CELL -functional basic unit of life -discovered by Robert Hooke -smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing

- building block of life -comes from the Latin cellula, meaning, a small room Membrane -serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of lipids (hydrophobic fat-like molecules) and hydrophilic phosphorus molecules - is said to be 'semi-permeable', in that it can either let a substance pass through freely, pass through to a limited extent or not pass through at all -maintain the cell's shape; anchors organelles in place; helps during endocytosis (the uptake of external materials by a cell) and cytokinesis, the separation of daughter cells after cell division Genetic material *deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) Organelles *Cell nucleus eukaryotes only - a cell's information center -houses the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNAreplication and RNA synthesis (transcription) occur -spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope(isolates and protects a cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing) - nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled. In prokaryotes, DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm. *Mitochondria and Chloroplasts eukaryotes only - the power generators -self-replicating; generate the cell's energy by oxidative phosphorylation, using oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients to generate ATP

-multiply by splitting in two; where Respiration occurs *Endoplasmic reticulum eukaryotes only - transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations -rough ER, which has ribosomes on its surface and secretes proteins into the cytoplasm, and the smooth ER, which lacks them -Rough ERsynthesize proteins, while smooth ER synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids (but not lipids), and regulate calcium concentration, drug metabolism, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. *Golgi apparatus eukaryotes only -also Golgi body or the Golgi complex) - to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids -Vesicles that enter the Golgi apparatus *Ribosomes- creates proteins from all amino acids and RNA representing the protein - found either floating freely or bound to a membrane (the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in eukaryotes, or the cell membrane in prokaryotes) *Lysosomes and Peroxisomes eukaryotes only -"suicide-bags" - Greek words lysis, to separate, and soma, body -digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria *Centrosome the cytoskeleton organizer -produces the microtubules of a cell a key component of the cytoskeleton -directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus *Vacuoles -store food and waste. Some vacuoles store extra water * cytoplasm is a thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all organelles, except for the nucleus Prokaryotic cells

-simpler;smaller - lacking a nucleus and most of the other organellesof eukaryotes -kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea Eukaryotic cells -15 times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume -difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus." - can move using motile cilia or flagella * - catabolism, in which the cell breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power, and anabolism, in which the

cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other biological functions. -glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP-adenosine triphosphate), a form of energy, through two different pathways -The first pathway, glycolysis, requires no oxygen and is referred to as anaerobic metabolism. Each reaction is designed to produce some hydrogen ions that can then be used to make energy packets (ATP). In prokaryotes, glycolysis is the only method used for converting energy. The second pathway, called the Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, occurs inside the mitochondria and can generate enough ATP to run all the cell functions.

Functional Groups Carboxylic Acids

Alcohols

Thiols

Amines Acid Anhydrides Ethers Esters Sulphides

Acyl Halides

Alkenes

Amides

Alkynes Alkyl Halides Nitro

Nitriles Aldehydes Alkanes

Ketones

ALKANES

(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 2,3-dimethylhexane Alkenes

(CH3CH2)2CHCH2CH(CH3)2 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane

The root name is based on the longest chain containing both ends of the alkene unit, the C=C. The chain is numbered so as to give the alkene unit the lowest possible numbers. The locant for the first carbon of the alkene is used in the name.

CH3CH=CHCH3 4-methylpent-2-ene or 4-methyl-2-pentene Alkynes

(CH3)2CHCH=CHCH3

The root name is based on the longest chain containing both ends of the alkyne unit, the CC. The chain is numbered so as to give the alkyne unit the lowest possible number. but-2-yne or 2-butyne

CH3CCCH3 Alkyl halides

The root name is based on the longest chain containing the halogen. This root give the alkyl part of the name. The type of halogen defines the halide suffix, e.g. chloride The chain is numbered so as to give the halogen the lowest possible number.

(CH3)3CBr tert-butyl bromide 2-bromo-2-methylpropane Alcohols The root name is based on the longest chain with the -OH attached. The chain is numbered so as to give the alcohol unit the lowest possible number. The alcohol suffix is appended after the hydrocarbon suffix minus the "e" : e.g. -ane + -ol = -anol or -ene + ol = -enol.

CH2=CHCH2CH2OH but-3-en-1-ol or 3-buten-1-ol Ethers "Simple" ethers If both groups are simple alkyl groups, then the ether is usually named as alkyl alkyl ether The alkyl groups are listed in alphabetical order If the two alkyl groups are the same, then it's a dialkyl ether

CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether "Intermediate" ethers If one of the groups is more complex then the ether group is usually treated as an alkoxy (i.e. RO-) substituent. The more complex group (i.e. longer chain, more branched, other substituents) defines the root.

CH3CH(OCH3)CH3 2-methoxypropane