History of Anatomy & Physiology

A. The written history of anatomy begins with Claudius ______________ (A.D. 130-200). He
was a physician to gladiators and later to emperors. He sought to further understand the
human body and urged inquiry into ___________________, and learning from
___________________.

1. He wrote texts on numerous subjects, but wrote 16 on medicine that formed the
basis for most medical knowledge for the next __________ years.

2. His work grew in importance throughout the years, and influenced medicine
throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

a. The popularity of his medical texts peaked during the Renaissance leading
to _________________.

i. They interpreted their findings to fit in with his ‘___________’ text and
not what they _______________ in the human body.

3. Galen was in a unique position in his early life working with gladiators, because
he saw the ______________ of bodies and parts of bodies, but usually for a very
___________ time.

4. Most societies considered the observation or ____________ of cadavers _________,

or had _________________ it after live dissections or stolen corpses.

a. All of Galen’s observations came from only a _______ occasions including

only two times observing ______________ bones, the _______________________
of monkeys, and the _______________________ of pigs.

b. These observations formed the basis for knowledge of the human body for
the next thousand years.

c. There were numerous ___________ that remained uncorrected due to lack of

_______________________ and ____________________.

B. After Galen, cadaver dissections remained very __________; occasionally criminals that
had been executed were used for dissections.

1. This use of executed criminals for dissections persisted until ________________.

2. During the ______________, it was common to chop and boil bodies, and send the
__________ back to Europe.

a. This led to the more common ______________ of human bones and some
efforts to correct the _______________ of Galen.

3. The Black Death that swept through Europe in 1348 required the partial
____________ of corpses to determine the cause of ___________.
 a. These events led to the eventual allowance of increased numbers of
______________, but they were still _________ and performed _____________
over a few days due to lack of ____________________.

C. Andreas _______________ is considered the father of modern ________________.

1. He was one of the first learned men to also perform ________________ himself,
and introduced detailed anatomical _________________ into his text.

2. His works overthrew the ____________ system and reintroduced anatomy to the
___________________ of the human body and provided a means for everyone to learn
even without a __________________.

3. His work came at a time when the printing of _____________ became widespread,
and his text became widely disseminated as a result.

D. After Vesalius, William ______________ studied the function of the heart and determined
it was the organ that propelled blood throughout the body.

1. The work of ________________ is considered the founding of modern

_______________ and began the ___________________ measurement of physiological
variables.

a. Many had believed that each person’s body was ________________ and that
_____________________ could not be made from one person
to another.

E. After the creation of the microscope by Leuwenhook, Marcello ______________ used the
microscope to examine the human body, and is considered the father of
___________________________.

1. He confirmed the findings of ______________ by discovering the capillaries

connecting the arteries and the veins. This proved the ________________of the blood.

2. He also observed the _____________ and ______________ of the lungs.

a. Many scholars were ________________ to his findings because they thought
the ______________________ distorted the vision and gave a ________
image of the body (including Malpighi’s own professors).

F. Numerous others made contributions to our knowledge of the body that has only
intensified with the use of greater tools for experimentation and observation.

G. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. Anatomy (Ana: ______; temnien: __________) is the ___________ or ___________ of

the __________________ of organized bodies.

a. There are various subfields of anatomy including:

_________logy: cell; study of _________logy: tissue; study of

 _____________ anatomy: is the study of structures that can be seen with the
naked eye

_____________ anatomy: study of forms and markings of the body

2. _________________ (Physis: ___________; logia: _______________) is the study of the

__________________ of living organisms.

Subfields of physiology include:

Neurology Pulmonology

Mycology Endocrinology

Nephrology Osteology

Cardiology Urology

Why do you study anatomy and physiology?

3. _____________ is a method used to answer questions that relies on

________________ and ___________________.

a. Knowledge is ___________________ and _______________ based on scientific

findings.

b. A ______________ is information that can be ___________________ verified by a

______________ person.

c. A __________ of nature is a ________________ about the predictable ways in

which matter and ____________________.

d. A _____________ is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived

from _________, _____________, and ________________________.

i. Often people confuse a theory and a __________________, and think

that a theory is a guess or a conjecture.

e. The purpose of a theory is to ______________ what we already know, and to

________________ directions for further study to help
___________ future findings.

The organization of living things:

1. The ____________ is a single, complete individual that is composed of organ

systems.

2. An ___________________ is a group of organs with a collective function.

a. The human body has integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,

endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive
systems.
 3. An ___________ is a structure composed of two or more tissues that have a
specific function.

4. A ____________ is a mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete
region of an organ.

There are four tissue types: _______________, ________________, __________, and

__________________ tissue.

5. ____________ are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic
functions of life, and contain organelles.

6. ______________________ (elle: little) are microscopic structures in a cell that carry

out its functions.

7. ________________ compose the organelles and other cellular components

containing at least two atoms.

8. ________________ are the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.

What are the characteristics of life?

Metabolism: Sum of all physical and chemical events that _________, ____________ and
_____________ energy

What is life?

What is required for life?

___________: Metabolism, transport, internal environment
___________: Nutrients for maintenance and building of life
___________: Required to release most energy from food
___________: Controls rate of metabolic reactions
____________: Atmospheric pressure required for breathing, hydrostatic pressure
circulates blood

What is death?

Central Themes of Anatomy and Physiology:

1. _____________________
____________ determined by ___________
DNA determines _______________ of cell, tissue, organism

2. ____________________
‘constancy of the internal milieu’
Depends on ______________ feedback
All body systems are interrelated
All body systems must be maintained within narrow limits
Homeostasis is the condition of maintaining a constant ____________________
With the exception of the reproductive organs, all cells, tissues, and organs strive
towards maintaining homeostasis

History and Introduction Review Questions

1. What were the important contributions to Anatomy that Galen made? How were
Galen’s writings misused?

2. What were some of the innovations in Anatomy that Vesalius was responsible for? Why
was his text widely used?

3. How did William Harvey contribute to the study of human physiology? How did this
differ from previous physiological studies?

4. What were Marcello Malpighi’s innovations in anatomy?

5. What is the definition of anatomy?

6. What is the definition of physiology?

7. What are a few subfields of anatomy and physiology? (Ex. What is endocrinology?)

8. What is science? Why do we need to stay current with scientific research?

9. Why do you study anatomy & physiology?

10. What is the organization of living things from atom to organism?

11. What are the systems of the body?

12. What are the 4 tissue types?

13. Be able to name at least 5 characteristics of life.

14. What are life and death?

15. What is required for life and why are they required?

16. What are the central themes of anatomy and physiology?

17. What is the role of DNA in determining function?

18. What is homeostasis and why is it important?

19. Give an example of negative feedback.

20. What is a fact?

21. What is a law of nature?

22. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?