Geotechnical Capacity Micropile Structural Capacity Sample Design Calculation for TITAN Micropile Micropile Testing Installation Equipment The ADSC References

Give up?
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Polish!!

This presentation is made by Con-Tech Systems Ltd Josef (Joe) Alter Sales and Engineering Manager Southwest Region USA Con-Tech Systems Ltd 24424 Manzanita Drive Descanso, CA 91916 TEL: 619-659-9931 FAX: 619-659-9932 CELL: 619-894-2616

For a more detailed list of products and systems, please refer to our Web Site:

www.contechsystems.com/cts-cd
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CORPORATE OFFICE & CANADIAN PLANT

CTS Warehouses and Offices in North America

Descanso, CA

New Port Richey, FL

Micropile Definition
A micropile is a small-diameter (typically less than 300 mm (12 in.)), drilled and grouted nondisplacement pile that is typically reinforced. A micropile is constructed by drilling a borehole, placing steel reinforcement, and grouting the hole. Micropiles can withstand relatively significant axial loads and moderate lateral loads. Micropiles are installed by methods that cause minimal disturbance to adjacent structures, soil, and the environment. They can be installed where access is restrictive and in all soil types and ground conditions.
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Where to Consider Micropiles project has restricted access or is located in a remote area; required support system needs to be in close pile proximity to existing structures; ground and drilling conditions are difficult (e.g., karstic areas, uncontrolled fills, boulders); pile driving would result in soil liquefaction; vibration or noise needs to be minimized; hazardous or contaminated spoil material will be generated during construction; and adaptation of support system to existing structure is required.
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Typical Micropile Construction Sequence Using Casing

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Construction Type Classification

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TITAN Injection Bore Anchor System and Components

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CTS/TITAN IBO System

The Flushing/Stabilizing Grout is injected through the inside of the hollow Titan bar and exits through the venturi holes in the Drill-Bit. Flushing/Stabilizing Grout stabilizes the borehole and flushes the cuttings out of the hole. The hollow bars with a typical length of 3m are coupled and drilled to required depth. After reaching the final depth, the pressure injection continuous. With the continuous Injection stage, the flushing grout will be replaced with a richer grout.

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Typical cross section of an exhumed IBO Micro-Pile

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3
1- Hollow Bar 2- Final Grout W/C 0.45 3- Flushing grout W/C 0.7 Soil Cement mix 4- Ground improvement 16

Hollow TITAN Bar

Rod Size D out/D in mm 30/16

Load Capacity Nominal Steel Area Ultimate Yield Dia. 2 in kips kips in
2

mm 0.59 382 30/14 0.61 395 30/11 0.69 446 1.13 40/20 726 40/16 1.36 879 52/26 2.07 1337 2.53 73/53 1631 103/78 4.88 3146 103/51 8.53 5501 130/60 14.79 9540

kN 49.5 220 58.5 260 72.0 320 121.2 539 148.4 660 208.9 929 260.9 1160 513.2 2282 778.1 3460 1785.5 7940

kN 40.5 180 49.5 220 58.5 260 96.7 430 118.1 525 164.2 730 218.1 970 404.8 1800 618.4 2750 1180.6 5250

mm 1.18 30 1.18 30 1.18 30 1.57 40 1.57 40 2.05 52 2.87 73 4.06 103 4.06 103 5.12 130

CTS/TITAN Hollow Bar System

Drill Bit Hollow Titan Bar Centraliser Coupling Bearing Plate Hex Nut Pipe Sleeve 18

Drill Bit Selection

Clay Bit:
Clay, sand-mixed Ground without Boulders < 50 S.P.T Dense Sand with Gravel and small Boulders > 50 S.P.T Weathered Rock, Phylit, Slate, Shale; strength < 70 MPa Dolomit, Granite, Sandstone; strength 70-150 MPa Reinforced Concrete or Rock, strength > 70 MPa For controlled directional drilling (tolerance < 2% of the length)

Cross Cut Bit:

Button Bit: Carbide-Bit: Carbide Button Bit: Carbide Step Bit:

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Drill Bit Selection Chart

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Full strength Couplers, to develop the ultimate strength of the bar

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Centralizers to allow for grout passage

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Spherical hex nuts, 2 nuts for tension/compression piles, (bearing plate with top and bottom nut)

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Double nut and plate connection to grade beam

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Corrosion Protection
Epoxy Coating Metalizing Sacrificial steel

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Sacrificial Steel Method

TITAN 40/20 hollow bar over 60 years Allowable Design Load: 72.7 kips No Ground Aggression: 6.8% Loss = 72.7 kips * 0.932 = 67.8 kips Mild Ground Aggression: 11.2% Loss = 72.7 kips * 0.888 = 64.6 kips Aggressive Ground Aggression: 18.4% Loss = 72.7 kips * 0.816 = 59.3 kips

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Sacrificial Steel Method

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TITAN Hollow bar Micro Pile

Grout cover min. 20 mm

Natural Soil

Stabilized and densified Soil

Drill Bit Hollow Bar Soil/Cement mix

d Drill Bit Diameter

D > 2,0 x d 1,5 x d 1,2 x d 1,0 x d

for medium to coarse gravel for sand und sandy gravel for cohesive soil (clay) for weathered sandstone, Phylit, slate

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Micropile Design

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Micropile Design

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Micropile Design

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Micropile Structural Capacity

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROPILE UNCASED LENGTH

From FHWA Design Guidelines

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Structural Design of Uncased Pile (IBC)

Compression

Pallowable (0.33 f = c
Tension

' cgrout

Agrout) +(0.4 Fybar Abar)

Pt allowable = 0.6 Fy bar Abar

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Load Test Structural Capacity

Pultcompression = (0.85 f

' c grout

Agrout ) + ( f ybar Abar )

Pult tension = f y bar Abar

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Micropile Geotechnical Capacity

Geotechnical Capacity (ASD)

bond = grout to ground ultimate bond strength FS = factor of safety applied to the ultimate bond strength Db = diameter of the drill hole Lb = bond length

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Grout to Ground Adhesion Strength

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Ultimate Bond Stress for Rock to Grout as Recommended by PTI

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Ultimate Bond Stress for Cohesionless Soils to Grout as Recommended by PTI

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Ultimate Bond Stress for Cohesive Soils to Grout as Recommended by PTI

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Sample Micropile Design

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Bond Stress for TITAN Anchors as Recommended by ISCHEBECK

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Sample Micropile Design

2 2

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Sample Micropile Design

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Summary
The hollow bar, used as both drill rod and grout conduit, is left in the ground as reinforcing steel to transmit compressive, tensile, and lateral forces. Hollow bars have a larger section modulus than solid bars. With the continuous tremi-grout injection, 100% grout cover and therefore excellent corrosion protection is accomplished, similar to reinforcing steel in concrete.
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Micropile Testing Procedures and Guidelines

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Micropile Load Tests There are four types of test loading: compression test uplift or tension test lateral-load test torsion-load test
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Test Procedures for Ground Anchors

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D1143/D1143M-07. Standard test methods for deep foundations under static axial compressive load. American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D3689-07. Standard test methods for deep foundations under static axial tensile load. PTI. (2004). Recommendations for prestressed rock and soil anchors. Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ.

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Schematic of Compression Load Test Arrangement (ASTM D1143/D1143M-07) 53

Schematic of Tension Load Test Arrangement (ASTM D3689) 54

Schematic of Lateral Load Test Arrangement (ASTM D3966) 55

Micropile Tension Test

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Micropile and Anchor Testing

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Exhumed TITAN Anchors

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TITAN Anchor Drilled Through Boulder

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Injection Bore Strengths - Titan

Fully supported hole during drilling Jetting action to over ream hole uniformly or in isolated areas Penetration of the grout beyond the bit diameter or cut hole limit Readily adaptable length and injection process to meet site variability conditions Somewhat self adjusting to variable soil conditions
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Equipment For Grouting and Drilling

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VS 100

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Water gauge with holding tank

Neat Water/Cement Grout Mix: Potable Water Cement Type I, II or III Drilling and Flushing - W/C = 0.7-1.0 Final Grout - W/C = 0.45 minimum strength at 28 days = 3,000 PSI.

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Obermann VS-63
High speed high shear-colloidal mixer with two mixers, one for the thinner flushing grout and one for the final grout. Water/cement dosing system and double plunger pump; 68

The use of an automatic logging system for measurement, recording and documentation of grout volume and pressure is also recommended.

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The ADSC
International Scope; headquartered in Dallas, Texas 9 Regional US Chapters Extensive membership list, significant annual operating budget with a farreaching agenda Representing the Drilled Shaft, Anchored Earth Retention and Micropile construction technologies.
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Work of the ADSC includes

Establishing standards & specifications for the industries it serves Promoting ethical practice Conducting design, construction and inspection seminars, worldwide Developing technical materials Funding and conducting research Providing a forum for technology transfer Stimulating industry growth Interfacing with corresponding industries and agencies (FHWA, OSHA, DOTs, etc.)

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Available thru the ADSC

Network of Experienced and Proven Contractors, Design Professionals and Material Suppliers! Training Opportunities
Regional seminars, Videos and other media Design, Safety, Personnel Training Materials

Technical Resources
On-Line Technical Library Technical Papers Design Manuals Foundation Drilling Magazine Specifications 72

References Micropile Design and Construction Reference Manual, 2005, FHWA NHI-05-039

Standard industry reference with detailed examples of micropile design and applications
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Soil Nail Design and Construction State-ofthe-Practice, April, 2006

FHWA Review and Assessment of Hollow Core Soil Nails for Transportation Projects

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ADSC-IAF Document Buckling of Micropiles

Provides guidelines for Buckling calculations of micropiles

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PTI. (2004). Recommendations for prestressed rock and soil anchors. PostTensioning Institute. Phoenix, AZ.

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A History of Micropiles and Early Applications from the Inventor

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Web Resources
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech /library_listing.cfm http://www.dfi.org/ http://www.adsc-iafd.com

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Questions Comments Observations

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Thank You for Your Attention

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