George Washington

President #: 1st Nickname: Father of his Country Born: 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia Education: Private Tutors and Relatives, no college Jobs: surveyor, militia officer, plantation owner Position when Elected: Plantation Owner Political Party: none; but had ideas like federalists Chief Opponents: none (elected unanimously) Term of Office: 1789-1797 Number of Terms: two Vice President: John Adams First Lady: Martha Custis Children: none, two stepchildren from wife Died: 1799 from a strep infection caused by a cold Geographic Scene: 13 states New States: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee War: French (neutral) During Presidency: saw the first balloon flight Other Facts: fought as general in Revolutionary War was promoted to a six-star general (General of the Armies) by Gerald R. Ford, there are only 2 soldiers wanted him as King after the Revolution fought as a teenager in French and Indian War one of the richest people at that time signed constitution thought that constitution would last 20 years political parties formed during presidency established how U.S. negotiates treaties and what kind of legislation should be vetoed signed laws for banks and currency tried to keep out of war with Indians and Europe borrowed money to go to his inauguration only had 1 real tooth during inauguration, fake teeth made of ivory and lead made presidents attend inaugurations of his successor large slave holder, wanted them free by his will before he died Bill of Rights and 11th amendment added, Constitution raffled in 1791 Judiciary Act-provided Suprem e Court with Chief Justice and 5 associative justices Philadelphia became the national capital states ratified the Bill of Rights signed bank bill to have a national bank in 1791 Whiskey Rebellion-rebellion from farmers because of whiskey tax

Pinckneys Treaty-ended dispute over Floridian border Treaty of Greenville-treaty that stole western lands Proclamation of Neutrality-made U.S. stay neutral during other wars Jays Treaty-made British move off of forts and trading posts on the U.S. Mount Vernon-home Farewell Address-public statement that basically said political parties are evil 1st protective tariff is enacted 1st naturalization law is passed Rhode Island becomes the last state to ratify the Constitution 1st US copyright law first census in 1790 first coins made in 1792 first president to appear on a stamp wore size 13 boots got his is and es mixed up favorite sports were fox hunting and fishing future presidents followed all of his traditions

John Adams
President #: 2nd Nickname: Father of American Independence and Navy, Atlas of Independence, Duke of Braintree Born: 1735, Braintree (Quincy), Massachusetts Education: Harvard College Job: Lawyer, Vice President Political Party: Federalist Chief Opponents: Thomas Jefferson (they were friends, but not politically) Term of Office: 1797-1801 Number of Terms: one Vice President: Thomas Jefferson First Lady: Abigail Smith-sent letters to Adams for womens rights Children: Abigail, John Quincy, Charles, Thomas Died: 1826 on 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence Geographical Scene:16 states New States: none War: French (neutral) During Presidency: religious fervor called Great Revival swept over Tennessee and Kentucky Other Facts: Lawyer Defended soldiers in the Boston Massacre liked the British megaphone of Independence appointed to co-write the Declaration with Jefferson, but said Jefferson was a better writer France vs. Britain in Napoleonic wars First Ambassador to Great Britain Negotiated the Treaty of Paris- ended the Revolutionary War coordinated crafting of Declaration Was in Netherlands try to sort things out during the Revolutionary War Had bad nicknames like His Rotundity and Bonny Johnny Adams for calling George

Washington Your Majesty Won his presidential election by 3 votes Thomas Jefferson became Vice President even though Adams and Jefferson had different political parties tension developed between the Adams and Jefferson during administration first and last Federalist lived longer than any president-age 90 longest marriage-54 years Adams and Jefferson were friends again after presidency Adams and Jefferson died on the same day XYZ affair-3 reps. sent to France were called X, Y, and Z by French Minister, but France tried to bribe them so they went home major U.S. Naval force constructed to protect U.S. ships in Quazi-war with France, war ends with the Treaty of Mortfontaine Department of the Navy is created all treaties between the U.S. and France are declared null and void Logan Act-outlawed private democracy Federal Bankruptcy Act-provides merchants and traders protection from debtors divided Northwest Territory into Indian Territory and Northwest Territory Fries Rebellion-Pennsylvanians engaged in armed resistance against property tax (failed) Bonaparte and Adams made a treaty to stop French War Federalists hated Adams for not declaring war on France Adams moved into White House in 1801 Alien Act increased waiting period to become U.S. citizen to 14 years-deported people in our country that cause problems Sedition Act-silenced criticism of Federalist officials, Arrest and Trial for whoever went against Congress or President, publishing newspaper articles that are bad about the government- JAIL Midnight Appointment-last few hours of presidency, he filled the courts with federalists 1 of 3 presidents who didnt attend the inauguration of his successor; Adams was disappointed to lose to Jefferson and also was grieving over the death of his son Charles great-great grandson of pilgrims on the Mayflower 1st president to live in White House (Executive Mansion)

his last words were Jefferson still lives but he didnt know that Jefferson died an hour before tried to make presidency an inherited thing genius, but people hated him cause he was really annoying

Thomas Jefferson
President #: 3rd Nickname: Father of Declaration of Independence, Man of the People, Sage of Monticello Born: 1743 in Goochland (Albemarte) County, Virginia Education: College of William and Mary Jobs: Lawyer, Plantation Owner, Public Official Position When Elected: Vice President Political Party: Democratic-Republican Chief Opponents: 1st term: John Adams and Aaron Burr. 2nd term: Charles Pinckney Term of Office: 1801-1809 Number of Terms: two Vice President: 1st term: Aaron Burr. 2nd term: George Clinton

First Lady: Wife Martha Skelton died before presidency, Friend Dolley Madison (wife of James Madison) and Daughter Martha Randolph Children: Martha, Mary Died: 1826 Geographic Scene: 16 states New States: Ohio, prohibits slavery War: Triapolitan/Barbary War During Presidency: In 1807, 1st successful steamboat went from New York to Albany in 32 hr. Other Facts: bought the Louisiana Purchase knew many languages invented the swivel chair his home was the Monticello (which he designed himself) constitution says in 20 years, slavery imports from Africa is no longer legal member of House of Burgesses at age 26 drafted the Declaration of Independence established US Military Academy at West Point U.S. Minister to France 1st president elected by House of Representatives Revolution of 1800-fall of federalism, Rise of Republicanism made the tradition of shaking hands Lewis and Clark Expedition-Jefferson sent them to explore the Louisiana Purchase Founded the University of Virginia Embargo Act of 1807 made it so that American ships could not sail to other countries for goods Executive Privilege Whiskey Tax is repealed naturalization laws are repealed 1st of the Virginian Dynasty Vice President Aaron Burr shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel 12th amendment-Vice President and President voted together, VP not 2nd most votes Barbary Pirates attacked American ships in Middle East and started Triapolitan War had an affair with Sally Hemmings, one of his slaves liked to read and had a library of books the government brought his library from him and started the Library of the Congress 1st president to have a grandchild born in the White House he once ate a tomato to prove it wasnt poisonous played the violin suggested the decimal system of money we use owned 200 slaves

became the secretary of state under Washington created the idea of first public education system (1st in the world)

James Madison
President #: 4th Nickname: Father of the Constitution Born: Port Conway, Virginia Education: College of New Jersey (Princeton) Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Secretary of State

Political Party: Democratic-Republican Chief Opponents: 1st term: Charles Pinckney, 2nd term: DeWitt Clinton Term of Office: 1809-1817 Number of Terms: two Vice President: 1st term: George Clinton, 2nd term: Elbridge Gerry First Lady: Dolley Madison Children: none, stepchild from marriage Geographic Scene: 17 states New States: Louisiana, Indiana Died: 1836 War: War of 1812 During His Presidency: Started building National Road in 1811 Other Facts: Father of the Bill of Rights, Father of Religious Liberty (separating church and state) defendant in Marbury vs. Madison- sent precedent of Judicial Review secretary of state to Thomas Jefferson- they organized Democrat and Republican parties smallest president weighing 100 pounds and standing 5 4 - tiny signed the Constitution served in Virginias State Government before becoming Secretary of State British were capturing U.S. boats at this time America declared War after boat capturing had stopped wife saved George Washingtons picture and Governmental documents before the White House was burned down in the War of 1812 spoke out against slavery argued against secession helped create a colony in Africa for free slaves manufacturing increased in Northeast Francis Scott Key created the National Anthem first president to wear trousers rather than knee breeches 1st president to be under enemy fire younger than both of his vice presidents While dying, Madison was offered drugs to survive and die on Independence Day. He refused, and therefore, died on June 28 diagnosed as epileptic 1st U.S. congressman to become president 2nd of the Virginian Dynasty Non-Intercourse Act-prevented trade with only Britain and France, repealed Embargo Macons Bill #2-Non-Intercourse repealed if Britain and France agreed to respect U.S. neutrality Hartford Convention 1st National Bank closes Treaty of Ghent-concluded War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans-battle at New Orleans when Treaty of Ghent had not reached them 2nd national bank of U.S. internal improvements-vetoed bill authorizing federal funds for highways and canals His picture is on the $5.000 bill. Last to die out of the declaration signers

Key contributor to the Federalist Papers

James Monroe
President #: 5th Nickname: Era of Good Feelings President, The Last Cocked Hat Born: 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia Education: College of William and Mary Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Secretary of State Political Party: Democratic-Republican Chief Opponents: Rufus King Term of Office: 1817-1825 Number of Terms: two Vice President: Daniel Tompkins First Lady: Elizabeth Kortright Children: Eliza, Maria Died: 1831 Geographic Scene: 19 states New States: Mississippi, Alabama, Illinois, Missouri, Maine War: none During His Presidency: 1st public high school created in Boston Other facts: last of the Virginian Dynasty Monroe Doctrine Europe cant colonize near or in America Missouri Compromise- law made no more states west of north of Missouri allowed slavery served in Virginian Assembly, Continental Congress, U.S. Senate Governor of Virginia fought in Revolutionary War 2nd most amount of states added during a presidency last president to die on July 4th studied law with Thomas Jefferson Seminole War Convention of 1818-set U.S.-Canadian border, American fisherman could fish in Canada stars on flag fixed to 13 in 1818 Military Establishment Act-reduces Armys manpower by 40% to 6,126 men Panic of 1819-1st major depression in U.S. Adams-Onis Treaty-gave U.S. East Florida and part of West Florida for $5 million Rush-Bagot Agreement-demilitarization of the Great Lakes and established borders between U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel Monrovia named after him worked under Thomas Jefferson Home: Ash Lawn work began of the Erie canal hated Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State under Madison as well as Secretary of War until the War of 1812 ended Served in the revolutionary war- wounded in the battle of Trenton in a ton of paintings especially Washington Crossing the Deleware picture Internal Improvements-vetoed Henry Clays bill, tolled Cumberland Road to build highway 1st president to ride on steamboat 1st president to have been U.S. Senator

1st president to have inauguration outdoors 1 vote short from having unanimous vote in re-election White House painted white when elected

died on the 4th of July 5 years after Adams and Jefferson negotiated Louisiana purchase

John Quincy Adams

President #: 6th Nickname: Old Man Eloquent Born: 1767 in Quincy, Massachusetts Education: Harvard College Jobs: Lawyer, Diplomat Position When Elected: Secretary of State Political Party: National Republican Chief Opponents: Andrew Jackson Term of Office: 1825-1829 Number of Terms: one Vice President: John Calhoun First Lady: Louisa Johnson Children: George, John, Charles Died: 1848 from a stroke Geographic Scene: 24 states New States: none War: none During His Presidency: Noah Webster published dictionary Other Facts: first father/son presidency only president to serve in House of Representatives after presidency witnessed Battle of Bunker Hill at age 8 nullification doctrine-states can veto national law within its own boundaries Panama Congress Tariff of Abominations-high tariff on imports wanted transportation for roads, canals, and other internal improvements enjoyed skin-dipping in Potomac while president won because neither candidate had majority even though he lost electoral and popular wife was the only foreign first lady first passage of Erie Canal is finished from Lake Erie to New York City Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die during his presidency Anne Royall was the first woman to interview a president only president to name a son George Washington 1st president to be photographed

Andrew Da Gangsta Jackson

President #: 7th Nickname: Old Hickory, King Andrew the I Born: 1767 in Waxhaw, South Carolina

Education: very little formal schooling Jobs: Lawyer, soldier, landowner Position When Elected: Private Political Party: Democratic Chief Opponents: 1st term: John Q. Adams, 2nd term: Henry Clay Term of Office: 1829-1837 Number of Terms: 2 Vice President: 1st term: John Calhoun, 2nd term: Martin Van Buren First Lady: Niece Emily Donelson, wife died before presidency Children: none; one foster child Died: 1845 in Nashville, Tennessee Geographic Scene: 24 states New States: Arkansas, Michigan War: 1st Black Hawks War During his presidency: Cyrus McCormick invented a machine for reaping grain Other Facts: life long scar from British Officer during Revolutionary War son of Scottish-Irish immigrants only president who was prisoner of war exact birthplace uncertain last president in Revolutionary War became General during War of 1812 Force Bill-allowed president to use army and navy to collect tariff duties Compromise Tariff of 1833 Kitchen Cabinet Peggy Eaton Affair Internal Improvements-vetoed Maysville Road Bill, extended national road fought in Revolutionary at age 13 1st president to ride on a railroad train vetoed Bank Charter Bill depression started near end of 2nd term 1st president to be shot at while in office racist and sexist Indian Removal Act-forcible relocation of Creek, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes Nullification Proclamation-states and municipalities are forbidden from nullifying federal laws believed that earth was flat only president to pay off national debt had a bullet inside him two inches away from his heart because of Jackson/Dickinson duel 1st president to have an assassination attempt (twice), but gun malfunctioned both times 1st president to be born in cabin

Martin Van Buren

President #: 8th Nickname: Little Magician (made the money go POOF!!), Enchanter, Old Kinderhook, Wizard (spoil system he was good at manipulating the government), Red Fox of Kinderhook Born: 1782 in Kinderhook, New York Education: Village School, read law Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official

Position When Elected: Vice President Political Party: Democratic Chief Opponent: William Henry Harrison Term of Office: 1837-1841 Number of Terms: one Vice President: Richard M. Johnson First Lady: Angelica Van Buren (daughter-in-law), Hannah Van Buren (wife) died before presidency Children: Abraham, John, Martin, Smith Died: 1862 in Kinderhook, New York Geographic Scene: 26 states New States: none War: Aroostock War (Canadian and America lumberjack war), 2nd Seminole War During his Presidency: Mount Holyoke, first womans college made; Queen Victoria in Hawaii Other facts: liked Andrew Jackson part of Andrew Jacksons Kitchen Cabinet for Andrews second term, he was VP he was really nice to Peggie Eaton (Andrews affair) married his cousin successful lawyer voted against slavery Missouri Compromise becoming a state he oversaw the Trail of Tears 1st president born U.S. citizen (even though his first language was Dutch, ESL) Panic of 1837 Caroline Affair-Canadians rebelled against British rule. The U.S. ship Caroline was burned by the British while sending the Canadians supplies. made the word okay opposed to the annexation of Texas Neutrality Law of 1838- provides for the arrest of people and the confiscation of arms, vehicles, and supplies flowing illegally across the border set up U.S. Treasury states must pay bank loans in CASH repealed petticoat affair the telegraph was patented when he was VP, he presided over the senate with two pistols

Battle of Lake Okeechobee

William Henry Harrison

President #: 9th Nickname: Tippecanoe Born: 1773 in Berkley, Charles City County, Virginia Education: Hampden-Sydney College Jobs: Army Officer, public official Position When Elected: County Clerk of Hamilton County, Ohio Political Party: Whig Chief Opponent: President Martin Van Buren Term of Office: 1841-1841 (one month) Number of Terms: one (cut short by death) Vice President: John Tyler First Lady: Jane Irwin Harrison (daughter-in-law), divorced wife

Children: Elizabeth, Lucy, John, William, John, Ben, Mary, Carter, Anna Died: 1841 in the White House, Washington DC Geographic Scene: 26 states New States: none War: none Slogan: Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too! During His Presidency: copies of inaugural address carried by railroad Other Facts: LAZY- but he used that as a good thing (folksy appeal) fought in Battle of 1812- then resigned from the army fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe, won, but he did a bad job Amistand Decision 2nd oldest man to become president 1st president to have a campaign slogan-Tippecanoe and Tyler Too fought Indians at Tippecanoe River, defeated Tecumseh longest inaugural address-1 hr. and 45 min. caught pneumonia while reading inauguration shortest term-one month only Grandfather of a future president 1st president to receive more than 1 million popular votes 1st president to die in office 1st president to study medicine only president that has been born the same place as his vice president last president to be born before the Declaration

John Tyler
President #: 10th Nickname: His Accidency Born: 1790 in Charles City County, Virginia Education: College of William and Mary Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Vice President Political Party: Whig Chief Opponent: none; succeeded Harrison Term of Office: 1841-1845 Number of Terms: one (partial) Vice President: none First Lady: Letitia Christian Tyler (1st wife), Priscilla Cooper Tyler (daughter-in-law), Letitia Tyler Semple (daughter), Julia Gardiner Tyler (2nd wife) Children: Mary, Robert, John, Letitia, Elizabeth, Alice, Tazwell, David, John, Julia, Lachlan, Lyon, Robert, Pearl Died: 1862 in Richmond, Virginia Geographic Scene: 26 states New States: Florida War: none During His Presidency: Samuel Morse sent the 1st telegraph message Other Facts: his own party disowned him his entire original cabinet resigned because he vetoed a bill for National Bank

10

Right of Succession-1st person to become president by succession only president to not have a vice president had 15 children-most for a president kicked out of Whig Party after term provisional government Bank Issue-Whigs tried to resurrect Bank of U.S., Tyler turned against his own party and said no Preemption Act-those who improved unsurveyed lands got 160 acres for $1.25 Webster-Ashburton Act-fixed the Maine-New Brunswick boundary dispute from Aroostock War Princeton Explosion-Tyler and others on Princeton to see test fire of Peacemaker, largest Naval gun. Peacemaker exploded on 3rd firing. Treaty of Wanghia-U.S. gained access to Chinese ports not under Chinese law Dorr Rebellion Free White Men - $ to vote Commonweatlth v. Huntlegality of labor unions, right to strike in Massachusetts Annexation of Texas-Texas territory settled by joint congressional resolution only president not buried in U.S. (buried in Confederate States) 1st president to have a veto overridden 1st president to marry while in office most cabinet changes of any single-term presidents great-uncle of Harry S. Truman his 2nd wife made practice of playing Hail to the Chief when the president appears in public

James Knox Polk

President #: 11th Nickname: Young Hickory Born: 1795 in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina Education: University of North Carolina Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Private Law Practice and Business Political Party: Democratic Chief Opponent: Henry Clay Term of Office: 1845-1849 Number of Terms: one Vice President: George Mifflin Dallas First Lady: Sarah Childress Polk Children: none Died: 1849 Geographic Scene: 27 states New States: Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin War: Mexican-American War America takes Texas, Mexicans killed 10 Americans on our soil. Slogan: 54-40 or fight!

11

During his Presidency: 1st baseball game of record in 1846 Other Facts: his wife banned dancing in the White House 1st dark-horse candidate Oregon Treaty-caused Great Britain and U.S. to split Oregon at the 49th parallel Manifest Destiny Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession -1 1/3 of America (America moves west) California Gold Rush Walker Tariff-significant tariff reduction Independent Treasury Act-restored the subtreasury system that Van Buren created 1st to become president at an age less than 50 only president who was Speaker of the House of Representatives 1st president to have an inauguration reported by telegraph 1st president to voluntarily retire 1st president whose mother outlived him 1846-Liberty Bell had a crack that couldnt permit it to ring it 1st president to win a presidency with out being well known Wilmot Proviso- against slavery- wasnt passed Seneca Falls Convention- Womens rights

Zachary Taylor
President #: 12th Nickname: Old Rough-and-Ready Born: 1784 in Orange County, Virginia Education: Private Tutors and Relatives Jobs: Army Officer Position When Elected: Major General in the United States Army Political Party: Whig Chief Opponent: Lewis Cass Term of Office: 1849-1850 Number of Terms: one (cut short by death) Vice President: Millard Fillmore First Lady: Margaret Smith Taylor (wife) Mary Taylor Bliss (daughter) Children: Ann, Sarah, Mary, Richard Died: 1850 in the White House, Washington D.C. Geographic Scene: 30 states New States: none War: none During His Presidency: none Other Facts: born in a log cabin supported Wilmot Proviso Clayton-Bulwer Treaty died in office from cholera always wore a straw hat his daughter married Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederate States fought in many wars including war of 1812 and Mexican war 2nd president to be elected without holding any political position beforehand

12

supported California coming as a state

Millard Fillmore
President #: 13th Nickname: Last of the Whigs Born: 1800 in Cayuga County, New York Education: Self-Educated Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Vice President Political Party: Whig Chief Opponent: none; succeeded Taylor Term of Office: 1850-153 Number of Terms: one (partial) Vice President: none First Lady: Abigail Powers Fillmore (after presidency, he got remarried to Caroline Macantosh) Children: Millard, Mary Died: 1874 Geographic Scene: 30 states New States: California War: none During His Presidency: Elisha Otis invented the 1st elevator Other Facts: born in a log cabin Compromise of 1850-ended the controversy between the north and south Fillmore Fugitive Slave Law-slaves who escaped to free land could be dragged back by their masters even from the north Treaty of Kanagawa-Commodore Perrys visit to settle a trade relationship with Japan established the 1st permanent library in the White House Fillmore filled more books into the White House built his own house became a lawyer before presidency, ended up being one of the most prestigious law firms in New York completely changed Taylors cabinet 1st phone had to pay Mexico for all that land that America got New York Militia wife put the 1st running-water bathtub in the White House last president who was not a Democrat or Republican ran in again 1856 in the Know-Nothing Party he ran with Andrew Jacksons nephew (the real name for the party was the American party, but when asked about their party, they said they knew nothing) 2nd oldest of 9 kids Uncle Toms Cabin and Moby Dick were written Sewing Machine patented Founded the University of Buffalo Now illegal for slaves to be traded in D.C. Important: BUFFALO!!!

13

Franklin Pierce
President #: 14th Nickname: Handsome Frank Born: 1804 in Hillsborough (Hillsboro), New Hampshire Education: Bowdoin College Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: In private law practice Political Party: Democratic Chief Opponent: Winfield Scott Term of Office: 1853-1857 Number of Terms: one Vice President: William Rufus De Vane King died in office First Lady: Jane Appleton Pierce she was really Christian- anti-drinking- HATES politicseventually ended up leaving him after presidency Children: Frank, Benjamin (he actually had 3, all of which died before they were 11) two of them died from typhus, the other got decapitated right in front of Pierce and his wife, right before presidency his wife Its a sign!! I hate you; youre the worst husband EVER!!! thats why he became an alcoholic (his wife hated him) Died: 1869 Geographic Scene: 31 States New States: none War: none During His Presidency: Open ports to Japan for American Ships Other Facts: We Polked you in 1844; we shall Pierce you in 1852 basically, his party hates him, as well as his wife, his life sucks had no strong viewpoints dark horse candidate born in Log Cabin took his presidential oath on a Law Book instead of a bible he was for slavery John Brown- hacked 5 slavery supporters to death with a brood sword Gadsden Purchase bought some land so the transcontinental railroad could go there Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise which was then replaced with the compromise of Popular Sovereignty Bloody Kansas people who came and tried to force people to vote to make Kansas a slave state with violence 1st president to recite is inauguration by memory 1st Christmas tree only president to say I promise instead of I swear when sworn in as president arrested in office for running over a woman with his horse 1st central heating system in White House 1st president born in 19th century Ostend Manifesto buy Cuba from Spain, or just take it it was supposed to be a secret, but the public found out about this plan pretty much ruined Manifest Destiny William Walker rebelled against Nicaragua and set up a new government Popular sovereignty

14

Manifest Destiny- white people have a god given right to expand to the west The most important during his presidency was the Transcontinental Railroad Plan so that you dont have to go all the way around South America to reach the other side of the U.S. anymore)

James Buchanan
President #: 15th Nickname: Ten-Cent Jimmy, Old Buck Born: 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania Education: Dickinson College Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Minister to Great Britain Political Party: Democrat Chief Opponent: John C. Fremont Term of Office: 1857-1861 Number of Terms: one Vice President: John C. Breckinridge First Lady: Harriet Lane (niece), never married Children: none Died: 1868 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania Geographic Scene: 31 states New States: Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas War: none During His Presidency: Pony Express Riders carried mail from Missouri to California Other Facts: only president to never have married Dred Scott Case- free blacks are declared not citizens Panic of 1857 born in a log cabin Minister to Russia under Jackson one eye saw up close, one eye saw distant 1st president to send a Trans-Atlantic telegram Lecompton Constitution- attempt to bring Kansas to the Union as a slave state; refused Mountain Meadow Massacre-Paiute Indians and Mormon Militia killed people heading to California Crittenden Compromise of 1860-hoped to stop the southern states from seceding English Bill of 1858-resubmitted the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas Kansas Question Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas seceded from the Union and called themselves the Confederate States with Jefferson Davis as president John Brown raids Harpers Ferry, Virginia for abolitionist republic Buchanan had the opportunity to buy Cuba for only $90,000,000, but Congress wouldn't let him because they thought he would steal the money and run away!

Abraham Lincoln
President #: 16th Nickname: Honest Abe Born: 1809 in Hardin County (Larue County), Kentucky Education: self-educated
15

Jobs: Storekeeper, Public Official, Lawyer Position When Elected: private law practice Political Party: Republican Chief Opponent: 1st term: Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, John Bell; 2nd term: George Brinton McClellan Term of Office: 1861-1865 Number of Terms: two (cut short by assassination) Vice President: 1st term: Hannibal Hamlin; 2nd term: Andrew Johnson First Lady: Mary Todd Lincoln Children: Robert, Edward, William, Thomas Died: 1865 in Washington, D.C. Geographic Scene: 23 United States, 11 Confederate States New States: West Virginia, Nevada War: Civil War Slogan: Don't swap horses in the middle of the stream. During His Presidency: National income tax enacted Other Facts: born in a log cabin 1st bearded president tallest president at 64 1st president to be photographed at his inauguration 1st president to be born outside of the original 13 colonies Homestead Act-granted applicant 160-640 acres of undeveloped land outside of the 13 colonies Morill Tariff of 1861-helped pay for Civil War Conscription Law of 1863-all men required for military or $300 for substitute 1st president to be assassinated only president to receive a patent all of his brothers, half brother, etc. fought for the Confederate Army assassinated at Fords Theater by John Wilkes Booth shot on Good Friday had a dream a week before he was shot that he was lying in a coffin Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address Battle of Gettysburg Picketts Charge Anaconda Plan-plan of the Union Army General Lee of the Confederate States surrendered in Appomattox on April 9, 1865 inaugurated a national banking system established the Department of Agriculture standardized the paper currency crafted the 13th Amendment Willie (William), died of typhoid fever as the only son to die in the White House mother died by drinking milk from the family cow that had eaten poisonous mushrooms slavery is abolished in Washington D.C. National Banking Actcreates a system for a national bank

Andrew Johnson
President #: 17th Nickname: The Veto President

16

Born: 1808 in Raleigh, North Carolina Education: self-educated Jobs: Tailor, Public Official Position When Elected: Vice President Political Party: Democrat, but became Vice President as the wartime Union Party Chief Opponent: none; succeeded Lincoln Term of Office: 1865-1869 Number of Terms: one (partial) Vice President: none First Lady: Eliza McCardle Johnson Children: Martha, Charles, Mary, Robert, and Andrew, Jr. Died: 1875 in Carters Station, Tennessee Geographic Scene: 36 states New States: Nebraska War: none During His Presidency: U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Other Facts: born in a log cabin only southern legislator who left the Confederate for the Union did not make an inaugural address when he became president drunk at his inauguration for Vice President because of prescribed alcoholic medicine only president to be elected into the Senate after presidency only president to have made his own clothes 18 when he married, wife was 16 wife married at the youngest age of all first ladies 1st president to be visited by a queen, Queen Emma of the Sandwich Islands buried beneath a willow he had planted from Napoleons gravesite head was rested on a copy of the Constitution 1st president to be impeached, innocent by one vote reached the rank of Brigadier General in the military 17 years old when his wife taught him to read 13th Amendment-freed blacks from masters 14th Amendment-citizenship for African Americans Reconstruction Lincoln-Johnson plan Reconstruction Act of 1867-set up 5 military armies in south Burlingame Treaty- treaty between US and China that established friendly relations Freedmens Bureau Act- granted additional rights to ex-slaves; vetoed by Johnson but overridden by Congress Fenian Raid-Irish Fenian Brotherhood tries to take over Canada Battle of Ridgeway-see Fenian Raid Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 Mississippi enacts a Black Code, which restricts the newly won rights of African Americans and attempts to keep the freedmen in a separate and inferior position

Ulysses S. Grant
President #: 18th Nickname: Unconditional Surrender Grant, Hero of Appomattox Born: 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio

17

Education: United States Military Academy Jobs: Army Officer Position When Elected: General of the Army Political Party: Republican Chief Opponents: 1st term: Horatio Seymour; 2nd term: Horace Greeley Term of Office: 1869-1877 Number of Terms: two Vice Presidents: 1st term: Schuyler Colfax; 2nd term: Henry Wilson First Lady: Julia Boggs Grant Children: Frederick, Ulysses, Ellen, Jesse Died: 1885 in Mount McGregor, New York Geographic Scene: 37 states New States: Colorado War: none During His Presidency: Joseph Gliddens barbed wire solved the problem of fencing cattle Other Facts: fought in the Mexican and Civil Wars only president to serve 2 terms between Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson established Yellowstone National Park as the 1st national park established the Department of justice 15th Amendment ratified- the right to vote regardless of race Samana Bay Treaty of 1869-Grant and Babcock signs treaty to annex Santo Domingo Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869 construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins in 1870 Weather Bureau established in 1870 Federal Election Law of 1871-federal supervision for elections in cities with 20,000+ people Indian Appropriations Act of 1871-all Indians made wards of the state Chicago Fire of 1871 appointed the Interoceanic Canal Panic of 1873 Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty of 1875-makes islands virtual protectorate to U.S. after presidency, took a 30-month world tour with his family was the 1st person ever to shake hands with a Japanese emperor met Queen Victoria of England went bankrupt for a time after tour because of a dishonest partner Mark Twain suggested Grant to write and autobiography wrote an autobiography few days before death and made his family $500,000 scandals (not by Grant): Black Friday, Credit Mobiler, Delinquent Tax Corruption, Whiskey Ring, Belknap Bribery Resumption of Species Act of 1875-allowed fractional currency fined $20 for speeding on horse had throat cancer but swabbed with cocaine and became addicted changed his name from Hiram Ulysses Grant because he did not want initials to be HUG ate a cucumber soaked in vinegar for breakfast everyday 1st president to have both parents alive when taking office gnawed on 20 cigars a day, probably leading to death boyhood nickname was Useless established the Civil Rights Act of 1875, but Congress ruled it unconstitutional Compromise of 1877-treaty between Ohio Republicans and southern Democrats 1st president to veto a Private Pension Bill owned a slave named William Jones, freed Jones when Grant needed money the most

18

his wife was stalked by John Wilkes Booth on the day Lincoln was assassinated

Rutherford B. Hayes
President #: 19th Nickname: His Fraudulency Born: 1822 in Delaware, Ohio ducation: Kenyon College Jobs: Lawyer, Army Officer, Public Official Position When Elected: Governor of Ohio Political Party: Republican Chief Opponent: Samuel Jones Tilden Term of Office: 1877-1881 Number of Terms: one Vice President: William Almon Wheeler First Lady: Lucy Webb Hayes Children: Sardis, James, Rutherford, Frances, Scott, and three sons died young Died: 1893 in Fremont, Ohio Geographic Scene: 38 states New States: none War: none During His Presidency: New transcontinental speed record by rail was set by Lightning Express Other Facts: ended Reconstruction and removed troops from south good speller wifes nickname was Lemonade Lucy because she didnt allow alcohol, smoking, dancing, cards Alexander Graham Bell himself installed the telephone in the White House Thomas Edison visited the First Family to show them the phonograph Hayes held the first public Easter egg roll on the White House lawn only president of the 5 to fight in the Civil War and get wounded had the closest election in history, won by one electoral vote Great Railroad Strike of 1877-a strike that starts in Maryland and lasts for a month Knights of Labor of 1878-a organization that tried to make a self-owned company of workers Panama Canal was not built at this time, but Hayes had ideas on it Exodus of 1879-mass movement of African Americans from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century 1st president to visit the west coast while president 1st Easter Egg Roll on the White House lawn

James A. Garfield
President #: 20th Nickname: Preacher President Born: 1831 in Orange, Ohio Education: Williams College Jobs: Teacher, Army Officer, Public Official Position When Elected: Member of Congress Political Party: Republican

19

Chief Opponent: Winfield S. Hancock Term of Office: 1881-1881 (assassinated) Number of Terms: one (cut short by assassination) Vice President: Chester A. Arthur First Lady: Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Children: Harry, James, Mary, Irvin, Abram, and a son and daughter died young Died: 1881 in Elberon, New Jersey Geographic Scene: 38 states New States: none War: none During His Presidency: Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross Other Facts: Established in 1880, the Normal School for Colored Teachers, now Tuskegee University, officially opens its doors in Tuskegee, Alabama Dark Horse Candidate last to be born in a log cabin assassinated because he refused a job from Charles J. Guiteau worshipped with the Disciples of Christ ambidextrous, also the 1st left-handed president 1st president to campaign in more than one language great orator could write Latin and Greek with both hands at the same time 2nd president to be assassinated made a Pythagorean proof

Chester A. Arthur
President #: 21st Nickname: Elegant Arthur, The Gentleman Boss Born: 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont Education: Union College Jobs: Teacher, Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Vice President Political Party: Republican Chief Opponent: none; succeeded Garfield Term of Office: 1881-1885 Number of Terms: one (partial) Vice President: none First Lady: Mary Arthur McElroy; sister Children: Chester, Ellen, and a son died young Died: 1886 in New York City Geographic Scene: 38 states New States: none War: none During His Presidency: Brooklyn Bridge completed in 1883 Other Facts: sold wagons of White House furniture for $8000 had over 80 pairs of pants 1st president to take the oath in his own home issues with citizenship, may have been born in Canada

20

had Brights Disease, a fatal kidney disease Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883-specified rules for government positions Star Route Scandal of 1882-nine men indicted for defrauding the government in a postal scam Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882-made Chinese immigrants unable to come to the US for 10 years Edmunds Act of 1882-exculded bigamists and polygamists from voting or taking office Mongrel Tariff Act-reduced rates on specific items by less than 2 percent Extradition Treaty-a treaty between the U.S. and Luxembourg River and Harbor Act- vetoed but then overridden US Bureau of Labor is created within the Department of Interior Contract Labor Law, also known as the Foran Act, which virtually outlaws alien contract labor

Grover Cleveland
President #: 22nd and 24th Nickname: Uncle Jumbo Born: 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey Education: Public school until age 14 Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: Governor of New York Political Party: Democratic Chief Opponents: 1st administration: James G. Blaine; 2nd administration: Benjamin Harrison Term of Office: 1st administration: 1885-1889; 2nd administration: 1893-1897 Number of Terms: two (nonconsecutive) Vice President: 1st administration: Thomas A. Hendricks; 2nd administration: Adlai E. Stevenson First Lady: Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (sister), Frances Folsom Cleveland (wife) Children: Ruth, Esther, Marion, Richard, Frances Died: 1908 in Princeton, New Jersey Geographic Scene: 1st administration: 38 states; 2nd administration: 44 states New States: Utah War: none During His Presidency: Statue of Liberty unveiled in New York Harbor Other Facts: only president to have a wedding in the White House Panic of 1893 Geronimo surrendered Presidential Succession Act- specified order of succession repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act Argued with Britain over Venezuela Pullman Railroad Strike of 1894 repealed the Tenure of Office Act 1st film star president had cancer on the roof of his mouth paid someone else to take his place to fight in the Civil War vetoed pension and private relief bills Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill of 1894-made 2 percent tax all incomes more than $4,000 Tariff Revisions Bill the Baby Ruth candy bar is named after his daughter Ruth executioner while sheriff of Erie County American Federation of Labor is created Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) is created to ensure fairness in the management of

21

interstate railroad Dawes General Allotment Act-attempts to assimilate American Indians into the dominant culture by parceling out reservation land to individuals and families. The act also sets up a procedure by which Indians can become eligible for citizenship if they renounce tribal holdings Department of Labor is established renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act Department of Agriculture is established US Treasury Gold Reserve falls below $100 million Cuban revolution against Spain

Benjamin Harrison
President #: 23rd Nickname: Little Ben Born: 1833 in North Bend, Ohio Education: Ohio University Jobs: Lawyer, Public Official Position When Elected: United States Senator Political Party: Republican Chief Opponent: Grover Cleveland Term of Office: 1889-1893 Number of Terms: one Vice President: Levi P. Morton First Lady: Caroline Scott Harrison (wife); Mary Harrison McKee (daughter) Children: Russell, Mary, Elizabeth Died: 1901 in Indianapolis, Indiana Geographic Scene: 38 states New States: Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming War: none During His Presidency: James Naismith started basketball using soccer balls and peach baskets Other Facts: most states added in any presidency grandson of William Henry Harrison Dependent and Disability Pensions Act-providing benefits to Union veterans as well as to their children and widows wife was affected with tuberculosis electric lights installed in the White House Homestead Steel Strike McKinley Tariff Act-Average duties on manufactured goods are increased to 49.5 percent Sherman Anti-Trust Act-forbids business practices that restrain trade and commerce or attempt to created monopolies Sherman Silver Purchase Act-permits the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month Anti-Lottery Bill of 1890 Queen Liliuokalani loses power in Hawaii

22