Williams, F. (1995). "Race Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in Welfare States - a Framework for Comparative-Analysis.

" Social Politics 2(2): 127-159. First Para: Informed by three political/theoretical concerns, I will elabo- rate in this article the components of a framework for examining and explaining the historical and contemporary salience of race, gender, and class in comparative social policy. These political/theoretical concerns include (1) the pursuit of a more complex inquiry into the multifaceted nature of social differentiation, (2) the application of some elements of this inquiry to the relatively class-centered comparative study of welfare states and welfare regimes, and (3) to provide a better under- standing of the shifts within welfare regimes to what might tentatively be called a "new welfare order." This article focuses largely upon the second concern but initially situates this concern in relation to the other two. Own Abstract: Williams critiques the comparative welfare state literature to look at more complex cross-lines of critiques, including gender, race, disability, class and other social identities. Real strength of article in looking at Family, Nation and Work we see the policies and prac- tices of the state as caught up in the construction of meanings around family, nation, and work. In this way, these terms are closer to the Foucauldian conceptualization of discourses what has emerged is an attempt to reconcile the old concepts of universalism, equality, and citizenship with newer understandings of difference and diversity and the specificities of needs that arise from complex social positionings. How far these can translate into a new politics of welfare that combines universalism with difference is an important question. 129 Men's capacity for commodification and decommodification (i.e., their ability to sell their labor and their capacity, through social rights, not to wholly depend upon this) is made possible by women's unpaid work in the home. 131 E-A focuses on particular social policies (pensions, labour market, employment benefits) that have precise data but are less subject to gender and racial mobilization (such as health, housing, education and caring) There is a danger, however, that in racializing the gender regimes or the gendered dimensions we are simply adding in race to analyses that are following their own gender or class/gender logics. 137 the development of different welfare statesneeds to be situated within three closely inter- related processes: (1) the development of industrial capitalism and the associated patterns of mobilization around class-capital relations, (2) the ideological and material setting of boundaries between the public sphere of paid work and political life and the private sphere of family life(3) the development of the modern nation-state, especially in the construction of

national unity and national identity through the setting of a geographic boundary around an imagined cultural/ethnic/racial/linguistic homogeneity or dominance. 137-138 Castle and Miller three main types of immigration system: permanent settler, postcolonial, and guest worker.

PG149
Family Conditions and organization of biological and social reproduction Social relations of power/gende^ sexuality, age, and so on Legacy of conflict in familial and sexual relations Processes of inclusion and exclusion Meanings/discourses/discursive practices (social, institutional, profession- al, etc.) Forms of contestation and mobilization Work Conditions and organization of production (e.g., commodification, dis- tinction between paid and unpaid labo^ and skilling processes) Social relations of power Legacy of employer/employee conflicts Processes of inclusion and exclusion (e.g., women, disabled, minorities) Meanings/discourses/discursive practices Forms of mobilization Nation Formation, organization, and conditions of o Nation-state o Systems of indentured labor o Systems of migration o Colonialism and imperialism Social relations of power Legacy of ethnic/religious/cultural conflict and relations of domination and subordination Processes of inclusion and exclusion from the nation-state (citizenship) Meanings/discourses (e.g., scientific racism, cultural assimilation, plural- ism, antiracism) and discursive practices Forms of contestation and mobilization