Optic Fiber Network Planning

Project P709
Planning of Full Optical Network

Deliverable 2 Basic factors influencing optical networks Volume 5 of 5: Annex D Interaction between the optical and the client layer
Suggested readers:
PNOs studying potential upgrade possibilities for their SDH networks System engineers and network planners Experts on standard bodies of ITU-T SG13 (Q 19), SG15 (Q 16, 17, 20) and ETSI TM-1WG2/WG3 Researchers engaged in the field of optical transmission networks and technologies
For full publication
May 1999
EURESCOM PARTICIPANTS in Project P709 are:
Finnet Group Swisscom AG Deutsche Telekom AG France Tlcom MATV Hungarian Telecommunications Company TELECOM ITALIA S.p.a. Portugal Telecom S.A. Telefonica S.A. Sonera Ltd.
This document contains material which is the copyright of certain EURESCOM PARTICIPANTS, and may not be reproduced or copied without permission. All PARTICIPANTS have agreed to full publication of this document. The commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the proprietor of that information. Neither the PARTICIPANTS nor EURESCOM warrant that the information contained in the report is capable of use, or that use of the information is free from risk, and accept no liability for loss or damage suffered by any person using this information. This document has been approved by EURESCOM Board of Governors for distribution to all EURESCOM Shareholders.
1999 EURESCOM Participants in Project P709
Deliverable 2
Volume 5: Annex D Interaction between optical and clinet layer
Preface
(Prepared by the EURESCOM Permanent Staff) The advances in optical fibre transmission technology over the past years have kept pace with the demand for increased bandwidth. In particular the introduction of the WDM technology enables Telecom Operators to upgrade the capacity of their networks by an order of magnitude. The evolution of photonics makes the development of optical switching and routing structures in the core and metropolitan part of the transport network possible. As a consequence, the development of an optical network infrastructure will enable the flexible, reliable and transparent provision of transport services for any type of traditional and innovative services and applications. Taking into consideration the current trends, the objective of network planning is to find the best possible balance between network implementation cost, network flexibility, network availability and survivability, subject to service requirements and topological constraints. The aim of the P709 EURESCOM Project is to investigate a number of alternative strategies for the planning of the optical transport network - with massive deployment of WDM, OADM, and small size OXC- that will be used in a middle term future. This is the second Deliverable (D2) of P709. D2 summarises the most important factors that have to be taken into account when preparing the planning of optical networks. Restoration and protection techniques implemented in optical networks are assessed in terms of requirements, constraints on network planning and upgrading, as well as their interaction with client layer functionalities. A study of resource allocation and impact on network planning and upgrading is also presented. We should remind the reader that the first P709 Deliverable (D1) provided an overview over network architectures, which potentially may be used in the future and D3 will give an analysis of the existing network planning methods, plus guidelines for planning future optical networks. The present Deliverable (D2) is a very useful study for Optical Network planners & system engineers, and experts on Standard Bodies of ITU-T SG15 and ETSI TM1 (WG2 & WG3).
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Table of Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................iii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. v 1 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Overview of SDH architectures.............................................................................. 2 2.1 What is a network architecture? ................................................................... 2 2.2 SDH network layers ..................................................................................... 4 2.3 Classes of SDH network architectures ......................................................... 4 2.4 Trail protection............................................................................................. 5 2.4.1 Linear VC trail protection ............................................................... 5 2.4.2 Linear Multiplex Section protection................................................ 5 2.4.3 MS Dedicated Protection Rings ...................................................... 5 2.4.4 MS Shared Protection Rings ........................................................... 6 2.5 Subnetwork connection protection............................................................... 7 2.5.1 General characteristics of SNC protection ...................................... 7 2.5.2 SNC protection with inherent or non-intrusive monitoring ............ 8 Overview of optical architectures......................................................................... 10 3.1 What is an optical network architecture? ................................................... 10 3.2 Classes of architectures .............................................................................. 10 3.3 Capabilities and limitations of optical network architectures .................... 12 3.4 Architectures selected in P709 ................................................................... 12 3.5 Coloured Section Ring ............................................................................... 12 3.5.1 General .......................................................................................... 12 3.5.2 Description .................................................................................... 13 3.5.3 Protection ...................................................................................... 14 3.5.4 Functional model........................................................................... 15 3.5.5 Implementation.............................................................................. 15 3.5.6 Design rules................................................................................... 17 3.6 Optical Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring .................................... 20 3.6.1 General .......................................................................................... 20 3.6.2 Description .................................................................................... 20 3.6.3 Functional model........................................................................... 21 3.6.4 Implementation.............................................................................. 22 3.6.5 Design rules................................................................................... 24 3.7 MWTN mesh.............................................................................................. 24 3.7.1 General .......................................................................................... 24 3.7.2 Description .................................................................................... 24 3.7.3 Functional model........................................................................... 25 3.7.4 Implementation.............................................................................. 26 3.7.5 Design rules................................................................................... 28 3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 29 Dimensioning methods......................................................................................... 30 4.1 Dimensioning methods for multiple-ring OMS-SPRing or SDH SPRing networks........................................................................................ 30 4.1.1 Types of suitable networks............................................................ 30 4.1.2 Routing problems in multiple-ring networks ................................ 31
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4.2
4.1.3 The dimensioning method .............................................................32 4.1.4 Application to OMS-SPRing .........................................................34 Optical dimensioning methods ...................................................................35 4.2.1 Optical node structures in a meshed network ................................36 4.2.2 Dimensioning methods ..................................................................37 4.2.3 Application to a network example .................................................40
Optical/Electrical layers : management possibilities ............................................41 5.1 Management information processing .........................................................41 5.2 Possible interaction between SDH overhead and optical overhead............43 5.2.1 Constraints and limitations ............................................................43 5.2.2 Use of unallocated SDH overhead Bytes for optical overhead.........................................................................................45 Dimensioning methods for optical/electrical layers..............................................49 6.1 The traffic grooming problem or how to minimise the number of terminal equipment in the network.............................................................49 6.2 Dimensioning method based on simulated annealing.................................53 6.3 Application of the tool to network examples..............................................54 6.3.1 Results for 1+1 protection .............................................................54 6.3.2 Results for SPRing protection .......................................................57 6.3.3 Comparison between 1+1 and SPRing protection .........................58 Conclusion ............................................................................................................61
References ....................................................................................................................62
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Abbreviations
AIS APS DAt DAc DCC EMF FFS LOS MCF Mod OA&M OCH OCH/Client_A OCHOH OCH_T OM OMS OMS/OCH_A OMSOH OMS_T opt. DCC OSC OTS OTSOH OTS/OMS_A OTS_T RDI SDH TMN WA WDM Alarm Indication Signal Automatic Protection Switching Dispersion Accommodation (in optical transmission section layer) Dispersion Accommodation (in optical channel layer) Data Communication Channel various Equipment Management Functions For Further Study Loss Of Signal Message Communication Function Modulation/demodulation (O/E conversion) Operation, Administration and Maintenance Optical CHannel section Optical CHannel/Client Adaptation function Optical CHannel OverHead Optical CHannel Termination function Optical Multiplexing Optical Multiplex Section Optical Multiplex Section/Optical CHannel Adaptation function Optical Multiplex Section OverHead Optical Multiplexer Section Termination function Optical Data Communication Channel Optical Supervisory Channel Optical Transmission Section Optical Transmission Section OverHead Optical Transmission Adaptation function Remote Defect Indication Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Telecommunication Management Network Wavelength Assignment Wavelength Division Multiplex Section/Optical Multiplex Section
Optical Transmission Section Termination function
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Introduction
The scope of this Annex consists in proposing optical/electrical based architectures and describing the management capabilities as well as dimensioning methods. Such architectures correspond to the ones depicted in Deliverable 1. The second chapter concerns an overview of SDH architectures. It describes different SDH layers and their functionalities. Functional models are described according to ITU-T recommendations namely G805 and G803. Different protections schemes are given and compared. An overview of optical architecture is presented in the third chapter. The concept of optical architectures is given and classification methods as well. The optical network layers are detailed and the architectures selected in Deliverable 1 of P709 are developed. General information, functional models, proposed implementations as well as design rules are given. The dimensioning methods chapter provides a description of different architectures mainly optical based ones as well as optical meshed networks. The dimensioning problem is presented for each architecture under studies assumptions. Algorithms for dimensioning MS-SPRing and OMS-SPRing based networks are presented and theoretical references provided. Concerning the meshed optical networks, the presentation focuses on node dimensioning according to the assumptions described in Annexes A and B of this Deliverable. Numerical results are also provided on the European network described in Annex C of this Deliverable. Thereafter, in addition to P615 project, a brief analysis of the management possibilities of the optical layers in the conjunction with the client SDH electrical layer is given. The informations management model used to control the optical layer is described. Finally, the interactions between SDH layer capabilities and the optical one are also described. In the previous chapters, dimensioning optical networks is presented. As SDH is client layer of the optical layer and according to the subject covered by this Annex, such two layers should be dimensioned together. Dimensioning are different from the ones used for the pure SDH networks or the pure optical networks. However, adapted algorithms for dimensioning optical/electrical networks are presented. Finally evaluated networks under given assumptions are presented.
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Overview of SDH architectures

The chapter starts by defining the concept of network architecture. Then, the layered network structure of the SDH is presented and the classes of SDH network architectures originating from the use of different protection techniques are indentified. In the following two sections of the chapter, these architectures are looked at in more detail.
2.1
What is a network architecture?

A network architecture is an abstract description of a networks functionalities and configuration. Network functionalities that are usually used for distinguishing network architectures are traffic routing and traffic protection functionalities. The configuration of the network depends on the number of nodes and their interconnections. An architecture potentially consists of a vertical and a horizontal description. The vertical description uses the concept of network layers to identify and represent the different network functionalities and their relationships. The horizontal description uses the concept of network domains (subnetworks) to identify and represent administrative/physical partitions within a network layer. The following figure illustrates the concepts of network layers and domains.
Subnetworks Links
Specific path layer network
Specific path layer network
Transmission media layer network
Access group
A layer network
T1304500-95/d06
Layering view (client/server association) (a) Layering concept
Partitioning view (b) Partitioning concept
Figure 1. Orthogonal views of layering and partitioning It should be noted that each layer can have its independent topology. At the physical level the topology coincides with the physical disposition of the cables implementing
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the network. However, the topologies at other layers will be virtual (or logical) topologies, defined by the interconnectivity between the network nodes. Network architectures are formally represented by functional models. Functional models follow the definitions and rules presented in the following ITU-T Recommendations : G.805 Generic Functional Architecture of Transport Networks (General rules for all kinds of networks) G.803 Architectures of Transport Networks based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) (Application of G.805 to SDH networks) Draft G.otn Architecture of Optical Transport Networks (Application of G.805 to optical networks)
In a functional model we can find the different network functionalities allocated to different network layers. The layers contain transport processing functions, and interact vertically according to a client/server relationship. Within each network layer there may be different subnetworks interconnected by links in a horizontal relationship. The following figure presents an illustrative functional model.
Trail AP Trail termination TCP SNC CP Network connection AP Trail termination Client layer network
Link connection
TCP Client to server adaptation
Client to server adaptation Trail AP AP
Trail termination
Trail termination
Server layer network
SNC TCP CP
LC CP
LC CP
LC CP
SNC TCP
T1304480-95/d04
Figure 2. Example of a functional model The functional model of a network is especially important from a network management point of view, since it is especially adapted to the TMN model. It is also important to provide an abstract description of the network functionalities, which can then be implemented in different ways using physical equipment.
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2.2
SDH network layers

In order to understand SDH network architectures we must be acquainted with its network layer model. This model is represented in the Figure 3, consisting of three main layers : the circuit, path and transmission media layers. The layers can be divided in sub-layers, as shown in the figure. At the circuit layer we can have 2 Mb/s, 34 Mb/s or 140 Mb/s circuits, which are mapped into Virtual Containers (VC) in the path layers (ex: 2 Mb/s into VC-12, 34 Mb/s into VC-3 and 140 Mb/s into VC-4). The path layer is split in two sub-layers, since some VCs of lower capacity can be multiplexed in higher capacity VCs. This results in lower- and higher-order paths. The transmission media layer can be divided in a physical media layer, which depends on the kind of transmission media used (optical fibre, coaxial cable, radio link) and a section layer, associated to the netwok elements responsible for transmission: the multiplexers and regenerators.
Circuit Layer Networks Circuit Layer Lower Order Path Layer Path Layer VC-3 VC-4 Higher Order Path Layer
VC-11
VC12
VC-2
VC-3
Multiplex Section Layer
Section Layer Transmission Media Layer
Regenerator Section Layer
Physical Media Layer
Figure 3. Layered network model of the SDH Each layer is supervised for its quality of service and must be managed in an integrated way with the rest of the layers. As such, each layer associates overhead information to the signals received from its client layer, which allows the implementation of supervision and control functionalities.
2.3
Classes of SDH network architectures

SDH network architectures will be treated in this chapter according to the kind of protection technique used. There are two classes of protection techniques: SDH trail protection (at the section or path layer)
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SDH subnetwork connection protection (at any path layer, on any physical structure)
Trail protection is used to protect Multiplex Section Trails or VC Trails. It can be applied to rings or point-to-point links. MS protection protects against failures in specific Multiplex Sections, thus protecting all VCs simultaneously. VC trail protection, on the other hand, is an end-to-end protection technique, and can be applied to individually chosen VCs. Subnetwork Connection Protection can be used to protect a portion of a path between two Connection Points (CP) or between a CP and a Termination Connection Point (TCP) or the full end-to-end path between two TCPs. It differs from VC trail protection in the technique used to monitor the quality of the protected signal. Contrary to trail protection techniques, SNC protection does not have inherent signal quality monitoring capabilities, which results in the need to use specific monitoring techniques. SNC protection schemes are classified according to the monitoring technique adopted. Protection techniques can also be bidirectional or unidirectional, as well as revertive or non-revertive. Bidirectional protection switches both directions of traffic to protection channels, even if only one traffic direction is affected by a failure. Unidirectional protection switches only the affected traffic direction to protection channels in case of a unidirectional failure. Revertive protection switches the traffic back to the normal channels after correction of a failure. Non-revertive protection keeps traffic running on protection channels after correction of a failure. In the following sections we will analyse in more detail the different SDH protection architectures.
2.4
2.4.1
Trail protection
Linear VC trail protection
Linear VC trail protection is a dedicated protection technique, which means that an appropriate amount of capacity is available, over a separate physical route, for protection of the normal traffic. This technique can be used on rings and meshes, either on the LO or HO path layers. It is applied to VCs individually (not all VCs need to be protected) and protects traffic on an end-to-end basis. Linear VC trail protection can operate unidirectionally or bidirectionally. In the later case, extra traffic can be carried on the protection path.
2.4.2
Linear Multiplex Section protection

Linear MS protection can be dedicated or shared. In the shared case, an MS trail with protection capacity is available to protect one of a set of working MS trails. Linear MS protection allows the simultaneous protection of all VCs in an MS trail in a point-topoint link. This kind of protection technique can also be unidirectional or bidirectional, allowing extra traffic to be carried over the protection trail in the bidirectional case.
2.4.3
MS Dedicated Protection Rings

A basic MS Dedicated Protection Ring (MS-DPRings) consists of two fibres supporting counter-rotating traffic. Only one fibre supports working traffic, the other
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being dedicated to protection. MS-DPRings require an Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Protocol to operate. However, the detailed operation of these rings is still under study by ITU-T. In the event of a failure (span or node failure), the node immediately before the failure re-routes the traffic from the working fibre to the protection fibre. The traffic then circulates around the ring, in the opposite direction over the protection fibre, until reaching the node immediately after the failure. This node routes the traffic back to the working fibre. Thus, all traffic is restored except for the case of a node failure, where traffic to/from the failed node is lost.
Figure 4. a) Schematic of a 6 node SDH ring network which employs two unidirectional fibres. One of the fibres supports working traffic (grey) and the other supports dedicated protection channels (white). Bi-directional traffic (diverse routes) is shown between nodes A and D under normal operating conditions; b) The same ring and traffic, but now with a cable cut type failure between nodes B and C (one multiplex section). Traffic is ring-switched on to (and off) the dedicated protection fibre by the nodes adjacent to the cut
2.4.4
MS Shared Protection Rings

MS Shared Protection Rings can have two or four fibres. The two-fibre version will be described here. Each of the two fibres (one carrying clockwise and the other counterclockwise traffic) has a capacity which is divided equally between working channels (time-slots) and protection channels (time-slots). The working channels on one fibre are associated with the protection channels on the other fibre and vice versa. Only one set of section overheads are carried on each fibre. In a two fibre scheme, where the ring is rated at STM-16, each span can carry eight AU-4s of priority (protected) traffic on the working channels. Under normal conditions the protection channels can be used to carry additional low-priority traffic (e.g. PSTN) which is dumped when protection capacity is required. Traffic will normally be routed on the most direct route to its destination node, although sometimes the longer routing will be preferred due to capacity limitations and in order to balance the traffic load on the ring. Connections are made through SDH ADMs at the path layer level according to the destination node. In the event of a span failure, priority traffic is switched from the working channels of one fibre to the protection channels of the other fibre. This operation, conducted at the node immediately preceding the broken span, causes the traffic to change direction and go the long way around the ring until it reaches the node on the other side of the broken span. The traffic is then switched back on to the working channels of the original fibre where it continues to its destination node. Bidirectional switching and an
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APS protocol are essential for the proper operation of the protection scheme in an MSSPRing. Figure 5a depicts a 6 node ring under normal conditions with bi-directional traffic between nodes A and D while Figure 5b shows the same traffic under span failure conditions. Note that multiplex section shared protection can also be used to protect against intermediate node failures. In the case of multiple cable cuts, the ring splits into two or more segments, and service can be maintained between any two nodes providing they are in the same segment.
Figure 5. a) Schematic of a 6 node SDH ring network which employs two unidirectional fibres. The capacity of each fibre is divided between working (grey) and protection (white) channels. Bi-directional traffic is shown between nodes A and D under normal operating conditions; b) The same ring and traffic, but now with a cable cut type failure between nodes B and C (one multiplex section). Traffic is ring-switched on to (and off) the protection channels at the nodes adjacent to the cut
2.5
2.5.1
Subnetwork connection protection

General characteristics of SNC protection
Subnetwork Connection Protection is a linear protection technique that can be used to protect a portion of a path between two Connection Points (CP), or between a CP and a Termination Connection Point (TCP,) or the full end-to-end path between two TCPs. Not all VCs in a MS have to be protected by this technique, as it can be applied to individual VCs. SNC is typically used to protect segments of a VC trail that traverses several administrative domains, as for example when two nodes in belonging to different network operators are linked by a VC trail. The following figure illustrates this case:
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Administrative borders between operators
VC trail SNC Protection SNC Protection SNC Protection
Figure 6. Use of SNC protection to protect a VC trail on a segment by segment basis SNC protection can be applied to rings, meshes or mixed topologies. Both uniform or diverse routing of traffic is allowed. Only unidirectional protection switching is allowed so far, since bidirectional switching would require a dedicated overhead, which is not available, for supporting an APS protocol. SNC protection also supports reversive and non-reversive modes of operation.
2.5.2
SNC protection with inherent or non-intrusive monitoring

Contrary to trail protection techniques, SNC protection does not have inherent signal quality monitoring capabilities, which results in the need to use specific monitoring techniques. SNC protection schemes are classified according to the monitoring technique adopted. Currently, there are two kinds of monitoring techniques for SNC protection described in [1]: inherent monitoring (SNC/I) and non-intrusive monitoring (SNC/N) In SNC/I the protection switching criteria are derived from the server layer information. For example, a Server Signal Fail (SSF) indication can be used by the SNC protection system to initiate a protection switching action. Thus, the failure detection is performed by the server layer and the protection switching is performed by the client layer. This kind of protection protects traffic against failures in the server layer. If SNC/I is used to protect a VC-4, the server layer is the MS layer. If the path to protect is a VC-12, the server layer is a HOP (e.g.: VC-4). SNC/N implements a trail termination in the path layer itself. This trail termination is only able to read the path overhead to monitor the path status, not being able to alter in any way the bytes in this overhead. Thus the name of the technique. SNC/N is able to protect the path against failures in the server layer, and failures and degradations in the client layer. The failure detection and the protection switching are performed bu the client layer. The comparison of the different SDH protection architectures allows the following conclusions to be drawn: For uniform or adjacent node traffic paterns the MS-SPRing provides more capacity than MS-DPRings or path protected rings. For hubbed traffic paterns the most appropriate architectures are the MS-DPRing and the path protection.
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Path protection can be applied to all transmission rate (STM-n, with n=1,4,16) and can be used with all topologies where two physically independent trails are available. The APS protocol of MS-SPRings is optimised for AU-4 operation (in Europe). Therefore, add & drop should preferentially be performed at the VC-4 level. MS-SPRings are only advantageous, when compared to MS-DPRings, when working at the STM-16 level, because at the STM-4 level the number of available AU-4s is not enough to provide real benefits. Two-fibre MS-SPRings cannot operate at the STM-1 level.
After this overview of SDH architectures, the second section will present an overview of optical architectures.
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Overview of optical architectures

The chapter starts by defining the concept of optical architecture. Then, a classification method for architectures, based on the allocation of the main network functionalities to network layers, is proposed. In the following sections of the chapter, the optical architectures selected by P709, as well as OAM aspects of the optical layers are looked at in more detail.
3.1
What is an optical network architecture?

An optical network architecture is an abstract description of a network where some or all functionalities are allocated to the optical layers of the layered model. An optical architecture inserts three new network layers between the regenerator section layer of the SDH layered model and the physical media layer (optical fibre): the Optical Channel (OC) Layer, the Optical Multiplex Section (OMS) Layer and the Optical Transmission Section (OTS) Layer. Presently, it is expected that an optical network architecture supports several types of client technologies in the upper layers. The resulting layered model would look as in the following picture:
IP ATM SDH WDM

Figure 7. Interrelation of client layers and the WDM layer
PDH
3.2
Classes of architectures
Many different functionalities can possibly be considered as criteria for classifying architectures. Here, only the traffic routing and traffic protection functionalities of the network will be taken into consideration. Traffic routing in a network is directly related to the networks physical and/or logical topologies. This functionality is carried-out by Cross-Connects (XCs) or Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADMs), and can be performed electrically or optically. More specifically, routing can be done in the following network layers : SDH Low Order VC or SDH High Order VC layers Optical Channel layer using optical switch or optical cross-connect
Advanced networks supporting high volumes of traffic must ensure that network outages, with the associated traffic and revenue losses, are minimised. To achieve this, restoration and/or automatic protection techniques are implemented in the network. Restoration consists of re-routing traffic from damaged links via any available capacity in a different route to the same destination. It is usually performed manually or with the intervention of a centralised system. Protection is built into the equipment, relies on pre-assigned capacity in diversely routed links and is performed
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automatically by the equipment whenever a network damage occurs. Modern networks have already implemented electrical protection techniques. With the development of advanced optical technology, network protection can also be implemented optically. As such, protection can be achieved in the following network layers : SDH Low Order VC or SDH High Order VC (path protection) SDH Multiplex Section layer (MSP: Multiplex Section Protection) Optical Channel layer using optical switch or optical cross-connect Optical Multiplex Section layer using optical switch
Considering that the above mentioned network functionalities can be implemented in the electrical or optical layers of the architecture, independently of the network topology, we have four classes of network architectures: 1. 2. 3. 4. Electrical Routing/Electrical Protection Switching Optical Routing/Electrical Protection Switching Electrical Routing/Optical Protection Switching Optical Routing/Optical Protection Switching
According to the work of previous EURESCOM Projects P413 and P615, these four classes of architectures represent a logical evolutionary path from todays technology (Class 1, SDH-based) to future all-optical technology (Class 4), with intermediate steps in Classes 2 and 3. This evolution is illustrated graphically in the following figure.
SDH protection available 2. Electrical Protection and Optical Routing (e.g.: Coloured Section Rings) 4. Optical Protection and Optical Routing (e.g.: all-optical network) 3. Optical Protection and Electrical Routing (e.g.: optically protected ring)
1. Electrical Protection and Electrical Routing (e.g.: present-day SDH systems) SDH protection not available
Present
time
Figure 8. Time scale for the introduction of optical functionalities It should be noted that in general, in an optically routed network, routing will be partly done in the electrical layers, by the SDH equipment (finer granularity), and partly in the optical layers, by fixed or re-arrangeable wavelength routing (coarser granularity). Therefore, classifying an architecture as optically routed puts the emphasis on the additional degree of freedom allowed by routing traffic in the optical domain. On the other hand, a basic difference between optical and electrical routing should be pointed out: electrical routing is implemented logically (using routing tables in the SDH equipment), while optical routing is really a physical operation.
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3.3
Capabilities and limitations of optical network architectures

The following conclusions were reached by EURESCOM Project P615 based on a functional comparison of optical, SDH and mixed architectures. Optical routing allows an additional degree of freedom (flexibility) for routing traffic in a network. The routing connectivity in an optical network is more limited than in SDH when wavelength conversion is excluded. Fortunately, this does not decrease the capacity efficiency in WDM ring networks. When an optical network carries SDH traffic, then optical channel (OCH) protection is functionally equivalent to existing SDH protection. Therefore, there is little interest for OCH protection right now. Optical multiplex section (OMS) protection, having simultaneous protection of all wavelengths, can replace the SDH protection systems of all the channels, providing potentially a huge reduction of equipment and cost reduction in exchange for the reduced level of protection.
3.4
Architectures selected in P709

Project P709 in its Deliverable 1 selected a number of optical network architectures for further study in the other Deliverables. The selected architectures were the following : Coloured Section Ring (CS-Ring) Optical Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (OMS-SPRing) MWTN Optical Cross Connect-based Mesh (MWTN Mesh)
In the following sections, this chapter will present detailed information on these three architectures. The information is taken from Annex A of EURESCOM Project P615s Deliverable 1. For each architecture the information presented includes a general description, a functional model, proposed implementations and design rules.
3.5
3.5.1
Coloured Section Ring

General
fibres: physical topology: logical topology: routing: protection: span failure: multiple span failure: intermediate SDH node failure: 2 ring (max. number of nodes limited by number of wavelengths and by SDH protection mechanism) mesh SDH path layer followed by optical channle layer Linear MS (1+1 MSP assumed) yes only if both spans are in the same SDH MS no if node is used for o/e/o redirection
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intermediate opt. node failure:
yes (looks like span failure to SDH nodes)
3.5.2
Description
The Coloured Section Ring, invented and patented by France Telecom, employs wavelength division multiplexing to improve the capacity of standard SDH two-fibre rings. This architecture is an example of optical routing and electrical protection. The standard SDH node (an SDH ADM) is supplemented by a two-channel OADM or two single-channel OADMs as shown in Figure 9. The OADMs do not possess any cross-connect functionality. Each node on the ring (see Figure 10a) is directly associated with two other nodes using two unique wavelengths. Any other nodes on the ring can be reached by going through either of these two directly linked nodes. They in turn will be linked to other nodes, etc. Note that Figure 10a) depicts wavelengths linking adjacent nodes, however, in order to maximise the capacity of the ring, it is preferable to have direct links on the busiest routes (e.g. say A to D, and A to F), and indirect on the quieter routes (i.e. traffic from A to B, C and E would route via D or F). Traffic undergoes o/e/o wavelength conversion at the directly-linked nodes and at any other intermediate nodes preceding the destination node.
east
SDH ADM
west
OADM
OADM
Figure 9. Schematic of add & drop node used in the coloured section ring. Working traffic is shown by the thick lines and protection traffic is shown by the thin lines, however, their capacities are identical. Here, the OADM functionality has been broken into two separate single channel OADMs, but could also be fulfilled by a 2-channel OADM. The OADMs by themselves have no crossconnect functionality, but through signals are switched to different wavelengths by the SDH ADM The size of the ring in terms of number of nodes is directly limited by the number of wavelengths available (one wavelength per node), therefore a sixteen wavelength system can support 16 (or fewer) nodes. An additional restriction may occur depending upon the particular SDH protection mechanism employed. With this basic scheme, the maximum capacity that can be allocated between any two nodes on the ring is limited to two optical channels (two wavelengths), say 2 x 2.5 Gbit/s for an STM-16 system. Of course, this extreme situation would prohibit this particular pair of nodes communicating with any other nodes on the ring, and in general we would limit the capacity between any two nodes to a level much less than
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two channels. However, if additional capacity is needed at one site, there is no reason why we cannot site several optical nodes at the same geographic site. Traffic entering the ring at an SDH ADM is connected through a particular interface (east or west in a simple two-port ADM) according to the destination address. At this point, the signal is allocated to a wavelength which ensures it is only connected to one of the other SDH ADMs on the ring. If this node is not the final destination, traffic is connected through to the other optical interface of the SDH ADM and is reallocated to another wavelength. This process repeats until a connection is made between the originating and destination nodes. Note that although optical routing is used to bypass many of the en-route SDH ADMs, SDH path layer routing is used at the other intermediate nodes where opical/eletrical/optical wavelength conversion occurs.
3.5.3
Protection
The coloured section ring uses linear MSP to protect traffic. Dedicated protection (1+1) with single-ended switching has been assumed for the effects of this discussion. In the event of a span failure, traffic is protected by duplicate traffic which is sent the long way around the ring on the same wavelength (the protection route), see Figure 10b. Therefore the SDH ADMs require duplicate optical interfaces for both directions (east & west) and switches on the receive side to allow connection either to the working or protection routes. In general the scheme cannot protect against multiple span failures, but where one wavelength is used to cross several spans and the second span failure occurs on the same multiplex section as the first span failure, then traffic will remain protected. The coloured section ring can also be affected by intermediate node failures, e.g. nodes where wavelength conversion occurs using the SDH ADM. These failures cannot be protected against by the multiplex section protection. At other intermediate nodes, traffic would not be affected by failure of the SDH ADM, but would be affected by complete OADM failure. However, this latter type of failure may be protected by the multiplex section protection scheme.
SDH ADM
OADM
Figure 10. a) Coloured Section Ring under normal operating conditions. Protection traffic is not shown, b) Coloured Section Ring showing protection mechanism. Protection traffic for the broken span is shown by thin green line
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3.5.4
Functional model
The basic functional architecture of the CS ring node is illustrated in Figure 11. The architecture of the 1+1 MSP is based on information provided in ITU-T Standards G.783 and G.841. The MSPC ellipse represents the switch required to receive traffic, and also the permanent connections to send duplicate traffic for protection purposes.
HP
MSPC
MS
RS OC
OMS WEST OTS EAST
Figure 11. Functional architecture of a coloured section ring node showing the duplicate protection circuit (shaded), and the MSP switch on the receive side The MSPC switch (receive side) is activated by a Signal Degrade or Signal Failure alarm which is normally detected in the trail termination function in the Multiplex Section layer (lower termination function in the MS layer, below the MSPC). An APS protocol is not used unless dual ended switching is required (i.e. 1:1 protection instead of 1+1, see G.841).
3.5.5
Implementation
The Coloured Section Ring associates optical routing on a 2-fibre ring with linear SDH multiplex section protection. It is an example of an architecture with optical routing and electrical protection. This architecture is based on an SDH ring where ADMs are optically interconnected. The basic principle is to associate a wavelength with each SDH Multiplex Section (between two ADMs regardless of their physical location in the ring), using Multiplex Section Protection. Protection is done in the SDH layers using linear MS protection. Working and Protection Multiplex Sections are diversely routed on the ring utilising the same wavelength on different fibres (Figure 12). The benefits of CS-Ring architecture rely on an increased transmission capacity by implementing WDM and on a new level of flexibility to define a node logical order to reduce the transit traffic through the nodes.
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Working Section 1
Node 1
Protection Section 1
Node 2
Section 2
Section 4
Node 4
Node 3
Section 3
OADM
Figure 12. Scheme of a four node Coloured Section Ring Wavelength routing is used in fixed filtering configuration and wavelength reuse is adopted in order to reduce the number of implemented wavelengths. The functionality of the OADM is described in Figure 13. In a CS-Ring, two wavelengths are assigned in each node. The most efficient and cost effective technology for a two wavelength add-drop device in the nm range channel spacing is the multilayer technology.
Drop
n*
Add
N*
i
N*
Figure 13. Functionality of an Optical Add Drop Multiplexer with spectral reuse Table I shows the insertion loss at the different ports of an OADM with two drop or add wavelengths in case of fixed filtering and spectral reuse.
Number of add or drop wavelengths 2 wavelengths input - output 2 dB input - drop port ; add port - output 1 : 1.5 dB 2 : 2 dB ; ; 2 dB 1.5 dB
Table I - Insertion loss of a two wavelength multilayer OADM without connectors To implement a CS-Ring, an optical layer is needed for wavelength routing. On a standard ADM basis, two extra line boards fitted with MS dedicated wavelength are implemented for protection in each ADM. The standard boards are replaced by dedicated wavelength short distance line boards for working state. Figure 14 shows a detailed implementation on the optical layer in node 2 assuming splices between the filters. Optical connectors are used at each pigtail of the drop or add port and the input/output fibre section. The insertion loss for a wavelength going through the
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optical layer of a node is 2 dB and the insertion loss of working signal drop/add port is 1.5 dB (2 dB for protection signals).
OADM ; InsertionLoss : 2 dB
Optical Connector Multilayer Filter
Figure 14. Detailed implementation of filters at node 2 of a CS-RING In terms of ring fibre span, the size of the CS-Ring architecture is limited by the protection link power budget. To overcome the standard 26 or 28 dB power budget, optical amplification can be used according to the needs. In order to amplify only the protection links, the implementation of optical amplification in the middle of the node optical layer is suggested according to Figure 15. Note that the position of the filters used for protection signals is different from the previous case. For architecture comparisons, we assume that the optical layer has no chromatic, no polarisation effect and optical crosstalk gives no penalty on transmission.
OA
Figure 15. Detailed implementation of filters with optical amplification As the optical layer is not reconfigurable, supervisory wavelength is not needed as far as there are no in line amplifiers. An embedded channel in the SDH overhead can be used to transmit supervisory informations to the manager.
3.5.6
Design rules
General contents of the design rules In general the design rules should contain information of the physical limitations of the architectures to be studied. The physical limitations (architecture by architecture) can be described with the following specifications : maximum number of nodes that can be included into the given architecture
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maximum length of a span between two neighbouring nodes without and with optical amplification (OA) implemented in the nodes. maximum length of the protection path
On the other hand there are not only physical but different kinds of capacity limitations that can be identified in an architecture. These capacity limitations can depend on the applied technology or on the architecture itself, thus it should be specified architecture by architecture. The capacity limitations can be described with the following specifications: Maximum number of available wavelengths in the architecture (if it is limited only by the current state of the technology and not the given implementation of the architecture, it should be noticed so) Maximum number of the available wavelengths in one node (if it is limited only by the current state of the technology and not the given implementation of the architecture, it should be noticed so) Maximum capacity of an optical channel (i.e. maximum capacity that can be carried by one wavelength)
The physical limitations and the capacity limitations are studied in this chapter. The maximum number of available wavelengths in each architecture and per node is specified. The general assumptions adopted to calculate the ring maximum length are : fibre attenuation : 0.28 dB/km (according to G.692) an optical connector at each end of a fibre section : 0.3 dB mean loss and 0.1 dB standard deviation. As many connectors are used in a ring, a statistical basis is adopted (ETSI recommendation M 1009) assuming 3 times the standard deviation to calculate the related insertion losses. In the Tables, all results are rounded at the upper integer number of dB. Using OA at each node, two extra connectors are considered to enable the implementation of the amplifier board. A 28 dB optical budget is considered enabling transmission rate up to STM-16 with joint engineering. With OA in each node, the protection span can be considered as a multi-wavelength link with in-line amplifiers for the related wavelengths. To evaluate the span length, we considered an attenuation range between the OAs from 22 dB to 33 dB. According to commercial products, a 33 dB attenuation range is feasible with only one in-line amplifier and 22 dB attenuation range is feasible with typically 6 in-line OAs and 8 wavelengths.
The span lengths with OA reported in Table II and Table III are rather pessimistic because they are based on G 692 recommendation and commercial system capabilities using +13 dBm or +15 dBm output level Optical Amplifiers. Physical limitations In CS-Rings, the primary parameter is the number of nodes that is equal to the number of wavelengths. This number is limited either by the maximum number of nodes in an SDH ring (16) or the maximum number of wavelengths in a wavelength multiplexer allowed by the current state-of-the-art technology; we assume a node implementation according to Figure 16.
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OADM OADM
OADM ; InsertionLoss : 2 dB
Fibre 1 Fibre 2
OADM OADM
Optical Amplifier
Optical Connector
Figure 16. Node configuration of CS-Ring without and with Optical amplification The working path is always shorter than the protection path, therefore the latter should be considered in calculation of the maximum span lengths. This is shown in the Table II; the result is rounded.
Number of nodes Max. span length without OA. longest protection path without OA Max. span length with OA at each node 3 37 75 107 4 21 64 92 5 14 55 89 6 9 46 82 7 5.9 35 77 8 3.8 26 76 9 2.2 17 75 10 to 16 no no for further study
Table II - Physical limitations of a CS-Ring (length in km) Table II is filled up to 9 nodes which is the maximum number of nodes achievable without OA. with the defined parameters and the physical implementation depicted in Figure 15. With OA in a 9 node CS-Ring, 8 OA are implemented in a protection path. Besides undersea transmission, no commercial equipments are available for a link longer than around 650 km including more than 6 OA. The length limitation is due to the maximum level of chromatic dispersion (12800 ps) compatible with STM-16 transmission. Capacity limitations The number of wavelengths in a CS-Ring is identical to the number of nodes. For the time being, the size of a CS-Ring with OA including more than 9 nodes requires further studies because this implementation implies more than 9 wavelengths which is commercially available but we need also links with more than 8 in-line amplifiers. This implies an accumulation of spontaneous emission and a degradation of SNR which must be calculated. Regarding the flexibility of wavelength routing to define a logical order of the nodes, we must take into account the physical implementation to know how many nodes are really crossed by the protection path. Using this flexibility, the protection path length may be reduced in some cases and thus the span length. According to Table II results, the CS-Ring full span with OA is in the range 320 km (3 nodes) to 675 km (9 nodes) which is the maximum length of a STM-16 path on G 652 fibre due to chromatic dispersion. Larger size CS-Ring will imply the use of a reduced chromatic dispersion fibre or chromatic compensation. For ring comparisons in Deliverable No. 2 of EURESCOM P615, the span length of each span is 10 km. According to the results in Table II, no optical amplification is needed in a 5 node CS-Ring and 2 nodes must be fitted with OA in a 8 node CS-Ring.
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3.6
3.6.1
Optical Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring

General
fibres: physical topology: logical topology: routing: protection: span failure: multiple span failure: node failure: 2 ring mesh optical and SDH path layer optical multiplex section shared protection (dual-ended switching) yes yes yes
3.6.2
Description
Protection at the optical multiplex level could be beneficial. It would enable protection of all optical channels simultaneously, with a low number of optical switches, giving it a cost advantage over electrical protection. Of course, such an advanced functionality requires a proper management system. Although OMS-protection does not protect against defects in the network layers, like multiplexing / demultiplexing, it protects against cable-cuts, which is an increasingly important issue for public network operators.
a) b)
1, 3, 5, ... 2, 4, 6, ...
Fibre failure
Figure 17. Two-fibre OMS-shared protection ring architecture. a) working state, b) protection state This section covers one specific example, namely, the Two-Fibre Optical Multiplex Section - Shared Protection Ring (OMS-SPRing). In this architecture, the capacity on each of the two fibres is shared1 by working and protection traffic. For example, a sixteen-wavelength WDM system would have eight channels allocated for working traffic and eight for protection traffic on each of the two fibres. In the event of a failure, working traffic on one fibre would be switched over to the protection capacity
1
An alternative to shared protection is dedicated protection when a dedicated fibre is used for protection traffic only.
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on the other fibre. Therefore the eight working channels on one fibre have the same wavelengths as the eight protection channels on the other fibre and vice versa. The operation of this protection mechanism is illustrated in Figure 17. Additionally, the OMS-SPRing provides optical traffic routing based on wavelength selection by the nodes.
3.6.3
Functional model
When optical multiplex section protection (i.e. between OADMs) is considered in a ring architecture, then, realistically, dual-ended switching must be used. Single-ended switching would result in duplicate traffic generated for each OMS which would interfere with itself on the long protection routes unless wavelength conversion was employed at each node. Dual-ended switching should also enable the implementation of wavelength reuse. The functional model for this 2-fibre, OMS-SPRing is shown in Figure 18. It should be noted that this diagram has been simplified between the HP and OC layers, since it shows only one or two channels being added and dropped, whereas one channel would be used for each of the other nodes on the ring in order to fully exploit optical routing.
HP MS RS
HPC
OC
Shared OMSP 2 fibres
OMSPC OMS WEST OTS EAST
Figure 18. Two-fibre OMS-SPRing node with cable cut on east side The functional model shown here is based on the SDH MS-SPRing functional model depicted in G.841. The standard G.681 implies that the OMS and OTS functions should handle the same number of wavelengths. This model appears to violate this restriction in G.681, but it is believed that it circumvents G.681 by using functions having an identical channel capacity in the OMS and OTS layers, but that the OMS Adaptation function is only part-populated, e.g. it would be an OMSA_16 function in
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the case of a 16 wavelength system, but it would only accommodate working channels or protection channels, not all 16. The challenge in EURESCOM Project P615 was to study the functional model of the node shown in Figure 18, and convert it to a physical picture of a ring network. It should be noted that switching occurs on both sides of a cable cut (dual-ended switching).
3.6.4
Implementation
This part deals with the implementation of a two-fibre OMS-SPRing with a meshed logical node connectivity: each node has a link with all the other nodes on a dedicated wavelength. The transmission capacity on each of the two fibres is shared between working and protection traffic. Therefore, in a 7 node ring, 6 wavelengths are needed per fibre. OADMs are implemented in each node for wavelength routing and dual ended optical switching enables protection in case of cable cut. Management of the optical layer is not considered in this chapter. Figure 19 presents a typical implementation of the optical layer in a node. Wavelength allocation is studied in Deliverable No. 2 of EURESCOM P615. Opto-mechanical 22 swiches are suited for protection as far as insertion losses are low (1 dB typical) and switching speed is in the 20 ms range. The proposed node configuration includes one OADM per fibre and a 22 cross-bar optical switch implemented at each side of the node. Optical amplifiers can be used. The best place for the amplifiers seems to be between the OADM and optical switch in order to use both optical amplifiers in protection state to cope with the extra losses.
OS1
EDFA
OADM
OS2
OADM
Figure 19. Configuration of a node with a cross-bar optical switch An alternative configuration for the node is depicted in Figure 20. It includes one OADM per fibre and two 21 optical switches.
OS1
EDFA
OADM
OS2
OADM
OS4
OS3
Figure 20. Configuration of a node with 21 optical switch
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In both nodes, only half of the fibre capacity is used to transport working traffic, the other half being reserved for protection. Regarding the optical amplification, the best location seems to be before the optical switches, but it should be noted that insertion losses are increased in the protected state. In a 5 node architecture, 3 wavelengths are needed in each node for a full logical mesh. Insertion losses are 2 dB for a wavelength through an OADM. For 5 node architecture comparisons, we assume 2 dB insertion losses between the add and drop ports. Figure 21 and Figure 22 depict the node configuration in working and protection switched states in order to compare them on the insertion loss basis.
1dB 2dB OADM 2dB 2dB 3 dB 2dB 2dB 2dB OADM 4dB 1dB 3 dB
Figure 21. Cross-bar node configuration in a 5 node OMS SP ring (Working state)
1dB
2dB OADM 2dB 2dB 1dB
Cable Break 2dB 6dB 2dB 2dB OADM
Figure 22. Cross-bar node configuration in a 5 node OMS SP ring (Protection state) Multilayer filters are adopted for architecture comparison with 1 dB loss per dropped channel because they are available and they exhibit the lower insertion losses and costs than grating devices.
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3.6.5
Design rules
The configuration shown in Figure 23 was used to obtain the information presented in Table III on physical limitations of OMS-SPRings.
OS1
OS2
Figure 23. Schematic implementation of a node in an OMS-SPRing
Number of nodes Max span length without OA. longest protection path without OA Max. span length with OA
4 4 16 92
5 2 11 78
6 59
7 51
8 36
9 to 16
for further study
Table III - Physical limitations of OMS-SPRing (in km) According to Table III, the ring full span is in the range of 368 km (4 nodes) to 288 km (8 nodes). The reduction in size as the number of nodes is increasing is due to an increasing number of wavelengths used in the ring. This limitation could be overcome by the implementation of a more powerful OA used only for protection links. The OMS-SPRing with 9 to 16 nodes needs further studies by means of software tools to simulate an optical amplified WDM network.
3.7
3.7.1
MWTN mesh
General
fibres: physical topology: logical topology: routing: protection: MS failure: multiple MS failure: node failure: 2 per link mesh mesh optical + SDH OC or SDH path yes yes yes
3.7.2
Description
The Multi-Wavelength Transport Network (MWTN) Project, part of the RACE program, set out to develop ideas for a future broad-band flexible transport network
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employing the optical network layers. MWTN was seen from the outset as a broadband network designed to overlay existing networks. The fundamental building block of the MWTN architecture is the Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) node (Figure 24). Optical cross-connects are particularly useful for meshed network architectures, where nodes have to route traffic from three or more directions. The MWTN OXC node has the ability to redirect (route) traffic according to wavelength. Inbound traffic is selected first by its incoming route, and second by wavelength. Optical cross-connects are then used to redirect this traffic onto outgoing routes. Therefore each optical channel can be selected and redirected as required. In addition, optical channels may be added or dropped using a conventional digital crossconnect (DXC). Traffic is transferred between the OXCs and the DXC via tuneable receivers and transmitters. The DXC may also be used for fine granularity processing (down to the VC-12 level), such as grooming, AU routing, and monitoring. The DXC can also be used to perform wavelength conversion, since all-optical wavelength conversion is not included in the OXC functionality. Both the OXCs and the DXC can be used to restore service in the event of a network failure.
TUNEABLE FILTERS OSSs
DXC TUNEABLE Tx DROP Rx ADD
Figure 24. Reconfigurable OXC proposed by the MWTN consortium. The node shown handles traffic from three directions. Both pre- and post-amplification (triangles) are used to boost signals. Optical channels are selected by tuneable filters and power equalised (not shown) before cross-connection. Traffic may be added / dropped or groomed using the DXC in conjunction with the tuneable transmitters (Tx) and receivers (Rx) For a WDM system employing n wavelengths, the node requires n OXCs to have full cross-connect functionality. Each OXC must have an input (and corresponding output) port for each fibre accessing the node with additional ports for each DXC.
3.7.3
Functional model
The functional model of the MWTN mesh comprises routing functionalities in the electrical and optical layers. The DXC switch is located above the SDH Multiplex Section layer but below the Higher-Order Path functions. The OXC function is located between the OMS and OC functions because the optical channels can be selected using tuneable filters.
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HP
MS
RS OC
OMS OTS
Figure 25. Functional model for the MWTN OXC illustrated in Figure 24. OC protection has not been shown in this diagram, but could be represented by an expanded OC layer with additional termination and adaptation functions, along with an OCPC matrix
3.7.4
Implementation
Optical nodes are studied in European Projects as MWTN, OPEN, METON, PHOTON or MEPHISTO to develop ideas for a future broad band flexible transport network designed to overlay the existing networks. Optical Cross Connects (OCC) are particularly useful for meshed network architectures where nodes have to route traffic from different directions. Taking into account analysis made within EURESCOM P615 and an overview of the other Projects dealing with OCC, P615s choice was guided by these functionalities : a non-blocking reconfigurable node a reliable configuration (solution including several medium size switch matrices is preferred) switching speed optical properties (insertion loss, crosstalk etc.) commercial availability
According to these guidelines, P615 proposed two OCC configurations. The first one, depicted in Figure 26, is reconfigurable, has low losses with no regeneration and no wavelength conversion. It is based on the first stage for demultiplexing input channels, the middle stage for switching and the final stage for multiplexing. Optical amplifier is implemented at the output of the OCC.
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demultiplexer input fibre 1
space switch
multiplexer O.A.
input fibre m
from local node
Supervisory and management
to local node
Figure 26. MWTN node configuration for meshed architecture comparison If n wavelengths are used per fibre and m fibres are connected at the input of the OCC, n switches are needed ; each matrix has m input and output ports related to the number of fibres. An extra matrix is used for dropping or adding channels for the local node. Assuming three input and output fibres and 8 wavelengths per fibre, the available optical components are grating type devices with 3 dB typical insertion loss in microoptic technology plus 1 dB for addressing wavelength supervisory. An optomechanical matrix has 2 dB insertion loss. For an input - output channel, a typical insertion loss is 11 dB including 1 dB for optical connectors. Narrowing effect of cascaded nodes is out of the scope of this chapter. With 16 wavelength per fibre, typical insertion loss is 12 dB. The OCC depicted in Figure 26 is suited for a small size meshed architecture with an end to end restoration policy because there is no wavelength conversion. One wavelength is dedicated for supervisory in order to get fault, reconfiguration and protection/restoration management. In case of a larger size network with subnetwork protection/restoration, the OCC node configuration depicted in Figure 27 is proposed. This configuration can be taken as a further step after Figure 26 configuration, taking into account MWTN and OPEN Projects, but P615 suggested the implementation of the wavelength translation with electrical conversion because not all optical converters were mature. In the first part of the OCC, the wavelength is chosen with a tuneable filter then routed through space switches. Implementation of wavelength converters enables each signal to reach an output whatever is the input wavelength. Assuming m input - output fibres and n wavelength in each fibre, the first stage of the OCC is m optical couplers (1n) followed by a switching stage including n space switches (mm). Wavelength is selected by tuneable filters (micro-optic Fabry-Perot filters : 2 dB typical insertion loss including wavelength locking). The final stage is a wavelength converter and an optical multiplexer. Assuming 4 fibres with 8 wavelengths per fibre, total insertion loss before detection is around 16 dB. Insertion loss of the final stage is 4 dB before optical amplification. Assuming 16 wavelengths per fibre, insertion losses are respectively 19 dB and 4.5 dB.
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1 input fibre 1
Space Switch
Tunable Wl converter filtre 1
AO
m n
input fibre m
to local node from local node Supervisory and management
Figure 27. Optical Cross Connect with wavelength conversion Optical Cross Connects are proposed in 2 configurations. The first one (Figure 26) includes only passive devices with 11/12 dB insertion losses and is suited for small size meshed networks. The other one (Figure 27) includes wavelength converters with electrical conversion and the insertion losses are 16 dB before detection and 4 dB after wavelength conversion.
3.7.5
Design rules
The configuration of the node, adopted for architecture comparison, is defined in Figure 28. According to the traffic demand considered in Deliverable No. 2 of EURESCOM P615, the size of the network is defined on a number of fibre basis and number of wavelength per fibre.
dem ultiplexer space sw itch m ultiplexer O . .A Supervisory and m anagem ent input fibre 1
input fibre 3
8(1/2 sdh LTE)

D rop n*STM1 Add
Figure 28. MWTN node configuration for meshed architecture comparison
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The maximum fibre span is 100 km. As only 8 wavelengths are used per fibre, P615 assumed the implementation, in each node, of only one Optical Amplifier in each fibre link. No in-line amplifiers were needed. The implementation described in Figure 28 exhibits 3 fibres with 4 wavelengths per fibre There are also add/drop possibilities for local node and the total number of optical channels crossing the optical cross-connect is 16. The related cost is 16*(the average cost of one optical channel in an OCC) and we must add the cost of the line terminal equipments and of the electrical DXC4/4. For a bi-directional link, this cost must be multiplied by 2. So, for the Optical Cross-Connect, an average cost is defined as a number of optical channels crossing the OCC.
3.8
Conclusion
This chapter defined what is meant by optical network architecture: a network architecture that implements some or all network functionalities in the optical layers of the layered model. Choosing the traffic routing and protection functionalities as classification criteria, the chapter then proposed a classification method for architectures, taking into account whether the chosen network functionalities were allocated to the electronic or optical layers of the functional model. Then, the network architectures selected by EURESCOM Project P709 were identified and, for each one, a detailed description was presented. The description included an overview of the architectures functionalities, a functional model, a discussion of implementation options and basic design rules. The optical and electrical architectures are now well known. The next section will study the problem of dimensioning and some methods to solve it will be proposed.
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4
4.1
Dimensioning methods
Dimensioning methods for multiple-ring OMS-SPRing or SDH SPRing networks
This section considers a way of dimensioning simple networks, which are made-up of a collection of rings. The rings can be OMS-SPRing optical rings, or SDH MSSPRings. The suggested dimensioning method is based on planar graph theory. It is unfortunately only applicable to networks where all the traffic generating nodes can be drawn so that they appear on the edge of the network, however this includes many simple networks which comprise a few rings. It also gives the minimum possible number of rings required to carry the traffic, and thus gives an optimal solution.
4.1.1
Types of suitable networks

The used of shared protection rings in telecommunication networks is currently increasing due to some attractive characteristics of SDH MS-SPRing rings: The network is built up of small scaleable elements (ADMs) which can be cheaper than SDH digital cross connects needed for mesh networks. Shared protection rings are usually more efficient in terms of fibre usage than 1+1 protection in rings. Although restoration in mesh networks can be more bandwidth-efficient, it is slower with a state-of-the-art restoration time of one minute. It generally provides a lower quality of service than MS-SPRing protection where cable breaks cause less than 50ms of downtime.
Many telecommunication operators are therefore choosing to deploy backbones based on interconnected MS-SPRings. Routing in MS-SPRing based networks is at the same time more complex than routing across a single 1+1 protected ring, but is also more amenable to analytical techniques, since routing a demand involves only choosing the working path only (the protection path being implicit). With 1+1 protected mesh networks the protection as well as the working path must be chosen, resulting in greater complexity. In effect, using MS-SPRing based networks bring us back to the problem finding sets of unprotected paths across a network, a problem which has been covered extensively in the literature, with regards not only to telecommunications. The principles of the MS-SPRing are also applicable to WDM rings such as the OMSSPRing, and we therefore consider in this contribution ways to dimension both optical and SDH shared protection rings. An example of a network composed of multiple rings, which is suitable for dimensioning using the proposed method, is shown in Figure 29. The key requirements of such a network are that: The network is planar, i.e. can be drawn on a plane such that no links cross one another. All the nodes where traffic originates or terminates are on the exterior boundary of the network.
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Any nodes which are inside the network boundary must have no traffic terminating, and must also be even (i.e. the sum of link capacity adjoining that node must be even). In a network made of rings, this is always the case.
Unfortunately this can rule out many large networks, but if the ring design is performed carefully, many smaller networks (less than ~20 nodes) meet these requirements. As shown in Figure 29, rings can be chosen to intersect one another. Once the geographical placement of rings have been determined, and the ring capacities (e.g. STM16 MS-SPRing, STM64 MS-SPRing, 16 or 40 OMS-SPRing), then the number of stacked rings required to carry the given traffic demands must be calculated. The next section outlines the possible problems in such an approach.
1
f
2 4 5
Figure 29. Example of a multiple ring network suitable for dimensioning using the proposed method
4.1.2
Routing problems in multiple-ring networks

Figure 30 shows a demand between two nodes named Start and Finish. A number of possible routes can be chosen. For example, the Start node sits on both rings 4 and 5, so either ring could carry the first leg of the traffic. Three possible paths are shown. One uses rings 1,2 and 4, the other two both use rings 1 and 5, but travelling on opposite sides of the rings. If the demand is larger than 1 VC4 (or wavelength) it may also be split and several paths be used at the same time.
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Finish
1
f
2 4 5 Start
Figure 30. Possible routes for a given demand A certain ring usage choice will impact on the in-ring routing, and consequently on the ring loading and free capacity. Similarly the choice of the gateway node between rings can impact on the total numbers of rings needed to route all the traffic within the network. Faced with all these possible routings and ring choices, it can be difficult to determine the minimum number of rings required to transport a given set of demands. The dimensioning method proposed here consists of: Estimating the number of stacked rings required for each geographical ring placement The model then calculates whether this number of rings can carry all the traffic demands
The number of rings needed can then be increased or reduced until the smallest possible number required has been found The proposed method can also be extended to find the routings, but this is not explained in this contribution.
4.1.3
The dimensioning method

The dimensioning method is based upon the Okamura-Seymour theorem [2], and its extension due to A. Frank [3]. The Okamura-Seymour theorem states that if G is a planar graph with a set of nodes V and edges E, and H is a set of k demands {si,ti}, i=1,, k, then if: All si and ti are on the exterior boundary of the graph
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The graph is even (the sum of the edge capacity adjoining a given node, plus the sum of the demands originating or terminating at the same node, must be even for all nodes in V)
Then provided that for any cut which separates the network into 2 connected subnetworks, the sum of the edge capacity removed to perform the cut must be superior of equal to the sum of the demands spanning the cut (see Figure 31 for an example). To be more precise, let X be a subset of V. Let D(X) be the set of all edges with one end in X and the other in V-X, and let (X) be the set of all demands with one terminal in X and one in V-X. If |D(X)| represents the sum of the capacity of all edges in D(X), and |d(X)| represents the sum of size of all demands in (X), then there is enough capacity in the network to carry all the demands if and only if: For all X V, |D(X)| - |(X)| is even and non-negative (1)
It is obvious that this condition is required, but in Reference [2] it is proved that it is sufficient.
16 16
Set X (b)
7
(a)
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
9 16
3 6
Fibre infrastructure with capacity in VC4s (c) (d)
Demands in VC4s
7
9 16
A cut of the network with capacity D(X) of 32 VC4s
Demands across the cut with (X) bandwidth 32 VC4s
Figure 31. Example of making a cut of a network to check if sufficient transmission capacity exists. In this case the cut condition is just satisfied, the cut is tight Two important conditions limit the applicability of the theorem in telecommunication networks: The parity or evenness condition The requirement that all nodes be on the edge of the network.
The necessity of the parity condition is demonstrated in Figure 32a. It can be seen that all nodes are on the exterior boundary, the cut criterion is satisfied (there is enough capacity to transport 2 VC4s both demands across any cut of the network), but the parity condition is not satisfied therefore the demands cannot be routed. The necessity of all demands originating or terminating on the outside boundary is shown Figure 32b: all nodes are even in this case, and the cut criterion is satisfied, but still the demands cannot be routed.
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2 demands of 1 VC4 each
(a) (b)
Capacity = 1 VC4 on all edges
Figure 32. Examples demonstrating the necessity of the conditions The restriction due to the parity criterion can be alleviated in two ways: By making the network even. In a network consisting of multiplex rings, this can be done by increasing some demands by up to 1 VC4 (or wavelength) to make all nodes even. The condition (1) can then be applied to check whether ring capacity meets demand. By applying a more complex criterion described in [3]. This extra parity criterion is based on increasing demands to make the network even, but in an optimal way.
The condition which states that the terminals for the demands lie in the exterior boundary of the network cannot be removed so easily: routing and dimensioning for such general networks has been shown to be a NP-complete problem. It is not known either by how much the required capacity is underestimated by simply satisfying the cut condition for general network topologies, and this is any interesting study to perform. To apply this theorem to our multiple ring network dimensioning method, we first choose ring placements Ri , i=1,,k. Each Ri is a subset of the edges E used by ring i. Once ring placements have been chosen, the number of physical stacked rings Ni at each ring placement i are estimated, as well as the working capacity Ci of the ring (i.e. 8 VC4s for a 2-fibre STM16 MS-SPRing, 16 wavelengths for a 2-fibre 32 OMSSPRing). With this data, we calculate the capacity CE of every edge of the network: For all rings i, and all edges E, CE=CE+Ni Ci if E Ri With these edge capacities, the condition (1) is verified for all possible cuts of the network. If the condition holds, then the network capacity provided by the sets of rings Ri is sufficient to satisfy all the demands. The numbers Ri can then be reduced, until the minimum number of rings with sufficient capacity has been found. Note that the algorithm described above does not provide routings for all demands. It only indicates whether the ring capacity is sufficient to carry all demands, given an optimised routing. The algorithms leading to the proofs in [2] and [3] can in fact be extended to provide routings for all demands, see [3] for details.
4.1.4
Application to OMS-SPRing
The method described above is sufficient for dimensioning a network using SDH MSSPRing rings, provided time-slot interchange is allowable. Optical rings such as the OMS-SPRing do not allow wavelength conversion, and in this case the extra constraints imposed by wavelength continuity have to be satisfied.
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To apply the dimensioning method to OMS-SPRing, the following approach is suggested : Firstly, dimension the network (i.e. find the number of rings required) by using the method described above. Find the routings of all the demands using the algorithms described in reference [3]. Once all routings have been determined, break up each route into sub-routes when they traverse multiple rings, so that each sub-route now only travels across one ring. This is carried out to reflect the fact that wavelengths will generally be regenerated or demultiplexed between rings, to groom traffic or combat signal-tonoise degradation. Wavelength conversion between rings is therefore allowed in the majority of cases. Use a wavelength allocation algorithm such as that described in [4] to allocate a wavelength to each sub-route. We have seen that the wavelength continuity constraint rarely results in a much greater capacity requirement [5].
A dimensioning method for networks composed of multiple rings of the MS-SPRing or OMS-SPRing type has been proposed. Although it is restricted to a certain class of networks, it may nevertheless find wide application for dimensioning networks composed of a small number of rings, and having up to around 20 node. The advantage of the proposed method is that it dimensions the network assuming an optimal routing is used. It therefore gives an optimal answer, where the minimum number of rings are used. The method is not applicable to networks using rings with 1+1 protection (e.g. DPRings), as the routing methods are completely different. Dimensioning such networks is not a trivial task, (e.g. different routes using different sets of rings may be chosen for some demands). Algorithms for dimensioning networks consisting of multiple rings would therefore be of great interest.
4.2
Optical dimensioning methods

This chapter is related to the dimensioning methods in the optical layer. Some resource allocation algorithms have already been described together with the description of the restoration and protection techniques studied in Annexes A and B. Therefore we will focus on the design and dimensioning of optical nodes in meshed networks, which is one of the major element to be considered in the interaction between the optical layer and the client layers. Figure 33 depicts the typical configuration of an optical cross-connect in the optical layer. As it is described, the local ports of the OXC may be connected to various client layers (e.g. ATM, SDH STM-n layers). In this chapter, we analyse the possible structures for the OXC in a multi-client applications context. Several possible structures are evaluated on the EON network case, showing a compromise in the optical layer, between the size of optical elements and the characteristics of optical transmission.
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Optical switch matrix
D M U X D M U X Local ports
M U X Optical fibres M U X
Optical layer
SDH (STM-16) Layer
ATM layer
Figure 33. Optical node with interconnection to several client layers The possible interdependence of client layers adds complexity to the dimensioning problem. In Deliverable 1, several architectures have been selected, depending on the interdependence of the layers (for instance IP/ATM/SDH/WDM compared to IP/SDH/WDM). In this part of the study, we consider the dimensioning of the optical layer and we assume other client layers have already been dimensioned. This means the demands in optical channels have been fixed for each client layer. In the next paragraph, two structures will be proposed and dimensioning methods for each structure will be described. An application to example network is given in the last paragraph.
4.2.1
Optical node structures in a meshed network

Two options have been investigated, on the basis of the possible restoration schemes mentioned in Annex A, to fulfil network requirements for survivability. The design of more detailed structures in terms of optical components, as well as the full description of their technological options, is not addressed here. In particular, the need for optical amplification in the node is not considered here, since it does not impact on the node functionality. However, this should be a crucial parameter for techno-economical studies.
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Switch
Switches
fibre
DMUX
MUX
Figure 34. OXC structures proposed for path restoration scheme Structure 1 (on the left) consists of a single switch matrix, connecting all optical channels passing through the node or dropped to the local ports. It could be upgraded by a wavelength conversion stage added after the NxN switch. Structure 2 ( on the right) consists of a layered structure, each single matrix connecting all same wavelengths passing through the node or connected to local ports. This structure offers a smaller switch size than the previous structure, thus it may be more feasible. However the upgrade with wavelength converters is no more allowed.
4.2.2
Dimensioning methods
Considering the possible schemes for resource allocation selected in Annex A, the following table describes the cases to be used for optical layer. Node structure 1 Node structure 2 Wavelength conversion (VWP) No wavelength conversion (WP) Tunable source X X X X X
Table IV - Possible schemes for resource allocation in optical layer In order to provide a comparison between the two node structures in terms of dimensioning, we will apply dimensioning methods with the WP case for resource allocation.
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Node dimensioning can be done as follows: STRUCTURE 1 We first allocate resource in the network (wavelength channels, fibres) for each case of failure. Then for each node, all possible cases of (single) failure in the network are simulated and the size of the node is updated (maximum between current size, initialised to 0 and the sum of input channels and local channels). Dimensioning methods is summarised in the following diagram.
Initialise all matrix sizes to 0
Simulate single failure (link or node)
Resource allocation (wavelength, fiber)
For all nodes
Update matrix size
Figure 35. Dimensioning method for structure 1
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STRUCTURE 2 Each node is described by a set of N matrices where N is the maximum number of wavelengths to be used in the network. We first allocate resource in the network (wavelength channels, fibres) for each case of failure. Then for each node, all possible cases of (single) failure in the network are simulated and the size of each sub-matrix is updated (maximum between current size, initialised to 0 and the sum of input channels and local channels at the corresponding wavelength).
Initialise all matrix sizes to 0
Simulate single failure (link or node)
Resource allocation (wavelength, fiber)
For all nodes
For all sub matrix
Update matrix size
Figure 36. Dimensioning method for structure 2
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4.2.3
Application to a network example

The two previous methods have been applied to the European network example described in Annex C. Assumptions were as follows : No wavelength conversion case End-to-end restoration : two end-to-end paths were assigned for each demand on the basis of the shortest-path algorithm Wavelength and fibre allocation was achieved through Graph Colouring methods used in Annex C. Spare resource was allocated by simulating each possible single failure (node or link) and re-calculating resource allocation. The sizes of switches were rounded up to the closest 2n integer.
As far as structure 1 is concerned, 2 nodes in the network would require 64x64 switches, 8 nodes require 128x128 switches and one node requires a 256x256 switch. Compared to the state of the art of optical switching, it shows that structure 1 would hardly be feasible under the traffic and network assumptions taken here.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2x2 4x4 8x8 16x16 32x32 64x64
N=4 N=8 N=16
Figure 37. Total number of switches in the network for various capacity per fibre (N) Figure 37 reports the total number of optical switches of given sizes in the network for structure 2, for various capacity per fibre. The influence of the number of wavelengths per fibre on the switch size points out the trade-off between the transmission costs and complexity (N) and the switching cost (related to the size of the switches).
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Optical/Electrical layers : management possibilities

The OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) requirements to the optical networks have been already defined in P615 project [6]. The present chapter is a short analyse of the possibilities of management of the optical layers, taking part of an SDH electrical client layer. First, the processing of the management information required to control the optical layers, is described. Then, the question is what kind(s) of signal could be defined to support the optical overhead data (optical OAM parameters and TMN data) ? Is it possible to use unallocated bytes of the SDH client overhead to handle the OAM optical parameters (or only some of them) ? Is it possible also to use the SDH layer to transport the TMN data exchanged between the management system and the optical nodes ?
5.1
Management information processing

The management information required to manage an optical network are : TMN data for requests and notifications exchanged between the management system and the optical nodes. OAM parameters for signalling, monitoring and supervision information exchanged between optical adjacent nodes.
The combination (TMN data + OAM parameters) defines the optical overhead data. The Technical Annex B of P615 project [6] define the OAM parameters of equipment boxes for each optical layer (OCH, OMS and OTS). It defines also how optical overhead data is processed by the Termination functions at each optical layer, and how TMN data is processed by the Message Communication Function at OCH layer and OMS layer :
B OCH_T
O CHO H C arried out b y term ination function:
overhead g en eration an d term ination D eal w ith alarm s , e.g.: -O C H (sup ) loss of su pervis ory -O C H (sup ) loss of tim ing /fram e -etc...
DAc O C H /client_A
T M od
Ac
S EM F
E quipm ent specific m onitoring, e.g.: laser p ower & bias
M CF
Q
TM N
Figure 38. Optical channel layer elements
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Ac OM S_T
O MSOH Carried out by termination function:
overhead monitoring: -signal level -error checking Alarms: -OM S (sup) loss of supervisory -OM S (sup) loss of timing/frame -etc...
OM S/OCH_A
WA OM
Am
S Equipment specific monitoring, e.g.: EM F Signal level of added & dropped wavelengths
Frequency of demux channels Demux power supply voltage Equipment specific configuration: Selection of added/dropped channels Adjustement of demux frequency
opt. DCC
M CF
Q
TMN
Figure 39. Optical multiplex section elements
Am
Carried out by termination function:
overhead monitoring: -signal level -error checking Alarms: -OTS (sup) loss of supervisory -OTS (sup) loss of timing/frame -OTS (sup) AIS -OTS (sup) - Error -OTS (sup) FERF
DAt OTS_T
OTSOH OSPt
Am OTS/OMS_A
FFS
S EMF Equipment specific monitoring, e.g.: total power input/ouput

OA pump laser power/current temperature power supply voltage amount of dispersion Equipment specific configuration: signal level setting Laser bias current/amplifier gain/temp. control
opt. DCC
opt. DCC
MCF
Figure 40. Optical Transmission section layer elements
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The following diagram identifies the different possibilities of Management Signal implementation to support the optical Overhead:
OCH OCH OMS, OTS
Management Signal support
Client signals (1..n)
Surmodulation of client signals (1..n)
Separate optical supervisory signal (osc)
External communication channel
Management Signal type
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
Specific bit protocol
STM1
IP
Specific bit protocol
TCP/IP, X25, ISDN, ...
Electrical SDH overhead
? ?
Optical OAM parameters Optical overhead
TMN data
OAM functions
Configuration Management
Alarm Management
Performance Monitoring
Figure 41. Overview of management signal implementation possibilities The two transitions symbolised by two dashed arrows on the previous diagram between Optical overhead and Electrical SDH overhead are studied in the next section.
5.2
Possible interaction between SDH overhead and optical overhead

The general idea of this section is to look at the possibilities and the constraints of an implementation of the optical overhead taking part of the SDH overhead, i.e. some unallocated bytes of the SDH overhead. (We suppose that the electrical clients are exclusively SDH signals. Of course, in case of different clients signals transmitted over different wavelengths on the same fiber (PDH, SONET, ATM,...), this implementation of overhead is no more applicable).
5.2.1
Constraints and limitations

An Electrical processing is needed at each optical channel level to process the optical overhead. This constraint implies the use of OTUs (Optical Translating Unit) in OXC, OADM, or Optical Line Terminal nodes, in order to modify the SDH overhead unallocated bytes with the received optical OAM parameters related to the OTS, OMS and OCH. A possible implementation is shown hereafter.
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Management OperationSystem
TMN interface
Client network
SDH SDH Rx Rx SDH SDH Rx Tx
Optical Transport network
OTU OTU receiver receiver
receiver transmitter
OTU OTU
OTOH OMOH extraction CTIO OTOH1

1
OCOH
OTOH OMOH insertion

1
OTOH2
OLA1
osc
OLA2
Optical DMUX
Optical Switch Matrix
Optical MUX
osc
Figure 42. Implementation of OXC-node with processing of optical overhead transferred into unallocated bytes of the SDH signals SOH OTS and OMS overhead information should be carried separately over a dedicated wavelength (osc), and can be added in each SDH client overhead, with the OCOH by the OTUs. With this solution, the data frame supported by the optical supervisory channel (osc) should be large enough to encapsulate OTS overhead of a limited number of adjacent Optical Amplifiers (for example 20 in Figure 43):
20 20 20
3 2 1
OTOH3 OTOH2 OTOH1
OTOH1
OTOH2 1 OTOH1
2 1
OXC
osc
OA1
OA2
OA3
OXC
Figure 43. Example of dedicated wavelength to carry OTS and OMS overhead information Different STM-n signals may be transported on the same optical network, via different transponders, as illustrated below in Figure 44:
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STM1 STM4 STM16 STM16
Transponder A Transponder B Transponder C Transponder C
1 2 3 4 Optical MUX
Figure 44. Example of a 4 WDM system, transporting different STM-n signals on 4 optical channels In such scenario, we can only use unallocated bytes of STM1 overhead (see next paragraph). In case of failure of the SDH signal, the management of the optical layers is no more operational. The use of allocated bytes of SDH overhead for optical management purpose should be forbidden, to avoid non operating effects of SDH layer (due to overhead modifications) and mismanagement of the SDH Management System.
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
Use of unallocated SDH overhead Bytes for optical overhead

Unallocated bytes of SDH overhead
RS overhead
MS overhead
Bytes for national use
Media dependent bytes
49
97
A1 A 1 B1 D1 H1 H 1
A 1
A1
A 1
A2 A 2 E1 D2
A 2
A 2
A2
A 2
J0 F1 D3
Z0 Z0 Z0
14 4 *
H 1
H1
H 1
H2 H 2
H 2
H 2
H2
H 2
H3 K2 D6 D8 D1 2
H 3
H 3
H3
H3
B2 B2 B2 B2 D4 D7 D1 0 S1
B2 K1 D5 D8 D1 1 M 1
E2
STM-16 overhead ==>856 unallocated bytes
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1 A1 B1 D1 H1 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1
13 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 E1 D2 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11
A2 A2
25 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 F1 D3
Z0
Z0
Z0
36 *
H2 H2
H2 H2 H2 H2 H3 K2 D6 D8 D12
H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H3
M1
E2
STM-4 overhead
==>198 unallocated bytes 1 4 7 9 *
A1 B1 D1 H1 B2 D4 D7 D1 0 S1
A 1
A 1
A2 E1 D2
A 2
A 2
J0 F1 D3
H 1
H 1
H2
H 2
H 2
H3 K2 D6 D8 D1 2
H 3
H3
B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D1 1
M E2 1 STM-1 overhead
==>30 unallocated bytes 5.2.2.2 Definition of a byte structure for optical Overhead optical tracing bytes OCH trace (J2): it provides an OCH identifier, to do end-to-end monitoring of optical route.
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optical monitoring bytes The purpose is to detect Degradation of Signal, at input of each OA (Degradation of OTS), at input of Multiplexer (Degradation of OMS) and also for each optical channel (Degradation of OCH). The method of measurement and calculation of the Quality of Signal should be studied. The following bytes could be defined to code the quality of signal : B4 for the signal quality of OTS layer B5 for the signal quality of OMS layer B6 for the signal quality of OCH layer optical APS bytes At least, two bytes (K4,K5) should be necessary to perform Automatic Protection Switching of OCH layer : K4 : to code the Protection Switching message of OCH K5 : to code OCH AIS and OCH RDI alarms detection optical DCC bytes Optical DCC bytes should transport optical TMN data between adjacent nodes. The number of new DCC bytes should be fixed according to the data rate that is necessary to transfer the messages that are listed in the following table :
TMN message data configuration of the OXC Switch matrix configuration of the optical Multiplexer control of the OCH connectivity, with OCH identifiers restoration of OCH trails alarms Loss Of Signal (LOS) Loss Of Power (LOP) Power Degradation Trail Identifier Mismatch Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) Remote Defect Indication (RDI) performance parameters Total input power Total output power Input power per channel Output power per channel Input OSNR Ouput OSNR OA pump current OA pump temperature Multiplexer temperature OTS, OMS OTS, OMS OCH OCH OCH OCH OTS OTS OMS OTS, OMS, OCH OTS, OMS, OCH OTS, OMS, OCH OMS, OCH OTS, OMS, OCH OTS, OMS, OCH optical layer OCH OMS OCH OCH
Table V - Link between TMN message data and opical layer
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As the data messages are specific to a layer, the optical DCC bytes can be structured in OTS DCC, OMS DCC and OCH DCC. The following rates are given as a proposal of use of unallocated STM1 overhead bytes : 4 bytes (D13-D16) for OTS DCC --> 256 kbit/s rate 2 bytes (D17-D18) for OMS DCC --> 128 kbit/s rate 8 bytes (D19-D26) for OCH DCC --> 512kbit/s rate
Tracing bytes Monitoring bytes J2 for OCH trace identifier B4 for OTS Signal quality B5 for OMS Signal quality B6 for OCH Signal quality APS bytes K4 for OCH APS command K5 for OCH AIS and RDI alarm detection DCC bytes D13-D16 for OTS DCC D17-D18 for OMS DCC D19-D26 for OCH DCC total 20 bytes
Table VI - Summary of optical overhead bytes The total is less than the number of unallocated STM1 overhead bytes (30) All of these bytes are written into electrical overhead of each STM client signal by the OTU. Of course, the bytes related to OMS and OTS sections are repeated in each SDH client overhead, but this can be easily handled and masked by the management system.
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Deliverable 2
Dimensioning methods for optical/electrical layers

This chapter considers the task of dimensioning and designing a WDM network when the underlying client is SDH and the traffic demands are given in VC4s. To simplify our task, we only consider here the case where the WDM network is : A WDM ring 1+1 protection (SNC-P) is used at the VC4 level, or MS-SPRing protection is used in SDH rings running over the WDM
Our task is to minimise the cost of the WDM ring, whilst satisfying the traffic demands. First, the problem considered is explained in more detail. Secondly, a dimensioning method based on the concept of simulated annealing is suggested. Thirdly, the suggested method is applied to simple test scenarios and evaluated
6.1
The traffic grooming problem or how to minimise the number of terminal equipment in the network
In Annex C, dimensioning methods for various types of WDM networks were discussed, but in all cases the input to the WDM network dimensioning process was the number of wavelength paths required between pairs of points. The network dimensioning process was effectively by layer. The process of optimising each layer independently from the others (usually starting at the top and moving successively closer to the physical layer) may not always achieve the overall best design, but it simplifies the network design task considerably. Also, in practice, clients of WDM networks can be of various types (e.g. SDH, PDH, ATM, IP, Gigabit Ethernet), and a completely general method for joint optimisation of the optical and client layers is probably impractical. Nonetheless, such a two-layer optimisation is here attempted. To simplify the task, a joint process of dimensioning the optical layer (a WDM ring which provides fibre and repeater savings) and the SDH layer (which provides protection either using the MSSPRing protocol in ADMs as shown in Figure 45, or using SNC-P protection at the VC4 level in a 4/4 DXC as shown in Figure 46) is considered. In both cases, the WDM ring uses optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) to access wavelengths at the nodes where they must be dropped. These OADMs may be frozen, as in the first prototypes of this technology proposed by system vendors, or else they may be reconfigurable. Typically, an OADM will provide access to any chosen wavelength in both directions (East and West). The assumption that the WDM ring is already installed, with an OADM at every node, is made. In the case where SNC-P protection in a 4/4 DXC is used, the dimensioning process aims to determine and minimise the number of SDH terminal multiplexers, and OADM wavelength block filters required. For assumption, the SDH terminal multiplexers will be installed in pairs so as to access a wavelength in both directions at a node. Since the traffic is 1+1 protected, this constraint does not seem to result in a higher network cost.
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OADM 1 West 2 East
Coloured aggregate STM16 Terminal multiplexer
STM1 4/4 SDXC SNC-P for terminating VC4 STM1 access
Transit VC4
Figure 45. Architecture for WDM ring with SNC-P protection in 4/4 DXC
OADM 1 West 2 East
MS-SPRing ADM with coloured aggregates Transit VC4

Terminating VC4
Figure 46. Architecture for WDM ring with MS-SPRing client providing protection In the case where MS-SPRing protection is used, the dimensioning process aims to determine locations and numbers of SDH ADMs and OADM wavelength block filters. the constraint that every SDH ADM interfaces at the same wavelength on both the east and west sides is imposed. Since every SDH ring must be closed around the ring, this constraint cannot result in higher network costs. The problem is therefore equivalent to minimising the number of SDH ADMs. Whether SNC-P protection or MS-SPRing protection is used, therefore, the dimensioning process outlined in Figure 47 attempts to minimise the number of
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OADM wavelength blocks and SDH ADM or terminal multiplexers (Terminal equipment). In contrast to previous dimensioning approaches where the number of wavelengths were minimised, in this case the reduction of the number of wavelengths used is no longer attempted, with respect of the constraint of capacity of the WDM ring. This is because the incremental cost of lighting up one wavelength is purely the cost of the ADMs/Terminal multiplexers/transponders which are needed. Note that this network dimensioning task is not necessarily specific to WDM networks, and the same arguments could be used for purely SDH networks (for example, the ring stacking problem when SDH rings run directly over fibre). However, there can be a greater incentive to minimise fibre usage when fibres are scarce, than when using a WDM system with many wavelengths.
INPUTS
WDM ring with flexible OADMs VC4 traffic matrix 4/4 DXC client layer
OUTPUTS
Optimise
transponder and SDH LTE/ADM locations wavelength assignments VC4 routings
Figure 47. Two-layer dimensioning process In order to minimise terminal equipment, traffic travelling to different destinations may be combined to make better use of wavelengths. Figure 48 shows an example where demands from Node 4 to Node 3 and Node 4 to Node 2 are combined between Nodes 4 and 2 and carried over the same wavelength.
One STM-16: containing 8 STM-1 from node 4 to node 2 and 8 STM-1 from node 4 to node 3
OADM 1
SDH 4/4 cross-connect
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
OADM 4
OADM 2
8 STM-1 from node 4 to node 2 dropped using 4/4 DXC
OADM 3
The remaining 8 STM-1s to node 3
Transponder and SDH LTE MUX
Figure 48. Different traffic sources and destinations in WDM ring
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In Figure 49, it is shown that minimising wavelengths or terminal equipments are sometimes mutually exclusive options. In both cases, demands of 8 STM1s, between nodes 1&3, and 2&4, are transported. The first option uses the least number of terminal equipment, and 2 wavelengths, whereas the second option uses only one wavelength, but 50% more terminal equipment. Another example of the optimisation procedure is shown in Figure 50. In this scenario, a fully-meshed traffic demand of 1 STM-1 between each pair of nodes is required. Allocating one wavelength for each demand would be wasteful: 20 terminal multiplexers, and 3 wavelengths would be required, and each STM16 wavelength would be used to 1/16th of its capacity.
OADM1
OADM
OADM 4
O A DM 2
OA D M
OADM
OADM3
O AD M
Dem ands from 4 to 2 ( eight STM -1 )and from 1 to 3 ( eight STM -1 ) 2 w avelengths and 4 transponders
Dem ands from 4 to 2 ( eight STM -1 )and from 1 to 3 ( eight STM -1 ) 1 wavelengths and 6 transponders
Figure 49. Number of wavelength versus number of transponders The solution given by the optimising tool is shown in Figure 50. One wavelength is used, most of the way around the ring in a horseshoe configuration, and 8 terminal multiplexers are required. The loading of the wavelengths along the used spans are 4, 6, 6, and 4 STM1s.
Capacity limit = 16 STM-1 Used capacity = 6 STM-1 Capacity limit = 16 STM-1 Used capacity = 6 STM-1
Demands from node 1 Demands from node 2 Demands from node 3 Demands from node 4
Capacity limit = 16 STM-1 Used capacity = 4 STM-1
Capacity limit = 16 STM-1 Used capacity = 4 STM-1
Wavelength number one
Fully meshed demands case 1 wavelength and 8 transponders
Figure 50. Traffic grooming in a five-node WDM ring
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If the traffic in this scenario is increased from 1 to 3 STM-1s between each pair of nodes, then using the same routing, a capacity of 18 STM-1s would be required on spans 1-5 and 1-2, leading to a solution using 2 wavelengths, and 12 terminal multiplexers. The optimisation tool, in contrast, prefers to complete the ring by lighting up wavelength 1 on span 3-4, and finds a 1-wavelength solution requiring 10 terminal multiplexers.
6.2
Dimensioning method based on simulated annealing

A dimensioning method based on simulated annealing has been developed to groom and route VC4s in order to minimise terminal equipment costs over a WDM ring. This method can be applied for a network where the WDM ring provides fibre relief and node-bypass for through traffic, and the traffic protection is carried out in the SDH layer (either using SNC-P or MS-SPRing). The procedure is very similar to the simulated annealing tools developed purely for wavelength routing in Annex C, and is depicted in Figure 51. The differences are: Each wavelength now has a capacity of 16 STM1s (when SNC-P is used) or 8 STM-1s (when MS-SPRing is used), instead of a capacity of 1 demand previously. The cost of using available wavelengths around the ring are now very low, and are only included to prevent clearly nonsensical routings, and force the usage of the lower numbered wavelengths rather than choosing them at random. Most of the network cost is now associated with links internal to the nodes, which join the traffic sources and sinks to the wavelength planes. These links represent terminal equipment (transponders, pairs of terminal multiplexers, SDH ADMs) as well as the necessary filters required to add-drop a wavelength at a node. This model ensures that if a single VC4 needs to be accessed in one wavelength at one node, then an internal link (hence terminal equipment, transponders etc) is required. However, if no VC4s need to be added or dropped at a node, the wavelength can pass through transparently without incurring any additional cost.
Bundling wavelengths in same fibre (for diversity) Very low cost associated with wavelength number
Wavelength planes Links representing terminal equipment & OADM wavelength block
(b)
SDH grooming incurs cost
Traffic sources and sinks

(a)
Network topology
Figure 51. Schematic of simulated annealing model for 2-layer optimisation
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Diverse routing is possible if 1+1 (SNC-P) protection is used. This is done by adding a large penalty cost when both working and protection paths of a VC4 are found to use the same cable. When MS-SPRing is assumed in the client layer, protection is implicit, and VC4s are only routed one way around the ring assuming that each wavelength can only carry 8 working STM1s.
6.3
Application of the tool to network examples

The combined SDH/WDM dimensioning tool was applied to some simple scenarios using 1+1 and SPRing protection. A 5 node WDM ring was considered. In all cases, a uniform fully-meshed traffic pattern was assumed, but the size of the demand between each pair of nodes was varied between 1 and 16 VC4s. Given this full mesh traffic demand, 3 different dimensioning approaches where considered: The first approach used the dimensioning tool to minimise the number of Terminal multiplexer pairs (1+1 case) or ADMs (SPRing case), by clever grouping and routing of the VC4s. The second approach simply stacks SDH rings on top of one another, and WDM is only used between nodes. At every node, every wavelength is demultiplexed by a terminal multiplexer of ADM. The third approach assigns a wavelength to every demand, no matter how small. For this case, 1+1 protection and SPRing protection are equivalent, since when SPRing ADMs are used, each SDH ring has only two nodes.
6.3.1
Results for 1+1 protection

For the case of 1+1 (SNC-P) protection, the numbers of terminal multiplexers are plotted in Figure 52 for the three approaches. Demultiplexing every wavelength at every node is only economical for very low traffic. When the traffic exceeds 8 VC4s between each node, it is interesting to note that assigning a wavelength to every demand requires the same number of terminal equipment as the more optimised version, which uses less wavelengths when the traffic does not exceed 10 VC4s between each nodes. The wavelength usage for the 3 methods is plotted in Figure 53.
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60 Optimised 50 Number of TM pairs required Demux at every node Wavelength for every demand 40
30
20
10
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 traffic between every node pair (VC4s)
Figure 52. Numbers of terminal multiplexer pairs required for full mesh connectivity in a 5-node ring network, versus the traffic volume, assuming 1+1 protection It is interesting to note that in many cases, the network dimensioned to minimise terminal equipment uses more wavelengths than when each wavelength is processed at every node.
12
Number of wavelengths required
10
Optimised Demux at every node
2 Wavelength for every demand 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Traffic between every node pair (VC4s)
Figure 53. Numbers of wavelengths required for full mesh connectivity in a 5node ring network, versus the traffic volume, assuming 1+1 protection
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The optimised configuration for a fully meshed demand of 2 VC4s per node requires 14 terminal multiplexers and two wavelengths, and is shown in Figure 54.
Figure 54. Terminal multiplexer placements and wavelength usage determined for a full mesh demand of 2VC4s per node pair, for 1+1 protection at the VC4 level In the case when 8 VC4s are required between every pair of nodes, the optimised solution uses only 15 terminal multiplexer pairs and only 5 wavelengths, compared to the case where each demand is given a wavelength (which requires 20 TM pairs and 10 wavelengths). The optimised configuration, as produced by the simulated annealing tool, is shown in Figure 55. Each wavelength supports 2 demands of 8 VC4s each, which completely fills the wavelength. Each wavelength is only accessed at 3 nodes on the ring.
8 VC4s accessed
LTE pair
Figure 55. Placement of terminal multiplexers for 1+1 protection of a demand of 8 VC4s between each node pair. 15 TM pairs and 5 wavelengths are required. The black lines represent a ring capacity of 8 VC4s
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6.3.2
Results for SPRing protection

For SPRing protection, the optimisation tool was used to minimise the number of ADMs required as a function of traffic level. For comparison, the case where ADMs are placed at every node (stacked rings) is also considered, as well as the case where only 2-node SPRings (equivalent to 1+1 protection) where used. The number of ADMs required for the different cases are shown in Figure 56.
35 30 Number of ADMs required 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Traffic between every node pair (VC4s) Optimised Demux at every node Wavelength for every demand
Figure 56. Numbers of ADMs required for full mesh connectivity in a 5-node ring network, versus the traffic volume, assuming SPRing protection It can be seen that by optimising traffic routings, fewer ADMs are required than by deploying 2-node rings, for traffic of up to 12 VC4s between each node pair. The fibre usage of the different solutions is also shown in Figure 57.
12
Number of wavelengths required
10 Optimised 8 Demux at every node 6 Wavelength for every demand
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Traffic between every node pair (VC4s)
Figure 57. Numbers of wavelengths required for full mesh connectivity in a 5node ring network, versus the traffic volume, assuming SPRing protection
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Again, attempting to minimise terminal equipment cost can sometimes result in higher wavelength counts. It is also interesting to note that even when traffic demands are large enough to completely fill a 2-node ring, deploying 2-node rings consumes more wavelengths, even though the number of ADMs is the same as for the optimised design. An example of the configuration produced by the simulated annealing tool is shown in Figure 58 for a full mesh demand of 8 VC4s between each pair of nodes. 10 ADMs and 3 wavelengths are required. The optimised solution for transporting 16 VC4s between each pair of nodes is simply obtained by doubling the configuration shown in Figure 58 . It uses only 6 wavelengths, compared to 10 if 2-node rings are stacked.
Figure 58. SPRing ADM placements for a design optimised to carry 8 VC4s between each pair of nodes. The purple lines represent the routings for the demands
6.3.3
Comparison between 1+1 and SPRing protection

If 1+1 protection is used, pairs of terminal multiplexers are required at a node to access a wavelength. An SDH ADM can equivalently be used instead of a pair of terminal multiplexers, provided the protection is turned off in the ADM (protection is assumed to be provided by the cross-connect). If SPRing protection is used, an ADM is required to access a wavelength at a node. The numbers of terminal equipment required for the two different types of protection are shown in Figure 59.
25
Number of TM pairs/ADMs required
20
15
10 SPRing protection 1+1 protection 5
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Traffic between every node pair (VC4s)
Figure 59. Optimised numbers of terminal multiplex pairs/ADMs required for either 1+1 or SPRing protection, to provide full mesh connectivity, versus traffic volume
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It is interesting to note that at high traffic levels, 1+1 protection requires no more terminal equipment than SPRing protection. The corresponding wavelength requirements are shown in Figure 60. SPRing protection requires 40% fewer wavelengths for high traffic.
12 Number of wavelengths required 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 Traffic between every node pair (VC4s) SPRing protection 1+1 protection
Figure 60. Wavelength requirements for SPRing and 1+1 protection for a 5-node ring The dimensioning process of a 2-layer SDH/WDM network has been considered, in the case where the SDH layer protects the traffic against cable breaks, either using SNC-P or MS-SPRing, and where a WDM ring with OADMs is used to pass throughtraffic transparently across nodes when required. When traffic demands are given in VC4s, and each wavelength can carry up to 16 VC4s, several approaches to the dimensioning process are possible: Allocate a wavelength to every demand end-to-end over the ring: this can wasteful when individual demands of less than about 8 VC4s are present. Terminate every wavelength at every node, and use SDH grooming to fill every wavelength efficiently: this becomes wasteful when the demand volumes are large. Optimise the VC4 routings in the network to minimise the number of expensive terminal equipment.
The third approach was studied here, and a dimensioning tool based on simulated annealing was developed. The tool attempts to minimise the numbers of terminal multiplexers, transponders, or SDH ADMs, while at the same time using the minimum number of wavelengths and avoiding wavelength conflicts. The tool was applied to example scenarios where a network was dimensioned to support a uniform, fully meshed demand pattern of varying size, for the case of 1+1 and SPRing protection. A number of observations were made after examining the results: Optimising the VC4 routing and the placement of terminal equipment can result is large savings, both for 1+1 and SPRing protection.
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For 1+1 protection, assigning a whole wavelength to a demand becomes economical a soon as the demand is larger than half the capacity of the wavelength. Using 2-node rings is wasteful of wavelengths compared to SPRing protection, even when each demand is large enough to completely fill a 2-node ring. For large traffic volumes, the number of terminal equipment required for 1+1 protection is very similar to that required when SPRing protection is used. These observations may be converted into guidelines for designing SDH/WDM networks capable of provisioning a certain traffic level of fully meshed demands at the lowest possible cost. In particular, certain designs produced automatically by the simulated annealing tool are of interest, and can be picked out and applied where required.
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Conclusion
The aim of this Annex concerns the interactions between the optical and electrical layers. Its objectives consists in identifying different optical architectures. It is shown through this document that the main area of optical/electrical networks planning is correctly covered. Indeed, electrical layer network planing aspects are briefly recalled in the first chapter as they have already been detailed in Eurescom P615. References are given for both P615 project and ITU-T recommendations. Moreover, SDH architectures and protection policies are also recalled and compared. The third chapter can be considered as the starting point for this Annex. Indeed, the concept of optical architectures and classification methods are recalled according to Deliverable 1 of P709. The optical layers are defined and both traffic routing and traffic protection are provided. Moreover, the capabilities and the limitations of such networks are stressed. Finally, general information, functional models, implementations and design rules are described for all the three architectures selected in P709 within Deliverable 1. Once the architectures are defined and their models are described under their own constraints, dimensioning methods for solving and evaluating such architectures are given in the third chapter. Such methods are described according to different architectures i.e. rings or meshed networks. Firstly, multiple ring and optical MS-SPRing dimensioning methods are depicted. The underlayed theoretical methods are stressed for ring based networks. Moreover, routing problems in multiple ring network is provided Secondly, for the optical networks, the dimensioning methods are based on resource allocation algorithms described in Annexes A and B. The dimensioning methods takes into account wavelength conversion and an application to network example described in Annex C is given. The underlayed method is based upon graph coloring methods. Before dimensioning electrical/optical networks, the management aspects are depicted. They are based on TMN data and OAM parameters. The constraints and limitations are also given. Interactions and feasibility problem are presented. Moreover, the importance of electrical processing for optical is stressed. Finally, concerning the dimensioning methods for electrical/optical layers, assumption of the model chosen are described and two problems are presented. the
Firstly, the traffic grooming problem which consists in minimizing the number of terminal equipments. Different protections such as SNC-P and MS-SPRing are handled. Such methods are clearly illustrated by several examples. Secondly, a simulated annealing based algorithm is given for grooming and routing VC_4s in order to minimize the terminal equipment costs over WDM rings. Additional information to WDM routing described in Annex C is given. Moreover, numerical results are depicted for 5 node architecture networks with different protection schemes. Finally, this document provides guidelines for optical network planing covering different aspects going from pure electrical architectures to pure optical counterpart through electrical/optical architectures. Network planners may find information both from management point of view and from dimensioning point view.
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References
[1] [2] [3] [4] ITU-T Recommendation G.841 Types and Characteristics of SDH Network Protection Architectures, July 95 H. Okamura and P. D. Seymour, Multicommodity flows in Planar Graphs, Jnl. Combin. Theory, Series B 31, pp.75-81 (1981). A. Frank, Edge-Disjoint Paths in Planar Graphs, Jnl. Combin. Theory, Series B 39, pp. 164-178 (1985). D. Marcenac, C. Felicite, N. Stewart, EURESCOM P709, PIR3.3, contribution BT33-05a, Techniques for resource allocation and dimensioning for optical mesh networks with 1+1 protected traffic and their comparison, November 1998. D. Marcenac, EURESCOM P709, PIR3.3, contribution BT33-02a, Identification of criteria for resource allocation and dimensioning techniques for optical rings, July 1998. Project P615: "Evolution towards an Optical Network Layer", Deliverable 1, Annex B : OAM requirements to the optical network layer.
[5]
[6]
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Optical Transmission Section Termination function

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Subnetwork connection protection

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