CHAPTER 4. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1.

Use of the present perfect The English Present Perfect tense is used to express actions which have already been completed, or perfected, at the time of speaking or writing. In the examples given below, the verbs in the Present Perfect tense are underlined. e.g. I have done the work. She has answered half the questions. In the first example, the use of the Present Perfect tense emphasizes the fact that, at the time of speaking or writing, the work has already been completed. In the second example, the use of the Present Perfect indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, half the questions have been answered. 2. Formation of the present perfect: Regular verbs The Present Perfect tense of any English verb is formed from the Simple Present of the auxiliary to have, followed by what is generally referred to as the past participle of the verb. Most English verbs form the past participle in a regular, predictable manner. These verbs are commonly referred to as regular verbs. The past participle of a regular English verb is formed by adding the ending ed to the bare infinitive of the verb. For instance, the past participle of the verb to work is worked. Thus, the Present Perfect tense of the verb to work is conjugated as follows: I have worked you have worked he has worked she has worked it has worked we have worked they have worked

The following contractions are often used in spoken English: Without Contractions I have you have he has she has it has we have they have With Contractions I've you've he's she's it's we've they've

It should be noted that the contractions for he has, she has and it has are the same as the contractions for he is, she is and it is.

3. Spelling rules for adding ed to form the past participle Some regular verbs change their spelling when the ending ed is added to form the past participle. a. Verbs ending in a silent e When a regular verb ends in a silent e, only the letter d must be added in order to form the past participle. For example: Infinitive to close to move to please to receive Past Participle closed moved pleased received

b. Verbs ending in y When a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i before the ending ed is added. For example: Infinitive to study to rely to carry Past Participle studied relied carried

However, when a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is not changed before the ending ed is added. For example: Infinitive to play to convey to enjoy Past Participle played conveyed enjoyed

c. Verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel The rules concerning the doubling of final consonants which apply when adding the ending ing to form the present participle also apply when adding the ending ed to form the past participle. Thus, when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y immediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant must be doubled before the ending ed is added to form the past participle. In the following examples, the consonants which have been doubled are underlined. For example: Infinitive to rub to trim to plan to stop Past Participle rubbed trimmed planned stopped

When a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y immediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled before the ending ed only when the last

syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress. In the following examples, the syllables pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example: Infinitive to control to infer to occur to permit to fasten to order to focus to limit Past Participle controlled inferred occurred permitted fastened ordered focused limited

In the first four examples, the last syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress, and the final consonant is doubled before ed is added. In the last four examples, the first syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress, and the final consonant is not doubled before ed is added. The final consonants w, x and y are never doubled when the ending ed is added. For example: Infinitive to follow to box to portray Past Participle followed boxed portrayed

It should also be noted that final consonants immediately preceded by two vowels are not doubled when the ending ed is added. For example: Infinitive to greet to rain to soak to treat Past Participle greeted rained soaked treated

4. Pronunciation of the ed ending The ending ed is usually not pronounced as a separate syllable. For instance, in each of the following examples, both the bare infinitive and the past participle consist of one syllable. For example: Bare Infinitive puff work miss watch Past Participle puffed worked missed watched

However, when the ending ed is added to verbs which end in d or t, the ed ending of the past participle is pronounced as a separate syllable. The reason for this is that the sounds of d and t are so similar to the sound of the ed ending, that the ending must be pronounced as a separate syllable in order to be heard clearly. In each of the following examples, the bare infinitive consists of one syllable; whereas the past

participle consists of two syllables. For example: Bare Infinitive add land hunt wait Past Participle added landed hunted waited

Similarly, when d is added to verbs ending in a silent e preceded by d or t, the final ed of the past participle is pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of the following examples, the bare infinitive consists of one syllable; whereas the past participle consists of two syllables. For example: Bare Infinitive fade glide cite note Past Participle faded glided cited noted 5. Formation of the present perfect: Irregular verbs In addition to regular English verbs, there are many irregular English verbs, which do not form the past participle with the ending ed. The English irregular verbs are related to the strong verbs of the German language. The following are examples of irregular English verbs. For example: Bare Infinitive begin find go let take Past Participle begun found gone let taken

The past participles of irregular English verbs are formed in an unpredictable manner, and must be memorized. Except for the irregularity of the past participle, the formation of the Present Perfect tense is the same for an irregular verb as for a regular verb. In both cases, the Simple Present of the auxiliary to have is followed by the past participle of the verb. For instance, the irregular verb to take has the past participle taken. Thus, the Present Perfect of the irregular verb to take is conjugated as follows: I have taken you have taken he has taken she has taken it has taken we have taken they have taken

6. Questions and negative statements

As is the case with other English tenses, questions and negative statements in the Present Perfect are formed using the auxiliary. In the case of the Present Perfect, the auxiliary is have or has. a. Questions In order to form a question, the auxiliary is placed before the subject of the verb. For example: Affirmative Statement I have worked. You have worked. He has worked. She has worked. It has worked. We have worked. They have worked. Question Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Have we worked? Have they worked?

b. Negative statements In order to form a negative statement, the word not is placed after the auxiliary. For example: Affirmative Statement I have worked. You have worked. He has worked. She has worked. It has worked. We have worked. They have worked. Negative Statement I have not worked. You have not worked. He has not worked. She has not worked. It has not worked. We have not worked. They have not worked.

The following contractions are often used in spoken English: Without Contractions have not has not With Contractions haven't hasn't

c. Negative questions In order to form a negative question, the auxiliary is placed before the subject, and the word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the auxiliary. For example: Without Contractions Have I not worked? Have you not worked? Has he not worked? Has she not worked? Has it not worked? Have we not worked? Have they not worked? With Contractions Haven't I worked? Haven't you worked? Hasn't he worked? Hasn't she worked? Hasn't it worked? Haven't we worked? Haven't they worked?

d. Tag questions Tag questions are also formed using the auxiliary. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Affirmative Statement I have worked. You have worked. He has worked. Affirmative Statement with Tag Question I have worked, haven't I? You have worked, haven't you? He has worked, hasn't he?

She has worked. It has worked. We have worked. They have worked.

She has worked, hasn't she? It has worked, hasn't it? We have worked, haven't we? They have worked, haven't they?

7. The present perfect continuous a. Use The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to express continuous, ongoing actions which have already been completed at the time of speaking or writing. In the following example, the verb in the Present Perfect Continuous tense is underlined. e.g. The bus has been waiting for one hour. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous tense in this example indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, the bus has completed one hour of continuous waiting. b. Formation The Present Perfect Continuous tense of any English verb is formed from the Present Perfect of to be, followed by the present participle of the verb. For instance, the Present Perfect Continuous tense of the verb to work is conjugated as follows: I have been working you have been working he has been working she has been working it has been working we have been working they have been working Thus, it can be seen that the Present Perfect Continuous tense has two auxiliaries. The first auxiliary is have or has, and the second auxiliary is been. c. Questions and negative statements When a verb has more than one auxiliary, it is the first auxiliary which must change its form to agree with the subject of the verb. It is also the first auxiliary which is used to form questions and negative statements. Questions are formed by placing the first auxiliary before the subject of the verb. For example: Affirmative Statement I have been working. You have been working. He has been working. She has been working. It has been working. We have been working. They have been working. Question Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he been working? Has she been working? Has it been working? Have we been working? Have they been working?

Negative statements are formed by placing the word not after the first auxiliary. For example:

Affirmative Statement I have been working. You have been working. He has been working. She has been working. It has been working. We have been working. They have been working.

Negative Statement I have not been working. You have not been working. He has not been working. She has not been working. It has not been working. We have not been working. They have not been working.

Negative questions are formed by placing the first auxiliary before the subject, and the word not after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the first auxiliary. For example: Without Contractions Have I not been working? Have you not been working? Has he not been working? Has she not been working? Has it not been working? Have we not been working? Have they not been working? With Contractions Haven't I been working? Haven't you been working? Hasn't he been working? Hasn't she been working? Hasn't it been working? Haven't we been working? Haven't they been working?

Tag questions are formed using the first auxiliary. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. For example: Affirmative Statement I have been working. You have been working. He has been working. She has been working. It has been working. We have been working. They have been working. Affirmative Statement with Tag Question I have been working, haven't I? You have been working, haven't you? He has been working, hasn't he? She has been working, hasn't she? It has been working, hasn't it? We have been working, haven't we? They have been working, haven't they?