Experiment No. 5: Common Ion Effect Millo, Gabrielle A.; Torres, Katryna Mae Ann T. Chem 18.

1, MHCD2, Group 5, Mr. Sanchez May 4, 2012 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract

Keywords: Common Ion Effect, Buffer, Solubility Introduction the addition of water only dilutes the acid, lowering + the concentration of H and a higher pH is observed however, ionization is not affected. Take note that water is the solvent and it doesn't affect the equilibrium. For system B, again, the dissociation of HCL is irreversible. Therefore, the addition of Cl from NaCl will only dilute the acid, resulting lower + concentration of H and a higher pH but ionization is not affected. For system C, the dissociation of acetic acid is a reversible reaction due to its nature of being a weak acid. When water was added, the + concentration of H ions decreased and gives a higher pH. Also the dissociation of acetic acid is increased upon dilution. Even though dissociation increased, an addition of solvent has no significant effect on the equilibrium. This is because the concentration of solvents is very large. For system D, acetic acid is, again, a weak acid and its dissociation is a reversible reaction. The addition of acetate from sodium acetate will shift the equilibrium to the left and a decrease in concentration of H+ and thus a higher pH and also the decrease in dissociation can be observed. + HOAc(aq) + H2O(l) OAc (aq) + H3O (aq). For system E, NaOH is a strong base hence, its dissociation is an irreversible reaction. Adding water only dilutes the base and yields a + higher H concentration and a lower pH. Ionization, however, is not affected. Again, water is the solvent and it doesn't affect the equilibrium. For system F, the dissociation of NaOH is an irreversible reaction. Therefore, the addition of + Na will only dilute the base and yield a higher concentration of H+ and lower pH. Ionization is not affected. Part B. Buffering Effect A buffer solution is one wherein the pH of the solution is "resistant" and doesn't change significantly to small additions of either a strong acid or a strong base. These buffers usually consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base

Experimental

Results and Discussion

Part A. The Effect on the Ionization of Acids and Bases The common ion effect is a term used to describe the effect on a solution of two dissolved solutes that contain the same ion. It is another application of Le Chtelier's Principle. Le Chtelier's Principle tells us that if the concentration of one of the reaction participants is increased, then equilibrium will shift to use up the additional substance. In the case of the common ion effect, when an ion already present is added to the system at equilibrium, the system shifts to the left to relieve the stress. The presence of a common ion suppresses the ionization of a weak acid or a weak base. Systems A. 10 mL 0.1M HCl + 2mL H2O B. 10 mL 0.1M HCl + 2 mL 0.1M NaCl C. 10 mL 0.1M HOAc + 2 2mL H O D. 10 mL 0.1M HOAc + 2mL 0.1M NaOAc E. 10 mL 0.1M NaOH + 2mL H2O F. 10 mL 0.1M NaOH + 2mL 0.1M NaCl Observed pH 1.14 1.07 2.96 3.76 12.35 12.37 Theoretical pH 1 1 2-3 4-5 13 13

For system A, the dissociation of HCl is irreversible because it is a strong acid. This is why, Chem 18.1. Common Ion Effect

page 1

of 7

and its conjugate acid, in relatively equal and "large" quantities. Initi al pH 7 4.67 1.06 0.93 6.92 8.09 pH after HCl 2.67 5.31 2.21 2.05 6.53 8.21 pH after NaO H 11.0 8 5.38 2.30 2.08 7.44 8.44 Experime ntal Conclusi on Not buffer Buffer Not buffer Not Buffer Buffer Buffer Theoreti cal Conclusi on Not buffer Buffer Not buffer Not Buffer Buffer Buffer

I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report.

Syste m Distille d H2O A B C D E

________________ Gabrielle A. Millon

______________________ Katryna Mae Ann T. Torres

A, D, and E are the only systems that are buffers. Note that buffers are solutions containing a weak acid (HA) and its salt (NaA). Conversely, a solution of a weak base (B) and its salt (HB+) is also a buffer. The resistive action in a buffer solution is the result of the equilibrium which is set up between the weak acid and the salt since the dissociation of the weak acid is reversible. A buffer solution has to contain ions which will remove any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that you might add to it - otherwise the pH will change. Since HCl and HNO3 are strong acids, no buffers can be formed since the dissociation of strong electrolytes are irreversible. Part C. The Effect of Common Ion on the Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts

Volume of 0.01 M NaOH used------------------13.2 mL Solubility of benzoic acid----------------0.0000436 M (from previous experiment) Solubility of benzoic acid in sodium benzoate solution-----------------------------------------The common ion effect tells us that the solubility of an ionic compound is decreased by the addition of another ionic compound that contains one of the ions involved in the solution equilibrium. The suppression of the ionization of the weak acid or base, when looked at another point of view, is the same as having its solubility decreased.

Conclusion and Recommendations

References

Chem 18.1. Common Ion Effect

page 2

of 7