The standard plays an important role in the reputation of hotels.

One feels comfortable only in the environment which is clean and well ordered, so cleanliness is important for health foremost also for well being. OPERAs Rooms Management module enables employees to view and control various facets of a room's condition, status, and availability. With housekeeping, room history, occupancy, and maintenance information at their fingertips, Rooms Management and Housekeeping departments work together seamlessly; efficiently addressing areas that need attention thereby better ensuring guests satisfaction. Room Management contains six main options: Housekeeping, Out of Order/Service, Room History, Overbooking, Occupancy Graph, and Maintenance. OPERA Property Management Software At the core of the OPERA enterprise solution is our premier p roperty management software, the OPERA Property Management System (PMS). Designed to meet the varied requirements of any size hotel or hotel chain, OPERA PMS provides all the tools a hotel staff needs for doing their day-to-day jobs handling reservations, checking guests in and out, assigning rooms and managing room inventory, accommodating in-house guest needs, and handling accounting and billing. The property management software is configurable to each propertys specific requirements and operates in either single-property or multiproperty mode, with all properties in a complex sharing a single database. OPERA Property Management Systems is fully integrated with OPERA Sales and Catering, OPERA Gaming and Comp Accounting, OPERA Vacation Ownership System, OPERA Quality Management System, and the OPERA central systems ORS, the OPERA Reservation System; and OCIS, the OPERA Customer Information System. Learn more about OPERA property management software and how it can be customized to fit your needs. Key Features of the OPERA Property Management System Reservations: OPERA Reservation features are integrated with other functionality such as profiles, cashiering, and deposits. This property management software module offers a complete set of features for making and updating individual, group, and business block reservations, including deposit handling, cancellations, confirmations, waitlisting, room blocking, and sharing. Rate Management: The OPERA Property Management System offers an extensive set of features for setting and automatically controlling rates, for rate quotation, and for revenue forecasting and analysis to create the most comprehensive rate management system in the industry. OPERAs property management systems interface with the OPERA Revenue Management Systems and other major yield management applications. Profiles: OPERAs property management software also provides profiles - complete demographic records for guests, business accounts, contacts, groups, agents, and sources. Profiles include addresses, phone numbers, membership enrollments, stay and revenue details, guest preferences, and additional data that make reservations handling and many other activities faster and more accurate. Front Desk: Arrivals and in-house guests are served using the Front Desk features of our property management software. This module handles individual guests, groups, and walk-ins, and has features for room blocking, managing guest messages and wakeup calls, and creating and following up on inter-department advisories, or traces. Back Office Interface: Revenue transfers, market statistics transfers, daily statistics transfers, and city ledger transfers can be easily made from OPERA Property Management System to a back office system.

Rooms Management: OPERA Property Management Systems Rooms Management features handle all facets of room supervision including availability, housekeeping, maintenance, and facility management. The Queue Rooms feature of the property management software coordinates Front Office and Housekeeping efforts when guests are waiting for rooms which are not immediately available for assignment Cashiering: Posting guest and passer-by charges (including taxes and other generates), making posting adjustments, managing advance deposits, settlements, checkout and folio printing are a few of the many activities handled by OPERA Cashiering. Cashiering accommodates multiple payment methods per reservation including cash, check, credit cards, and direct bill. In multi-property environments, guest charges can be cross-posted from any property in the hotel complex. Accounts Receivable: AR is fully integrated with the OPERA Property Management System database and includes direct billing, invoicing, account aging, bill payments, reminder and statement generation, and account research. Old balances from external accounting systems may be entered. Commissions: OPERAs property management software also offers integrated features for calculating, processing, and following up on travel agent and other types of commission payments, either by check or via EFT. Reporting: OPERA offers over 360 separate standard reports. Reports can be customized for each hotel and new reports may be created as needed using OPERAs built-in Report Writer. Fully Configurable: Choice of OPERA features, system behaviors and priorities, and system-wide defaults are controlled by the property. User permissions determine which property management software features may be accessed by each user and user group. Many OPERA screens may be customized by the property. Global Perspective: OPERA Property Management System supports multi-currency and multi-language features to meet the requirements of global operations. Rates and revenues can be dynamically converted from the local currency to any other currency. The appropriate language for guest correspondence can be automatically determined by the guests profile language; country-specific address formats are supported. Hospitality System Interfaces: OPERA PMS includes interfaces to hundreds of third-party hospitality systems including yield management, telephone and electronic switching, TV and video entertainment, key lock, restaurant POS, activities scheduling, minibar, and wakeup call systems. OPERA Xpress: OPERA Xpress offers a scaled-down edition of our property management systems for smaller properties or properties offering limited services. Based on the core OPERA property management software product, properties may choose the features they want from a menu of product options. Your front desk often makes the difference between never agains and long-term relationships. At the core of the OPERA enterprise solution is our premier property management software, the OPERA Property Management System (PMS). Designed to meet the varied requirements of any size hotel or hotel chain, OPERA PMS provides all the tools a hotel staff needs for doing their day-to-day jobs handling reservations, checking guests in and out, assigning rooms and managing room inventory, accommodating the needs of in-house guests, and handling accounting and billing. The property management software is configurable to each propertys specific requirements and operates in either single-property or multi-property mode, with all properties in a complex sharing a single database. OPERA Property Management System is fully integrated with OPERA Sales and Catering, OPERA Gaming and Comp Accounting, OPERA Vacation Ownership System, OPERA Quality Management System, and the OPERA central systems ORS, the OPERA Reservation System; and OCIS, the OPERA Customer Information System.

OMPREHENSIVE SOPHISTICATED CAPABILITIES Optima Property Management System integrates a full range of sophisticated capabilities in one comprehensive package: Complete folio control Unlimited number of folios per guest Complete reservation module Concierge and information Sophisticated user defined packages and plans Handles adults, juniors, children and babies for occupancy and pricing Group reservations with flexible daily number of room types, rooms, guests, plans and status's Unlimited number of tariffs and daily rates tables Comprehensive guest history and mail merge Dynamic tape chart Housekeeping and room maintenance Automatic or semi-automatic night auditing procedures Unlimited number of reports plus an advanced report generator Registration of all transactions in two currencies Multi currency payments, charges and invoices Full management of VAT suitable to any country's laws Fully interfaced with all leading PBXs Multi lingual (translatable to any language) OPTIMA PMS INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING MODULES: The reservation module Room availability with drill down to a single reservation. Direct reservation from price quotation. Flexible rating and automatic calculation of the value of a reservation. Sharing and group member invoicing. Group Master accounts. Easy blocking for guests special requests. Comprehensive special services set-up, easily customized for each hotel. VIP types and levels. Partial or fully automatic allocations depending upon reservation. Special requests automatically incorporated into the reservation from the guest, group, agent or company history. The guest reception module Clear, concise and quick check-in and walk procedures. Comprehensive guest history including preferences and photo identification. Full primary and secondary agent history. Agent and company contracts. The accounting and billing module Handles all aspects of multi-currency transactions and all types of V.A.T. Invoicing for non-room folios. Automatic cash flow calculation and control for each front desk agent at any time. Automatic night posting. Advanced, easy to use city ledger (accounts receivable) module. POS and telecommunication charges transferred instantaneously to the guests account.

Housekeeping and maintenance module Housecleaning assignments are prepared quickly according to predefined parameters of work. Job orders are automatically sent to the maintenance department . General system module. Log book Concierge information listing. Guest message and guest locator modules. Report module with an extensive report generator Versatile reports for all levels of management. Statistical reports Occupancy and work assignment forecasting reports. Personnel involved in housekeeping Housekeeper- the housekeeper is the overall in-charge of the housekeeping department. He or she directly controls all the personnel as well as all aspects of housekeeping. She/ he is responsible for the cleanliness, beautification and maintenance of the premises. Assistant housekeeper he or she is responsible for all the aspects similar to that of the housekeeper. In case the organization works round-the-clock, there maybe more than one assistant housekeeper to work in different shifts. Housekeepers / assistant housekeepers are in turn assisted by the following members. These members also have workers to assist them. Control desk supervisor : this person communicates with the staff and coordinates with various departments of the organization. He becomes the centre point of all messages, complaints etc., and also keeps records of what work has been assigned to whom and maintains the general follow-up of the same. Linen storekeeper: he/she is responsible for storage, issue, cleanliness and maintenance of linen. (Napkins, table cloths, bed sheets, bed covers, pillow covers, blankets, curtains and uniforms ) Floor supervisor: for multistoried buildings, each floor is attended by a floor supervisor. He/ she is responsible for the cleanliness and maintenance of the assigned floor which includes rooms, corridors, rest rooms, stair case, etc., for jobs like changing or repairing lights, switches, etc. Public area supervisor: he/she is responsible for cleanliness and maintenance of waiting halls, lobby, conference/seminar room, recreation rooms, parking area, clubs, offices, etc. Cloak room in-charge: he/she is responsible for the maintenance and service of common toilets. Hotriculturist- he/ she is responsible for all the floral and plant decoration as well as the upkeep of gardens in the premises. Skilled workers- skilled workers like plumbers, electricians, carpenters, painters are needed to do minor repairs. There may be a separate department for maintenance and engineering work and the housekeeping can coordinate with it to do these jobs. These services are to be rendered with the highest degree of efficiency. Besides this efficiency, housekeeping should also contribute to the saving in costs of labour, cleaning material and equipment, furnishings and the like in every type of

establishment. Laundry Operations Sort linens by Fabric type Color Functional area ie cleaning cloths, soiled mop heads, room towels each own loads Special treatments Factors of fabric type, color and type of stain influence wash time Temperature Agitation type of cleaning agents used Examples of Types of Linens Used Lodging Sheets king, queen, twin, crib Pillowcases various sizes Towels washcloths, bath, hand, bath mats Bedspreads Tablecloths Uniforms Bathrobes Floor mops Bedspread covers rationale Types of laundry cleaning and sanitizing agents Detergents type should work with water pH; cleaning purposes Fabric brighteners can help brighten fabric colors Bleaches usually chlorine based; used special treatments or whites; note water pH Mildewcides can help prevent mold growth Sours used with detergents to modify pH if Needed A good laundry facility ensures the following: - careful handling of linen articles while laundering. - correct processing and use of a suitable laundry agent. - while materials are kept white, excessive bleach is not used. - proper counting and records maintained to avoid shortages of linen. - speedy operations to meet with operational requirements. - sound policies regarding damages or loss. Collection & Transportation Collection of linen may be done in the Linen Room, if the laundry is off-site but is usually in the laundry itself, if the laundry is on-premises. During collection, all accessories that cannot be washed such as metal items; epaulettes, etc. should be removed at the time of collection. Certain linen items are collected separately. For example, kitchen uniforms or dusters are separately collected, as are butchery aprons

and dusters, because they have a specific type of soil. Likewise, in a hospital, linen from the surgical ward would be collected separately. The linen is usually packaged in canvas bags lined with polyvinyl. Eyelets on the rim of the bag facilitate passing a nylon cord through, which can be tightened in order to shut the opening of the bag. In some cases elasticized net bags called skips are used to collect linen. Carrying the linen in canvas bags or skips is one means of transportation. Trolleys are most popular for transportation and the collapsible wire cart can be used to transport clean as well as soiled linen. Whatever the type of trolley, the soiled linen should not hang over the edge of the trolley, as it looks unsightly. If planned at the construction stage, an in-built chute is used for transporting linen from the floor pantries. It is preferable to put linen into canvas bags before dropping it down the chute so that wear and tear is reduced. However, this is rarely done, so it must be ensured that the flooring at the base of the chute should be easy to clean. The best collection system will vary from one operation to another but the increase of soil must be eliminated in order to prevent incurring unnecessary expenses. Arrival On arrival, linen must be dealt with as quickly as possible. There must be a separate section for guest laundry that is usually handled by the most experienced staff. Processing linen for laundering as quickly as possible is necessary: - to ensure that linen items are available as and when required. - to avoid transfer of stains and prevent stains from becoming permanent. - so that it does not provide a breeding ground for bacteria and pests. - to prevent the formation of mildew on damp articles particularly bath linen. - to avoid the possibility of linen getting misplaced or lost. Sorting In hospitals, the infection risk necessitates the need for using gloves when sorting out linen. Gloves may also be used when handling hotel linen. Sorting is carried out according to the type of fabric and item, colour as well as the degree and type of soil. Sorting is done to separate those articles that need dry cleaning from those that will go through the normal wash process. Those that need mending or stain removal will be separated so that they can be dealt with accordingly. Also, different articles take a different wash process in terms of temperature of water, type of laundering agent, length of wash cycle, whether hydro- extraction should be done and if so, the length of the hydro-extraction cycle. It takes less effort to pre-sort linen than to post-sort washed linen which is 50% heavier in weight due to water retention. Post-sorting is often essential in healthcare processes. Marking Marking may be temporary (guest laundry) or permanent (monogramming of hotel linen). It is the temporary marking that is carried out at this stage. Most good establishments have a marking machine that attaches a heat sealed tape in an inconspicuous place. The tag has scope for six characters and is intended to indicate the initials of the guest as well as the room number. It provides a clear identification and correct billing, and although it does not come off in the normal wash process, it can be peeled off if so desired. Weighing Is carried out to conform to the capacity of the washing machine. (Overloading) There is no or low centrifugal action because the linen articles are too tightly packed in the drum. Resultingly, there is inadequate friction and the deeply imbedded soil is not removed so the wash process is ineffective. Certain synthetics develop creases as a result of overloading that are difficult to get rid of in the subsequent ironing process. Repeated overloading can cause the machine to breakdown.

(Underloading) In this case, there is centrifugal action but inadequate friction because the linen articles are too far apart There is a good deal of wastage in terms of time, labour, laundry agents, water and power. Many modern machines have sensors that can gauge not only the load but also the length of cycle, temperature of water, water level, the type and amount of laundry agent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle. This is highly beneficial in the conservation of water and energy as well as reducing wear and tear on the linen articles. Loading Is often done manually or with a certain degree of automation. Where handling is taboo, a fully automated system exists. Shovel type cranes are used for lifting and depositing linen, thereby providing complete automation by eliminating the need for handling by operators. Alternatively, weighed linen in bags is transported along a track and directed to the opening of the washer extractor with the help of a nylon cord. A lock in the lower half of the bag is released, dropping the soiled linen into the washer extractor. Machines that tilt, provide ease in both loading as well as unloading. Machines may be top loading, front loading or side loading. Q WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF CORRECT SORTING? Washing This process is designed to perform three basic functions: 1. removal of soil 2. suspension of soil 3. discharge of the soil from the machine to the drain In the wash process, the following factors must be considered : 1.Length of cycle : If the cycle is too short, the linen will not be cleaned. If the cycle is too long, there will be unnecessary wear and tear and the clothes may actually become dirtier as a result of redeposition of soil. 2.Temperature of water: If the temperature of water is too high, it is likely to damage the linen. If the temperature is inadequate, the chemicals will not work effectively. 3.Water level : Incorrect dip levels can alter the concentration of the laundry agents rendering them ineffective. In case of a gentle action the water level is usually higher forming a protective envelope to the delicate linen. 4.Type and amount of detergent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle: This is also a crucial factor that affects the quality of wash Deciding which laundry agent should be used is dependent on the nature of the fabric being washed. Too little detergent will result in an incomplete cleaning process. And too much may remain as a residue after the rinse cycle is complete. It is important that the laundry agent is introduced into the wash cycle at the appropriate time if it is to have the required action. 5.Mechanical action: This refers to the centrifugal action brought about by the movement of the drum that causes friction between the linen articles and is radically affected by overloading or underloading as well as the speed of the drum. Modern machinery often operates on sensors, which are capable of gauging each of these requirements for a specific load. Q WHAT DOES THE TERM FUZZY LOGIC REFER TO ?

Rinsing Once the wash cycle is completed, rinsing becomes essential. Rinsing is carried out at least twice and the purpose of this stage is to: 1. remove residue of laundry agents, which might show as patches on the linen after ironing or irritate the skin. 2. remove suspended dirt, which remains in the carry over liquor in the load at the end of the wash. 3. lower the temperature of the wash load by using a cold water rinse or alternatively reducing the temperature of water in consecutive rinses. A running rinse with an open drain is more effective but a larger volume of water is utilized. Hydro-extraction Is the removal of excess moisture through centrifugal action and is equivalent to wringing in handwashing.The absorbency of the fabric affects the length of the cycle (6 to 8 mins.) and the residue of moisture (10% to 30 %) Draining must precede hydro-extraction and hydro-extraction must precede tumbledrying. Some articles cannot be hydro-extracted so there is a pumping action to draw out the water from the linen load. Too short an extraction time will increase the drying time and may hinder the proper operation of finishing equipment. The most efficient extraction for cottons takes place at temperatures higher than 38 C but lower than 55 C so that they are not too hot to handle. Polyesters and blends should be extracted at a temperature below 38 C to prevent wrinkling. The compact mass of hydro-extracted clothes is referred to as cheese. Unloading Transferring washed linen from the hydro-extractor to the Tumble Dryer is a difficult task because of the added weight of moisture. Articles may be manually removed and put into trolleys. Tilting and dumping machines reduce the physical effort of manual unloading. A laundry cart can be positioned under the door and a pushbutton operated to rotate the cylinder and empty its contents. Alternatively, the machine can unload onto a conveyor belt that will transport the linen to the next set of operations. Tumble Drying This process is capable of rendering the linen completely dry by blowing hot air ranging between 40 C to 60 C onto the articles as they are slowly circulated in the rotating drum. For articles that are susceptible to damage by heat, there is the option of simply airing by circulating air at room temperature. To avoid wrinkles and the risk of spontaneous combustion, many dryers have a cool-down cycle at predetermined intervals. The process of tumble-drying creates a good deal of wear and tear on the fabric as particles of lint come off the fabric in the drying process. The time taken is approx. 30 mins. depending on whether the article is to be completely or partially dried. Finishing For those articles that require a pressed finish, ironing and pressing are usual, but there are also other finishing equipment. Articles like blankets, towels, candlewick bedspreads, hosiery, etc. that do not require a pressed finish are only tumble-dried. Folding Can be done by machine but in most cases is carried out completely manually or at least the finishing folds are done manually. The use of a folding stand helps minimize this otherwise very labour-intensive operation. Manual folding makes it possible to achieve the desired fold as well as ensure quality control. Employees in this area are the one ones who reject stained linen and are a good source for ascertaining what types and quantities of stains commonly occur. This is an important stage in the processing of laundered linen as it can be the bottleneck in an otherwise efficient laundry operation. Correct folding is important to the appearance of the article and

makes it convenient to store and use. Airing This is essential prior to storage, especially if the articles are to be stored in closed shelves. It ensures that any moisture that is likely to cause mildew will be got rid of. Storage Should be properly done in a welldesigned storage space. Linen should be allowed a rest period to recuperate before it is used again. The life span of linen is greatly increased if proper rotation of stock is carried out, thereby ensuring a rest period between uses. As a general rule, at any given time, approximately 50% of the total linen inventory should be on the shelves, 25% in use and 25% in processing. The storage area must be isolated from the soiled linen and kept clean Transfer The linen is issued to the unit/department for use. Since transfer of clean linen is usually done by linen trolleys, it is important to keep the trolleys clean. Use The linen is utilized for the necessary function intended and the cycle begins all over again. A hotel laundry is one of the few operations where production can be completely controlled and structured, unlike other parts of the service business based on just-in-time delivery. Like other manufacturing operations, hotel laundries have raw materials dirty linens, towels, napkins and finished goods once those are clean. As in other plants, equipment maintenance is key to ensuring an efficient workflow and attaining optimal performance.

HOUSEKEEPING OPERATIONS The standard plays an important role in the reputation of hotels. One feels comfortable only in the environment which is clean and well ordered, so cleanliness is important for health foremost also for well being. It goes on to discuss important issues in housekeeping, such as safety and security, pest control and waste disposal, and management of an optimal internal environment. Finally, it discusses interior designing, guestroom renovation, horticulture, and preparations for a new property. Housekeeping Departments can determine which rooms require service, assigning them to specific attendants and granting them points upon completion.

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (PMS)

OPERA Property Management Systems is fully integrated with OPERA Sales and Catering, OPERA Gaming and Comp Accounting, OPERA Vacation Ownership System, OPERA Quality Management System, and the OPERA central systems ORS, the OPERA Reservation System; and OCIS, the OPERA Customer Information System. Personnel involved in housekeeping Housekeeper- the housekeeper is the overall in-charge of the housekeeping department. He or she directly controls all the personnel as well as all aspects of housekeeping. She/ he is responsible for the cleanliness, beautification and maintenance of the premises. Assistant housekeeper he or she is responsible for all the aspects similar to that of the housekeeper. In case the organization works round-the-clock, there maybe more than one assistant housekeeper to work in different shifts. Housekeepers / assistant housekeepers are in turn assisted by the following members. These members also have workers to assist them. Control desk supervisor : this person communicates with the staff and coordinates with various departments of the organization. He becomes the centre point of all messages, complaints etc., and also keeps records of what work has been assigned to whom and maintains the general follow-up of the same. Linen storekeeper: he/she is responsible for storage, issue, cleanliness and maintenance of linen. (Napkins, table cloths, bed sheets, bed covers, pillow covers, blankets, curtains and uniforms ) Floor supervisor: for multistoried buildings, each floor is attended by a floor supervisor. He/ she is responsible for the cleanliness and maintenance of the assigned floor which includes rooms, corridors, rest rooms, stair case, etc., for jobs like changing or repairing lights, switches, etc. Public area supervisor: he/she is responsible for cleanliness and maintenance of waiting halls, lobby, conference/seminar room, recreation rooms, parking area, clubs, offices, etc. Cloak room in-charge: he/she is responsible for the maintenance and service of common toilets. Hotriculturist- he/ she is responsible for all the floral and plant decoration as well as the upkeep of gardens in the premises. Skilled workers- skilled workers like plumbers, electricians, carpenters, painters

Laundry Operations Sort linens by Fabric type Color Functional area ie cleaning cloths, soiled mop heads, room towels each own loads Special treatments Factors of fabric type, color and type of stain influence wash time Temperature Agitation type of cleaning agents used

Kevin Velasco HRS1B

HOUSEKEEPING OPERATIONS House keeping is the department determines to a large extent whether guests are happy during stay and in turn mankind they return to the hotel. PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (PMS) OPERAs Rooms Management module enables employees to view and control various facets of a room's condition, status, and availability. With housekeeping, room history, occupancy, and maintenance information at their fingertips, Rooms Management and Housekeeping departments work together seamlessly; efficiently addressing areas that need attention thereby better ensuring guests satisfaction. Room Management contains six main options: Housekeeping, Out of Order/Service, Room History, Overbooking, Occupancy Graph, and Maintenance. Personnel involved in housekeeping Housekeeper- the housekeeper is the overall in-charge of the housekeeping department. He or she directly controls all the personnel as well as all aspects of housekeeping. She/ he is responsible for the cleanliness, beautification and maintenance of the premises. Assistant housekeeper he or she is responsible for all the aspects similar to that of the housekeeper. In case the organization works round-the-clock, there maybe more than one assistant housekeeper to work in different shifts. Housekeepers / assistant housekeepers are in turn assisted by the following members. These members also have workers to assist them. Control desk supervisor : this person communicates with the staff and coordinates with various departments of the organization. He becomes the centre point of all messages, complaints etc., and also keeps records of what work has been assigned to whom and maintains the general follow-up of the same. Linen storekeeper: he/she is responsible for storage, issue, cleanliness and maintenance of linen. (Napkins, table cloths, bed sheets, bed covers, pillow covers, blankets, curtains and uniforms ) Floor supervisor: for multistoried buildings, each floor is attended by a floor supervisor. He/ she is responsible for the cleanliness and maintenance of the assigned floor which includes rooms, corridors, rest rooms, stair case, etc., for jobs like changing or repairing lights, switches, etc. Public area supervisor: he/she is responsible for cleanliness and maintenance of waiting halls, lobby, conference/seminar room, recreation rooms, parking area, clubs, offices, etc. Cloak room in-charge: he/she is responsible for the maintenance and service of common toilets. Hotriculturist- he/ she is responsible for all the floral and plant decoration as well as the upkeep of gardens in the premises. Skilled workers- skilled workers like plumbers, electricians, carpenters, painters LAUNDRY OPERTIONS A good laundry facility ensures the following: - careful handling of linen articles while laundering. - correct processing and use of a suitable laundry agent. - while materials are kept white, excessive bleach is not used. - proper counting and records maintained to avoid shortages of linen. - speedy operations to meet with operational requirements. - sound policies regarding damages or loss. Laundry Operations Sort linens by Fabric type Color Functional area ie cleaning cloths, soiled mop heads, room towels each own loads Special treatments Factors of fabric type, color and type of stain influence wash time Temperature Agitation type of cleaning agents used

Venus Josephine A. Briones HRS1B