MENACE OF CORRUPTION IN DEVELOPING

soctETtEs
CAUSES, EFFECTS AND REMEDIES (A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN)

(Jm

Docronl r[6ir rubdnd ro lle Univ.EiD of Sindt omr P.l.nt!o, tunuhr l!. Eq!im..t to. th. D.gR Itr Publi.Adhitri nriotr.

By

SHAUQIUR-REEI\&{N

Univnit ofSiDdh
JrDshom (Sitrdb)

DEPARTMIIIT OT IU'1IC AD}IITIITIATIOI|

uxlYElSlTY

or

tAItSrAt

stxDH

(t^ll3floro)

CERTIFICATE
Cedi-fied

tIEt L,lr. Shrfi+ur-Rebnd Assirtet profqcaor, Departun! of

Administrativ Scionc, University of Balochistaq euetta

research oD tbe topic

hr!

carried out

:
ed
dblinct md tis disscidioo is

.u*& 8fie.6 r|rd R

Supervisioo aad lhat his work is origiDal

worthy of presentation !o University of Sindh, Jmshoro for awad of th

Degre olDootor ofPhilosophy iD public

Adrhi stration.

\str-----2-- -z
PROFESSOR MT,'HAI!'MAD YOUSIF PARDESI SUPERVISOR AND CI.IT{IRMAN

Rutgers Univerrity
Cr.F
r.

C.d..

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C.r(b D.!6d dhdt

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raob.n W.

ro-uolt.IlltArtolcB!
Sh.fq{-R.to.a t PLD. dtd.d 1 tb Urivqd., of Sidl who hs ba t htlhigb 6ctq. rni.d (t ltru Gl{01) h..r d ih. Cnd!. D.?.rffi of hJDlb Po&y od Adliiddoa RAgo U.nEitFCqq| r. qed{r! M.. R.h.! h.! b i! d*L.o d &4a dE Lt S.ne. Hc h.r bd F $in8 r!..fth rd lt. sirios of rh. palt'D.ac drt& of lir &.ronl
I

siri.8

in rtg.rd lo Mr.

ofid.vi.$ O96d tlo* lt coodd.d i! P|tinu) *ith o&iJr b ltn acie dn : Nd YdL, PtiLddpti. .!d riqtdo!. ADo8 tt idcriN le tho ClidCod to ttc MrF oftb <ity of Ncp Yodq lt UniEd $i6 AtrdByr cf PtiL.ldp|ir dd Houroo, .r'idd to it Co@bioG of PoE6 of Plilddteir .!d lt dilldo. of o..diodlFi.n F%@ d tt UNDP. rn dl |n ddiriocl r.dpL oftirty toliq ml(.t blohld i. conwiod
rVH. ha! d
h. h|, oooitu{..d &.ddiriocl !a

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ood{ri indi.ft dd r!vir*i4 srieiD *dt c6dr.rd b.! h tb. U.itd Sm on comdid. llr. ltuD dro r|!di!.d .ar'rd &d! of ood ottb. dryt r! of hir dir.mdioi ftr rwtlw .!d norc t cqrt r c@9lid stoh tro(tir drd A t[i. poh! oftsr r,slq .nd oy Bb4 I bdi(e lrt R.tm i. Ft .r!d to rtilE l@ .!d b.si! tb 6rl .61i!8 ofli, {r.dt
I!
tddidod lo lh.

Rutgers University
ll -a! .
groa

Cup...a Cudd
with our pqDlic

d.Nu. to h.n

Mr. R.lu n. H6 h$ trn.nrd

*e[

ldninid'llid .rd politicd $iqrc. nq,|ty krc rnd w$ uniw$dly lil(.d .nd rctpcded. He ba llllltMing !d bdddld | !.os of hlnor d.6ptu th. bo$rl.t.ci3 of iI Unitd Slda lrmiSr.tio. S.rvic., tlE Pond Syd.d locrg rore of hi! @il &d iom i.idrl prcbl@ qirh tlF R!g!.! Udvsiry h@d!g 3}!t@ r& i4n{.d oey oftho& *hon h. iitdicrql *ith hi! tr||p of th. probk6! of @dpii@rlgrdld of tt poliricd co ql. IDd..{ th. dnd 6ln!d to tL Mlyd of No Yo* Cny 8rE hio rtmr th'E hoB for e idahw. rr roid b. vry @ for & A@i{ grdurr. drd.d to oh.b .el ..c!, Mr. R&M .ls tdrc Fn of D.ocrd tft nr!. tlc qotc wil! otl.n gtrin|de od.d! .d na|ty @ . d.it brir H. d. I qdl{lcdvql F..rd.!iod to notty td! ofti! di*srdid I! nd, rb Bi.*. r4 & good tln dE of u[ MPA erd.d! !lk.d if h. @!d Gpd h ft. lhoc $to ooutd d or. tu odtid F..dri(E rb .b F!!&!d e ddcr. of lia Odr b.lt. d.r.r@'r.ti.f F Uicdi,a It Fo|@ It yo h*! &y $r.dioo, I c6 b. R.t d d ?rl 313 8?0t (Dy tdE) d lhotgh thdda.d! rulln .d!.

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gtn5p!u&s;rik't: ij o3tispi;S1yn$4elibl,F6. H !^i2r,/tilD

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rit

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B...cla.hc.hod. ol dE Hcr.tF i' fi.r s{li.h Al|hh,fi ei*" ,L. -a ".*r"( @! th. podio! of rh. wrld. erd b. lhou kild str - ALt b,ttr b.d lild b 6.. .rd Kh d orlpdm i! ihc .uth .o
A& rov.'i m' coruPr6.

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.sl'l <Udr.'.t.y 6u060mffisommo 6

o o o o 6 5 o
Cortetrts

3.-*.,6

Part
Chspaei

Introduction

Corruptiotr itr the Dev.lopirg Socieaies

g pl a
FI (u p

lnuoduction 2. Mthodology used

Part

II Theorv: Corruption Develooment

and Culture.

Chrpter
I

Polifics .Dd Idologie3 of D*elopDent

2.

l.

Public Administration in Developing Societies Development ldeology The Politics ofDevelopment

Chlpt.r3 L
2. 3.

l,eg.cy of ColoDialism

Common Adninistrative System in Developing Socidies Administrative Weaknesses in Developing Societies Bureaucratic Problems in Deveioping Socieiies The Cultur

ChrD.er4

ofCorruption

L
2. 3.

Emergence and Gro{th of Corruption ;n Developing Socities The Theory ofPoliiical Conuption Burcaocntic Comption, bribery and Nepolism

Part Chlpter5

III

The Case ofPakistar

Admirbtrrliotr
iD Pcktutan

The Public

Democracy dd Military Rule 2. The Structue ofPatislani Govemment inthe 1990s.

oooafl ooldoo[n0

tlofi mnfi onffi fr non00u

St'l <l{ir{'.try ffid6dn6

Chrpler

Tbe Civic Culture of Corruption

L The Culture of Coruption

2. The Bureaucrals, Polilicians and Public opinion 3. Legislative weakness md bureaucratio Control Th Bureaucrab and The control ofBlectronic and Prini Mdia

ili

CbapterT Hiltoryof Rcforms

Administlativ Refoms 2. Impleinentation ofReforms during A)ob EE 3. Adninistrative Reforms of 1973 4. Adninistmtive Changes in 1980

l.

Part
Chlpter

ry
Cruses

ComDarisotr

8 ChaDtr 9

D.finitioDs rtrd TyPologi6 of Corruptior

Nrtue,

lnd f,Ifects of Corruption

Part

Conclusiotrs

Chcpcr r0 Recomnedrtiors for Public Policv Chaptr ll Th.orcticrl Conclwiors

Srd Q{rorery

3.-*.."

Part one

Introductio

omf,onEdgeffinef,eoa

Str,a <l{.trrr&y

3.r*i.
o E s o

o o o n o o o o 6 6 o o o o c o g 6
E

Chrpterotre:

CorruplioniEDevelopirySo.ieti6.

o E p 6
$t

Res@h abou cotuption b boh nasrary dd

tidely. IlE suuei

ou public

mpp.s

ai a

@id j@i'ft

in

or

history Nh.n thc cap&ity of

ofli6

to

s tl n

E}

ntlfill ihei fdEidy EspoNibiliti.s h a i.sliirlioN oI public trL,i

disl()slm of plol
and
cqs!

idtq

of gdv. pnblic @ncm. OE b6ic

s:
EI

ond

th. ole of l.w hrv. ben @tc<l to iheir toundrtiom by the

of d!.

ih.

disisal

gov.mol

followirg chde!. of Disfg@

E g

6 E o g 6 s o o 6 6 q 6 6 6 o 0 o 6 6 6 g o q E 6
@

s E

muag@, ad

by Ev.ldion of .Lliba.L

d..?tid

.nd didcds

eMg

ib
thar

mdh.B of rh. ade<t wicec lhc F.l.A ard rh.lSL

The @nw.rional

*isdm

ofrcial misndst is laqely linit d to m@icipl politi &d Iben b|EEtalic

deparhents, Frticul&ly lbe

lqd Admilis!.tioq i!

m 1046

i.@Ue helief.

6 o s a 6 o o o s 6
E

E E
dislosws
rhzl

Ar lhis lh$is
ahoul

uply

shows,

fie shdt wves

ser up by

public

misndur ofhighly

pl&ed fedall officiak

nis

alloeeths ih

se

q!6ioB

follow s@.lals of @mplion. How do$ ore

sw

evid@ of civil drd cdminil

e

violalioBoflaw, ed howdoesone succBstully prclec

annpts

otrdd.G ir

the fa.

ofofrcial

lo obst!.l

ju ce? Is lhe tidrcialt qacily of public btRuc@is s

How deelly and

u.lemired by pdval vie .rd politic.l all.giocc dut omption is alloqed io b@ne

qddic

in a public

oojzlion?
d in

what

wt5 @

peopl at the 1op

of

org&iz2rioN

inpliqt

violr!6

ofpublic EEO wlEl org&izdioDEl

nea.lo

ho6t dd

dedi@red

adeili$laio6 harc lo tulill dFn

ftEisy 6poNi6ilid6? wbt

o o o n o o o 6 o o g 6, o o o e g g 6

St.J Q{roery

e.r,*-.
ofr6
who

be done

th$n

lhe

Dublic

wuld

aid or alet $e violadon of Atbic

hBt ad ot^dEr Dublic, lhcpby

do

ud.cililg

publc

dfd.@ i! tt& r'rL of lN?

How

build a.d

sllin

th. El'tion$i!6 ofpublic tun?

&l

at

ril
'IrrG se @ sitrple olrslm io
i,quny inio plot by rlF @uie
su.h @Dplq

qwldoN.

T1E public

I'l
Ill

ir pais of &y

poblic i!4uiry foloqing tb.

$adalos eit of tE

disl(re
srcn

of

codtio

in blmuqaric. By

nrgMdd

lb

nare

od

Droblen! lhe S{raic Scl@t

Comilte! of the ,udicidy's i.quiry inb th.

lMs d

i1

d for soludoB in th. wrke of psr

t{1u6.

nE lbdeoljudci.ry nnggls wiUl

aboul the
of public

@mptd
oprcity

iss6 of cvid.M
ou

at'd legality thsl

Ei$ nDdaI@tal qu61iN

wilh th.

of

$icty

1o

&al,

lhftw! diniDl pd&di.gr

rbis dn6is

qrpto

tnEt, Altloud lhe ch.pt6 ir

quenios,
each of

povid. no Fady @aEIs to lh f@going

illuiMs
@dplion.

one or moE of 0tern by

@uiine

a history of inquiry

dd

.xpLnrlioB

Deiining

@plion wdd

is by no

metu ! sinple natt r a on. of lh chaplm

mply

dm$ttat s.

So@

de6nc @Nption by

tf@M

to th. b.havior of public

otrcids pnicubtly ,o &ts of bdbqy, wlic'h

ciDitr l Dttr.6. Alihdeh bribery

of

.p!as

to be rhc "6oc

@oo" bddis qFs.d ir inrdigali@

cd4lio.,

n is

atp.Ent tDl hstorically politicid ald b@aumis h.ve @mivcd with

crininals md lhlt lhey subrql rhe public [!s1 in oiher inporlort ways skh

6tlrm.

bding fals

witt6 ad obsrudingjocie.

Pqn43 b{ibcry is

ms @ll@o o.ly b{rw

it is mE

Stn/ nlaanaay
5 E g

6 E g EI 5 e g e o 0
EI
Llt

visiblc aid @oabl !o der.tion rbm @

o$d foms of ilecd

poli@ behavio.

b uy

nn

!u

ce,

defning

diniral b.h.vior by llE ofi.ials 6 "orupt b.h.viod 6ihs lba!

is

g o
Ill

'tdFiMl o.ducr"

synbolic. An inwdigation

irb 'otrcial @dption" nthq ihd inb

the publc to

"ou crininrl ofrcials' synboliA tE uwillingnc$ of oryoizlion dd

pusue cdninal condGl by ofrcials elely

c c
E

s
is

'criminnl
aDd

nafe6"

that

Fqoe 'ciioinal
wn n

s tlt
g
K[

sFtiou-"

sorething mor i5 irvohtd in cdmi.al

othd

fom ofoisondd
a

dEy @ @rmit&d by public oficials.

ftnr

$c violalior of

fiduciary Gladonship, ihe

ri a &l p {!; o o

s a

@nption of

a public

Eut, of public linue. For dtinately it is rct ihe misdd5 of

ltr

o g
EI

offi.ials lhal @ @mpl, it is by ofrcisls cominbS @sreds otst

llt

public body is
by lhe

@mprd.

The publich

|Isr h violat d dd th. puuics end5 @ $bv.tud

is lhe

niss

o s g
f

of public alilodty

ad pow. S.mdal

plblic @ti@to lhal b@h of i!us.

q u g
EI

one of $ @nllll pbblens for conliluin8 inqui,a rhGfoE allrionshrp

lhe

bdon6 lh.

EI

b.l*d b.lrvio of oficials *ho tioLtc

how

Prblic

tr[(

and

FDlic Eead for

o tal 6

o4eiation 6 @dpt *t!@ tnd

dG

Public looe'ledsc of the

misnduct of
rat

I'l

publi.

&l

ofll@

lad

lo a

labeling

of the orSdialion
a

@rupl

&d

it

o n 6 o g d o o o o q g

@nseq*d6? Tne apFs to b.

bhwio! a.d

penidldly d.licate balm@

btkd

conpf'

tlc @r!pl depdtudr

Erpos@ ol subv6ion of public

a

tr[(

is

troblona,ic lor pnblic adninislztion beaue $.1 riskr

los of public @nidrc in lhc

org&iztion ard

e labeling of lhe oig@j41ion

h compt wilh ils atlend6t conspeme

for th. o4rdi2rlion

ed

iis "hoEsl

ops". At

thc

@e ijDe

thc

faile

of .dministllod

ns6ffi 00unffi mffi 660n060u0600fr ntrif o6lilm

SriJ <l{d!.',r.y

3.-.a@

ro diclar. of expc. srch ets

lu

ilE

ti*

of @trrprior beobing pidni. h

d.

o o e 9t p
tg

orgmiztion, followd by .pisod* oI $andal ed rcfom.

g o o 6 e 6 tr o El E} g o
ItJ

Thd h d
non
rhe

dlmosl inpepribl ihPld

viw th.l

som.thing

@mincd howvr

nis)dul L{gly is the natw ol Eud cl.tionsbjlc ard how they c buil ard
dc
lhe

'minS noE is i!rclved i! conq;tio thd

dFu! dEse chaptds steminS

lq

ili

i! is.'

@inbined, peniculdly ou public bugN@ies. Whal Fle

ofrcials have in subrenins public rrusl? Ce
public is not sedioned for ils violalioB
a systd

plblic 6

sll a is
mrk
be

e iat
u
L.l

ofplblic tiBt b.oaintaincd ifthe

for lhin? Hop sh.ll

6 wll a olnciab

iir

t0

oigmiad io cN@ public irGe Ou undsl.ding ofthe violalion ofpublic t'ust should
be

s |lJ
It

n o E o c o o o

a!,rc.d

by a tmwLds of how

fidEi.ry G?oNibility

h. buil aid Minloit d

o o

s wn 6 of hoe violariG of trus 6

offe! outwid th.lmpoEry gaim of
a

b. daded. the public

*1s

of

s)dd

@y
is by

Efon.

Thc picl@ ofdlcl,tion

and

ed puishmnt

6t

dher gloony one. fte @p@iy of oftcials

stntcgics l.gitio@d by a $bculhF

orydiz.tios to thqrn de@tion

s o c s &! p
EI

euler

ed

10

slbrqt or @{Pi uiB lltat wdd

gurd the
alrho!lr

gurdis

is
of

(midcnbL.
.

No @? 8uds

tle glardi4 o.

.
th.

@li@ b6s

$. .bsne

siEtft
li$l ba

of publjc .@unring ofi.n

sd

to

@E pDbl.ns of
10

corrplion, P&adoxic.ll,
notone
ihe

almys

bn

t8lrded 6

$lulion

pobld

tbal

otsff

always

bwlched. Ihs i.fusion ofpublic otrce vi0t public

Eusl lies at

han ofde mand ad ofou undatoding,

n o E o o o o o o 6 6 n n

E g E

E
The

$hol6 ai$ b.mc avw

el.ly

of the

difi.dty lhal Ef.tgg lo *tot

lo wn't

CG

on wihin orgeizational @mpdon

by

Ef.ffie

8G

on wilhh

od

ooEmnonm nm6EKHODnOObn6fl Effi

o c o c g

.sr/

q{d!.'.1.y

ffi5
is

e.-*e ogtn5oego00!00ct
10

org&iztion. Although il orgdizlion dFnd5

and political

ovditrDlificarion

.rgrc that ihe integdty ot

dy

pubtic

upon dF

ini.edty ofaU orbe6

mn p.nicutaly

irs

3ystcB ofcivic

po*r, ft i!

twrhcle.s alpedl rb.1 the lele of @m91id of

cotruptio ofbo6 publh
and pdvar.

u
t6r

orSsialion

is inliDarly @nredd wirh

stor

q o

FI

ou
i!

oficials

{d potidcib d

ciriztr8, a4d

tI@

is

eihirg eftddiD,ry

cxpeting thal lile .ll othq ciliaro, rhey coDfom ro ihe MnDtiv ord{ thar h Oe law

WlBt is sp.isl abou

blleEy

is lhar

si@

rheir

rqt

js ro

.nfo@

rhat taw, ir

previd*

sDcirl pderim 0Dm taw

df{lt!.lh1.

Co$eqMtly, ihoF Bpodibte for {E

of

d.fo|fuot
th.y

of law h.re a

sFli,l rd9. Mo6vd, s 6mb6

M* orgeizjriN
orgadadon is

xD*led !o codom io adniijlt.alirc ,,nn6 &d

eed!ri@' ofthe d.rrtucnt

*bE th. @Drrol of samrim

li6 wirtin dr drarrftnr llE nN $c

clmpte4 thc oorc q{n@blc irs systd of orgoialioMt @ftol. \vith a gNins nov.ndn
r0

Foiisiddiz!
rrslm

ihe

oiiciah, lhey @ exFcrod

ro

confom io

a @dc

of elhics

o eq rek

of @llcgi.t @rtol ba yct !o irg.

am.g pof.ssioqk, On n

ov.rl@ked bul oE n
opqaling .od. - tbal
b dore

lle

Dost Dovqftrl
sel oI ru16

Ddrlivc orda in ey orgdjzdon i5 ils

umir!.n

dd

p@d6

tar pMib whrl @

or

nBl
this

ald which

ofot!.d
1o

by

ilfotud

rs

serioN srd conrot. ,nFuehod

_

lh6is thd @

Ef.|!lB

rhal

!q $bcdtuE .!d soN of is cod6

FEy

for

ehple

Ycr qhet is l&king h a

and

stsi.h.tic undesiddirg ofhow opeding

cods

withi!

org&jztioB

pd sancrioru $bvcd dgmiaiion

soats

ed sctioB dd

of dow

.s|rl <Uib.r.l.y rmooffimEdf,dinc

skh
opcrEriDg

J.-*o,o

cod$ @y conBge wirh, arh. lhtu

diE!.

Aom, dE nomarivc cod.s

of

law, ethics, &d

adninifation.

Mdy auhoc

of@

anict6

@@priu bcein dEn aeobrs by

quiG

u
H ia
&I

Etardg io a suprising l&k of d.ra

io rhis

fcb. Ho9ffi, lh@ h in f_r

! wtme

of haanE daling wilh lhjs $bj.{r or ns

qil!

1opi6 ofvital @Ir4 b jr fq

t@y ye,s,

@nffi ed chedqigis

have

bd

doMcnrd by both dl!1e

ad

otrcials

h
one

rcmt t@s, pnicutaly from 1973 oa in pakisrsn subjct ha

dre

b@m

encobLred tuudnely in
er1o!

tilhne ofihe govemdr. Anicles! norcgEpb! e4 to

0 &l o tit 6 o t5 6 FI u o

tij

lNi

tenbok

efeEing b thc phenom@n hav ptuldaFrd io sucb

d dlent
$hols

$n

dE sudy ofoEuprion is bconing

Mog)izit s

iopic

ofcon@

ro h.rh

PBUE
Ihar

6frt

pubtic,

pat'orbdy fom $c nedia, wil pbbalty EquiE

adninist do6 andsahord midain $is

inE6r

Such

in&ftErio k

unloubtrdly

v.hade. It

indics,ra how @truF

p@li@s

vory in pl@

ad tihe

in

bot

fonn

ad l.vel of orStuizli@.

ate

d@mcnts the lae m@u of

aglt4dt

on ihe

fa.los, Bh,cn @ coEidaed to

be dE

un'@tc euss of @mption. Most imlDriet n sggcsls rh* lbd Fobt.m of

omprjm

ooffi o6uoe0bffi ffi tffi rumoEfr udt{oou!o0tl

Shl <l{i&.rt.v

ffirffi

e.-.tr'o
g a g o o gt o o o n

is, aad hrs alnosr

alwts bq, endoic io sdmilistEroB .nd Fliticids. Howvd, ilE

prspcrive,

avajlrble
Alrh@gh

lileatw indks a
i1

s,tich

noe dlcipiilc rbm enblic,

's
B

gives som. norion of wbar

@ptio,

t@*s tike, n giv.s

ltt.

ide

of how ir

s FI
gl
E} EI

Or. c:nmr ey.bdr

rhe

tue
.r

of

sI

lhc v&i!bt6 @nribuliis lo rh.

El

c8{rioo of a @nud ovnD!rco! @irhd a.tiig

10

rde

@m4ion

'lDl lpirt &d slrn b.coDing d ildu.dar

ldmilistratirc
to

@rd5 sioF
of

ir eutiy
L
a cruciaj

tad6li,

s*m

to b. ore of the few v&iabt6 of wbich deryoE

ag6

@. Olhh

nclude lhe

lael of $cidrt nonliry, te

10

etreds of @radiclioru in rhe adninisiralive

ole, lnd dr oblieatioN ofrhe politicat

uplold lav!, s,tich @ prcbdbry

@nfmable,

n'

dewtoponr of dgh adninisinriE

mr!t!

s o E
o 6 o o o D o

6 o g o 6 o o E a

,n

ha, bctr a popuk

depanoenal @cdon ro lbe !rcbt@ of

sug61ed ihal

cmtpdd

HoeeB, $@ rDoncl b!re

in 6c stolt

suh

@rdr ey

b. fouad ,o

*!rk |E$E!ty wU

tu!

hn

Dl

Difl:cutri6 in asslsing lhe poliris haw

snd @sr5
Dor

$oF of ilegal &dvity

hadty iordr.d
rhe

in the o6cials
ofwhat etr

.Id
lis

bd @lved. Schot$

hi*

,obLn

(irclding

tri.l

co$) rb6. activirjs prcd@, in

si.ry d ,![ s dory

ben

adninisrdior. No oFddmal d.6riiion of@nuprjo ha slrh

as,etht

is

|4t

d rh. probt4 of fomulditrg Em.di6

'rr

|e.t Wor

Umil

.d

ddisilg ,olrci6

5 6 o o F o o 6 o F I'.l g 6 u

c @

.9tr.l q{d-..Ly

e.6.totu

s E[
s g s g s 6 g o e
E

will @ntinue to

b appo4hcd ar

$. to..t
l@l

terct of

dquiry. A nmta

6tNM

ot

cdidefu d4a@ b Flicy ij

adninistEtively
inevnabb in

rlE

of

otuptioa rtnh b d..mcd

si.[y

&d
is

ioleduc. Molr suuorits $rgg6t lbat sne dege of

However,

mptio.

ay agocy.

o@

hs

ra!
suge$e<t what this leret

niehr b. or how

n o o o o o

A oBiddbt. alrEl4s of 6@m

now

@dupdon

el ed pBire sjal
Anri{trldion
for.,

qis$. A

fq

stiined.trorts, ilcbding

lhal of rb.

s o g ! o EI o o o
o 6

in

being mad. ro brcad.n ard tut

N Esrch adivjlid

ft

the

gowing

l@g

i@ ofrhc

@jor inadeq@io ofavailable data

06f, fr 600d600orl0ffi

ffi 0offi oouoou

Fffi snsnaooffireo

Strr <l{621"

e.-**.

o o g g o M.ro.roros,used s H 6 R6@ch h a w, of app,@ltlg Edity. Remh is. wly of bMking o E s tluougn fic bonts of ,8rctu. syskmLic o trons @ obs h6m ed qplnb E 6 polkd g iNrruDob h$e l.d !o ,hr@vemen6 in publc ddph!"lon in ne) p.,ts o{ e H o thc Norld. Admjnisraiive @dh ha pbvi.Ld id* wth rnichb orddl.}lc o fa.b of dE B s Golemenrs.Ir hs supltied ne$ods, which @ Bfin in adnbisrdive g pmblem $lving. I a D*pite rhe vcry inpodali l!, ole ujar @arch plsys in rhe indlrcdnr of cfods. rh g E 6 adnini$rabu have lended to hinihjk its inportjre and *, .U,"r*, ," E $ o erpeien(ed rei.rlstv in devetop,ns soc,eua. shich o sEnd in &e q) or ohplele E 6 s.*s in 6mh udenarinss. n E 6 o In atl devetoping societjs, a bajc imFdi,.ar lo Esdch on plblic 6 g
tl.l
adninislBtion is r.\e

**H

$inli.!

thal slsleoati shodd b. shjelded Eom all posible qilicism.

Thb fa.tor is smevhal hoF ponirc.i in

@ndirioro ofpoliricd ineability,

sn. *i.ties $d

in

o$4.

Undd

nem

of connoltine baMGtuy

Fmin wet &.1tlE

bwall@y bs.ms
Gov@ml oificd
opeEld on lhc

dispos.d !o orceal dcltcidcy, tn the fo@6 .otoni.l E8ih6,

wft

maiily @.c@d wi$ mailtai$ absture @lfomiiy od

annudE hade

nes.tik principl. of 'srrtioN" ed dBtG. ,nris

exrent

$d e

"sEIivc

lo

e *a$rared

dd

rheir day

b dly
The

bsifts B

shDudd by llle

c,lld ^@nfidtudal

s@r", a.d
the

top

srEr" Rl6.

eiriE adnini5t .tion of ,irEUig.@'

made a

'soingenM" wir\

wioN pe6s

of th. @

eiio

{d 'ffir

mquiris". In th. $b.@dftrf, rtE s.tor of @I@te<r infomurim

undhla!.bbly

.sl.l <Uit!.r.l.y

3.r*@

large

bcow lbe "public" ws @6id.@d !o

to

he rhe

mrunl lmy of the Covemeit

of rh.n

dd

0r.

olne6 nad. @Nio6 .fforB

0ur

n*

sFrs @h.d i!

Ih. public. I!

sEr.ild

by ihe

Oficiaf

sEts &t

iDpo6.d @dd tbe Britth ole

1911. It

bede
Id

difficulr lo @nvb@ rhe adhirjsralor, vo and

in&p.nd@,

rlt

lopuld so!@ignry

F4oiEd that both lhe

@ib ud

lhc defcrs of public ldhininrarion should b Dadc

k.oM

io rhe public ltmugh tle

PB ad fic

stict cofirl is bing Mihtainet in

infornation is
adJuinistation

qtdn

'16

o.dia of

.dl@icalol

TIE

tu

dv.loping

sietis dd

alt

rtgch

clsiied

in

ditr@t argori6! xiich

BEibodi fals
thar in a

do nor prcvi<te

a@s b th. public

rtgEhq.
of

vialte dlrituiionat sysrqn, wlicb tays

claih to l,\.

detic

bwwnlic lr.qsdship

of popul&

ev.Eigtrt, $is sdivffi

nighl6ilyb@nsrledqthabeneof ad.riEio impt@drsugaenedEfoms.r H.

ale attribut6 lhe Fs.@ of rhjl

siticisb ed b rhe

aftitude

io rb

gsl siriviry

of tx@BE y

10

&s!2ly

high

dege of irrcEs! wtich

th public

ha, in qery
sus?icion

etivily of govement,'? Il als slem

ion

rhe

climle of mdusl

ad
dE
thc

viidictivclB rhrr FFnt s dE inl.r-rENral Etiriotu. WharE

xclBion ol docMoLs Aoh lhe @in chawls of
image oI th.

rhe

@Fnl

l!fuh

ln ts io

diion er only

beauc@y but.te tuba $e g6*ah of @!Eh @ 6.

Dat Coll.clior
Dal!

colleted for ln. sotty

p.iMily threuei

dctaned nreruew Srffs of

pio! el..red
i_e the

nehbers ol fiv geups of cliles in pakisllr

dd Unikn

Ahdicq

Ralph &aibanrl: Fe3d'ch on rfE Burcoucrd.y ol Par'eran, Durham ouke univGnv Prcss, 1966,p.61,

ioll|ltrtlmtrn|tttafiooctfl tnfl fl {!o0no

.slil q{{|'.r.l.y

J.-*o.o
bsilB

rohical

dits

0!. bl@EBric lies ihe

etir.s! rhe.iudjcial cli&s,

ed

o 6
rh

tii!

nedia elics, panicdd heBb.6 of ach thoF liie

elec|d or purposiv

gruF w@ chos

Ei
tgl

b6e<t on

spling.
08

A iotal of 60 elites2s bueaErats, 05_ii.lNriolists, or 12

busincsfln,

l0 jldses,

joualhrs md

potiricic B@ $lared for tc

inte*iew. Inidally. few Espondds fron eeh of rrE

on th. pqnioG rhey hcld

fv.

goups w@ choeo

bd.d

thcn

qpdvc

fietds. rh.se individuab, in ruD, wE

s s
til o E

u g u o

c p

t* E

o g

ast d

10

suggBr

yild.d ooE

!m* of ofih fo. possiblc i .wis. nts eowbdling rcbniqe d& 70% of rhe iol.l lool of FQondnts. Acce$ibiliry ro lh.
dtso aided co$ideFbly by

o a a c o
!t
E!

nleflewes w$

th. corbcls I

had dcvloFd wilh a

10

jolmlist. Comption
eain acces

being such a foibidden topi& it woutd h.v ben inposibl

ed

hav Ue restDndenrs opc. up wirhoui personal rera@cq

od

ct

comectioE siven !o

n.

by

v&iou p@pl..

inctuding a high coua judge, a avo|d

*nior

joualis! ad a fw of my Aicn&. Horrrer. in ords b

@inion tnat nay

ey

o G p It

s H c

E rt

s o

@ bmity of
I bad

&i$ Aoh m.hheE eto

b.long !o a si.gte

rclw* of.ti|Ai

s o p
u o
ttl

flons ro @nhd Deple who

each of

*rc

nor

@mded with oE mibd ,ad rh.n iappcd ilro ne to ed

thel

separ.te netwftkj. Tbs .ltow.d

&6s

to o @ge of Do$ibl.

opinioa mong llte vdious lile srcups,

All

dr

irtdiBs wm

audio iaped

wih

the

pmi$ion of O

rcspondats &d

lD@ribd in fidl $on aner .rch

wiew ws coiduckd,

Exrcnsiv rcls wcE also

hken dBing lhe inGni.w &tt rhy

slE

expedd jn

ddlit larq. Thq. win

tasred on rhe

n not.s

$pprtucd

the E@fdd

b!6

of th.

inlwi.s, E!.[ ilcrvi*

armg.

St,/ <l{ir{'.r.y
qd h.lf-hou. At tesr l0 inr.rvi.w' do!0y old

e.^.h.8 o EI o tal
el o p ig H
t
&l
F:

aboui orc

wirh

buuerar1 potitici8 ad

judgc, lsted

tiree hoN, The *rtings fo. th interyi.w rerc decirt d eording ro

tne esrDnd.ntr'

convoi@. while sne of

*sines swh e@na Club.

1he

incNiew (lDne

bM)

wc@

conducred in infomal coud

rhe

pE$ club, cafrerid of ihe high

hetd

&d tlE

Mbty,

dd

rhc

Fopt6 hom6; olh6 yE

s}

i, noE foi,n.t ofice

in

MDs ed jurtici.l cl6b.6.

Enclisb m.jor lans of0E

As

non of

rbc eljLs

wd i di4!d \@ ,tk
i!
Edglish, rbey

iddis

lll

v@ corducl.d iI $!i ta!gus.. Wtoar

a

etu

Bpondols felr u@DIon ble in qprcrrirC

lo Urdu

p.rticuld ide

$ilch.d

l&guge u*d

by

l!@ .voqtivety o, dros oc4roB.

'fte int flicws, 6 explaired eadia, focwd btuadly otr probtem i<te ifition
attribution, e'Iets ealysis. oulcoh .valurion, slution
uE1 eDdg.d

6ud $.
of

pr*nprbl, 6d

olher issucs

duilg ths cou. ofdar! col.crion, ADo!8 uF rlsB

a

g EI p E o E o tat 6
EI

la

.xptord in wjrh

intervics wft: Oc perc.pdo! of @ruprioo 4

*irl

p6btd @p&!d

odd

prebl.o! defridon of @mpdon; siat, potiriqt, @loniq or .uttu"t

@nptioa epoEibitity of the .tires
.ddinishaiiv.
in

elg

6 o c o

spqdi,g itE prebtd; cfer of o@prion for

erh

Oe

@nony, poUriB.!d sov.fuiclr, .nd morat , lle .ibcrion,

of @mttio4 pF&rd

$lutio6 io Oc pobl.4 includilg

tn

Ekriv. import@ of
Frcepdon of uE

legal @nrrols, adDinistrative chdges, polirical lqddship

e.l

.Fe.tive.$s ofqkting polici$ &d pro8lms d6igned to conEot @nprio.. Additio&l (hla on rhe $bjed of @d!'tior w@ co[e.r.d
J]mifcstos of majo. poljlicat p3ni6 for ih. gcnenl

i!

th. fom of publish.d

t997. ujgd

.t*doB of l q3 d,A

d@h s, $cb

tne prevcndo. of @mpd@

odiee, rldire b

dE dd-

.sh/ q{d'.'...y

e.^.h.8

E I E I

@mption etron, orthe govcmni wer aho sarh@d. As a sowe of rich co.txrul

i.f.-.ri.' s *n
.po^ *,"r"0 b

G of eli|e cdsEucli6 of ctnptioA m*spalcr s@urs or

Lhc

codpt'on trE lppearcd dubs

nck*olk

we

cou.c@d. oFDoo

rrcl6 ed new
rd
EI

o E $ E 6t A o
E H 6 $

omprion ber@n tegltoeT

dailis, Th

EE o

.cie{r

@nly rron rou

ne*e6F^,rM Enslsh lmsug.

DoM, The Nario4 ad

other

re

rd
lrdu
ItJ

r"*p"p.", rn" r-g, nr"

l0o

Pskjson-

ed oesiolally frcn

publietioN. About

ic6

tror

'lE*

publidioB co.srtur.d rhj3d.l!ba*.

Lhis

An inpo@r pan oi

prci* w6

a cue $ud)
rhe

of Pariqb. Fxk6iv. irl.^Ews

Epons (inctudi.g

lm

@nduced wirl

k r ldhusfaioE ot
le8o-1904 Narional

iNiftni@ .rd @ud

obra4ed

tuphsor<trsfo,ll1eyes
Fidlly. dr poeeddgs of

*e(

Asmbly ed Bdochi$d Provdcid Assdbly

rhat

s
fi

*".

"O*"

O.t*

"*

of theF

dbrrd esioc

ld

abod

rm

wt'

This

Nl

E S

only hdp.d in udaslalding political constetions

ofisEs

elatcd to conuption but

.. r. sa " FN or naor of pohlc.l rhc.onc Duile "r." "rr.*"a rook nous od e.theEd oLhq infomdoo.lsbueu @ pGs
Ihta Amlysi!

$e sioe

E
E

$ n. -r-" "r ,r" ."n'.s RE $bjar.d b a qu.lir.lw &EIFN *hich ws E ,** -***,, wiLh the .Lu coll4rior sd coounued long anft my fm rion
the

o o o g o o .n

ficld Fo,lowine St rsx dal! @llcnoc obearioa

coditrs

!d

cltcgo'izils

the

au-

tog"oanocfilnnf,oflE'fl[ffiTdn@onflEoot

Sl.l <U.lg'.|.y

Bos6ffiffiffiEoon s
g o o n E g
tr
E
daia

e.n.to6 gnnonnnf,oormf,o
so

w*

a.ducred siftulbrcouly
otu

tiar s.vsa.l lvels of maltsis could consla.tly

f.db&t ilio

soln6,r
for qustit live drlysis

s E

In salrzing lhc

dlia SraB guidelia

wft

adaped,,ithon

q&dy

o g o tr g u o g
EI

replicaiios then, lo suir dr.

and

redculs @dr ot ny ltudy, Initially, I r5d eh

f+ FI

inEdw ovo qliclly

lhc

joi.d dou a b4.ty ibpBionisric .losrd ofer.gon6 o!

turgis

ofthc tra@.ipl. I r!.n prold.d to do, *nat

odiDe

SclG

catk, .oFn coding..

E o
tit
ht

rit

llt

This

m u.stided
de av.Eg.

ofte i

eFiew, tine by li,c or pdasEph by p&agraph,

io

and on

rek .bour rhr{d-a- bou

lirct@
thc

fou hols fo. a tm_hou inrcrview..

6 d g o
EI

F tr

This

@bl*

ac

10

dll! ealyicsly md led be bw&rt coGptuauation.

rh

Dacriplile &d dalrti.al q!.gon6 seE cqrld in

slrge. it

pr@$ of rbis @din8_ At lbis

rc

faidy

sy

lo bGd( eeh inr.niry atong tbe

ttimBio6 d @a

c{egoris

6 o s 6 E o o o 6

|a

outlined eelier, viz,. problm idndicarion,

caB,

efrets, .valuaion &d solulioB,

Altlough thk

irirj.l

pMs B

El.drcty crude, it ,ttow.d

mr o.ly

b Fis

inpoftart qulsrioE 10 b pusued jn tulth.r incdiewq but al$ to b.gin so@

interpEt coding

tio!, ho$vr t oraiv., of lhe etitcs' oNrucrioB of @@plior while

b.irA da.loF4 delaiLd .eElylical m.m6'w@

Ihe

*h.n {6

sin

n. For

dMple, onc mDo conc.h.d ihe potitics of denn on involv.d

i,

a buics

.xsutive rcfiling to classiry ,gin Civing, rs @nrgtion; &othd neEo

hod.misr @n3lnctiotr of culnE by a
c. dd e n ! sh6 coMv shq a*l4 L:( l9s?). editr-

k d

bullur stb Gncd

to

btd .rdditioEl.

'cr|g. BwJ
Publ'llB

'

tr6cr Th. D,bv.ry orcDud I hry: i.b,c!o, atdii.

^ur}"n

r* sei,t s.j.di$l csbdds.: cah.ids.

u.i6iy

SbJ <l{'t'at.t

J.-*otc
e.xplelory shmc
.lit!

valE

fo. the pcvalc@ of @mption, ThB,

lhout Ihe

@srucrios of eaios 6!els of @mpno! b.ga ro tale stip. dcn

collolion

th. dira

\m

in pregr.s.

The @xl phde of o&lysis involvrd, shal Strass cdls,

'aial codins' which

is

noE

ngoreB oalysb don

eud

ore dibcNion or cor c.tgory als timc, 'Iliis

ro

pM6s

lll

w6 slard ody anr $e obplelion of abod rlrc

five elne erclps

foE idrervi* wirhin @h ofrh

beforc

o o

thlr ene

dara

@ emuLi.d
of

dclvils inlo a mE

n@ilgtul ealysis !'oud speinc dJ (@E cateiodeo. For exmplq

coding of lhe

dial

intdid doud ihe dim.6ion

seh

@es of sEuprion

yilded sderal

rubcaregoria of diologics,

ad,ninisfslivdb@rcraiic, political, MnoBiq

of,

sial, &d c'nnEl. A ili|]d lMlFis

the idntifiqtion of ever moE

sy, lh. political .'i--.i@ .lorc

Esulted

'n

sFcifc feto6: rela[oE

bteo poliiici@ arxl

bwaucrats, tn naluE oflh lclonl ststm, rnd lhe qualily ofpolitical lanlqship. A

simil&ly minutc salysis

above.

done

@ud

ca.h of th. othd

dhtuioN Dertimd
of otcso.i6 ard
sub

nrs, $is alrlrsk pDdued a onpld

aDd

hiffhy

ai.8ons, din@i@s

lh@6 ed previdcd

Btrelw

ro my

udc6r.lding of ihe

elites' coNlructions of variou oslats @la1d lc1@mption. Duing thh proc6s, new
an llaical nenos

*c

tri$en $6il dso rvisidg and modilying th. peviou om.

qucstioB lhat @dd be

Dis tind of

an

lFis Ld m lo noE rclin d 6d f@ued

!'Ilis 6k

H cni.d olr *irh th. .id ofr lo-d pe.65ing pogtu, e I .dld intniew d.lcrmd ud prcde ! o* coded inEfria d6mmr.

rq*

din.dy

on

i\e

Srd Q.{rroo.t.y ffi06ffi5nno050

60d00000notsosloo p e o o psud liujlftlly h su!6qMt ircBics dd ds p@tcd lre potished o o u interpEtivc Fssibilili6.
A sinild, but slightly nodified, conlent erlysis
and

e.-/,.6

done of th newspapd

anicts

eports on complion. B@ue oftimc coNrldints

d wtl s doubr
a

.bout the urihy

of doila e,Ih n

spaF. @unts ww.ntdld

@s

in ntll into

@bpucr. I @re brief

stuEics

of tlE opinior anicle &d

rcpons ard rhcn

denridty did op.o @rtiq

aMDp&ied by edrlical mm6'.

agency,

Tli

d@mcnls @lleted by rhe

uti{mltiotr

tlle ofiice of Ombudsnd, th l.gislarive smblies q.re mtyzd by

following a simila prccedE.

IlE Deif6tor of polilical

pani.s, howv.r,

wft

subjat to srch

ninute dilysis. I rad

lhd cetuly ud @d.

nore rhal povided

.a.tual &d supplcbdr..y iDfomlrion ro llt.

olld d,r! I @ller.d.

@lducted

a 0l 0 o o g o p o o td u It o o o e o

Ill ig

c
E
16

While Ihe

idd

sa

!o havc dara @llectior

4d edysis

sihrl|.nosly, ii

wa not posiblc to complele the prcjrct in this foshion. The eost inporor ding
!o

coll*t ny

dari by. !r

lsl

fnbning all my lch.dul.d inEfriws.

noEofl Ef, fl rllo0ond&rfr oofl o6u

Sh/ Q{atrrlry

e.-.t 6
g
iru

a!E!!!s!!ABE

fl tll
ilj

pt

iii
h S.wic
/ R.tired /Orhd

EI

|!;

:t a g
sd
in coltexl oI P'kisrtn
FT

l.

tlow qoutd yo! defne coEupiod with Ef.rcn@ to

GI

llr
nn

2. Duing th pF!'oN egirc, w. had hqrd Paktutd' d n6ber @uw in lhe Nrld. \xodd jou lilc pl.$. to @btF!r:

two mosl @mpt

5 o o I5 tt o o g EI o o

L A fo!@ Mini5ld, Dt Mubb6lhq Hars h.d sl$ Ac w ih. nrtion ofcon4i?

cdled P!}rslan

t @hl!t

@tion

lq

sl

4,

P6nt Oovem.rn chins

to hdvc

od.d @@Ption .r tlt top How fq n is ruc?

p g rll o o o

s EI o s
E

a E} $ g
ItJ

ooffi qsffi 0qosffi

nmsns0muuggtilHfi gFtocltlH m

o g EI g 6 o o c 6 s e cl o o o o g e

OE sooffi60sodudod

slrl

<Ud'.'.r.y

sffiooEloEgrl6Ig&l o*Eri:
Do lhey @mpri$

e.^*.6

s q
e

!!;
5.

whlt

do

n@ fron lh. 'lot.

ig
P.did6t ed Prim dd Amy 6 wll ?
Mitrisrer orly

or includc Chief

MinhteB , lcSislqtn, buesucracy

IT

fi
s
ti:

G
6. How do you
agaitut

se th. claim of adirg codption, with ch{A.l of st the Minist E, legislatos &d bwaucnt't

alinS electticny

ii! igl

l.l

p g a #
|ll
bl
E:

s c

ia
7. Politicis

o o

EI
@

blde bu..u.@y of all

smdtion?

iUe wilh @eed to

codFion. wlst is you

6 e 6 a q
tu
G)

opi.io.

in thjs

iJ
ed.lliciat
EI

o g
8, You wiU member thlt se had innerirld a failly hon$

beauclacy

ftoh Britishm ad pftaPs thnr va why th.F *a mt nrch @Fplion in the initial yd of Pali$d Cs you tr&e od Ihe biirory of@m4riod in Prlisrd?

o o
L.i

E}

c g
t9J

9. Whit prcvisiob

disl in Palidd Eglrdin8

Eutbonty to t3rc

di$iplindy &lion in

fl g
i'j lll

g
t'l
lo.Hor
EI

t.! tti pj

dc

conprion Nin

|ne

.hmcrcr ofrh. Public

oploy6

for tbal rhey

bc.oo.

q pt a o
&I

6fi t6ffi OHOGff

! EHETOOflS&lCtEEflillOIiEGE

e g 6 g g

ffi50neffirc|nnp6 g

SlIl

<I.{d..'.r.y

e.-*06

Ersooooooooooo00E!

e
E}

g
EB

FT
I LIs

t[cE dy

covtror S6els @ndu.l rut.r i! ]atislaD?

e q
|g,!

E: p

12.

Politicid

also bl.m. manial

r:w

for

mp&t @@!tion in pal$r$.

r{
Whar.to you

ci

4u
6 6 e
|6I
I

'!,;

o
Fi

i*
I
Hotr

rr poliricid

dc r.spo$ibk tor

mprins

ta!

he Mrior?

G'

e o o rit
14. How would Jou

n x

@npe

in

(ldio0

!o rh. spEld ot

odption duing

posr

ndial

tlt

r.w

p.n6 hm

redo I'u

d!t! md Mlnial law

for

a
EI

Ia7?!o1985?

Eg
E! tlt

|!I
E;
|

no d
tr o
g 6i fr

5. whrr

'eldio0

do you find b.rweed compoon

dd imfiicicncy?

ltl llt

GI GI

E
16.

Mo$

E6on? Do rou think ir h

--

of$e buin.$n.n
a

do mr pay

6ei

decEiciry. Flephone bilk. wlEt is thc

s 6 c
o
tu

codupron?

r:

sElo9606ffi

s c g
p
oolilEll5clE8lulSfl ff Hppx{sordp rdu

Hfdfl

--onooffi

&tl

L.'

Sl^a <l0n'...t

e.-.h4"

nf,6060oEffel&lFnoor! |;l
bl

gffiodndod0dooono
l?. S.he p6ple sy th.t @mptim qisi.d i! ou wiety dd bcfoc lhe binl of ?atisle. Bui rhal w4 on .linild scale. Il !'adully incFdcd d@ to wHl pohical lqdeBhip anq 1he d.ad ofdE fadE ord* odtion. Vhat .lo you sy abou n?

g 1!; p o n
H
:n

i?
18.

\thai it?! of @Ltron

do you

fdd in OnbudsJM & Chief Ehi*ab Comisiond.

FJ

{4

E
19.

g
?oliticims @ al$ bla,hed of pbnoting @ruPlion by ignoting coepr pmdies of

den col@guB lo kme thcir wcatnBs ed $ing againsi th.n if lhey d!rcd to opF* thcn in ey mn r. How fd it is ns?

#l '!j

t!;

EI

tg

fi n
$
ate blm.d of compting lh. .doiristation FNs in thc Covtucd S.qe on snior pcilio6 p@ede for appoinrn nts. wlat e you @nnents?
20. Thcy

ee

:g

21.

Wbil @ ilF f@roB ir you opilion thlt

s.

Pre@ting @mpiion ir ou

siclv?

g It a EI o p o o a u tn
E

22. Do you

ey

chane ofhdtine lbe @ruplion?

ofi Effi Edoffi ffi 6000uEneH!6ousEE

o g o a 6t s u

6000ffiHon066q

Sr,.l <l{d'.'.t.y

3.-*06

EOfiOOnOOO6&rOuO og
t'J
EI EI EI

tl |a
23. Do

Fu rhi* tlDt Jldici,ry @ pl.y & imponer

rete ro

eEdicllc @mFior?

o
lll
t9

a
24. How

ld

ini.mtioMl siturion is

atr cdrg p.listan

eih Fglrd to

@rupt

fl Llt EI g
E

si

n a
2t. Doni you Lhinl

rln compron h nmb*

one

prebleb of patislatrt

FI

26. \vhal sleF havc

tEd |,k

n in

pslist

n io

didicrc @mprion?

o o o o o o o o
&l

|tl

tit ffi
27.

W}!t p@i*

d.sc

tudd

you suggBr to

.rini.#

o.

a!6r i.d@ @rution

&l
ItJ

o o o

Snr 9./."l,oolly ngn6noo0ag660

3l'-.totu onaodsoE0 of,ooooH

ril

td

OUESTIONNAIRE IAI

til E

|lt
p,l

b
Depa&n ntorgdiz.rion/Pany:

til ttl
L.l

Ir SNic. /R.ti!.dotbe.

o E} a
ilJ

tit

How would you d.finc comptior with @f@nce !o

dd

in mnrext

of

tJ
N.w Yo*?

FI

fat

g 6t 6
E
2,
frow
a

n
H
Politcim contibuld to

@ptior

in you oqaniztion?

l.J

til

I'l

EI EI

o
ll,
How does conption ruin th

ct
{1t

FI

u
ch'Et
r of the public employ6 for thal thcy b.@mc

p.l

r.l Ei

gffitrsHoEloooslpenet

.sr,.,a

<{.tr,...v

e.-*@

coogf,oomffi&o a &I

o o
EI EI EI

Itr

q 6 s c g e o o
E

G
Wrat Elalion do you lind berwn

odption ed

H
inficicncrr?

ril

i5 iJ

tl ttl
r:
& beaucnrs e ate blm.d of prcnorirg coEupt@ by ignoiing @nF pFctic ofdcn @UagG !o loow rhct w6lo..s .rd Bilg ag.i6:t lho if they .brcd ro oppos. thcm in dy ndr..?
5. Politici&e

tl tll fi t5
tll

o a 6l
FI r.t

Ei

0 td
6,
Ihey

Ei
bldd ofcompting th. administrdion by ind@ting ircfficiot p.6os the Cov.@dt sdi@ on sior posirioa *ittou ldopring a!.1 pm.d@ for
also

o o a
E

tu

i!

appoiotn nis. what @ yoE

oM4B?

o o n 0

7.

t,vbal @ thc

f&loB in you opinion th6i de prcnoting .ompliod in a $ciety?

onoEEaeffioElffiEl

.sr,|/ q{d!.'.1.y

J.-.t'.8

s o
o 6
EI
EI
PJ

8.

Do you

rbi*

ihalju<tici.ry

@ pky e iolon ,t

retc to

qe,!6& @hrDdo!?

o ET u E)
td

pl

t9

H tJ

u p
t.
WLr rcfom in d& civit

3die

a.tbilistEli@ b.d

tH

r.t@ b aldicat @hDlion

fr

o
Lq

ro Wlar pBi$ !o4ws rculd y@ $9961 to climiur. or ar l.j9r Edke dE conpton ir d dev.lopirg siet t

o n o o rl i5 o o
F)

&I CI

o a o

GI

6Effit60S

Htr rARrrwo fr
str E!s

g'***W**'H $H
c6 GN
E
fr!

fi"t""*rr*r*"r""."*"""r"."*"*H

frfr ffffi

EE Hfi Hfr

$E gH
ffi
to"ov,

Corruption Devetopment and

Cutture

EE

e tr 6 o 6 E e tr 6 s g o g E e

I t

sr&ffid600sf,nnn

Sr

q.{do'.r.y

e.-*e oSffionoggonmd6

o
EI EI

Chrpler2: Politica crd ldeologie of D.vclopEerr

Prblic Ad!trinistmtion in Developitrg Societis
o'E
oln of

o o o
irE

EI ''l

lll
6iury
hls

of rhe

m6r signidcld polilical f&i of

rhe 20th

be! lh.
of

ctosing

$.

@l@ial d &rd thc qrrgeM of

rhe Middle

ftwly id.pad.Dt

si.ti6
sial

Atica Asia
6lhey
have

s E
Fi
E!

iq

Lain Am.rica ed

Edl. All ths. Fci.ties

called dreloping

o g
tll
I.l

$nclhjrg

in

omm

$Fh

a all @ calght up b rh. p!\ss

of

cbqge,

not jur ih.

mtj!@N chalge th,r dy

si.iy

undero.r blr ch&St6 is

6in.d .nd disopliE, Plr

E
tlJ

ra

in lems of hodls of $citi.s, $,ltich

off.n usd for purpoFs of aralysi!, thcy tr?e

hovirg iion the tlditional roMls

toMrds

rhe modefr

tomj al Rjees caued Arr&id

l

o s! n g
EI

iduaial.
y

Thcy

G .ll
or

in

Fanio4
o$B

no loDga trEdirion

!d

mr tr moder4

eithdatn

view

tFru.lv.s

viw rhd.

Developmnt Ideolos/
Th. derel@ndr

o o Il' o g
of rhe objerive

sied6 sbft a s.G6lired cl)Ijs6u

tovlrd!

EI

*dich chese shotnd bc diEct d. si@! lhis id.olos/ of dcrcloptunt is cNi.t ro

udcElaidiog oI polilics dd plblic adninishation in
its

thede societis! one neds to l@k at

mjor elne.ts. Ite twin

on

go6ls of tlevelopdEnr

@ Etion bqildilg ald sio.@tumic

goals is fourd

pmgB. Ae|!.l@r
hads

$.

d6iFbility of

the

cm dory

political origjn

who show wide

dilf.En6

in pohical

oddhno& politicd statcgy,

sial

ed opporndly
mdqr.d

for sl|ccs in goal srlai!!!Mi. To the

qLlr

thal ihey

@ politicdly

g tll g n u o E o o o El o
GT

tl,

at a[, rbe

Ent arxl file ofrbe poFJdjd in

brinS

lbe wiai6

lhrE te bcli.frh.t

c s o
EI
nn

th*

@ pmpd objdive, exl will lend to

pl!3sw o! politicat tead6 yho n.y

t{

SraJ q{dx'.rty

ffigE|dcnf,

sf,onoonffidsooo E!
.nre paird
on

3.6.h..c

6 g
tr
E

rempd

to gire

Feedene b moe im.diaic ad elfisbly norivar.d aitu.

explain !o a subsLirial

6 G 6
ts

!alu*

seeD

degF ilF

accepte4 idcologhat

omirJnen

$.

c 6
c

M.J.

Etu

o E E g lq o I'l g Ilt e

in his b@k "Ihe Poliri6 of DcrcloprEm ,4.dhini$!rid.,, {tefinB

mrion buildinc

d $e delib.hie ftshionins ofe inresdd Fliicd

6muiq

wirh fixed

fl E

I!!

o e E o d r4 o 6 g g g e
G

g@gnthic Dolilical ir$ituiion". n& @tu.pi of mdon

derclopiig

ha saiftd Dolmne in
and

rh.

E g

g
E g

edd.d

ai thc

tuc

ri@ rh. Edon

poliri.d @ir

Ddionalim

s.

dcLirc

have

be. in@ingly
Ihe ur8. io

qudiooed in the W6ln

*dld qhce tle

Mljon srdir

systen origieled.

sk

a mtional idftity

i! a Eetio! lo emF

iiom

colonidi$, qpesinS. d6iG io

dulrL

rh. nalionbood of ln.

fmd

@teiat

lDB

one ind.tend@ ha bcn

ene4ing

gaind-

Acnst ehicvlmr of tr riodood in n61 of ihc of Europe, lh. mvene.r lowad!

poplc

c s 6

sietiB

is not

a *y l.!k, In $e ce
of

o E 6 g o n ttl 6 o

mtoMljM

lffgely

on

biilg udd orc govmr

alMty

spating a

s E c e c g c c p n s tg
!!l

singdd legulge- Moar ofdE d.lloping

dEy @ the prodwls of @looid

si.ri6

@ ditrcirl @riri6

i! l[e

thal

edvidc ntha rh& of r p@xisdng

by @lonidl

pot'ii@l adivi66.
gmupingsr
10

E s F

neir bowddi6

onen

dnM

po*6

without

cgdd io cihnic

6 o 6 0 g 6 g g

E E

xcludjrg Foplc wirh cloe cuhnal 1i6

!d

ircludins nimdry

gouF oppoFd

Nimilaton.

-I1r

prcbleN

G &tte h Aticr, *&G t]y

of s,b!r hlvc n(m,lty b.cn

and

n E u o 6 t* 6 6

onlidEd pEF{uisiles of miion i ido1ig.xins, Sme hinods @ pesinislic

predict $at sine building a

o, H

Elio!

stai is a slow

drd conplisle! pt@N, nD6t of

Soing ro

dr

a p

polilic5l .ntiti6 cMed in dc

bsl

lat fifty yds G Nvr

sta14

@nplde

the

prlls
old

TIF

c g
E p

cnee

of

snes

of lh.

'w

th@ c'hicL @Espo.d cloely io

politicd

f,06665fln0nncffionoM0

sffi*E&eoK#**oH
Srrl Q{rrorrrry

fF-ffi, e"-*"-

a 6nnn"ing polirc.l Fde @rk hs givo lll. p@pt. m sB of dlliry: rl@ Etrft rhe poliricd mr o&ides wirh a disrd cutbrat a@ dd lhos *tEr $E ft ndise@u jtutitutioB and habi6 of lDliti@l rhinlina rhai cd b orD4id io fo@ bomvd &!6 outside. \vhrr.vd den pD3peq rhe Iw wi.ti6 pln a p|miM or eiaslbhins thct nationhoo<t, drd giv d)is prioriiy in polilicd &no".
mits:

rire whe rhe e\pmdc

ot Lving bserhtr tor nmy genentbru widin

E
E|

lfi

s
E g

a s o 6 o o

Ile
My

latcd goal oI

sial

ald @@mic

pbgts

jn rh. idalogl, of d.v.lopn nr

his

be equrlly

hr.d ro &Iicve blt it is

I]@ lllgibL ad os@Ue Ewn h

bot

id.di6es it wcl&E."'

'the suslaired md widely dimied

desie to win

inprcldeni in mar.riat ard social

ind6Eirlizri@

o 6 a 6

ftc

ou poqq dd

10

disiribute th. b.rc68 of

g lll g o d 5 @ o o o o 6 n d

g.nealy ir lhc siet

possible

po*lrin

modvarion io Fople jusr bomi.s

a\@ of s4$r

is

demohstrared by the delelopd

naiioN. The ideology ol delelophdl sts tne

but i1 do6

sighlr for political

ad adnid$btive a.ljoA

tui qBiry
Mdghdi q.cuiiv.,

tbe

sar fm

of the
a

@hi*ry

for cithd poliris or adEinisation,

a

ltma
a slrong

obtu

"Ih@ b

g.@al inclinnion tov&ds

sr.ng

govmn!

and a llish dgre

of

entrli"2ton or rb.
th. task of mrional

MFion

thar without

r stlolg gov.mmt ald ! stong lddcship

becones

bity dd rlpid @Dmic dd sial tr&sfomarion

dimq{

c
e o o o 6 g

if @t posible."6 Byond ihis, th. mood is onc lnlr from lb suclBtuI

f.rr6 qprindt tio

and adopli@

qpqi@ of d4loped sicties whlrv.r @y

s/s "
Thc elii.s of l,\e

havc

bdn

the

Dolirical paths fouovEd. Edwrd Shills

n* sielis

h.ve lyilg

fidonffi |66006ffi [oonF|ffi ofl dde|Effi [0681600$6{8ero o

6 E

E.@, I$rai J"rtntibt.aiid .rn O6Ebsrer in r&by6&r ldsttuiisr blibilg ii . prlEr *!sy,(ru!.a,N.Y. cdnl uniHiv Pt*) 1972

SrrJ <4roorr.y

e.-*@
o DI llr g ItJ rl

befoE dEm
and

el

lh. io,ge of

tunE in $t!.h m o& h.s $ yct lived d of a slil living

imge of6h oM nnw pDfouldly difrdnt Eom 0Eir

e..pted pdt, bui niher

{M pa(
ineir

to h.livd along thc

liB

of

6. alrsly ais..t m<l@ sicrics,

wbich

onrebporid."?
of Developnetrt

g
lil

IlI ig

Th. Politica

g
EI

ilr
6
i,hc

Trlc pdncip.l

@imn fc!!!B of rh. Flnie of d.v.lopment of developiry

wietjB @
Bolsi

(T) a

widly sh@d &vdopmntlt id@log

$w

of b6ic politicol in lb!

(ii) a hi8b dcgre of Eli8@ on lhe Flitical

vide sPt d

sior fd cbiding BuIs t'd

wietr {iii)
iob6l&e il

du.l

political istability; (iv) nodenizins elithl laduhip

n li: p p g g

@conpanied by a wide politi@l ga!

the

betwn the rulrs .nd tbe rulcd;

(v)

&

s g
H

gtusrh of politiol ilninnioB wirh rb bl@u@y doog ihoe in lhc 'trgei(y

with e'hich ilEy

noe @t@ caLgtry. Dvlopm.dal .irs dd ltE

o t!! a
EI

$ughi

iFi|lbly lllfu fiai stat 4lid

mes
is

b Oc @in

*hicl.

for

4orylth|Mr

N.ilhd dre mr

g
E!

avrjlrble foi prinaly eliece on prilate d.v.lopd

deane q

possibl. in the wsLm

o o FI
Ei

$ied6, $tich

@lid.

Thc polirical

.lMt

automaricslly

au@ a erE l

ihportale in d d.vclopi4 @iety, the sr.L is

sd d llE mir hoF for euidine lllc

&tipathy towardi

si.ry loMds modniz.lid.

Shilb

ts

the polidc.l die.lrion

ad

Fliticiu

in ibce

@rds, "Prior 10 indepnde@ io61 politiol dtivity

B
n$

disted iow!.ds Finiag

ng

' '

HaE

Public

Adniitt

Shllls, Edw.rd Pollicl

'rldlhri,

.to

in

odbt

cont*!,

(o6od

o o 6 o 6 6 6 n, u o o 6

o*topm.ht in the

s.E (Th6 859re

ffi

nugouo0nunfl 0r8 6fi omomnoonoffi 80d0clo

.9,1

<U,,|rr'.&r

3. e.,.
s
lgitaliooal

fEcdm 8on lh. olonid powc, Polirig

@nsmcd*
8Dd

di

ffi|on$diE hrhd rhd

ed

'lspoDlible

Th. oppositi@l lrdnd. IEd

6i.d oq

!frlog @!

d y aD.g rh. w
Gtfiing di$.wr

incll@irls lrd

Ddg

nu.lcd3

i!

rb. ,orEgd

goc.rid T!.

ofFliticie.rd

low Gndn

fd 116 re I citi!8 ft.nE

PolirieiG

oft

od6k of tlE popl. of dE nd $icri6.

@hrrod'isins, irdeilivc,

die!E3,

e rbought r! b. rirE4 s!(ctut, rcttuh d... At rh. ed tirc ltd

.!d rh@ vlo agrgcd ir Foliric.l c.|!

o o o o

utpl@& .ddmldrM!b.iigDdGf6politi..lFdci!.tio!rtidlDt.FaltoD6y

re lpl lo l@ EdE du g.in h FBtiSc, Iiiir rs a crry oq t@ th. @bii.t D.riod s

h lh. nsl pomi5irg lEointhr

e!!F

wll a m.rpr.ssioD
Folp-ts

of

tb @gninm tb|rrb.la*

of |@milirS
for

dp.crd6

qiih

& qGdingly dificutt oo., .rd r[. drloot

116

u@lreir

Political

iar.bility

s @ltB
'i!

prcoiD.d ct

aEieie

In his &sny of 84

!i{s 3ss!tuI 6uF 6 saioos nrcDpts io orqrbrew thc 8ov.rMot b tl of rh. 14 @lod.s fu.ti.vcd ird!?..&E nw 1945 to 1955, tlE sov@en3 re ciih6 ddrhos u .rt-t it Ext6 coaninlion t go@ts hrd b..o i$po.d i! 23 $idi6 in rh. AtrsAsi.n rB
$idns, Mchda
found tlur
40 of dt

n rha!

hrd bc..

sloE.'Mddcr @Eltd6
dE

dDl th.

idd.!|re
Ddi@,

of 3Lblc

sorquE

sE nirly

@ of

djq pobLd of dE d.iging

dly o
iDieic mBn cooft(

rh.

*b 6sc c nor $.[ 4! lo siE A! @DFrd io t &rcLp.d pohicr ttE gpiql

.d
th.t

Sl,.a <l{du'.r.y

e.-.r.*
is om

siturion in dcvclopinS

sietis

ol

the poliric.l @cdllinty,

disntiruiiy ed

Political leadNhip is conqratd in

dev.loping

minulc *smor of th Dopularion in

wieri6.

IE g@tuot
nlh

tite, wicldiq

@jd deido-DildnS pow i!

atso io

rhe

politic.l systen, isnds rct ordy ro h. sh.I in nMbqs but

o rt
EI

b!

b. *pbLd

sially ald
rhe rhe

c' uilly, s

rcU

polili@[y

th. bu]t ofrhe cirihry. TlF eliisr gblp is rct

tu

'n

4ery d.velopinS sieS/,

bur lbG

e m @6--

n
F!
EI

ctEbdc.i.ti6. DEn|g

psr h.lf+dury, ihe new MtioB

have dpdenced

fou t ?es of poliricd ladeBhip

ol@ial, raditioDl, .alioEtisr ad @I@ic, Tle cl)!|mn Fi,.m

@loiiEl elic, who

ta

ben for

t
ed

duinS thc @loni6l pqiod indi@rly torcueh rldnioiat

e!:@nic elile grc!,s, to give wy aft.r ind.Fde@ ro @rjoirtisr eliE which holds
@mplcL

o o g u
E

c o

powr

for a dme,

dd

is

{rn

Epta.cd by ajniBi@ of

lrdiiioMt .td.ts inio

the ledaship at mmoriB of the

iodeled.ftc srlegL wac ed Mo8nitior of loig

@torics, rb old

t@

leil Fsr Elaidhip il|:l!as L fm6

@ldid elfte.rd rt

mnom'c elir, which consisB of Bidalr toeigm, hlve

posirios ofpo$!r, lo rh. fy bdp.nd.nr
sEh

bd

lafgety.xcluded

ton

sjai6

$al

@q qFimced colojzrio!
poE,
drnough th.y

a lr'nilo4 Elhioti4 r"dilior,l

ctjies hare

ba

abL ro rdrin

bavc bcn increasinsly

ch.ttaged by modmizins l@dts puhjng for EcoSnilion.

Tr.dnioEl .rd eri@lisr etit6

TEdilional polilical leadasljp s!trines

ds

ro powr

t@ d|tr.siog bc*aou!.ts.
parl.s h
rhe

toh

lone Brdbtishe{t cutu6l

$icty. Ic pow

is b!s.d rpon radirioa f.Dity,

Id.l ad Eligion, RctigioB .tii.s

dg.

Sld

<4d..'.1.y

e. ^@

orbrd.tMrs oI lditiotrd

si.ty

wil! lottic.l

poBc
in

th. @bility ald tb.

hd.d

disl@tuy, but in both c6s, then

is

irn@e ha

diEinjshcd.

IlE inditutio!

of

no&hy
of prd

a n
&t

Ei

th. dccline

ad lh.

les
!o

rcbiliry b6

slffdd

trEy

sini6 b@e

6s@inioo will)
conlnd

the @lonial

po*r, Led oMdhip 6 a bak

for

politi.al innune

nsr

qilh cfom .fonr

bsk

up

l4 6tar6 dd

lh. go*irg stoSlh oflh. trba!

Mmbe6 of th mlion

lilt lit

Elatively your;,

ubonizl

\vsffiiud
uig,
yct

sdeiz.d
.Dri

drd

Efon

mirded- TIFy

sld

bloril bclie6 ir

ErioMlin dd

@iional

otoni.ii$a n@y of nlDn

l@

tained in
do

t!. !61&d

.!e

to adsiE it

ed
al

nm agrins l[e W6r ir then polici6. llEy

sme tim6
rh.n oM

$ qadly b+lN

ihey .dmiE it

dd

th.

th. W414 denying

thd,6rcur!

@loni.lism,lh oppomuity lo nak

6@!y

dd

like 0x

w6t.

Whatlvs th.ir bekgbMds

ed

int ll.ctual ondanon

io

my b.,

lhe

ew ed

lldilioMl clir6 my
mlion

,ge

in

6.n

.fuihsn

$c clcm tl dvelopmilal goah of

a

buildirg

ed

indueisliation, Whstcv.r my h. the elie combinadon in

!6nicds

6!fy,
tuo6t

tbc political clir. i5 clrtain ro b. od oI clos

EAp

iou! vilh

lbe

tlllg
tur

of

tle potdation. Th.

is

rcl

a 8ap of inlrii.d tadnional st tus, bul oDe of

modd
of

&himdnt
lhe new

signifi@lly .d@lionri

&li.wr..t
thc

Thc

Fasr

@jotity h
holds

sicLcs h6 b..n liltlc distliM nm

r.rditotd Mys, &d still

th. old

Str/ Q{rtrztty
6 d G 6

e.^.h.6

o E
adnlde
Even

tat

the hes

wy

to

dal

wirh

gorllrrtMt

is by lvoida@

ad mn @mihrd

g
E

lg
GI

E g

the d.sie for polithd Dnicipali@ ir

@, ad

ils p@rie is

tu_

Efon io hing

g g d o q e e

c o

.bod dodmianjon chus. my b. oppos4 tr jlsl B efdivcty cisred. ExeF

lhoe nrtiohs wh@
a

i!

siable

niddlc.le

with bsic d@1i@ is

h^ merB.d,lh.lrst of

thc elit in drblishing ldequle

Flitiel comui@li@
ecitis,
aad
js

intlrc fte siryte nA

prt

5 fl g
tgt

pany, a sFadins phoome&tr in d.vel@irg

jutined i,

of&.ins lle

c g
rI

!!i

c r|

b6r hoF oftridgine lh.

gop

brEn rh. .tii.

$. nlsgs
mphsizrd by

e 6 o 6 e g E o ts c g a 6

'Ile i$lald rsiriotr of elii. ldrleBhip i.

the dev.loping

is

ieEing

vjd.oe

Ihar

sieris,

in

@r!s

10

the situ ri@ in

@ly niErenih @ruy Empe,

pEsus of nonalilt grcWs

1op be adDitled

to th.

eli.

tur g@! evn vlFn ite

noddni.g.lit

@y

oFn fo.

t!fuie!@llrd rying io lEojr

@rho cll@llicic @i.qra of
past

EI p

n u u o o EI o
tlti

Imbalanced polidcd devloprudr is

E
|lll

d.nis in

th

dtrloping si1i6. TEdilioBl cdndl psndns, cotoniatis, ed

E[
the

o o
E

lclmpiig
judged by

of chansc h.ve pmdu..d

Ffdc.l

tst6

thll

our of uual posirion

6
a

s!

.xpaitu. in

the

n@

dsv.loFd poliri6, pdticd&ly th@ wirh

o g

Epre$lajlvc deno@tic insituiloEt FdrcM*.

such

Mas

of ioieEsl aniculalioo tbmush

isr'ud;lities s e

infomed elcdoEre, olgsized arwiarjonal grcups,

bodi.s,

o o
o o u o o o o g o
Ll

PJ

oDFli.S politi.il Fni.s, od EpBDtativ. t.gislaliv.

exced in uE mosr rudinhb.y fom. On rh. orh6

ciiha vEr or

,!enj
of

h&4 dc .xltire

.sfti6

8ow@r e ddiMt ud6 l[c @ntut

.reraa
or a hiebly n rionalisrjc

of

&

tirjsl Lrde.bip. Thi5 trtdshjp

@y
the

L*e vdiou fom, @ging non $e o.tinrcd otc of

mienr notrehy, to

l|B,mbiljzjtion &gitu. tta ,rrbiliry of llc Eein

lJ

newoffi t6domoodD60ff
--- -;-;t)

tg Gffi &[00H96{00

s E

6006ffio60ndo
is lilcly ro be bighly

Strl R{rt'.rary

e.-.r@

[nn0moDoooftHa oe

o E

bul@o&y,

@n& o 0r tolilg lDd @FteM of de civil .!d nitirdy eiviry rh* gbup6 a pofdionnl odfrlarion toerds govmcot a
rele ard fnaUy

ojfomiiy i.dwntial

n k6 rhm doDiMl

6 g o 6 g g
Iu

o o e
Et

One

elde

ofrh. Vcsrern polii@t lki,ge

td

Fincd uiv6d e.epr&@ in

lll

t1|j

the dv.loping socictis

containd th

the iNtitulion of tn political pny.

ore

Th

@lonial ry1on

&t

GI GI

lletual

g.m ofrlp

b(lt4tuy

'nt

loiq

srare, wirh

th. cl.in ofi[c dod@r pany

poputalion

u E n
tl!

to

cFwnl all eglMls

and

tr

inr.6l3 of rle

b.iig diedy
irctitudo!
wirh

ts

dAended n@ the claiN of@lonial

of lhNc wno bd rh. b6nlc of
nalion

b@wnric

rutc, In addjtior! the niruEl

iod.Fid.@ n to 6int
10

of

rhd*lv6 6
who

i.t

del

d.

fr F

dd

ene. then

@sion

po*!.

wirh ths ,tal.

TIos

disge wih thh

Dwed rct
for a

nftly a poliri.d
be

oppon nrs b|'n

tui6
d

of rb slar. ard tuton. A d.m&d

g
1g

o g E g

Fk bd abo 6 ihe only f.dible way io psh on *oDmic ed sial fronb ed io oMc harion l hiry
motivlr.d
oDty by

oa pors' sr.G My

bt

uAe io

efcSud

rns
be

th. th@t of

cl)Ilmn .x1en l .tmy lls disapFlEd. ,ft. potilic.t doei&

apt

.lev.loFd in lh. new

*ieris

is

oft

favding @oopofistic chin

{uthorny

i!
a

the

society by

8ovme . !
the

calls a Dotiricil Fligion.

is

\r,hq srch

a docrine

b.cofts

key

fatE
with

ofth poliy,

ourom

litcly

b.

9m tird ofDobitirirg

srsicd

oMd,d

taEfoning

the

wial &d +idhd

life ot a ihcoc@y wilt b i4linerl ro

hobiti2arion

oFlte

$@ueh a party

ns cnosen
io

insfimd. Nat@nx &y Ms

egim. ir {rmion
is nol a

@tlFtion wib ia diive

will

@mpolizc potili.:l gmy

pok !d

ln

etu

of physi@t

sk !o t p ihe civil blMl@y,

tallwdic

ed

rhr poli@ tonty in cnak.

Itis

situ rion in stich

otrcirls @ s.fcty

cdF& fd

potirjc.l

pow. Ilc tighd

6 e g ,!I 6 n o o o g o 6 o 6 n E o o o o o o 6 a

Strl

Q{rtorrrry

bu.a@r&y

ce

mljciDal bcirg within t\e govming clii.. prcvided it des not apiE to

fte phmm.'m
n ha bn lhe snbjei of

of

bilitey in ttiotr

is

dD*ed in d.ElopitrC

$i.ri6

rhal

mkh mslysh &d spularior Poliri.d a.tion by lhc miliiary

8o with @.ior

o EI o o E[ o o tJl
til
$il E

si@ \vo

We tr ha b4 Elrnql b rl& r@ioN {u1

a

sial

cbalgc

6thn

th& lhonghi of d

siDpl bid for

pok

by

e obiioB

6ilir.dy lsds. 'nE dititsy !s

6 o

rat

th. sFahead of lh baic Ffom or Evoldoi, Eged.d its ole

one of

o.ating mB
NoEblc

politcal i.stitutotu rbd wuld povidc for

cf6tiv. civitis Cov.l)lmr

@pl6 *@

rh.

Jdd

Abdul N6ir agi@ which

d*.loF.d 0!o (h. l9j2 @p in

Egytr and ihe b6ic den()@is syst m of lhe A}!b Khld

1959,

gov@1 i, pariia

sine

ftft M lutjhu
pok
hn mined

inn@s of ia.ir crhio. wh@

rh. milirlry did rc1 di@ity

asMe

a a mjo
of civitid

f&ror in the potiiit dvimdncn! $nire th.

@nditiom for the

prfo@
in

gov.moi,

In

@ios d.gEs,

rhis

h.d ben

tc

situarion at

ti@

Eq1 ys ir nEy sieli6.

oIE

tE,q

for nilira.y

nlovs

is th,t si@ rbc hiljlary b mldc

l4

of

poftsionals in th srl of viol@ &d ba @nirol ovd th. insirundl3 of violacq

$izw

ol

pow ii wlally.sy,
qisr
lo

Panicdsty in ib di$rtrbirg conditions

ot.h4i!g

siai6,

dlc opportunirt do

initu

in dcin6lic politiG ifrb milibry tqdesbip

dei&s io

e.

Io addjlior\ the nilir.ry hld

hi!

Fsitiv. rlits,

whjch suir

it for
to

Flitbsl

psnicipation.

tn ney dwctoping sieties, modenianion a.d

dpcw

W.nm t.drtq6 c.ft

alid

ro rhc

o6eB

in

d. med fo@ thd

io olbr grel{6 in

sicty. fte amy ond

prcvid.d one of $e

msl fddbL rcui.s

to sratus

ed pow fof

ngoEdfloo000600ra

tio.dis

Mlh

& @efl!@

of condieisl fo@ of

@smic oterpiise 4d hctitiry

roMrds civilid

poliricis ed Fliric.t erelF.

IE lhd6 ft w, &lt
nitit
ry egi@ to b.

*i!h

lhe

pr%lnt id@loe/ of derelopEol in rh. trw sieti.s, m*c milir&, incnirion ain d
!t Mriodl

uily

ard

pregB noc litely dd

h.lp I

&eF.d.
10

Ihe amy at$

fa6

soE.

tlicd tddicrF,

W}i|e n is

aiy

for d milit ry

*iE pow

in a ew natiorl n is n@h mG difrcult for il

10

gov@, Milil&y

o n EI p lir 6 Ill o
til

Ill it itl

g a

pbfesionajl l&k rzinbg

ldDinisrnriod of civilim
th

fld ey lrct ini.ct in tunoDic pl&dog ald rlE

lo derad@y on th. civil

pbe@. Iris tad!

bwtuca.y ed
A

nesiry

of worting oul a

nodu vjv.ndi wjlh { higha .ivit

!der!.

mE

b6sic

ob6rack

rhc linitcd $pply

rhe miliory

Fof*io.

of

dre

leldaslip skills in
poliricd

b&gainilE

.rd

polirisl

o@uicaljoG $ai

lequjrd

fo. sEtah.it

lsdeBhip. Buildire

Ils
o

bae of popltr eppon

is.tui.t

for

surd

@ltiNily in

* sltudl ro 6et su.h s Eqlirdnd! alitoush ir ses to

Fweri
bur

rhii cdls for

rDtitjc.l arpr.ru. The potirical

of Ditil!.y led.6bip

is

*l.y

under

AEtu* ad in Lsn'

-d" J.,,r Abd,,l N*i..T,:

ffi"T;

io soc,{.s whd rh.y m mr b. pDvid.d un&r orhs ausp,. rlns is tiket, ro be ody cmpoEry md rtuniodt pdeh in potiLicrt dewlopdenr, lerding eirh6 b a ,abte coDpetitiE Flitical systcm uldd civiliq l*ltcship or io b. aulodldid of$. n8h or ofde Ln s in Palisrtu.
Eeer a need in briqu,s poltucat

al Dugh mili@) olisdh)

fi
fl fr fr fr

$rbiijiy &d cfom

o0cm0Eloe|60Ef

offi 8H1600nffi lcfiournoonf, omonmffi

o o

St'/ <l{dc..Ly

e.-JI!".

*':'.*1.:' H :'***'*.
6re E
E $ $
commoD Administrativ.

srlten

itr Developing

societies
rhc

* **
on

..adbi.jsf'ri@

ts

uivcEally @sniz.d amns m efiarive

E 'es@nc E

rrr

orcurem olaercbpnem.
eriLe

ctrtr'ry.
tor

b@Gtry

is @upled wilh

,f!"g ."d-i,i.g

s r pGlquisr

nodmizlo sd {ieEloe|nal

a Ti@ is a

E E
H
H

ff $

,,."

pubhc

adninimion ha
fo,

ben tr.sredd

e.b h d.eropn. .!d thnr rh.

*i"':a

$l e"*rr.,a.c*r.. o
E *" * *.
public adDirs'dion adDirs'rdion

*r'uy

,Essddr

ot ddctopned dd

'"d*"" e'"s.- ,.

.ii dr p'incipat ch,*bi$.i Lb' my b. @BdcFd ry?ical of tu principal ch,mbi$is Lbl' of

lhe

H
ffi

t!|ld d!! t!'rd d!! E E! q'sr.tue u aI ot th* sierd. MN ot lhen slppof, 0r E o.i, mirom ^a idendc.l S lhen *ir"- dd ,a.",i!.t dislcee in all or ths sieri6. Mo$ of rhen suplbit lhe E ol*'. r-'t*r dcfidtri$ d*ropmd mard fii $ "n"o. ol*'. r-'t*rdcfidtri$ all.aed b be @Imon b d*topmd diaEd g E[ e *"*. TL folloqin, fir poitu a indieriv. of BtrEt Fri.N rdbinisfrtid E ldioE. ,* fonowie fre points G in torit. or g*Et paar.6 of rdninisdrid
ir dslopms sieri6 ir
seN of dfu pE!ieG

E B $ $ fr n

tound in socie,ies ofitE devlopins wodd. round In sociries or $e

deveropinsqono.

$!

r. .Ilj basic p.d.h oI public lanini.-no is njuri* 6ih6 $e ,. nF basc ot o.bric adoiDisrrario a iDirariE sibd $e E ,",r*"^. *,*o ,nclMins dos. whch espd wesrem @rotuatidio4 havc H inaig.o.*. *ioio includins $oe, which esFd wsiem @roniatizltioq havc
@MioNly uied to intod@ sD. hnd or sDdm w.nm bw,*ric ..!niD6ranon. wes1m blHlmric ..!niD6fanon. ot

$ -*"*', ""0 E panmed aner a pdicura dtlo@t rdninisr iw modI. wirh icidtrtlt Uslalty pdicuta mo{rI. icidtr|jt E B uslalty ir h 'dninisr odF will $j *rt* *-** *.. *.e odu qsm. A courry fir B rode'ly a cotmy wilt $ r.ut* *-".0 t *0," * o*. t-t t"*,velr e ld.Fnd.M s rftibty tud S *"" * o*. t t"*,vetr e Fush td.Fnd.M s fftibty en tud fr
6

^,

. ro**

f,
fr
H

g
E

M*"."""#

g E

6E

poliliel porilier

slsh sl*

hrd ben chqs.d or@,*, Of @uR,

em. ocietiB

hate been hoE

for$dr. ror$dr.

.9,/ <Ud,.'d,
e 6 o n o g o o E o o g e o o o o o c o s 6 6 c o c (l s o o c s 6 6 o o o o o 6 o o o o
o o o g o
E E E
rhe othds deFndins
skiU! in administrdion

e.-*4.
olodat pow @ disiirgrisled d dltswi$ for its natic.Iy uderrook
10

on

sddls

lhc

EI

ed

whelher or not it syst

tuioi ilj colonials

in

tlE

skjlls h8v. hrre-

Ar qolotry of Briici4

F@

or rle Unit d Sirte

h^

d
ain

n o o o
ig ilJ tll

a<lvel,.ge ov6 a fomr

powion

of SFia Ponw'l, B.l8im, or rhe Nerhel&ds, 'nE

Bntish

lqrd
noE

of

sltcNftl

adninisrnrive insiir ion bdilding is

Fh,F

rh. b.sr

sbow<l

FmjsiB ttE

did

Fluq

A@rdilg to

Fffih

Mit r, F@h

adninistratoB mdd view naliv6 orly TIE

eithd su@sstul or pbnising F@hDetr

bld

nEl

of lle United Slrt6 is

neb @e r6ricra4

slFs

op

ftU *iFr
ilcid.nal

it

dir.

in the Philippin6.

Ir
suit

colonisl adminisbativ. hsitage includa

farw

o o ET o lru o o o o ta o s g o
E
H

dEr ha lanins cflccrs. Th

@ldid v.sion of Bdri![ Fencb or dy orbq srsron of

adhinisaiion

d io |h. Equilll@b of @lonial g{)Wnr 6thq $e

gov.mdt ai

hone.

M nm

elitis! noe sdhodtriid, DoE rl@t, ovd ro lhc

dd

tuor

paldolieid R.mEnts of

dle bl@lqdic lrzils bwG qi.d

fte

s''.wt
b

bueaucrrcies in lhe new $cieti.s.

devclopins

facl rhat pEcedenls ftom oulsidc have shnpd the

s s o
o 6 o o n

bll@ceie

do6 lot

Dd

thd lb.y @

ls

suiilbL rhtu th.y

suld

if

tully homc ercM, btn it .106 dphaize thc imlortare of nDkirg adlptaliotr and
indcPendme

ondilioG
to

change, parti.ul&ly
thc

to nl&e the legitiD&y of

of d6lopitr8 Soel!

th*
fo!

b@rc@i$ dd

poir lhm !ow{s

&ohpliihDat

o o 5
E

2.

fte

bEau@ica

e
&

defici.ot
is nol a

in skill.d ihpoed ..cesary

shdtagc of oployablc

0
E E
E

dcvclopedtal pogEm. It ptobln

gcral

rqpow,

Actudlx lhe dev.lopinS omr.y ha

suc,h

abundece oflabor in Eladd ro oth.r

@(!6
ofal

s led od c.pilal. U@plotftnl ud @dmplormnl e

cbmnic jn ihe

6 p g 6 6

S|,r <l{,.rrary 6f,odf,6$osoo6rEn

econohy

e.^,t*"
uskiU.d lalor fo@,

noBlnnooncEoonoH
,n public $McB

E fr E sizbL poc*.r of sqinsry bighly ert@red ebdoyed-eno.ilE h.vc bdr edu.a&d g in lb w@g subj@rs or e rle pDdurs ofturgin l inslibtios. ne gag bdl{@ supply E
ard douand for espo$ible adniojslru v. F6rs

@ uivdrly .oDcdcd to b. oveKstr d in lh loer hnk wirh atrdda s, mssg.6, mitDr .lc*! &d othd. ft shorra. is in rai.d ddilisFd6 wirh Eegdol capacny, developocnht stjth, aDd lc hdcal @hFi.q. -Ir s u$aly Eflsrs & i@dequlr. .d!.arion l sygcn. A tr@bd of @@tri6 uh s patisla! ud hdi! nare
moog

dd

jn

nay rbe

es

w
tn

H H

h n.wly in.LFnddr sieties

is

Frn

!6

hvoidable dd cd onty b. @did

by

sbeNou ssining ff.onj, *,hich rEquie tim.

Ar

I U.t h.d b6t bols of ispdi.tis. Requieo.ns lading to fi leJiry rn a n.w Mlion l leguge or [E poLcJ d ,EJnins (jv,t sje msB m@r E cobider&o^ tuy sm y inrkne p,onotio*. NsmdB. dis$ars d othq I peeeel @noB within $e wie 4 wll 6 $c ord@r of bbires wio! agocy I
impaftd by.},rges tEl
crie'rere on

wirh which natio@lizalion of th. blllery is Frshed in the f@ of@fti@ins availabnity of tEincd foeign Feml duing r[. traNito, nd . d6F6le ab$tue of suibble lo.d Epla.d.nrg In uieds tuh IidoNia ldia, pakjsrtuL Bllm c!c, adnj,isEto6 who *ed duirg @lonid dat: baE b@ u*ililg ro sLyor haE hd th.n ctrediqr6s
ed by ihc nrgocy

0E qiticdl dty srdss of mdonhood the shortas is

rentu

fr
E E E
H|

rl.

oubid.

E
tus,ns rDn psynenl!
ro

compuon
a

on d lcare

FrD omci,ls

ro,

spdms

ninor Fa|enon ro bnb6 of iDpEsrite dintuoE.qlatry

imp,siE

wies is a

E
E
O

phcmrcmn Dlrcmmmn

s pEvile 4 !o L qpeId atnbi s *hd *,^ b.

dana of

ow.

S@rioned bv

p0gEr6@doofl nofl oEHnooeon6ffi pnnnmfi nef, orKr

otroooooEloo6f,o

5r/ Q{d!-rt.y

s
I E S $
EI

sid noE si
i.diet

idinnio@lizd @dptioo

mr

$ft a rtul

nlrdor.

b'n it Lr.t b6r

o
E!

l!:

^ -lm* -o ,od,rry rigniimt F&lie of using rhe pubric sryi@ s a $bsit!l. for d *o, *"ar o* or s a wy 10 cl'eve ft of wnplormdr Thb ,p!Em
tob

!.d.p.idable My to cdry out eoElM.trtal p@st@. ItG is @iho ""d

E rl E

s |l!
p
|ll
';l!i "!*

ffi E

oEoftn

'eagE

for

tuinr.itrilg

s4ts ofdnl

'tobtd

srd

ft. dplore

Ei El

oo the public

paynn.

Atdudr nem luvc io he found out for h&ding su.h rr,@teoins siet
b mphasr onql'lm

[!
H

nuch rJll@n ic eivity b ch@rdd Fodqiio E[ tomds ihe Eali,,riq of goals othq rh.o lhe &hjevcmat of progm objeti!s. The E fr r"o o-n-, o*u*, * eqdetre ofrl'e.a4 ovtr on deepsed vatues hon d no* CI g radiiioral paq *tich have nor ben hodi6.d @ic th. adoprjon or non.Fadnional

n-tr*,^*..rron..t. , A $'tt r.rd4y ,s for de b!l@6

@ ottr6

rhd

tth

didr{L rhar n,

s g I'J c o
o o
E E
EI

|.t fti

c @
S I o

sial stucrlc*pr"i*

r.t

Ihe wtue a&ched

10

slabs b&sd @

eirdon tulE

th,n

ehidaot
lint

r*t

oroi, t"t

"'i*

Ore ofhe impoft.trt

wrs

io bins about chese b ro

sr*u witr Fogm aomptistnd.

ij morhcr B disine."b-s .heehnic. lr is sts c.Id t(mdis Tb gsp beillH ep4ladoc od B E eiu,l B ctu h edniixy mrsked br .@rn8 tos dEr @ nor b. orlord. adc,prhg

4.

Ihe wide+@d dispatrcy berGn fom &d tuliry

n E o n u o o u o o
ItJ

o u fa.l@in only parlialy tufrned. rh* 1q!dod6 e rcr E o &I S "u*, in *,r, O*do*a si.r,6 s Ftue ed rh. uniEd sr,r$. HoM\d. lhe ncr of u ,e e o e oGoo6offioE[a0@oEu00ff meffi uffi ixunuopppnuo og
A!du.ri@ l,|sels *njch in

eMmer Ect'l&ob
'har

quiedy

blpNd. tuominc

pmsm

tor dere8rLion o,
ar dE

ad&iiistaijrc di$Etion wltlc k ping tjgnr @drot of deisi@ tuLing

@!r.r or

o E o

St"/ 1*oaty no0660d6aooso

e.6.to.6

oooffimomnno
'mrd h.v. ds Ericlal
shos hazrdos for

mrling judgemens abotn subslne fioo whai ihc fonal

@!uin Djmdg eol4s

in ?.J{isl6

ed

Inditu

&l
io

oth@i*
of

q!:lili.<l c!did:u6
available

EH

if lhe lublic bu@w@y su...d!

i! @iiing md

r\.

lllen, tis ody dimilishe th. avaihbl. supply for politiel Fni6'

prlss
wly

gluF

and olhe orgarz*ioN

in boih rh. publi.

!d

private

siors" in n

o o o E GI p o o a
EI

rn

5,
of

The

bt@ctry ir
qltich

a developihS

si.ly

is apt io have a gn@s

n*w
nil. by and

FI

I'l

opdlionol

allomy.

a.@ur.d fd

by ihe @nvqem@ of

senl foes

at work in

! @tdy idepndql nod.mizing Mtior Coloiialis

6 Mdsly

bu@s@y with policy guid@ fioh

@i. euB
nario!.
TnG

&d lhis Ftetn pesists

eh
qFn

$ $

tt'.

u*,

r',"

"

Dasn in

the

bulqu@y h,s a l@ mrclbly on

in a

rchaiel aaeni* au

t*tus

fiom th. prcsriec lhll ges ro itF pFtasion t

E E $
GI

si.'y
n* -o

dmmE @war& ddchdlauon ard

Mmmic sm*ih cDups

capabl. of

conptn8

ftr poiri.d innueM

ono

o, a or rnposine

cl*

@nmls ovd $e

budc@)

s o t0 o E o s o o o o o o o o n
o H n o o o o o

t o.** - *

ir is ablc lo mov. mlo

. pand
es.

pow velM

E
o

Administnt;le weaknesres in D.vlopins Socre

n-sh @b|es e enrnc iddrfed ard adttoned in fi* $ "d"'i,lilo,,ire fr *icrl* tr mlutor re er winitr8ly .4pr.d. IrE izsile iibnc orgod utdl s otla

E E I
Id

iEdeCua b por< de adniosElmn iiom th. cold wintA ofFr-ider6r Reidl chiel JGtie ComliN one
so

xeEssed his

disdrfactio.

with wh.tev*

in!rc\tlMis

thnt t6ve

fo ben mad,

in Palisiar Refdin8 lo the rcpon of the Pay and

swies comision,

o n

8""*""ffi 6eEMffi oc*temeoffi ooonodt)

Sl

<l{it@'.l.y

e.-*.,6
wi6
.nd

he

eid rhd

oft *6

s@1 @rgc of

&d po.rs *nich {F Comisie

had

m{

ben able to dal wilb, ed rhar it muld GquiE wi$ .trd c@6n @d.slldins of ih.
sDial @nditim of @h sEh

wic.

Ft if oFy r@

to be

ltsd6d

in lhc

orEI
haw

strEn@ of adninisiration {irh Dirimm of wialion,t

On n fie min obj{tivs of admitri3bdiirc

Efom

in dftloping

sieri*

bcn that of inpmving ofli@ ptucrdws, l.avirg oul nre hlllm Etato4 side of
adninist ior altoe.th6.
The

sovnhcna .nph8iz. @Mp|l like uiq of @n@4

hie!rchical slr@tG, spar of @o1bl &d

$!.d

ihe

pbc.d6

to lhe

ula

'ning disea.d of dercloping tlE capa.itie of om.ials io d.d.fratirely *irh p@ple. MEh

ltfui6 to b. doE ro t@r. .drilif.rirc deardiariol

p.niciparion bs b@

So

fd,

p.opus

DilisBl.

'IrEE is nad for long{am plsmbg of .dminjsritive Efom

b n*r

lb

rqui|lmls
lhc

of a dElopile

sicty,

M@h wiu,

hokE,

d.pcrd on lhe eKenr to vdrich

pcMs

now in

pow

in

&*

widi.s

irn@ cd in dc

adwmol

of thcit

so.ieti6 N aea'51lbi.

elf-advemor

Aner indeperdtre,

weEl cl)misio$ dd

@miiters

\@

appoinied in

0!e si.ti6
harc mt

!o suggst adminisl,alirc
d.
10 o

Efom,

The

epons of mosl of

thw slmissiou

b6 inplddt

OF ofdF g@lesl de6ci@i6 i! .dminiittiv. thinri.g he ber dE

la4t

ofintdBi
in

in. $idle orydizidd fd

$iej@ suh a
public

It$tL

Unlc

ii md.

of modm

lEglEls

$ial

$i@, siology .rd 'rnniens bw. nE is a a slrlt litd ap!@iatio in lhc higlE ri6 of gov@mlin.i rt dtsing
.doinilradoc poljricsl

'

Rep.ir of Pak3lan Pay condissioi

66ffi

[AEffi

66nn0nfi mnnnooonodfl ooffi 060

Std

<U,rx'.Ly

e.-t-o
Gd6 to

ruhirery fd adnidst tilc afom ils.lf

ileSEted @@.h
ro

b. ovqhauLd !o Flvid. for ed

$hd6 of ininidltiv.d4.lopftnt
l.8ay inldittd by enc

The adnini5f?nive

si.ts

fion @loni.l tulc oped6

fot pGitiv. actior
odghal id.$-

,ru

on th neealive pnnciplc of ch6k

&d @dtd.hcck ed

elut4r.

F]
11

'n@

is a gE n

d.anl ofadninistdG who @ @N

a

o(rt wim

n*

and

hl ttl

!u

S@odlt

*id!

gult

di$ h.t@n

high.r

bllta|tfuy

and

poliliciN. 'Ihen

GhdN Eo{t slpicion of@} otbd.

Frqwnt shiflrng of sigmnb ale Dh6 oJE6 of s'tlAl.va tecrnic.i c@ldne lhcy @uld eauiE
otr a

pedc & job. IlE

lcwl.
on

technical dnd

prcfsio.d

mplorE

thfflv6 c

ar a

s!d&y

The nisionc

nplEb

on law

ad qdtr dd

Hru

@lenon @ntnE in

soft govment ,

syst mtr folow-up

daluion

wrt

is vi.tually nonqislent in

dereloF.d depdtndts,
atciuted cbiin
and

I!

govetmd off@i 4ery lhilg Lods io mow up

Evdy

tt f

dos,8rjr i! a rqillm ple69

point.i isue
is losr

peis

addi a note

8g!i

lhc mre ofbis sbordiMr., The

i! rctEima

miing ard dE 616

@dnE

ro

ndtiply.

S$ral

@eh6
fic

@ied

our

i! I!di. dctled
of

lbar

l@v sior offi@ iI 6d

TIEv

@ulry
lEld

had bEadth wiihout dcpth

i! lEs

eovm.ntal dpdi.M

o'!d

BFNibl

for

l*t

off

sibplfi.d sysrd of @Egddl tur tlF Fp.ludid of

lbe

ioftDN sgeurial F@.dwq for

fdte

lo

wo* olt a lls@blc ryltqn of .lmdon

policies, for

of alihority, for ihe ud.Fuhliztion of

pesoNl, for Glictive civil *flice

.s|'l <U"b-...,
fiilw

g.-k
ro

dEir

!o

@v.n

golffir
of

&wloprMt otictiB &d tu ih.ir 6it@

to

l.t

sdiouly &.

lMy cfoE .!d

i6Fov.@@ts

@Eood.d

by

c.misiois.

$m Flitiol ead.ts .hte di.cl6.d rbn qBirc Gliac pL.d in d.rlopi.g soci.lica @ asLrd. ffiirdioa ro dr di&wad of 's otlF f*iou in s.lctim of otr6 fd civil sie.
TtF

ilBltsrtis

o o o o

UniBilics b .lnolr .ll{crdopiig sicrts her

dsidity

drady

low suDd.rda

TL

i! difrcmr 6dB

of

civil5.vie lioiB @lpctitid Dlpopo.li@rc wighi i.

sjK to $idity i, Prblic S.dic. GFt dbpriti.. qin in tb. elai6 of Fblic w.I|!, Oppositc Fim of !i* is dely epuL! rg.d rld diftrqE of oFinion il
Mr. ,lcicc Shdt

hdd4 biEelf

w ! lEbq of civil sicq

Efcrd

lo lhi!

loddy i! th. folldirg Fdi

*ThcF

c em

rrEngd E sto d.rclop . cmglq th.t t!.y

hw

th.

lln

sd
nEl

rh.

qljdr.

'Ihb laxlcrcy h r SraE drlsq, fd ir diniri3h6 ood3

lEtal virnd *irh

nLr h.E
@

tL dt ln.t odk tu'r poilt of via i! d. tmsr.d p'DfsR

$bje.ts, of Unin

*c

oGild.d,
qno

Mod of you

siti6.h!.d

e v![

boM &lhiriB

$.ir

8d r!! Fun

hlvc ob6d!&d

th .6 *td e urkgrldud.
ofvid *ticn
',ltilc

di$Bs.d r poitn

wilh tlFo lh.y lis.r&d lo hin wi|b

our tb.

sn . .latid lh n s cld
*no c@

thd tb.y did mr ruL

posibiliry of di!.o!trn8 . poi,n

of

hdl @t @ur!d ro tbo! bcfoE I @d..

Miid.d ofa ndba

of whd

tc

lCS,

trini!8 h.d d.!rlo!.d tb

mpkx

w
him

@y

c{l Frfan Ltuwl.dSc, TIr

io

Colle-tois

Gort .boI

hin gB

lh'1nsddnt

ra,@!

trFw eArt Ir did ml

troe.'

S
In thce govdmdlis
publicily.

nl'b.r.t

r
e pl&.d

3.^.rno

socities,

cubs

on ftnom of alowtd

dp6ion.

Onty Ue

tlrl d iorgilrry s!i@dm!t e

Foplds

@jbM of rtrliticd
of

Ilt

qpfii@. off.di$ dd vi.w t@iv. ! DinillM

.orie. Tte

non-8ove@.ntd foMs

of siety @ k p aqy 6on $tirg thcn oh BE.

bhind closd dooc

ta

B@u.riric diricis is rcic.d .irha

q ir FFns

having rimjied

u o

Rcody, th@ h"s bc.n & uAe i! d.vdoping

Public
the

sieti4 i!

bdng alor'

Efm ir
in

Adiiniltzliol

This

ase6
d
rblt

is a

wlc@.
rhe

3ie!.

Tta l@ sad d!E6

sirrct@ oflh Public Adhirietation in

out of lhis

elrly

td

of i(bpcndeft.i but th.y w@

advdiilioB, &isin8
lbe

d.4

.!d widbln ey
brcodcr

siM d6d

to

@sidn

prenl &d cmdgi.g n .ds oflbe 66ry tlm r

n&dpoidl.

Now ihee is a ftaliztion lhlt

w ned 1o bak
and

big inprovncnE rct only in since ard

tehnolog/, indusEi.l

tu"'g@or

dgicuhnl Erh.<lq

ht

abo

i! ih. wry ou ftte,

rEde,
the

plblic adminiliinion is tu@tioni!9, 6e @tho& by $tlich

pld

for rb

efieiiv*s

eirh wbich public policr is &m, mirisldal

&dd6 e

dd

8otIr)tfurrl p|oSlm @icd

olt

Bu@ucr.lic Problems h Developirg So.ieties

'ft.

d.rcloping

si.ti.r ll]as

@ ilstibli.g

nMbd of f|Glsic to
the

anain

@iioi.l

8mls. Onc suh Fim,,y

ir rdmid$aliw c!@ee lnd.cd, in

@w

ofrhe

lar

decade, holh polidc.l and adninistr.tive dvelopmdts

b.ing @Nid@d

3 villl

fr.16

in

@Imic a gDed

ard

sial ,[ogd.

ds{trsa6ddffi nfl s6Emdnblonnsu60tr[i0ffi g$n

grEnf,nnnsoffif,nn
In

Sud Ql't|rroy

e.-.1.,.
sidl dvill)tltMr irn@i.g {E
dEl atEerd his an fiioo

o g
GI

th.

1960s,

Rlbh A6ib6 i snaly.d rb.

o E s g
E
|pJ

bul!&atic
the

develoDtrHl in Pakistan.

lte @i! f.airc

EE

abeM of a @nptitiv.

spidt qhich would rnd ro ke.! ihe

btM!@y .fficidr &d

division of

virtrDB; dc

sjslaa

of car!

tuu.al

&d feilial fbifFrldotr: 6e

s E;
lll t!!

tll

b'Mutuy

in sresons!

claificrdom dd &isid @mlsltDors,

k d6 ! n, n sd Iv
de.ads

g g

@ployei lhe pd.ndl ch@ter of bN.ucrcy onditioned by

adnidsrdion; lhe tddacy rowd odisi9 ad
@nnicr dising oln of rh.

of disLict

r!. g.nqrl h.k

of inidadw, th.
ihc

It o

tunidotr of lb. spEialbr $&o @!nd rl| pGirio ald

peslig. of the go$ol &lhidstralor,'0

An

dguqt

ffig.d
which

's fiom @l@ial dl.. politic.l

eD.dns @Gidwd 6d in
DoE t!9.d in

deilopi.g
th harlds

sieii6,
of

v|ricb ha
cliG,

b@tic

w6 sellon in 6y Eal se eslodible

to th. FopL. Ir wB alleged ih.r rbe

bult4alic pow stutuF, nlhe the

$ @Gritulior! Imvid.{t th. b.sis fd prdicting

o o q LI' o E g o 6 i-t 6 ItI g g

nnE &v.lotr@rs 'ni5 po*r 9s

fedal

hieNy

co|Mtitad ir Sirc of

. snbh@ ot
sLblishn nt
aDd in

strNtE al(l

the d.l.gari@ of
alleged,

$n

d.cisioD,D*iry aulhodty. Tnis nar of

E o E F

afian!, it wa

frth6

dpditd

lhe @lsruciion oluiilitics io (h. gosrb

dd

the

ofbasic iodsties, buill thc long

mt

mdwiw

of&ndnric irditnions,

n did mt

evd
a

previde a ongdial clinlr

fd eononic &!lopMr Th.

nedd
a

publi. adninisfalior fa.ed

qioB dilejmd 'Irr

6urt

@6petor

ed

kll-

o4&jz.d blltall.@y

to

dintd!

plblic odd &d b

.u.i! d.rdopdrt go6li Ho*H,

'!

Frarrh Bibant RsrE'l on Duk UnrEEit PF... 1906,D 61

rr auo.u@ ot patjttsn. ourhm N.c

o o o q o o o 6 E, 0 E o s 6

.shl q{d'.'.|.!
!

e.-*c.
Domlott
alt d.cilion n ldng oI

!rch a blj@@y hlrt

@NqU.@ ard

steng brd.ncy io
tundioB of

!o delimit rb.

+irliss.

c!n@ti2in& about @dii@ toed in d.El@iis

or the ch@idisti$ of

si4i6

M.v.abb6i

dN nm
ro cur

bl@us.y ir

ihe fotlowing been

vods:

"1h*
lhd lhey eE, 661
and

@ied6 harc

nictDncd rldilioMl

siciiB

which

lsr, *Edd.d b fonowing thc bdd.d rct6 ard

ElNhlt

prhs

do

rh. turs baE hcom tu

. o daBds.

Ufcwis in

sdministdion |I tlrtitioEl pdto of dwl@ing Societi* is supposed to b {E

"Medeir flle'.
fiiDl viclory
htu

Taken in brcad

hierehy exisr.d jr sv.ral ENF.& $ci.ties

ul

the

of&netuy

iowed ihe

ed of

l8rh

@ery. Bl4 \,tEihs

lonsd in

he

sil qi$s

in

si.ty

ofdigio d

not, h.

ba

douh

!6id.d

d.Elopi4 S@iti6 dE to
on

l&k ofgrcrth ofd.m66iic irsdnni@s s al$ rh. inDosiiion

Nle for

$n of foEi8! mlmial
has

Me dtuieg

So

fd 6 P*istan

is

@Mme4

the

lmddin

ba

t6ing his

Flnilfu
dE

sitldily wilh tb. choge of ihory &d p{rpos of adminisrFtioD si@ and
of

ahicltlHr

irdcFld..e
i!

th.

raliddor

is

b.i!g

bda b

|4on

ldminisrratG

tal dE

b rc moD

modcm adninisrabB for pa&malis

clNi$\ ajoofns {d tEl

siifl ne*,
a riellt

dF inlge of buHuc6i, wiih

air of

ampdon a 8lm

fac, a

jaw

ad

& Alglicizd slet i. @w@bMi$, r'

TlE @jor politictl Dt rc|trmtr of rlE tsr
expesion of

dn.,l6

has

bar dE Iroodo6

golemc fretioN

md Glodibilirie. This noar srdity app@nl of all

Shl <l{dl.'...r
politicd ealitica i5 qplained by a

e.-*-"
est inc.ase

g
tr

q 6 5

ii

food Pto{hEtio4
by

tullDrtation ard

@uicaiion,

by

ilcrc

of fomal edu.atioo

ad

dcvelopoe s oflrhli"ltion

$d
l9l ilrl

s s E g s o 5 c

A s@nd phelFtr)eM is Oe coErry wid. ,m

@tmic
derclopDqt ieluding lhc ncd of st@
in prcdlctivity pbvide doE
thc dd.

of rh.

lrE8i9
e
that

for

of poFJ,Iim gro*lh

tlE

inclle
suppoir

th6 . tladmill

efelt

Colrcl:rl@lal cfrod! to

IlI
lu !!l
KI

tg

# U o !1 o o

ed qicnd

agricultue.

wld pow, .dwdtior\

g*1 mpoturc.
if not @n@,

tesportatio4 idNtrialtation

dd populaijon plMing

assMing
a

H
fd rlia@
to th.
oo ihc dsiEs

A rhird ph.l1l)I:r.Im is

peice,
is

s |a
&d

&[

5 o d
E[

&mds

of ihc p@ple

Hovffi,lb.F

Io gduirc

sitieiq
public,

c.llmiwi !d

lhat is l&t of @Im for Mulrbiliry io th.

tudedd* $d.d
psyin8 lip

lle Fblic sPets hrrc

o o

$Fie

10

$ public

eEsl.

q !i 6 s o o 6

Anoth.r ch@idistic of th lasl

t*o dd.ds b

the xpdsion of dono.htic

coNiolss,
DEhitu to

It pl@s grai

sh*

on lhe

debilit dd qulity of e
a

administ liv

,qr the b@l)@y ha beohe moe fmibbl. ft. b'|IEltfuy !6vid6 a $@ @t only of Acts dd s qFi.@ hn ale of id.as ad shliB lo public g Fobltr. I'de4 h @y f.l\ qcn 6 5 lhe ilidradv t qEndy 6G Aon th. adDinistltir sgdi6 of gov.@@t, Bln it i!
ujnlnpld
p.riod of

aw

sial odq. Os

0 o o n o 6 o tr g e

e 6 E g e o E 6 q 6 o n l'l o 6 6 s o o E! e o

sliU

ide

E,

i6cd in ihe topuld nind wnh oppr.$ioo,

o o
ct
tal

6 g

Ab[si "D.ElMat Adni.ituion .d rlr Alnhifief Pibtu A'lbirituiv. Sqlt c.lllgl QD.frly, vdM. Iv, Nc I
"M.w.

Sh/ <Uitraa.r

3.r*.,G
dtinurlly ssming

The public adninbLaiion is

te.Licat ch@cl dd

ij

doutad
tdmlo&/.

with

@c isu.c 6 gMtci

@Dplcxiit, !trd deals

wih 8rc*ing

It r.ks on moE &d moE $ fom ot a @I@iion of highly spe.idiEd ev.o

pmfsioDli$d *livirjs. Th. gov.tuMr

d.partunG

&d cotF|aiN

dFMr .

sdd with m couldrparts ouls'de gov.l)mnr. In spite of allrhis, tE public sdi6 onrinN to b.
golqy of !r!.ti.rlly all of a ntions @pltional pl|Nrs and o4di"td muld rle
dtlrnodd

@cpr

of adninisFdid B

! Dutirc &d a Lw aDd odd

10

qeocy. Ihe sllbltulboi policie! do oot dhibit a CEnuhe &d sitt@ ug.

minlsin

adDidi$Eliv and

p.Mel

cnvircmdr $!r arF&r .!d ctdldg6,

s *dl s
Th.

ounB,

a highly qualificd stafr.

ExFltiE, rlMts a sa.@ &d r@ @@odity! is ror

fod.Ed by lc@nalle org&izadon of

ad4ioislErors, .r sll levels,

&* ed 6i8,rl@t of spo4itiliry.

ro

ElGr.dr

@Dfm with

ibE

on4-tire wilt 6d do mi

haildc in Lkilg bqdmLd evidcie b

rDw

inio th.ir

oM hrf3. pocricdly m obligatid ir

nor

ir

d.hift

rhal pubtic

objediB

*llrLd

by

iNtG, intolcl"e d
vies of

i@lion. The inprioG civil

w&l
of

who se6 no ftd io pay aitendo io the

polticisq *lF l.L6 aI ibpon@iDg by potiricirB

ca@i peMive t!. signifiooe

pdnwy lo
r!,har hc

. @rwo6, *r.
do6, &.ls no

ag.nuirc plblic int e$ in

ss4

ofduty ro urdd tlle or !o ulge.h.nge in rlE out nod.

No

rrren

of pubtic a<lmilifarion,
ro

appi$l .fforls halc

ro

ba

Dadc !o op.n up public

si6,
gosls.

ilrM

thdn against

insddity ed

preFs rhd tur iddnfato! wilh natio@t

findire ouElve (Patiedii) at cr.olDods in rhe sph.c of d.EtopE@l

adininistltion, we ned spmially ro l@k ar lhc f{mltiri.s or

ou

FMeq

srsEns.

oeHooongonoffi ffi neHnnoEmnodm0oElooEiao

.9r/
Cedin8

Q{rrwery

e.-*.,.
go@t
cdls for

$eo

!o thc nee4s of

6odm

ru*lEs ed lotici6 qlit

rcgie. Th@
i5 @

dif@r foft
p.Mml

lhoe rhal

ft Ihedrc@5Lm6

of lh. olodal

tuE
#t

@NiEtirc i.ld io *bich w odd d6d rhu io t!.pp6is. dd

administlriotr
10

cn4. u

pubtic

s.*

d.Do@lic

go@@r

A tdrd.ny h6

b6

notcd io vj.w

eovcmd @ptoyrEt

6. sr
ro

of

gieeti.
,o rh.

,"t

dtustrury

irstitution io totd Ibat

bueesy nEt b. disFDs.d pri@ity d

{1 besb

o u

GI

politi..l pady faidftl, to v&ioN te3titi.s

offopubrio4

rhoe h need of
rhe vjew of the

enploynar dd !o lribavfdili& Eiad. ad Elarives

lhb

nili\

Sovemd a M

ovMhelminsty imponql nployci. dlirted

rc,

acqnie lle

wi@s of

highly qualificd pRos, rnds ro gr lcn. tatriculety in tims of s@ial ard conmic

siB,

rn@

eEat

pBsG

!o

@ $c go$m@nt *dicc
on dE pn of

s . Etugc. U$sIy, rhis

dm

rndency st ss

nln & obesio!

rElia rho

gm pdpl.
b

rblr if

rc,

@W[

job6 &dlabl in tn.

il is ljP to sov.mEnr

previde rhen

! h&eova A.n

e|E|effi Eff [gSGirOEEnOdfl nf, Offi td6mmotrKffi:u

Sr"/ q{d'r.r.,

e.-a-.
Corruptior

Ch'p.er

Four:

Th Cultur. of

IJ

Energrce lnd Growth of Adniniltrrtiv. Corruption

Developitrg

o c g
llj tg

L is al@iry how

o$e

ise

qcellenr srudi* of d.vclopne

adnirjst

ion avoid

ey sioE Ef6t@

to ihe

fd

of adninhEitiv. @mpti6. Ii tu rct tbrt lhe

witss

do

&t

s g
E

mt loo* of its qisl.ne,

bur its

cLvde

to ilE g!.sti@ of politicd d.bility and

be lhat a

'tt

o E e

turcnic ddclopnr opF{ mr

!o

h!v. b..n tully lppMiated, h My ale

t'l

sios

Fobing of (bc subjet

ta be! rrcid.d |6l n dbuld otrdd tb. sibilitid

ddieks inwlv.d i! t tudy of bu|EEEti
for c

s g
g
E[

of

E E

t 6
g E o 6 o o 6

hicb.r btll!a|l@y. Dlpic lb.

mFim
eneeele

,n

It is oberved lhatlhetim. ha

om

nE,

n edcn Biv. sndy of lhjs pmblm

hI
ha

e g

Tlis n -*e.gry

h@r.nniniqt{iE

@rupaion hrs mt ody dardcd tlF

dd @@lid.iior

of derclopndr adninirtldon @nfli.1s

ile 6uid

political i6talility,

dmsds r.6io$ dd
The

o c E o g s
@

M
the

of public

ofia

for priva!.

.dictncnt is now lh. @@d md scpted

A iop

pactie tud
ro have

qc@notu

fcw dd

u-cmlBivc,
oui

b@alml

stro is rcl

hoM

cquftd a v6t fortue k sinrlcd

fd poie s !.he

ldnd ofas..iic. Comption

o ts o 0 o H p
E
H

is

finny buil

ifi.

the adminisEador dDt

ii

is in p@ti@ vinualy inposibl io

di*irelish legili'nal adninisGtive tudioN non the "black-nakt" bUMU@y. The

ostenratios eflons

o pFvat @mplion

ard th.

eniod

thd ihe @mpt @ b.ine dsX

E, o tn

with,

ihey

d.@e only

sD

10 sprEd cynicisn.
out, hn wiih

Pqiodicrllt &tsmPtior
m
lasting

6
EI

mpajgls @

wagd

ed omcidr @ lcFn.d

.fet. CmFio.

o o g

tI[ounuonntnn
hls im@sd io seh
@blic

St"/ Q{lrrary

3.6Jl''.

ofl5fl!noo[nrnon oa
H

o
6 odat
rhot rh.

FplG h.v. rrn

d lGirg 6ilh in rhc

cgdty

of

sni.6.

It ha s@!d

to lhoe

lalr

of adninisadm nom $tlich it

E E

EI

@Npic@Bly

dbst

in the pE indepede@ pdiod.

10

Complion is mi @nfned

only a fcw lerele ofotrcial

noted

hi@rhy

but

ffi

Fm&

th. otiE administatire stwnrE. Ir slFdd bc

tlat al6oud! @d'Dtid

lhe lop atra.b rh. noney in

to61

mn

aidiion in puhlic fol1m, ard

.1 th.

jMIB

ilE la4d
is

mud

epet

tuMriotrs, @n4tid

v.r bodn ldk

ar the

ale obvios ud

o o o o o

ul fi o

o n ti.t

mo@ii

of noncy inlolved nay is

vey ntd conltion

lop

Artund @Nptior

@mo!

in ail s*tioB of public

ad6ilillltiolr

thcrc

*te $iR tEd. i516 inr.siw, $teF lt4 c fcq

@Nid.nbL loc.l wialioN in its ielon&f,.,
populatioo

ih.e is

ls
be

vqlih

!o

isulca.,

otrcirls, ed

l&8e

Fn

oft*
for

liv6 in mde

villaees,

it h tuhlrl dEt ih@ wil

ftw

@aio6

bdbery and

@bezldent drd 1ha1 t\e mo6t involwd *iU

be

matle. It is mt,

ilFFforq suplising dD1@d$ie b norc Fvaiv., ard @ ! legq

*d.,

al

Kmhj,

ti[oE &d Isldatd

tha! !r QEtta
wbo

Mey Eiddl. ed uF.. abdo! officialr 6!ially thoF

pdiods of @lo!i.l tltclae., oFate b.twd

hlE

8oE

tlIowh

! supra*tnrtle

oI Wcncn adnids

&d

valB ed e infra{ructuE tlB

rhe

sts

Lchnicsl .xpeni*

ed impdtonal tarjorality in

adnilisali@ of public atraia. Tltc intlsh&nE

vrlB @d!sE

Flia@

and

oblgadoa tou.d linship ad o0B pritury g6up6

Sa/ <l{rr.'ly

6|rf

e.^.h.6

n l. rh rbory ofPoliticll corruptior

g g
@N.dddy
be

Eq rh.li@fuFle6'@drsnldyor@mrtionbbult.'j@yed I
crNif.d
inio

go\elmd@

thr souF

H.*,
$
rrirtota

*"*o

or"onpt insdinioN ed pdcriG in ponicul& sociaies a

palculd

I E

g
-o
H

$i
E
$

*::"***."b@nairzte6,neexpo@oi@trlrion*Enywithinquit
+""in" "o'"rt,

fr
I
pi $

3.

dc nor seem stul!o clN,6 ildi* s !o whdher o, not *", o. t* --odon q$r pobbcal or b@l!fuc wcllB or $'be0F dey
socioloeic,l dal).es. lt

fr
H

."..ort-*ptotrr&yorllsfomsiso@u$dlydirficulrl!{rr

"*

t**'6
*"*t

D dB pubric o, he

Fin'.

sero'
Moi ud r is

E
E

**"*."
,"occa

$l 6
p fi fi

,,m"r, b

"*

ha hen

@nd!c@d

wi6in a moarislic heemrL

$ $
H

E# u_
E! 'fu

in I -u**, *. - *".**lerisica dnd en nt ofconupdoi 6 b ove bddrg rhe I o*r* .r @ruflDn e ne6qib sec'et'vc. ln racl sdv ott be de0niule $! u lt de nudy of nosl siar lr,sss the sdrv or "n*-*"t*o*'cm.! E th't rh* Fdi6b.idcndfd beroc d.vdbc cudied -^* o"** -"* E|
ar+""r-" r"o"* FM !
turbodoloscd

"mpr

{el}ss ololvins cF.i6c <as or @NFto in a

Edv

E
fr!

poilllofsd.

dE ptDblm Dwlved

E
cmpio,'Balbor. Bem.d .nd Be(on Litd. BEmsdco.1s7r,

SE

ad

Ink.le. pe.7.2e

sEb'litv

ad s:qtl|ch.ng6

S g

ooo*onb'ps*fi nMoBEsFoffi oEoopos!toi#

StrJ i{rtD..&y

e. *-c
litely
rhar

Unfortunat ly, it

ffi

nosl pubtic

dpolm

of @m{,tid will
Th

b., if ml

mtiv.ied
fdced

llo d los qploilc4

by

p.nis

potitiqt i!tdrs3.

ttgchd
probld
GI

b thftfoe

wilh tlF pFblm, mr

jln

of

id.ntitilg cmDrio
and

djes, bul of
This

dssing

the

vemi9 of conrempoEry Epons of ir! qcrt

ecllrrc.
ey

FI
EI EI

of erl@lilg

$llc

is, of

@lN,

by oo

m.6 Fuiid

to lhe srudy of

oFpiiotr

rt

Howd,

the ptubLn is

& u6ully iroubtsbe @

for

sody of bl!@qatic

@mptiol Fd qepL.
3lrndad higqical

o o

lhe Evisi@ig hiiorir4 Ari H@g@b@!!

h$ diriciz.d
He

&coub of @@pilon in 8o{!rnm.il duing thc cit.led Ae.

usd by

minlriro ih,l @y eu@ iEl'ding omci.l s&tilriB

hi$od$ FFsnl
dual

baed

onl.mpoEry opinion.'' Thc hjsloric.l @3Ehd b rhcEfoE C.cd with tE

of idodryirg

prebld

dy seh bi8, s

*[

e.p!rinsdal&

Psh.ps th. b61 di$Nion of rh. Flirical

ed

th@ericat diflicultis
the

.n@utded in studying @mption in my of ils f()m is Hurnfi.ldls cssy or

@mpanljw analysis of lclrls of

oF4rbn pcvailiig in ditrdir hillolical Fdodj

(H'8di.14 17]137.62), In disilg rpp.ch6 !o the iNdie.lid.nd of the plEmn@! in co4pdor

M]mr

vrb6

pqiotls of histoty.

HN6.ld lEk s ihe point lbr,

e o.ly bc @sidered wirhh th. oliF frmM* of ihe $cieiy, which prodl6 it Ssidics clsgq a do md@ of mdily and ves of tb. FldiostiF
b.t*6
p6ple ed th.i.

i..itutim,
s@iotogy ot coruprbn,"

' &as Dobhy H a 'sotu Noi.s oi tE Sdiololil Ned.nd r 117 25(1963).

snd Public

Mclirr,'

'soors.n snd Rlom*. CMr S6de Felom Herdorrrmsr, Amtd J., d. Potiict Codltion:

6|0nn60e|onoen6

Str/ <llar.r..ry

e.a*&.

mno0offinffiffi oo o
dlal hisiofic.l sbdi.s oI

6 g 6 0 o 6 d 6 6

c tr
out ef@tively

Hu6dield's lh.sis

i!

@mflbtr ca@r

be

@i.d

udss

the

Esncha apptiB $.nd.rds e4

bing

concepts which

iitelrigible

o o 6 o G! EI g g
EI

within
of bjs

te

sial sfucnft of the siay

inrdigald 4

eI6
ps.

wi0lin ln. slruclw

c G e c |lJ
G

oM lirc. Alholsb
ro the study

sir6

by

nisrdid fo. hblonrs. Hu6tfitds

well

|:! IT

G'

-oul

i.

6
E!

rlevet

ofconlrion

in 0E

pest d

G
l!:

a i!

thc

e 6 EI g g 6 ct o o G
tll

c s

The iudy of

polind mpdon in gdqd lad cd4tj@ in dticotd, is rlE

n ln
Ei

sludy of a @mpdslive

phtuntun. Vifls ed d!tuirio. of 6d?tioi

a

o
H g e o o E a g
&I
E! E}

choge noh

pl@

to place

&d Aon dne !o time. M@in8tul a$lysis ot n rcque!

d@ rljzllion

orrh. chmein8 mnrc ofd. objet of investigador

DcliritioE:

/15

with

nhy topi6,

s,hich tave

rct

bcn

$bjeted to ifielsik

E E

&alysb, lne @rcell of polirjcsl @mption Fquires dfininon b.foE it

lsd

tr

s 6
o 6 g q 6 g g
tr

o Frductircly in dy i.&med disNion. This Fpbtd of dctnirim hs bo a8ava&d g o by dr f4t tE! if siologtts harc psjd Fladv.ty ti(l. aiLndon ro thc sbjet in Ilql o y6, o 0tos in oth$ dieipli*s have giE rhe bpic a fair dout of {$idaadoi.
E
AnlhreDologisls

ad potiticd sisiisls

haye prodsed s

gqt d..l

ofmal.riat

on politicat

drupti@

an

Ati@ &d Asie sierid3.

Irir

@pt6i3 htr bd io vicw@@Fion 6 As mrio6 of @mpliod h.ve

o o o EI p o o o H o

@Dpohnv

tmnqon

(smclsd,

l97t:lt).

bcr

E ,c E

Rading. m

coDpaErF Amty3b N4 yolt: Ho[, Rin].n

and

wcro,

1970,

snofi mouoffi

anffi oo6no|nsonuno600600

Sl,/ <Uilr'.t.y

obsned to v&] widely btee. ditrftnt

sieti6,

lhe

poblm of.bnnitid, for

ihc

g o s e g g o o 6 g s e o ttl q
E

pu4oss of siological udysis, hare soM &urc.

Mosl rlefinjtioro of the

rm

sres rh. id6 of @mption

b.havior csultins in

6 n 6l 6 o s 6 fi
ti

prival gain at public exF.Ne, Such behavior is @tegoizld

,d.viet, heaw it

H
E!

violar.s no@ wnicl pEwil, or qtich

rhoughr ro

isqit,

in a

*i.tr

FI

(Frie&icrl

19?2:127). As applicd io hold.s of publi. ofnce defnitios hold th.r d fimrio.dy,

c c
FI

gisn olicial

power, is indued 1o

his pow.r a

hvd

$bichever individuat

grcup

o
6 g 6 ts a llr q g g o E 6 o tI o ts o e t g

ff

plolide hin *ith a rw&d, Ibes. denniioB indicate ihlt cotuption rc1 only

@nfli.rs with public

noEtirt srd

s in

injusric, bm also

lubrtc

ihe objarivB

of

Sone

d.fujftB

hive mphsiz.d the misw of poMr

chrocle.isric

of @mpdol B4tey,
auhority

fd .mple .L66

6: 'a g.ne.at t@ @dins nire

nor

or

o q o o &! o 0 o p EI o o

Itl

s a 6ull

of c@id@tio6 of

p.Mi,l gd!, *dich Md

b used

be

norelary,

E
ItJ

(Bayly, 1966:?20). Baylcy's

rrF ofd.inition cd

o
H I'l

to coler situlions in which oo

viobtion of dury

hlx io f&t @&ed. !o. exmplq

a civil

wei

who ocePr bnbd

in Oe

lm

p@plc irvoNd in . diEN!.

dd elD rh.n n!r6 d ibponial rulilg

defbilion oflhis

disld.

is

slill guilly

ofnpdon. A m@ pie litmrw, si!t6 that

en ad oE

Bhich is widly

follo*d

in rhe

a public omcial is

6mpl

j{ h. a@pr. mofty or
tnal ne is

o o o 6 E o n
H
bt

mot! wofiI

for doirg $@lhing 081 he is

udd

duty to do

eymy,

bdd

o
GI

6 an 11500ffi Efi oi|$008 oorff 0f dfl EEanomuffi mdf, nno0uEffi lfi

duty not io dq or to

x@ie a legirdtal di*Erior fd iDproF t!@8" (McMullan,

FI

St"/ <l{"t"-ary
E

g.-*e6
q
t!!

6 n 5 E o e E e 6 o
E

l96l:1834). Tlb d.fDition h6lhe

bets@a th.

adveDtag.

ofdawing atqlion

10

locsiblc

div.ig@

aiB

of the

bL!t9'mt dd th. aim of th. b!l!@@y.

Ifu

|!l

ofl:cial

s6

his

position to delibdn

ly

adw

nis

FsMl

gods, ih.n he is @trt4t in

icm

of lhis

u n |!l o g

s 6 u 6 6 n c s g g e g g c 6 d g

A lhtd defaitid
duri6 or
a pubic

sa6s

@ruption

6 dy

tleviarion:

'fion d. fomal
privdL cliqk)

e F.r
tll
|q

Ei

lole

b@&

of pdr"L Egardins

(Fsnal, cloe fanily,

Fcuiary

or

slltu rris:

or violatB ntlcs ag.itut ih

x@i* ofcqtain lt?es ofpriwitihe @nept ihat &tiotu

Eeardirg innEne" (Nye. 1967:419).

-Iris

&finiiid irclorLs
by a

t: n s o

EI

my

b claisifi.d

6 @dF x,ns

lhey @

Nt nolivd.d

&sie

for

FMDI Sair

g
E E

I}e ids rhd a public o6ci.l my

6mil

ets lilcly b inpbre bis st os wirh tho$

Fopl ba!firir8 nom his ers is sFsiauy apFop.ir! to onuptioD

il

the

mn.W.g.m
co@pl

s s o

*dld.

Howvr, lhis

vi*

by

m n m &tidEricsl b W6:ten idiotu of

e o o 6 g 6 e 6

pa.ties, Ukc
subvcdon of

thc oiher d.finilioB cii.d, Jc@h Nrs efron

f(re
qial

on comptjon

,!

ft

v.rt paniculd equiamcnts of pubic otr@. Litde arotio

10

is P8id iD

d6e d.fnitiG

th. eeFal

ilt Gd

of dE public d,to rbe

!o ahich tor

ortpr

E E g

Fa.ti6

violdc 0F nl)lm of

sidy.

App.qdy, dE Fincilal

tlen

t li6i.d

g lt o &t u E 6 6 o o g

EI

defniion of coruplon is 10 facililar. th. study of @mption

a crlMdnurl

o g o
@ @

Burerwrrtic Corruption, Brib.ry,

ADd NepofnD

6 @ e

o H u o E g o g o

.slil <Ud'a.l.y 0oo60moo66ffi

compti@

w
&d
is
of lhcm

**"H
e.6A.'o
nilt ml Esdded, by n@y

nor Eealde4

b@el!!,6 a

and E cocidd i1"a piiviLg" of bl@u@y, Conplio B h!i[ d dE und.dyirg priftiple B

srio6 adbilii.arivc pmblm. sore

mi@

dE

@u6

of dE dcp&6lal

thl1 th.
available

repl barc !o b $bje.ld

10

th. @nrol of officials. Evidcoce is,

hows,

{c

show ihar
a

advN &rid

B tdd, dn duing tte dlys of bullNFric

Feird
4rs of dhhon dy or lh. prns of civit svnrg
cdrctutly

dictabsniA leainll

nmb.r of otrw'l o6ci!b. Bm tb. buEeFlic Egih6

of

cdpton

only d!

si6
6

siddd

Now this subjed is bcing @ined

mc

ad

eflons @ bitrg made to mal@ a

multi-dinmioral ariet

this evil.

Codupti@

Ene$ ir etu

cls

norhing

rcE,the otrci.t cupidily. Ttui

rhe

purchAirg oflicial

ufmjliE silh

his dui.s

my pnw
is

ew

of ldge profi1

ro

Gmpulou
bc

dealds. As

flr 3 ln. ofrciol hirelf

6ncd.d 6

privar. advdtag. @y

$!eh

or 8aiDcd, but lh. publi irt Esr suff.6 jus1 Ib

tu

. Ia eolha

ce

lhe

ofrcids unddrad rh.

sirllid

lboreWhlt !"d hkc !drad.e. of it by cmpclins tbe

by which rh.

<teal6 to divi& wirh hin th.

doror

sover.lMr

is b.iog

d.trud.( d

be

nay go ioto buincse wiih the 5id of otrc. bo's or Elativ*

pNhaebg agst Th. @mltion

e.t sU lo hirelf
wic.s
bse.t

s
nrE

rwily

tiDds irs riche* fild in

oiodal 6odel -Ite modd @vc|Mr, bovlq, tosild detllodey

i.s oDdiog
rhc

rp

rBc
PalisLn

for

lt!

comol of tbis evn. Aublgh rhc libcBl developn

rhe

dh

politis of

hs horilaled

Com.nr

ro jnslnutiohali&

ned

fo. ih. Edrctioo of

orulti@ &d atthoud

most of ih

tB! potiric.l tad.s

have shoM a d.tirir

con@

.sl.l

<Uiir.r.t.y

e.-**"
!d
odF foD of qnDdor

for 1be

@luton ofthis pobLD. brib.ry

stil prliccd in
a

.ll "wbcEu. deperhols". c.|mly' r!* vdft&bL dcldnftds @ th@ *tEr

Fie

is

b.ing

p0idd for.lidrs. seMy,

which is

Tlre nedro<ls of @iolaining

esdirl

in

m$ tyF
i5

oI

g!&

fanly obviou,In rh

nr* i$1!M, d tintc.vidcrcG s posiblc

@ted. Wha hibs

@ p.s$d only

rh

give sd th.
bdbq
10

Feivs @ Fsen!
bribc.
Thc

or perhlps

b@y p6s

tbrcu8h

oG or tso hads
privilegc

toh

td$ of&

agEmmt lo eive sme padiculai

my

be

wgre, ind.6ni or m@ly inplied. Nonvsh.l etmbols

A5 linle docuMbry

.bptoyd

erc oc6ioE.
he.

did.B a

posibtG is

6e&d. Wto paylmre

to b. nade ftoD
be

tE

ndds

of. fim, Fd* dEi6 e Md.. Double eord5,4

fal*, o@ Euemy

kep(

h
oblri!

erryday

lif.

@G

!:N off6

f,tb

lbe

ihen dnnoriry

ir o.da

ro

u dtrajMre

noD the plblic. 'nru

w @mirc

of adDiDilratw

cmpd6
he

in

i.ms ora sIwr rylD Esads hi! public ofli 6. a busim, thc iMm of s,rrich

will

sk

10

Imini@. 'IlF otrce tha b@mc! $e "marnnjzin8 uit, . -IlE siz of his ir@ne

do6 not deFnd on

ptcisely upon
th

elhic5l dallation of his

uetulns

for rh

ci)md

e@d brlt

Mkel sitution

ard his rd.nrs for fdding th. poid oI

nAinal Sai! on

||e r{blics debdd

Bnbery ro

cuft.

i.flll@ official !.rion h dE rBr olviG tehliq@ ofsnto TIE

.!@ lhd

a panicula

patftnt in mofty

olhd talE for rhi5

rrr'e

16 ir

idnatrial. C'nleier @diborioN

rhc ldrd

tgojd falr,of eiah d.partters s!I 5.!t @4 rb. t\blic wdb

culo6,

0E Polic, th. P@68, llE

@d ihe

onnrHruogdlEtrffi0of, oononn6ffi

$ElEEoff ffi

Sr"r Q{"r-'ary

e.^*..6
pdibitiq @!6ign onrriblniotu jn suh
,&
not

tg

d u E E g e o g n ff s o

I@n Td. Reportr cgeding

orgdaliN 6
Catital

th.

siiodg

o e o g
lru

ttl

D.v.lopn

Auihority

bel6,

Recruirnnt Dr!.ti.!s

i!

quit ! few agmis

N .l$

inlluered ty snnib

@sidddiN.

e tat 6 p;
t*

!T

8dbetl is findmffally lne

arLninjsLaloa,

me *tldlq nplortd
rhcir

in GLrion io legislaros,

fl
lli
EI

ad "bosi *@isirg
alromDN
in all

pow of Mirilg
bodi6 h is
rh

Fi

@D6d6d,l Epotu or

.mplo,6

of

or

Mi{roblfu

s.ft d sI lacls

of

Oovtueot dd

tuftrioc.

llF &r

of bnb..y,

3 h6 bcn ob*Erd b trhy ors&jzldoN

i@tuding rtoF

of

ql@tion ud tai.ing, is

@n r Equiling oBid.Dbte "stil'. h tE

pm

rherc

ir

olLtr @BideEbls pFlimimry regorialion in ord.r io ehiwc

inriDar. shridtship wirh

dF Perer to be b.ibcd. wh.ihd the brib. 1!j(6 trF slule ofs

Nty

@nsEDr.d

hoe

FI g c g o c o o o
GI

o g E! fi d

llJ

rnar. by . @@eaid

b.rt

in ti@ of a hwe {kpo6ir of in

eoey @ivcd @da

tbe pL 4S0
!o

PeSm
nu.do

or it is

ftletion
rhe

esb bnu@irg rh. Divisio..t

the Ji|ga, rh

ComisioF

!6sfd

6e tdn

S*sioi! Coun b

otrcirl

is given "good"

ad publishB

!!.5@

for doine slEr h. i, bcing boughr !o do. Some

tin6 ad@ug6
ID

bka ofhis

fMid

ncdr

and

h. my in

uy be'@!d'io &e!l.
@m@ial rE

ms

of dE es6.

hovwq, bdb.y

is s @ld-blo.dd

s.lio.
vdi
[c@i!g

Ibe (rJlrrte of hib<y is *rortioo

omcial

stF* lqr|l@

o o tg H g o o o 6 o 6 o 6 E o

is

hjgh, A
tu

o TlJ
o

my ilrand rsvGlrior ofa tictN

if.

@p6ien onribrtio!

@r oadt_ Th.

osoffi nn600bffiisn66ffi 6&fi NHH

Snr 9{.,tr-.tty

3.r*d.
rDd of th. Sp6ci.l

offici!]s of rhc giw

Datid Adninbrdo
dE

lolic. E$blilhds Ey
' Shds '

not
not

cla|'e

fff

issrc
Oft6

ofD.dicil. CctrifioL
or

ifd.t rBrcliE

@in4
jusly

A Dthaine

rI r@u6 Otr @y rbr..!.!

A

!o dcLr

D6rnar

dc if 9m gdujty ir Ft fodhming.

miring rgdy !t!y dislsr.d hgh0E D6l6 of

qulifotioa

!d

Ed

Mn if lb. .!idid. h6 fliled io s|q$

0r

o ill 6 o

.lpoinriig rdlority.
th.

Ih.

.sffir

rlE

Frfor|ll.*

of

polic

odorB

usdly

iit6

ftd ofq.ni6 .ldbugh n i! *rdly 6icd 6

A ndAory.djun t !o @dDtio is rhc

qirh v8ri.g d.gr.6

of$btt

ry.

lwlFB !@n of dai! t DGr@ of bdry aholuEly lotd !o PlnEipol eti|sl in ..d4l fld bcilg incnl d baEfitii8 otrs.lf Thqt, r cl|rraidc &dE cb5 lo b. raldy lo rh. !s. 10 *tic5 @

,IlE
TIE

sl puF*
brn

for qnich

poq'q.d.urt ri9
of

ie abusd i5

aluys

lGDl

!.@r
Nor

@acqEtE oflh. cdpt aaci!.

pow @ c@f!.d s tu s D6iU..

or y ihc

c6r
'ielf

d$ rlt eu'c.d

Gftcl

Eilcd

Tn

sisr.F

of p.tr@

! cd,l ir.pptiiS fd!

slD

govor@d

jot

P.rjne

atrrdoll.l

AiliB dplole

*!

srlnd.d in

tlit

Pd.ino .nd eu s..ti!g !o

rF highd{la FEoE h this s.rlii& It Gf@, .ll tlE *tivilid thd wdd b. cdiddrd ' otd! ' @ftFid @ i&drd
FsriD hisjob @uld rct set ii ultil hc mbiliz.d

prc..dG @ly @t

d in

dot! gead

sial rd.liortip

.td ouiSdic. TL lng'grh

Sl"l <l{"t*.r.y

3.6*a6

I|fftsgaEaa@o
Fmir sigriftut diticin
of

8of infomal

sial

obligaloN is loo g@110

of

of lhe witdy

pEvalat
Egsded

!@ric s

n?olis ad

th.

D@h*

infl!.@. In.too6t aI di*icrs it ir

litima& for omciab to r.quic brib$

be his

or

Fird

inr.nmd@ in ddq lo eive

tl pMrt wbnl should o

dE a.cordidg io thc l.w. The pMts eePt th.

mea@

6 o o s c g o o tal 5 rt

Tebildd dd Thaeds 6 4 mnlal

al@3r l.liiinaic tunction of thei. sciat datu

ed

it D
l't
L.,l L.,'

Egdd il

that then srmpahy

only b.

eu!.d thbug

gitu ard bdb6.

FJ

Hieha

st{i6

dd p@i@
A v6r

in

lher$lils
of

i.eficidi

for lhe dlhtishrrcnr

ou1

of

boftsr

*rnini#ti.n

mjdig

Fi!.r. hltdjnss mr.d

fd

olmirl
ou
thB

purFs

: lsldd..l tELrg to higha buHsEy. Pci*ly rte bish.. civt s6ds,

ir

$io gdeEly daird tlE biggst ..lsr'gc 6oh onl.9tio|! fobd

F&ticable to

ltuioc

blildiigs thal hav. ben E r.d oul

ro

diplonrric

ttNN
swi6

Th. civil
dvloping

wice

h..l tE l.rddcy to $t il!.lf eFn ftom oiha p$lic

a spedfc wial aad

aneic
rhen Oe

@neio(slB,

nE* ctsss

rsgading
rhe

0Fnslves

a s!cific .tity of a highq

scial odq rhai

had ihe

ngh to pl@

membeB on a hishs eonomic

lael

rules,

nor on the basis oI

ey
the

sp@ifi.

sryice io th of

{r]lmbjly

bui

b@ue o{ficir n.E .xjnde. But de who

mohe6

wi6 dteiain.llh. Fti6 of rb.i oM wfu}Fs ro ihe cl)muity, rh.y dbu8bl of a m or Is mtllhylic.lly bas.d @n1rM good ed l@ incliled 10 @sider then privnaed lsiiion a . Fquisir. for ih. F.valcnr sid ddq_ ftir mdrlity of rbe civil sni6 grrdually l.d ia n@bqs !o b.lie da $ey rc aiiil.d
the
to a

clltair

@ ntio.lly

@lditioocd lay of lif. rDd th. @ftspdditra

ilt@6

No

.Stil g{d'd.r

J.*t

o,o

v!!t dro&llb.tildh!@lle.gBcit.iobi'drMdyviliblcwyof USdi.rt 16

mdcablc

Fivil.g.,

te

'ia

of his itlcom
sas

nux

Gwn

*fE cd)Fion B 0mlghly -.cpLd

of

doiirbing

oMCBhip of hi|!ti.8s

scrit66. .bour rhc $s.t! ald .bout tb. d bL,"L,r RrrdDi.di, p.d.*r, trlbc ad Kshi ud
'mulr
of

taryon bBilK

in lb.

lrc

n d$q!

of frnily d

Dq. kblil KlEl!

hd!,

e.d.

g o E o

Ir b oblioB th.l hieh dEi6 &d hiCa

F!!hyl&l& .g.ian @duFion in

bmru

t ainti.S dctudt {d 0E p|qilirs lditudd lhi! lrns Frricdldy LE ha!s. n s d jur isdr t tsd jrlc bd rh. buildirs of! ft(ne h . FbtiEly 3hori Daiod ofd@ in od6 ro dlq c! &!.-"r.rrs
of
!o

vio

lirc dE lifc of.

gdd.rM

widDu havilg I

mrk

Vith lhc ap.I!io! of r horE td

grow|! of

ds

of hMlcF& ald rbc

linutrleB

rstlh @ roll.d
dd|rnd

by

otisslhy, coldirion 9@ *obti5Icd in *tich

of

posibiliti* fd
s.nior pon

dd spply
dly .

|w otrc

w..! clt r.d. Fo! rh.

buyc. of s

b.kl out ror

contiluing eol@ of

i!.oh.,

bur

si.V

i! *tich

e a ycr cg.d.d 4 . Fivit.g. of rta mbitiry, dE aquisitio. of s ofra rle hor 3 .dv'Em6r in so.id 3t rN, For rll.
rh. holdinS 4<l of6@

q@i$ ofe

politici..
It

rbc

s.l. of of66 providld r

tw.!d

pBioully l|drplcd g){e of in one

!o

thi!

ltli.d

vhich cru!.d rh. 3ubility

ofotrc

b@bc ! Fsutd pr.c.dw.

Thc s.lc of public

offiq i!

inEiEic.lly 3ubjdl io @dption

{d il! inp*r

on rhc

.9,/ Q{',t-.lry
o s 4

e.^.LN

degR of @mflion tu public adminisr ion tEmins prercwed, Th alr.nurivc

netltod of grdrinS of public

rg

u g
!l
&,

oflic* lo favoriics

is equolly @nducive to i.lE

ex@ie of
The

s I!
iE g E!

@mpt p6cric.3 and

neilrod of

6
E E

edemiM $c gbv$ of setjnely

qudified

FmB.

tg

*l.!tion by

|M

of neporisq rd!.r ths by ahicrlMr, pro$ a

a

c o

6 g o ct o u g tr o 6
E

distrou

lo th. g'owrh ofDdon

whol.. Duing rh.

pbe ofrudonrdon,
ro the

enich

P.kiskn is ud.rgoing

ar pe*nr, ey pbSrd of @ruirbdr

di@gatd of hiSIFr
ir would

g
tu

qualiication dd genuine nor be po$ibl for

nsil

wodd g6edl oBption

od inemcidcy dd

tu

adlinistradon io in lude in its fold Ooe pe6oD who ovc

pnrury loy.lly |o th optin@ of sysllMric goats. Mo@ver, the co rol ovcr

I 0
o o

lll

lJ:t

6 o G 5 6 6
EI

E E E

6!
!3

ompno!

by th.

cntllal

dtho.ily bccoDd v.ry wel tu a tsi.d in *hich b6.d

on

offe

hold6 h!rc eriprircly

stion d cl.i6
lo be

eirtim ed ftbddsm. TtB id wiou

institute

Pakijr.n wh.rc ftononi. and social dd.lopEmt is lhe primry go6j,

iNlnulional padeG have
desiS!d

lo .liminale nepotis md ro

6
@

pmgms of hcrit-orinted llmiinent rhai is hqi suiled to rhe netts oI opdmm go.l

c G s s o
G

attaiucoi. TncE is imdide n.d for Ih. ohos ilcwbots

Fdwrion of a

si6

of oew

ofi6
for dE

*leled

rhe

bsis ofslihbl. quatificados

and

6r!B

o g g

ttl

job dtlrcr th.n their abiliry ro ou$er Doliticd soppon.

Ite my

our of lh. pr.gr

dilcllm

o E
o g 6 o o 6 o o o
E

b. ioud by Eje.tilg lepodm ard by Gpleing ir by

on th

rhe

@ruirn

ll

of a

@nLalikd burcaucr&y

bsis of lahivmot noms.

s e E! oeegannf, neoffi 6e{Har&rE|oclooffi

|lJ

s s s

* d g
6

o s o E} g
Part Thre
The Case ofPakistan

ti
t!!
L.i

s G[ s n

s sl
tt

bl

q o o
E

q g
o 6 E o o 61
tllt

I'l

6 g g o I'J 6 o o o o o EI o E o o o n o d 0 o o E 6 a o

o o

o o g o o p o o o E o E o o H o n o o o 6 F n EiDO0EnO600ffirHfl UUomOnbOOOOSnOoHHO{iKmr 0oo

Srr <l{"o-.rt

3.-!tr6
o F!
6
ffi

EffiOdOffimnosf,no 5 g c 6 Chrprers: Tbe Pubtic Adni ..rariv Syltem h prkturlr a g e 6 D.D@racy rd Militrry Rule: e
6 g g e o 6 n o e g g 6 g EI 6 a c e o o 6
@

c s

EI E:

Aldrough one nighl 8o bqck lo p6Mughal pdiod in anelpdng ro pnvide

a
G

b.rercund

public adeinilF.lire

s,sco studoD, lh. eiticjt sarri'g poiin in

c c o o c

.xmining nodm public adninisrarion in p.tjsr.n is lh. Biirish

Britidr who sbblished the fouldlti@ of pubtic
dDr rbey buih th.n

Fiod.

It

c
o o G o o g g c o G
a,

rhe

a
H
KI

.dninifialio

in Soulh Asia Tte fa.1

goqnl@ht

tute l4on lhe Muebat

fouddio

{i6 br

diminish

0r

ihDortde of this

Fbd

ro |he develophot of adt inbhalion in

is the rogicrl

In<to-pa*isr.n.

'Ih@foe ihe Bdtsh @rodal pdiod

pLa

io

sc't fteaMof p!b{& @

rh. Bridfn EmpiE in In.tia.

$.last

pan

of$e Sou$ Asia ro com

under rhe @nhol of

The Brilish

onqu.st of thb

@
By

o@wd dwing tb. niddt. of rh. lgth

6nlry

by *trich
bad

ihe

Ihey harl d@dy

yas

dEr

the

sll*nE

of Bririst .dmi4ijErion

i! tndjr

been developed

md

rsred

in oder lers oflhe Indie EnpiE

rhal

endn @nce/s of

w vdl d!bti.[e4 atihough the Blitish did adjFt Mc pr&ti ro trt'c p.rf@ of th* nDdioN sued by a gdEstbt dMted idninistEror.
@
additrjsdiion Subseque

o o n it fi 6
o

eniends ot rh.

srsleD

duiig

{r

lgrh ccnrury minraiDcd lbe

elir

h
India

1947 Geal Brilain

swtuleFd it! $v@ignty ov.r tndia Sinulranmuly,

ildepn l@t
a

pdlirioned

ad nost of th Mulj6 mjoriiy @rs beone rb.

a

Etion of Pakisl,'n, Mor.lho

thoMd nit

ms

Indit tis prtisran

*ni

&id

.Ste/ <l{'J-r.Ly

g.^*.'.
sigbl

led tlar dteftls ion fie Aralia So io p.@ptio. mu|liD F.ts within Rssi!
and

ofth.

Chi@ In Patttan pop{r ion is pFdomi|ndy per ed ilirerEre. A

iMme
is about $500 per yce

rypicol fsmily

ed

is d;ived ftom aericdtus.

Mor

thm 80% of rhe people lile in Pokisln's villdgcs.

The nost powrtuloutsid. influnc on hdia for llte three cmiuies preceding

o
AI

iil
til
&@ula!ts, civil

paniiion in 1947

wa

thal of a Grear Briiain-whose taders,

sMts,
and

EI EI

p
E

md $ldis Cradu2lly inircdeed rclteh.onc.p8 of law, .dEalioD,

demy,

tit

adni F.tio..

The

MBlim, f,,io hld

ruld

sub6t

nli.l posilion oftb Indid $ts

grilDg
a

conti@t ai de line Brilbh Eat India ConFny

fmtbokl

lhft, slD*ed

ftn @ en
(hc wesr.

for the

n*

cotu6

by

tming then b.ck o. thc lderla$ dd cultw of

Mdy

Hindus, otr rh. olhd

h!d. lsd

cvcly opponulity io obtain a nodeb

n lll o o o o o 5

eduntion in rhe newly slablish.d @llcg6,

Ar a Bult th.y eDdully be@tu

domimt in

th

Bndshld public *ryic.s, th. pofGsioln od th

colmc.

In time
bur

the MNlim

l@ds Evisd n\eir !ftiiude tovad ihe leminc of rhe Bt,

inc@ingly ihey sNed lbe greder innulrc. ofth. ltinds, IlE Mulibs
as a

fedrd thar

ninorily group in

fl

indep.ndenl md d.mocrltic

lrdi4

they would b rcl.Cal.d

forever to a

sco.dlry Fsitio..

Under Jinnah\ .ffective leadeship, thy p6sed for

a

dd

w*

uldsately succ*sfirl in obhininS

epdte

dnd

evercisn nation in whjch the

@jority of tb

citim e Mulihs.
$c srtuctuc ol gorctmd clag9d
very

Aner clalion of Palistan,

litd. !r

panidon. A pdlidemary fom of sovcmcnr

Govmr CdehL

B dilbl$al, haded hy dE
hcld by lh Briris'h

sio i.lsitcd bcr of d! po*r

Govmr

Str.a

i{rtrarv
w wd
ale
both

e.-*4.
a

Cn@l in udivid..l Indb. Thcr

Prim. Mhist r

ed r cabiei seleftd
body

by

him. A @lslithl @obly

a.

o$dtmion @tjng

&d

6.
A
61

legisl.tE padi4 rh. adoptio! of @DrtiMotr &d holdirg of g6cEl

judicisl himhy-hcEd by a Supm Coun of Pakislan

cleii6.

B !pFi!r!d dimost

ime.liolely aftd panition, T[@ ws no tim for FininisrBdv. imostioE. The

sc oAeizdi@, prbcdlc, &d polici.s 6 hrd pevsild f@ e t@y y6 h India Tte do8ad.d bdDls of ,tu adnilistntve p@.dNs thlr had betr us.d in lndi! *ft folovd in P3Ust6.
p.lji of lst

6isLdc

10

adoF tle

ri E} o EI o o o

til

The job of setiinS up PalislaD's adminirlrdtior

fI lffg.ly
and

to two

edor nosl

bu@FnB *io

had

bcq !!@bds of

l[.

Indi. Adir

A@dts S.flie Ghubb

(larq P.irc

Muharnad (laler Gdcmr Gneral orPakirlr) &d ch:

Moh.dtul Ali

Minister of Pakisirr). For a tine an r p.nidoi ihe land @upicd thc uiq@ posilion

ofth. S.@tary GenEl ofPalistan. lte et !p.ndhad.d

lhe entiE c.nlral

setariar
Prim.

od al$

sed 6 dbiftt sr.t&y,

esrblishncnt @rel!Iy,.rd

ldvis

10 tbe

Minisld. Iae politic.l ladc6-M'ihdold Ali JiinaL Liaqu Ali lha!! dd oth.6

w6 p@upied
thcy

with political qwstioD in thc filst yed of Pakietan'e Gxisteo@

10

dd

l.t adninjstnlion

th6e qlqienced in tuh matt a-rhe civil swers-whoe

iDll*re

parti.ul&ly grel

beaw

thc diniaB

w*

inqpdidccd &d

their

legislative

&d d@tiv. dtofty *s und@i!.d by JiNh's

Chain nalic

r! xn.ri, Bin $yed, th cnfar

GoEnh.

ol P.rlian, 1947-1951' Mccirr unirer.ny

S,z

R{"to.'ary

e.-.a-.
Ur.

In spir. of all lh6e

oktal6,

fte f.d.nl gov.mdr M seB3lully

dsdbly
mr on

improvied duing th slllmr 1947. Th litsl consiituni

194?

Aug8l

10,

dd elst d Jimdr s iIl

Presid@r, On August t5 rinnan

@ sMh

jn

thc 6s1

Govmor Ocncnl of Pslisr,4 shonly

lh.c.ia

Liaqual

Ati

tlE be{rc prio.

Mintnr. O! Aug6t
Duing th.
copins

19,

8ov@r
the

offic.s cldnrnded rteir op@tio.t.

Ely Frio4
inflow

@urry f@d ieM@ble prcbl@ of gov.tme,

liom Indi., md rhb qudioD of

wilh. vat

orEfues

swivd

ir!.li li

wa ibu udcBtardable

thal lhe rasl of constiiulion ms]ine

@t its tult @ncem.

MoEvcr thc fobrLr of the Nation Mohmm.d Ali JiDDL died o.

1948.

lt

S.ptanbcr

wa ind6d mt uril Mdh

ons!tullon n.@

fd @nsdrurion s ldop|.d. No m FtioEl elarioB ard rhir B to prove djst oB for rhe 31aG.
1956 thlr

tlc

Evo

thouSh rh.

ambly w$

slowd dom ii! d.libcntioB by its duat iDdion

legislaiing
in 6

ed .onslilulion-naking
On

body, ir ner 63 a conslirueni body for only 5?days

y6. "

23{ MNh 1956 dD

costiiulion

prenuleaicd in rhc

@urr,
bur wiih

Thc shon-livld 1956 @Bttutio! @ritrucd rbc

VstuiEte! sglc,

!
d,

si.8lc

chdbd LghllrN.

Th

Natio!.t

Asblt E
rsRd fo.

@Bisr

IOO

dnE0y clered

ndbe6, ed &
allowing Eat

addirionnl l0

sls wE

enen

ro b indiEcty

ctet

rd

\vst lalistan equat EpGcni.tion,

1956 coBlitution bad

Goeally, the
@nrinued

linL cffe.i dd ch4ges in govemot

b.forc wnhon eletion of vorcs of no @nfidere. On

ocbb.r

195s,

Mddal Law wa d.clared .!d the | 956 @Elilution

sbrcsated by

dlo Chi.fof ttE

n0Effi offi fl fi ooilgudoooo00

3.^*o,o ffinnnbooHacflo o 6oGFmdooo6|0600 o o o o Amy Stlf Mohmd Atab Khd. Dubg thc eh ys |.t
F.iod following fte

.slxJ <l{rt!.'.i.y

sssinaion of $e fi6r

Prime Minisler on l6n Oclobd

and

l95l

lil

m.nir] Law,

rhe

ffi
,'.! L'I

o p
tg
Igl

couFy had six Pii6e Minisies

Chif

lhEc OovemoFS.nd.ts. AJOb Kl@ i@k ovr

tlt
iaj

Msital Lqw Adminislnlor or 7s Octob.r l95t dd thm twlnty dlys lailr,

thc omc. of prcsided. The

Nmcd

nilibry

@up

validlr.d by thc Sup@c Crurt

EI
"Thus a vicroriou evolution or a succsfin @up derel is

&

inr.mrion lly

e 5l
I'J
|5l

re@sdzd legal method ofchogins

@isiitution."

He $l.blishcd a coulitulion

$mission io d@i!e

the pogrcssivc failue of

,ddidolory gov.mor in P.ri{a,! ed lo suboit ptupoeb for a den@y

adaptabl. 10

chdg.d circustalc dd b8.d on tbe tslmic hituipt.s of .tutice

tolsrmce, Aftr a detailed inquiry, th.

e o E p o tr

ei

eqlal'ty

dd

comisioo subhir(:d

ir Eport

o.

My

1961, but

Atlb kne

senbd on
1962

aurtDrit,id fom of treid.nijal rute, Ihe

P6idmls ,ositiotr uadcr

@slitulio!

u|]!sitall. 'nis

@n9itutiotr

rc
of

apFjrcd to giv. grelter auloMy ro th. pevin$ by inrroducile

siDgle tisr

$bjels

for lhc f.deral lceislalw

vi$ Esiddtiat efionty

i!
lhe

vsrilg in rhe prcvincial

legislatres, The .x*ulive dhonly

povinca a9s vesLd in thc Sovemor, who

appoiired by

ed

subjed to rh. ditioD ofthe presi.lent md Enovable at

vill

by

Or 25 Meh, in disgard of his oM onsiirxi@ wl|jch ouir.d him on

Gigralion ro h6rd ov.r
'6 Raza

tDE

to rhe

sF.Lr

of tlE asembly' h.

wr.

to

c.Iel

R.i

Pakistsn In

pe6p.iw; 19471097: oxlo,i u.iveEitv

pr*

K!@ht .-4.

nofds

Str/ R{rrrery

e.a.t...
d
bn wirh

YaIy! Kbe, CornEdc&jr.Chi.f of lle A@y; I

$ide ed ldve it
etrecliv

optio4 bur ro s&p

b l[. Dcf.M

Fores of palisran which ro<tly

EpB6l

rhe only

ed

o o EI o o
B
E}

lesal insiNhcnt, !o rale ovq

abrc8ared

tull.o

rol ofrh..flairo ofrhe coutry,rt

1962

Y.ny! Kha one .gab

lh. @B$tutid of

ed

declstld Mlrrial

tjw
661a

And spaerion of lh.

a

E3st paki$a,

in 197t, Mr. Zulftqe Ali Buhro b.cme.

146

EI EI
lru

prcsidar lom 29

D.emb{ l9?l to

Auut

1973

&d then a a prime

u u

MirisLr till $e nilirary @up d'd,l

on 56 Juty 1977.

o\
oD l4s
1962

12 ap'il t97t a

@nsritu{o.

B
rhc

pajs.d, wirhour

diM!
l[.
|

by

ov.Nhelhing nljonty ot ilD icpEsnratvd of

fou povinc.s tud c@ into cflect

956 ,ad

Algsi,

1973. Ir fotlovld in substotid psrt rhe ![ovisios of

coGritudos- Ttc min cheg6 Eta&d ro

L 2.
3. fte

The
T1E

Ld.dl

stunft
lrd

qccuiive in lhc pdli.hqtary syslcm

Isl@ic povisi@
The 1973 constitution introduced edain new

fanfts

jn the federEl

a!fug.nd!
200

mosi @tably a

bi@eEl LgisldI!& &d . @@it of @@on i!&r.9s. *,hit. rh.

mb.6
rbe

of rlc Nalion l

A*mbtt

@oriru.d ro b. clered o! O. bsis of

od6t@{c

vot. Sehai. have qual rcpr.&ntarion

fom th. p,ovines, to

bc indircclly clcled by

lbu poviftial asbbli.g Howvq E j

lhc 56r&

F@

Ehain d sith tbc erion

Mbly bele
Iot831

[.d D ey

on rtE

bldler

T]G Coucit of Comon

and the

ws

conposed of an cqual

rMber of EpBenradv.s of ilE Cdrer

.shj <Ud'a.r.y

e.-.t ..
rh

Previnc, wilh foe fedDl nidsreA imluding

piG

hinjrler alld $e foE chicf

fi o

turist $ Ir als hld excluiv. jds.tiction to d.d wirh @hplaints and displtes ovd

wLr

slpplis ilvolving the fed@l or

ay

pnvi@iat

govem
Ite

The

o@il

w.s
a

subjc.l only ro

lalimqr i. joi
Gquil!1mtr of

sining. tr pbvid.d thc fedmrilg

uirs wilh

o o o a EI 5 g
ill
I'I

comon fo@ lo consider natrcs oflracricat @ncd ro thb.

nel thc

l9?3 @Nrirtlion

N.tial

fdbcial .ub.o6y. Hows,

rbc

wc

Frcntal

for ooding

ilis in thc emrgency poks (Act 232 dd jl4), which auoqld

iD

rh

f.ddd

u o s fit
TE

Sov.mdt to asswe powB in th previB

ce

of mrion

or pmvilcial

nt

Th. Bhufto cE l4srd for livc ed a half

y6,

dwins wticb ihc @oony

EI

o o t'J 6
GI

cErcturc4 lhe pubtic

sror B gi@ ! grar det of prcniMe,

$. bsi!

p.kislq,s

o o

apprcach to the ourside wortd ess rcdfin.d on

ot a reladonship with India

rut

no lotrss eughr

.q!.tiry qfth iq

aDd

. tr* q)fu
ws

derelop.d on

coutiiulioDa.l

i$u* dong

diff.rcnr poliricat playa. Ir

a pdod,

tn@,br of

FDntaU.

drlhi$-

! pqiod dqirg *ttict .

sar

d.aj sts @nplishcd.

'n!. nn.re

third manid law reginc

on Juty 5 I ?7 and

udr
ia

Cencdt Multrdmad
1985,

Zi, ul

Haq

cde

inlo

lsr.d

ti

De j0,

Zi!

hiliilry egihe ws $ppoed

to b.0rc shorresl orc-90 tt io P3listr.

te- bli

tln.d
taw

out ro be rh. longet

nor

e.nid

law rc8inc
the

U.lik! tlc orlq tvo turis]

,.gim6, Zia dftt

$rcgar.

exiniag

od rc

ution of lhe coutry.

rL

suTend.d n in
be

sbE@.

Utrdr

ih. Ew dd

tcgal

odd

no,I of I97?, my law ni8ht ai &y tihe

ch4ged by the pEsidenr

theEfoE ther.
rhc

rc tuh $in8

a nldlEat t .ig[tr. ftc

ftDdM@ld dghls @d.Gd by

60fl mffi ffi

ffi [ nffi nfr ceHsbdsnooos60s

l q{.t*.ry nmngo$ammgnno e s g
St

e.-.r@ ntooornffilmffodoor.t
pol@ of
rhe Judiliary

r: rt

e 5
o
EI

4 o e 6

o
G[

conslitulion sbrd

swd.ted.r!

Th

vw cl{i6.d ud6 rlr

siitcd tbrr,all

E
tlt

povbioEl @srirution odd t98tr udd anjcle pBid.Dti,l ord.6 of

15

il ws ctdty

llc

o g
EI

CMLA, irclu<tiDg oihd

od6 dtrdilg rh. (l9Z)

@nstitulion hade by rhe

pHiddt or

&

by the CMLA nanial law Eeuldlionq naniol

6
o {! EI o 6
E

s tr

l.w ord6

and all

ottr

o.d6

@de on or

rna

([e 56 Jul, l9?7 @ t@by dalecd,

tt It

t!!

aotwitbslddbg my

judg@r
b

of

oy

@un, lo have ben vdidty Drde by

@dFr..t

aufiority dd shall nol

c.lled in quesrion j!

ey

courr or

ey goud

whatsocvr.le

s s ll
I.'

Ig

E:

l9?q lel.d local sov.mdr

i6d

ioB

Bft rvivld

.fter a tong F.iod of

6 6 o 6 q g s e 6 g EI n E o o a o n o e

tir

suposion. A hdly Eprcenrarivc l@al govdnEnr w's Btlblish.d in l9?9 itmugh

6 p
G

.letios

on

0!. b6is of aduh fiuchie. prlsideft Aa gav. rop priodq io losl

t

govetmor iBtitllio6 in th. cour.y. On t4u Augusr

E
t! H ''t g

9E2,

Zi! smuccd rh$ by

rhe

EI

h.xt Independence Day 1983 hc wodd giv. to 0E mdon a positiv. ou ine of

Islhic dmenric sysld

on
12

ro

b. inEodu.d

b pltistd Addrcing
awlitrd

rbe

fcd.d Cowil
for rh.

Augun 1983, Prcsiddt

Zi. aMw.d hh nrch

ro

'Flitcd ple

pe&efin tD$ition

fton nilira.y
srab

civitid

ru1.. H

da*ibrl his pl&

as a posirive

oudiE of

e Islui.

ed t[e Istmic .ddlis|ladve ,ynd of w*i!g.a Za

naated de

p@ccss of fo@ularing nis polilicat

pls;

he

ak

d rhe

6udlof hlmic

ts

ld@losy to @ke
also

lutln@darioA A

sp@ial

@mine. of itc

fedeBt @ecit

*t !p for thc m

purlDs. Finally, a spirl comtusion h.aded by a bigtdy

oderrc
1

irff;fr-,lulut:#l:l;**

or1s31ibr'n'b'd printj' onoion o'

o H n o G o o n ll o o e o o 6 o 5 6 e

E E

EffiA6nffiOOOUO6nO

Slil

<Ur&d.t.y

o 6 o o g o s 6 s e tlr n
tll

s g c GI

e.r.r@ wgomo0noso00 OH pl o
o
EI
Anned
Sy$em

epuled ehold oo

Isld. MaulM Z.fd

e tsldic ddu.tic

ABdj, ws

constitutcd

nal
his

lt;

E@Im4laijoN for
political

patisrar. BfoE he

pcdred

tll

pld, Zi!

gaye a lmelhy

b..lqrcud of Ue delmd for

Islanic sbr. in

u o o
tla

I*'

Patislan. He quord exroeivety fiom rhe speechs

Pakisra4 EyirS to prcve tlEr

od

@6nenrs of tlF fouder of d to erablishing

rirra! *E fimly omin

wrc

Islmic

St !e whfl lh. MBlims of th. Indio $b Conrindt

tighdng fo. a sp@te sraG

on

of

s s 6
lgt

th.ir om. Finally, Zia gsle hh plm

ro prcnulgate

tle l9?3 @nslin

rn

wft nesary

c p, tl lt
u t-1
l!' |lt
Ei

m.ndndls_

His

lDrnnidG \r@ .@uc.d i,

14

Evivd of the @.sdruiion of

E g e g

5 u

l9?l ordr, I985-presitled ordd no

|nc @lo8tion of hadc

of 1985, Zia made th folloqing d*isiotr lor

ddo@cy

.d ns

adninilr!"tive sysem
rbtusl of

h pslistar Zi. ul Haq

ro

ile dadncds in rhe coosftmiol\ !h. @in

rh* uadnoG re

s o
o o o g
E
Tg

|ll

tq

g've |l1e prsid.

sHler pow.E EeoB wE nade to

auow rhe

pcside gfdEr

porcr un rcr thcs p@visio6.

The connitution b re$ored bur a batace b. btuusll .bout

b.twen

rhe

poreB of

ln. F4idrl &d ?rin Mirjlrer, ed iic cmlitution hmonjzd wirh bldic
principl. In adopring otner prcposah,

tbe mddndrs
the opinion

du. @GidElion Mlt be give!,,pan

tlD

lo

of lhc nmbe6 of

rhd palidnr tud lie

@n@Ida1io6

0f rbe

A]Mi cotMisiotr.

o o o o o o o o o o o o o d ltl s g

a ee,oenr rc rtoeerouu o rz :.T]'::',!|.a11t"ll5'..*jy:ro.mron and ar o.d6ling, Gowmhd euswr reer, piati.bn E

or

o
F

AiEUd

.sh/ qlirs'...y

g*****t
fi -' !r z
ftrR ha ben
a tor

e.^.h.nonos.nouosffiEo*

fr
6

**" ,*. io od
6ditutio.,l ole.
Lkcrions

orcontrlve^) q,n c;ad ro th. rolc or Ey Mb csaft b rl'otc ofdlc amcd fof6. 1016. ',,cam.d this @niror*y too. The md

! r

E O

The

@qt

&cepted pojition

i,6is

Dand will

.*, ,, ** .; ".;
be

Daini.ine<l

E
H
i$

fi, $ I O
E

url

be he,d on rhc

b*,sofadurt
appoilred by

suf6!se.
rlc peidrtrr. ad rt. p.M, appoinrcd
in

rr'. prim. Minisro

nusr

wil h.

ii

|ne

eB'dor! vi.w comand ha|orir, sppon

of

d.

n lionat

senblJ.
!o

ft.
,

H
H

PrineM' skr. wrtun rqo nonths

smp
bs

onoromce.w t b. equir.d

El rccor,indeieto@rheurionarasnbry.
s.
rn'- o" rc.ia*,
r"ets r,Er a dd

obbin

willnlYe ro b. hcrd * tu ?5 d!ys. I 6. rhe pesidenr will have the powels ro rctm for Bo4idcralion ro the a$ehbly dd fi l o. ho@ b'r which h6 ulrudy bq p*$d. e Tl pr$idcnr
a

E . B clcclotate, h ce diselv ihe oaiio,,t a$mbly. But in such & ev@ fsh el.clios $
di*r rd *erins
a fresh dddare

of$e

will

be lh suprme

@med*

of Oe

mcd

foees. H. wiU appoinr

rh. Jo.r ch,cfs o, s|all @Mjne &d rhe chiefs or rhc aln or lhe "f I $,r'**"a *.i"*-aaeremine Lh.!e@andcondrosordeirappoinrrndls d rhe appoinhenr of rte chief etaron mssioner Md memb.rs or rhe g"

th.

ch.im

mmision
por."r"..

win aM be oad. by t[e

p6j{rsr

jn cmdEdon wirh rh chi.r

junie of

The provincial govemos

will .tso

b appoini.d by the

p6id

Str/ q{dr.,r.y

3.-.r..6

tn day

will not

be able to

ddt@ d emr8.ey wirhour

rhe

advie ofdE @qcit.

IE
b

composilion 6d dulis of th mrional

scuity coucil MII b. moucd tatei.

o E o o
b}

FI

&l

In ords ro inprove tbe eononic @ndifioN of lhe couEy ihe privare en@@gqr dd prcre.led.

s4br will

u o It F: t! p o o o u rd
EI

Accordingly on Novnbei 10, 1984 Zia uounced his decision !o hold a In tn rfcrcnrlM, held on De.mbtu 19, ii
simple

r.fcendu.
a

ws n&le

dw

thd Ihe affimdioa by

io zia ro

tujonry of

rhe

vols cee mdd b. $.n

s a orldlre

hain

in

ofre

for eorher five

ye6. In $c

words of on political

@meat.lor:

"Th EfMdu
qudds
10

exercie, whjch .@c

a boh Aom thc blw,

@ sid

by ofrcial

sr@ froD rwo comFutsi@, Fi61 if thc

isri

of thc pEsidol's .terion

s o

nol ettled before de elecrio. lo the

pdlim.nt,
ro thc

the, there

w6

evcry possibihy ihar dE

elered hemb.F wuld mr

!!min lotd

pFidenl od .u@ bis own sub6quat

a*i- --tt.
colms'.
e,obab'liry

d
$ I $

".g**
sG o

b.in8 rhar if lhe @ninared DtubR of the depcnd.nr

pstim.n(Maiti.-

who

in tnn posilioc edircly on lbe soodqll of $e

c& ate

@$iotr difier non $. o6ci,l h!c. rhd rh4

, gElrtr

fr s "**" o
6 a n
t

6 dE eteckd pdr,mor..nes woutd b{ moc indeFndenr dd bftforc om.',rt , *g" r' undd rhis tosic, ir B cstrtiat ror z,a b me his om *a. *0,,r,* on dDr or d so.rar ercrim.

El

o_ ' M*b,hdH*..'P*rd O
D<.nba. rr.
re34

oonrm8NoncGKff oodo6ffi 6nodsmutsogouBoe|ofi

St,.J <U.d!*...y

G.ndal

daios wE

held

r.bna.y 25

1985 for

2l7 Naltoial

Asbly slls &d

1985 be

on !bru!ry 27 lor 481 eais in the

fou provircial amblies. On 23 Md.h,

Sindb

nomjlald a
ihis ofr@

!er@ politicitu Am

6 th. Princ Milisld of PEkisr!

who beld

t!,
tcl

till

1988. Od 29d May, l9SS,

pEsid.ni Zi.-il-Haq @ovcd ihe govcmnl

E: FI

of PIire Miniscr

Jwjo &d di$lved

th

Nario.,l

Ashbty o.

thc

ch{gs:

IrconpctcG oI adDinistration

c d

!r'ilin8n*
Failw

to lol@ie @mptio.

o .
E
E

io ptunor.

lslmizlrion of$e S@iety.z

g e EI o o lg It
D

n o 6 g 6 . g 6 . t e . q
rt
E

On 6$ Aulust, l99oj rhc PEsid.nr diselved rhe Nalioml Arembly and rdovrl lbe
Prim Minbtc. Be@ir Bhutio oo HoEe

*v.El g|Wds:

hding of el..cd Fpc*ntnrives

E D E g

s o

o
Ei

Co@ptid ed N.potiso
Violrtion of co.sritudon ptuvisioB elc.:l

G e o o

3
E

on l8d Apdl

1991, rhc

Psid.nr dislv.d

fi.

natiolrt

Asbty d disir!.d

thc

I 6
tr

Prine Mioisrer. Bul lhis dne, The Suprme Cout eeptd N6w@ Shdifs petirion

siich

6 o
B

fild di@tly unds it5 juisdidioq ard @t within rlE Hig[ Courl.

Naw

o g n E 6 o
E

Sheif rcsM.d

Primc Minisler on 26d Mny

'edr

bd enh @IinC

lr3. fte eveds of this piod de onl dcoosirarc lhe .xr! of potiricat tI@ukirg,
my
once aglin

mhtlkes End absine rh. powt thal Esulted in th

bMning ovenly

n E n g t{ o E g

AI E!

_ Th dail, _

nE diry

dM (xaerlt tuq 7, 19e0.

l.kGpp44

Th6 Nar@ {rdErunad), M.y 30, 1033.

s E

n0nfl 0srf, ffi f, d 0grdunndon

dsmcotr|Eon
dr. .loniMr (pow.tul) Prim Minisrcr On 5d
and

Sr,.J <l{it..'.r.y

e.-*or oood60eboo60ddE6
As

foft.
|hd

ul!

on t8d .,uly

t93,

rhe

PBiddl &d
ww Ept@.

rtE

with

rh. fo

r.m6

rnd Chicf Ministers

Nomb.r

1996' The Pr6

ttmEd Prihe Mbiila &d dislrtd ln.

Nlliolrl Ashbly. IlE Grewd! ilcludcd:

The non-inpl@entation

o o n o 6 o o o o o o
ffi

ofthe .ppoinrnot ofjudges

ce.

Complion

Lug.
In
199?,

Scale

ddi.l

of Hul@ od

lhdlhrllt

Righld.z

Mt

NrB@ Shdif

blh.

thc Plioc Minind fof

sfud tire.ftd suirS

Ae.ndjMr

ovd wlt lniry Thc

mjoritt.

He rcpe.lcd

soh. Fovisiotu of lhe Eigbd CoBlnudon

Thind h uerdMr Io

$.

mortd sn si8lm6( po@

i!
patticdd sub{b& O) of

@trf.d.d or thc Presidor by tbe Ed madEat, ald Aniclc 58(2).

Ire teqMt

(!buc) of rh. laffd inEodu.d m rcal chaag. brt

conlibutd lo politicol inslability,

ne

6fihs cheg* wft

intmduced by the

Anicl. ll2(2)(b), *hich

applicd lo $e

povitu$ in

a way simnd to

Ani.L

Ani.le l0l
"otr $c advic. of",

E uerdd to p@vid. thar tb. PEsidcnl atpoints de Covmo6

i$lsd of"an r @sulrrlion
with" tbe Prim

Mirislr.

?'Th. dily dawn N*mber,7No19t6.

Strl <l{rt!@try

ffiti

e.r*d.
243

C,nrrol of the

.ded folq udd Aniclc

prevision lbar lh.

tutty 61orst ro lhe

Feddl

Oovcmdt onifting fte

Pasidot in
his

S.die Cbi.6

94

io be .ppoi .d by the

di$etiotr.

The Fourlenlh
ctuss

Amodmor bol .w.y thc ddi of

rhe

ndbes

of lh.

eDbli.s

to

pdiy liles, Both @ndnde nrthd sr.ngth.rcd thc prjn Minster. Ilt p.ine

Minisler wa still not salisted

*i$

ih. ambt of powr he

p ct u
&t rd
ItJ

had

&cudaled, .Lcided

ro nove aeairst dE judiciary. By indicating rh.r be wished to rctain cosidqable

conttol over judici,l atpoinhnG,

fii

h. adopcd rh.

posirion

lelo edlid

by Be@n

Bhutr.. m. 6tdt ws
r&ed r oDJIinni@al

orbd

onto

lrjon eith rh. judici{y, dd phtista! a8ai,

bMldou.

tn the fall

t97, Chi.f June saijldAlishdhir

b&k

ar

th. Pribe Midster on 0rc @nrdPt of @ur

lLe supEme Coun in

jNti@ of
ihstituting

unan

isu. Naw hd spokdofde dns r!m, ald Ihe jdss had rqoqted by
rquested by

@nlnpt of coun proc..dingr .g.i.n $c piime Minisid. Ile rrin

supposd !o

Minisld

wo* wi{rin $c systa dd w6

fie ihd

pasideni but n tmed doM ln. rqu31 lo FDov. rh. Chif ,urice of pa&jslan_ The

Prcsidat declined, md the Prihe Minbr.r lhr.!t.n d him wiih

crisis

iDFa.ltrMr 'Itis

wa rsolved with

rhe

6ig@rion of Prcsidor rod Chief r8dce of patjstar

:ron l2d O.tobq 199, ChailrM toint Cli.fs of Sraf Comin. .!d Amy Chief
ccnchl

P Musbar.f*izd po i. by d.posing Pin Mbill.r

the

on

ctdsd

Int rlering in rhe aflaiB of

m.d

foF6.

ooondiuu0ErdEouo

.slna <l{i&o...,

o5ffi
ro

3.r.*d6

D.stbilizinS it od l.yilg

cElre
1he

dbsliotr

within ils

mt.
rri,.d c.ncrrl Muh.rEf

'Iris

@up

an r

& hou

dcpos..t pdhe Mhisie.

dd Bpl@d hin

wnh $e mosr

juior

Li.: cendal zio ud dia chief of rnte.

Sdic6

tat

g o
el o lll
E!

fi ttl

t5

E E g

l'!

o o o o 6 g

c a d

to

e tr o o o 6 6 o o, u o

o 6 5 tJr rh. cNN A!i. N0, Ociober 12.1999. ff o 66 ofr sffi 600noffi 0060ofl onnoffi 0060nnf, oofi

o o g

St"z <l{.tr-.tt

e.-*-.
r

Thc Struc.ure of

P.kiltrd C,ovcnb.rt ir rh.

99(b

'Ihc Excurive

'ft.
hrs

q@$ion of whabq rh. or@riw shodd b. in

. pBid.nri.t

or

prniMbry fom
rhc locB

EF r.dly

rDublcd Prtistan. DEing

de fifty yars of plthra

of

FI

FI

.xeutivc sdtority che8.d @nrjnuou{y *irh itd.Ddd.r@, it resr.d

i! Covcftr
dljlL
n

o o

Gmd

Mohmh.d Ali .,idd, .s rhc Foud.N of thc Nnior. O! hi!

d.slvcd, .pFoprid.ly wirbi!

r Fdi.fuory irdch, o!
his

Liaqld Ali Khd sio

Edi.cd a Prirc Minisi.r. folto*ilg

Plni.lly, fioh

lasi.dioa n.g.i! lhin d, bln rti, riDc

wioa

Princ Miri5c6 ro Odcmr g.n.6l

ch!.n

MohrEncd.

Fouowi.s rhc adoption of

ll!.

t956 @nstirtlioq

pBid.ir l!&{dd Mid Er.i!.d

ligni6c6dy .utboriry depirc dE pdlirDdgy di3!6!ltio!, An.r Ocrobe 19j8,

PEsidot Aytb
by

Kh{ cx.rci!.d

3upt@. pos. for

td lrd ! b.lfy.&s,.d foltoEd

Yrlya Khe for n.lrly rhE ye{B, Bburlo fd

thrr no b! s r pBidd rnd $a

l9Z pBidln AFd-Hta dtlrd
l9E5

for fow

y6

.s

Prin. Mi.5t

r.
s

AAGr

,uly

hirelf s th. chicf Exeudw titl t9E8. An6

pdrlid.ntdy fom of goEl|mnr
chicfExeurivc
$Es

prtisre p!.ric..t qEi.

O,r

PBidar th. chi.f *eurivc.

Aprit 199 rtF

oF

ag.in cb.!e.d

rn

. 0t.

r?6t

oft

Ed

@cndhcll.

Tbc Pridri
Ttc P6id.nfs ho@ is rh. enrd of
visiE of sne or @ th.

si.l

ed @nnid acivid.s duing d*

of &E d foc.s,

dival of .
fo! nd.,

enb.sa.t

(. H. qpoirB ctic6

fcd.'d minftla,

nidnE

Flviei.l govqbts, aron , go@t, cmpr![.r

.sld q{d'o...y

e. *o..
H. hs rlE disdoMry poE ro apFid
tbe

lh. advie ofrte Prirc 6jnin

r.

cti.f

.lciion clruisiom of P.tisr.! &d rlE.iudg6 of rlE Courr.t

The C-S.P. is

mt lhe ody civil

epic

in pslj$alr nor do.s ir h2v. a

mpl.te

mompoly on all of Ih imporret adrni.jshltivc FosirioB. It is orc of ttE so{al|{i

Centd supqior sdi@s stjcn al$ includ. ihe pabstan

lodg. swie
olbtr

(p.Ls.), of a

te
tix

Polie Seric. of !olisi&.

colldtion or

IE

Audir ed A@bts

Saie,

wiB

fineial mnft,

rne R

jlwy Sryicc &d th. podd Swie.

An officisl

gowor

palpblet st 16 rtry

rhe

eiee

hb.t d,,surdiod_

nc Sdvi6
Seryiq irfqid
lheE
10

e d*ib.d

s Slp.rior for rlE obvic tlen

cilil $rysls *,tb
is a

tb,r

lhF @ n ry

thd.

For cvery

l|rmbd of a SuFid Snie dd orgeiation ofrheF

Eveiy
laree

hundtds *do @ nor

TIF@

rol, nErgcmor"

nwbeF
io

dnedy tne Espotribility of $os who

dtd e S$dior Sdie.

Fst

dr

Supqior Civil

Sries
wy

is a porl

otNdbrity ed EspoNibiliry, upo!

the

fiIirg of

wbch in a satisf&bry

depnds rhe

futw of rh.

Srai

dd

lbe wl-bine of irs

By fsr tlE m6t

ioFllmt of66. C.n!d Supaid Sdi6

pdnphta rcfas ir gtowing lerDs.

is lbe Civil

Snie of

Patjslo

to

*bich

tbe

sovcmfl

P.kd.n, Mi.bfy

ot

tfl,

]ne ss!.ultbn ot r.lsntc

@bli. of P.kEb.,

aprit, 1997

rh.

' P.kislan. Th. c.binel s@r.lirt EsEbti.h@.t Divilrid.

SurciorseBies. (xa@hi'

Cffi

tle

Patisran C.nhal

gnfl 006odgffi EaEHannf, oono00mnondffii00HEl

<l{dr'.i.y F-a,S 3.-,t"ro6o@o6oEoffi

Sr,J
nE r,vil

civit B Sdrc.. *lnch B ore ot |]re disn s!$cd civit Sdie m rhe wort4 Atdoush rhe E rda6t ofrlE supqior f@iccs, il is a bod, or! f.e hudled ody. &nn"misrofhm E
of
is th. succ.sr

sdie

pslt|lr

***ffi
ir
psi.i.srai

or dE tndia

ioFdlar hetj6 of go!@mrn d.l @ *iotr! subj*l to sut dietioa ti6 d. p'ift r rsporuibility for suing dF lrnqujliry, qll bcing .rd g@d govedrErr of th.ir
minisrqial and lgida,rirc

wno,

udd

dirlclio[

sa!i$ lMy

of

rbe

oolr

E B
H

coutry.:!
Ahhough Er.ded
heDuoncd atove, rhe

I
b 6 uE Csmt
Supcnor
rhc

sFj6." tm ot the wies

suppty fr otn&B b rhe pretui,t gotrhatu s wU $ !o d. enrd sovtm61 TIEy N E fEqemly callcd rhc 's<bty sdjc' ,n s nsr G $ oE6 i, rhe wi6 bar E
th.

civit scryie of p.trsr.h ed

potie sdvie of psJri$ar

tujd

csFoNibility tur the rJlslrion of llw aad

odd.

As th. adnjristradE

g.Fralisls
orucu

t[.

C.S,P.

ofli6
bur

Nu.tty oun d.s his

Ftie

@btelpur ed my eiv. hin

6 e energtry
{Es
rwo

wutd sldom inLrfor with potie oFntiou. With ih

Dositiotu jn th. prclircial

exc.ptioi ot

$Ni6,lhe

go\fudj e
al i.he

iilted by

p.MMl dmM 6m

the

Pbincial Civil

S.fli6 dd
filt.d

lEfujld

pmvirciat

ls.l,
Sdie

Mon of$e recbDicjl positioB

d & !d hoc b.sis @ ite advice oflh.

Frgi|Eing
wiU p@halty b.

.l9rpria&

public

sie q)mjsi@ ft.G ir hoeeq, a Ct tui

tn tuDr.

slct d by @npdilive ermi.atior! ard othd rehdcd $Ni

t!@ited similarly in

ffiffionotrf,
Although rh.E

.sril <l{d..'.Iry

e.-^..c nd5{modnontrr ocr E o o

of civitie

G m e@c figB o lhe.rdba

@
b

.nptorq of
of th. mtiond

eom.nr
paid by the

in Pakisr!4 a very ough BrinaE

nade on

tn

basis

imome studies ofrhe

paliso rkmins

e g a o o
E

Board and available budgets. About pai.t by $ provirciat

civilim re

qhal govcmot dd lbou civitis @

dre

govml

rt Et
E G E
EI

ed l6al go\ffienll. Alno$ tm tlftdr of

Bigtred to rlr

6rd

sotlrjtMt .r!ploy6 @

nilwts ald ore si\1h b

psrs ald

rcLgophl,

o o
of a Chi.fJ!s1i@

Tbc Suprene Court

Pakjstan's highes

audDrit

is ihe

Slpme Coln @6ini.8

ad

nol

mE u@ sixt\*o
dEy Etirc

jude6, aI of

*tDn

ft

dppoiai.d by the presidot. nE judges

o o E E q o
E

sre btil

.r

ft

age of sjxry-6w

y4.

-Ihe

&mal Prled@ is ftr

ibe
rhe

PEsidat to apFinr soior nmbqs oftlE LiShdr povinoa

Sup@e Coun b.n

cM

io r&arcB on

o o

bnl $ Corodnnjo!

als

previderl tha he coltd aproint a pe6m

sto

had

saed at lcst finm ym q

ddvoclre or

plado of

ih highc$ pbvircial

-IrE

SL4rh. Court *nt6 inie.proviEi.t or ldqd_provbci.i djsp&,

PDvinciat Coub in imponbt civit ard aidinal

[6

+pels tom

srn.!d

giv.s adrisry

opinioB al thc Equ6t of lne Pesider

. Mdy nmb6

of th. highd Coutis in patislln

@ al$ ienbqs of the c,s.p. 'ft adninisidiod ed r\. juists bolh of whon srss
p@ed6t dd law ard odd

Mt

be

delibd s couqg*s in

lhe

hst ofc@dDg

sllble

Pakisr.h, Planning B@.d, .per Capir. In@re AdhnElEtivo Sclsc$. 1930, p 279

ParbEn' Inrdaron.t R&w of

ooffi oonooffi medof, f, ooffi EHano00df,

oossffinonoffiffi
rhc ArD.d

.Sr'.a

q{dx'...y

Forcs

e.-t *"*H
E
E
$e Nodh-Wesi

4 subs14lal pDporru or lh
the

m.d 106 ir un<thrkd rndra @ draq tuD

Inniio
povince, ihe

sLoJd ribal" 016 ed $e puj.b pDvre w.rc sereElly bh sui@d tu &my Lre both physiquc &td r.mF@r rb!tr 60* toh ods rrs x'llitc plnjuotr ioon 'la Palitu qth a shoose of ooy iyp6 of Fdir,.d./hinienk ad rahri.d Ft3)mL ir b Mlr endosld wid milEv to6, who qjoy.d a hieh dp@ion.r
In

@0, stich is now pakistdn.

lol.lis toh

S
H

E E
H

noml

times thre is Elalively tinlc co.tact berreen the nitirary md

of

cirlie
or

eM6.

Mey of ilE fond Send nuh

th.n d@ j!

@tu

.a aid u mE

16

ielaLd @y

pori' Ho*E, *ter ih6

o.
rh

&E

sipE disnlnllB, llE civilid

ofodd.
It ie ct@ $ai
air

adninistraroE cdl

Dilrary

b sin b
d

rh. nai!|lei,@
a

Prkisla's
tn only

sail

bur well

di$iplin

dcd

fo@s irctuding
dre

mal @!a dd

foce

e
roo

tnpondl, ore&izd insEuars hined jr

ioo lcareE4 too poor

@ of foe,
rhe

ft.

police

fw i! nhbB,

raisd, ed l&k

6u@

b h.dle qy1ling

eoE Ibr. ldd no&, FunhmoE, ihe potie (b mr luE

enjoyed by

rh

!r6rig. o. pblic

GIer

$c Amy, Any govdl@t iI

did

low nln tE alle to @uit on thc $ppon of

thl1 rh.y

th

gwnls, $D. of wnon

rh

rct dtgui$ rh.n be[ef

rhan lhe

ould do a nc

ereriv. job of lmins

@ury

poliricim.

P.ine Mintuter, Porty potirics, Atr,l pressure Grouo&

r Td Ye6

ot P.kt3tr.n 10471957 (Kacni pakLtln pudraiioro,

s57r.

ncffiddnon|n0ffioonnd6

Slrl <l.lrrcfe y ogu@6Ho6g0

3.-.ro-

oo60mo@oGHloHIrl

g o

s
Ihe Indi&a did no! @tr lh. iop @kj of lh. civil or nitirdy wiccs in brge nmbds unil
rhe l.s1 d.cad. of British

de .rd ilDs

s,lto did hld rc.kEd cl@ty with

tr a

til

Bridsh offcial! for

ney ycm,
rE tBalariws

ft.
lhey

mos1

o @ u g
ct G c[ ttl G

s o

!t

FErtul cter.d

j! palisr n!rc
6e l{gc

D.D

Lldtoldl.

Sie

.rfti*d

virnslty .

pok

of [G ard danh

oq

r@b.6 oftaer

6ffi

*t!o dned $en hoEings ir

dicld o otb.ryie

m ..{ sulliidlg $al th@ lddl fmd! rtD @utd bc l,birhd if Ib., jruld $. l&dlqd,s lodilir, s+!oi.d r!.
in .frec(

rodou@ .t 6e polls. Ev.ry inporLit t&dtoft!

or vols. Ary loljtical psny

@rolt.d a &bd!!tid

bl@k

rt
r.,1

(o tg

m tN n@ dcFidd @ hiD {e h. $!s @ th. pEq, Undq th* @did6 thqe 6 s hinimh of pdry disiptire ad facdon lirm
foubhc4
leeisldire In

slit. of th. lMy

!s

dispur6,

o al E} q 0
et &l

;j

bownr, ihe sft r..B qppatld i! rh.

r!$bliB
skBtul

rcpsidiirs
!!lts
&E

of oi. Friy
chin

q .mrha. L
ad

0ddition ro rhc

hdbrnr h!io6m.a GtigioB tade!, biblt

naw ben
.r {E

iq

.h tiltfu.ivjt ser

Orgoi2d

br.rBt gu46
blt

t{ lll

eirbd filIg, coh6ive, @r.oflnoD jn palisr.,r.

rhe

rlbor hioB
b$oesso@,

*tt
me

e sqt,

Ir!. nFs hcrl oryei4d g@ur6 @

and rlE

vet@E, r\e

s
EI

n r:

cl

tbfasionsl as*ialoru,

eligioN tadaq

s ftll s

i&h6,
a!

&d orhd

edu.a&d

!DUF, Ih.! efttu, fq

thc no3t

i*n, naw b*n di6r.d

which hrs

6c
io

c EI
E
Cl

o@tiotr

@i5i@ of so@

Djtu goi@mrd deisoq

dd

in@nwni@ q b,s artwety affecd 0E dd!, d ami.g ..p!.iy of6.ir D@b.^nip

1}.

relc ofrb. pr.ss jn potitici wbile.tiffcdr io ascsJ, ,s Fr,b.bty r

oircr

srlk

o ct o

cl

dna@jd@si@lhc nsof l[cpopdatidijnhledili,LEle. N.e+rpco@

EtoffeKl

OE

Sl,/ q{itr.'.t.y
govmftd

e.-.,6,E

be

Ii..rivly @nr$lled by

the

if thcy beom.
,Dd

(Ely
by dE

cririet of ib op@tiotu

ard

i!.

tulio &d Gtevidd srad@

ovd.d

oF,acd

go!|rrlMr

The Pmvirciat

AdDirilrration
legblrnB hld the qclGire
dghr io

6l bl

Und6 Pakisn! Cdsdnrdon rhe previftial

pss

E
FI
L.t

|iit

Ls ollmine
Govfu,

th.

mj

!a!cc of pubtic odd, rlF &tbidsrlIion ofjunic., tdti,

EI

agricultuE, leal govmclq educat@, w1d,

h.jin!

mads,

ed

wlfarc.

the

$,ho is appoirred and

is d@ chief

nly

bG

dh-i...d

by rlE

p,6i&nr on rlF ldvie of

o n o d

the PriDe

Minist r,

qculire of thc

pbviM. ilt!.

(jhlea Minislq thil

of rh.

l)mbd
Acling

of thc
on

pbviNial
advi@

ilsbty

mosr

[t

ty

@esd d.

@nf{kde

mjdity.

fic

ofd.

ChifMjnislr, rlE covnor aprojnB

d @oB ite ebiner

divisioDs, which

Eeh pDvioce js subdivided for adoidsr ive purpses inlo

MrL

up of

.lil1licls Fah divisid

is

hed.d

by a

'cdmis@,"

u9Dry

said

C.S.p

Otr6.

A disrid is re{ded by a ,distid nESisraL( eho als hs t\e tide of

or

,,.tepuiy

<Dmi$iooeti
of

'@[ek!ii

for sDglicriy

$. km

"disdcr

omq, ,iD

b. !s.d in pt@

d@ tms. nds ofie ws @aLd

The district

by lhe Bddsh

a $.

ty el.mm in rh.i. srsrro of

conh.l.ri

off6
i5 rh.

is, by

.tt od{t, ih.

He is

ms

imdoltad officirl in $ districr; lo

of rh.

Ih

arcEse

vilrgd, h.

eold@nr
in hir

Bpocjbte fo. lh. @ltadon

led

B!u6 ed

for law and

oda

disfict,

'#"ifg:t"i noffi s6f, omnoffi e60ofr oosoffi s0000n60ldbr50

#,:"d,1,"'"

dk'rc,"

3nd rn

dilrEr booid.ds.B m.de rEm

ro

tm ro

Su <46-.11,
n e
E
f,ocal

3.-*@

Cov.nnert
p.tj.r&
ciry, rhe

c E

6 o o o o c g o g c 6 6 o E 6

c c

o g

tr c 6

I!

a q?icat

cirjb .lel rhe llMbeB

ejih dd oth.r @|l@n

of ric hui.jpal

6min ed lhe myor. stb @n(h dEelv

public hc.lrh, *"ler
budCer

u. dminjstrlrid of oa{is,
locat

ad hiarioa fE
the desie

ti!

nehting,

turcrio!& nE
rh

dieqsioro,
a

ofneEhanrs for bnci b.ds or d.e.t tigtr5,

int Gsl jn
@r

n
E
c:

i5

lhe

exidion of

qlg mi!,

de

pFbld
of ciq,

of tgf, 6r! and speial

leshab @
United

urlile simil&

di$Nios

htd in

ehe

@@it cnebqs D ine

bc

$'16.

lcat govm@r

E
H

bodi6 in palis1atr

acgo.ird

EI
in ro ieo

eteeorif.

Ior lne RMt eas, thrce ir?s ofcobcils havc b@ siabtished,

a)

Union Coucthr In all rhe pbvines, UE ldon @ucits @ ai the lowst rue of the ladder. A uio, @ucit oBisr of 7tJ o! tr. basis of popualron tuging 10,000J

s E
a&

bl

mm6

5000.

b) T.hdt Couocit:,

tls @mb.Bhip

hs th@ tuin on+arcdg

wid! rrE r?tsit, sine q Thsil

i.

All etrcted chainM ofrhe

uio. @udts

cov6 a l&ge,

geoeEphical

@ ed Fpula,rotr le
6

a w,on cobcil

neobs hate up. Tetdt uion.

All l.cted o.DbeE of loM @nmin

otrcio

wilijn Oe Tel,!r; $rb @

ex_

EhB (h!v. @ dchl io vo!e) ofT.hsit

@d.il.
Er sub-divisjo@l levet

Ali rep@nrarivs of na on_bliuing deporrnenrs

wno d ex-oficio nembeB oaTehsil

@ucjl.

The tem mflon

l buildin!

offidfldeodoo6soo

Stn/ R{errly

3.^*.8

#
b.dy

****'*H
e.r
dev.ropmenl

edrca,on.

imea..n
d .t@tcd

@mucni@ dd sryri Rcnk

rhsil @udt is thu panty

E E

ad

fi
|ii

panly

oBjsi,

of ofiici.i

l|@bds.
is rhe nosi

Fl

O Dirt.i.t Courcit fte

disrict

@u.il

in qr.fi

r@al

@ucit, h i!
d on lh.

6
$l

ehetircs ate cllld.Zits Cowil" od @bGR @ d.1@n

bsis

ofpopulafion of40,000 !o 55,000. For the nnbcBhip ofdisbic! coucill

i)
ii)
ii,)

otr ndb.r aoo cv.!, uiotr @0cil.

Atl

chtmd

ofihe T.hdl

Coucit'
wilh thc dist ct.
th dist ic!s.

A1l th rh

chain@ of

bM cl)mjtic.s

iv) All

chaim ofMuicipal

@mirts wiitin
rh. mmbr of
d

v)

The dputy

@mi$io@ i, ale
ub.n

dshicr

2)

Ufir A|ai
lmcly:

For dre

.rq

th@ t

F
is

of @!.qrs nNc bc.n drablisn.d

a) Ioxr CoEDitt

-A

bu

@mirie

etablish.d for

& uton ag

navjne
is o

a Dopuraron ex@eding 5000

bul noi exceeding 20,000. A

tom cominee

p@Iy elelld body.

It

cleld Ecmbc6 $t6't a .hdlrm

trw .mn8
ub.a

b) Mhi.ip.l CoDDi.t6: - A Muicipat Comi6E

@a havins a populadon qceding
of
2O,O0o bul

is aiablish.d fo. @

les rhd 500,000. fte nlmblr

Dqnld

ia

. Muicilrl Comitl. my

vsry

b.t*!

15

!d

50.

.ffiffia'No
urbe a@ &vi!8 a

Sl"J q{,{r...r.}

MuiciDrt Corpondo.r: , A Muicipal ( oTmrjon @y b @c,par Corp@tion eublished erlblished

poputdioD

qry T**-""fi
for

3.-*^

H A

.\ccding j00.000. Ir mu{ hoKv.l

frob E provine io Dtuvie {rd ftoo lelriy to locatir, g &F&ling u!o! irs poput lid In a ciry, the cnitu .lcr the nenb.6 of fie Mwicipst o@itEe lld d I d.yor, sno corcd th.nelvB
ald hishr v.ry
wirh rhe

tudbqEd dlr

popdauotr tiDja. boLh drc

tok

be fr

adDinttr

ion of ,oads, public

wlt red sitario&

fc

fieblitrg snd

olld @nm! lftat

nbdions.

heat.h, E

Strl <llds'...y
BEondoffi06n6df,no
5 n 6 o g o g s a 6 n g s u c s g E[ e o a g 6 s d a s o

s E

Chiprer6:

Tbe Civic Cultur. of Corruptior

Tte Culture of Co..optio

Codprion in ?akjsr.n b d6cih.d
Ex Dputy IDp.cto.
beome a

g
a "p.rusire dd .nrerchd..
Ac@rdirg tbeft
10

Cq.ral of polie, It @ j&ting

mororltE

hd

a bl 0
E;

&I E EI

pofit

bl

ildBrry of moE

fte

fiv. billion rup.6 .nd I hav.

no donbr

tFl

G
F) ItJ

soDe @mpt .lcmefts in the Dolie depdnmni in

glove wirh lh. Mafa @@er.d

SidI 6d Bal@httar
doioEyct.
thefl_

on

had in

*iI[ @jeting dd

s o s n
E

Indu$'ialisrs

coNid* bribery ed olhd hadouts a mutin @st of prcd*{on. dd

op.nty
who
s1ai

@ntet6 ed bBinssd
k paid ro

ih.t

! sig,fi@r F@n&ge
ir

of then @due

o o F o

sov.mor

off6
ets.

luftal.

Bom

is p&o !o

eovtudr oft6
almd aI otrcial

who all@ate rleir cont

Co@plion is alg.d ro be p&vatenl jn

o g

iocluding Ihe poli@, lhe judici!,y, te douc ocpal@n! &c pNFn 'Ndturiou, oflice, cutons 4d xi omcq, tl@m@icatiotr oryeiajoB, ed .l@trjcily &d

8a bod&. In .&h of Ihs. d.petna1s,

the

p.edel

jrvolv.d mge ftoD tow leyet

4PloFs

to lop

negtMr

ln the mjd-1980s, MabeLulHaq, a fo@r minisLr of fiodce esrjmtcd rlur iltegal

palme

s ro

gov.hl@l o6ci.& !@ cquivatmt to doul60 p.tqr of rhe lo1't

rh

rss
dd

coll*i.d by

govtu@r.

In a 1995 swcy of 200 time in Dduflctuing

comnere, @@piion od oihe wee viewed

4 th. fouth

mosi

imlorlalt comaint ro
rhey g.vc brib6 !o

b6in*.

Sevcnry

.idr lelqr

of

Espod.nr .cLrowlcdecd rh.r

.s|,l <llilx..t.y
o 6 g n o s q g 6 g o o tr e o c o e o o n o 6

somgt

e.-.r@

EtnHmffitffi
I25,OOO

oticisls, vhile

rhe

@ud shs lsid @nnonly ngd b.r@n

&d 625,000

Th

lcwl of @@ptior! or al l.an ils preprioA h6

inftr*d

in rh. 198ft dE to

lh.

consqEnces offie @sive United Statcs aid ceived by pskisran after |he srarr ofihe

Afcne wtr 6nnid

i!

1979. panof $c aid

wr

ro lhe pskisl2tri

gov.m.d

ro

p.y

lhe @n of supDorring

Afgne Btug6 fteing aftd rhe

capabiiiry,

1979 Sovier

invdjo a.d b

.lec

Par-istad

nilirdy

stile $m

!u fw.led

dicdty io Afghd

esisr&ce hovemeDb b6ed in lakiskn. Mssjve

jnflu

n s It l.t 0 o tlJ p u FI u n

o, moDey in a @nrexl of weal

eoelabiliiy ioceas.d opponuidA for Complion. MEh of d'vded iltegaly ad inrclld in tus ad ddg ocrpis.
Co.ropliob and ctctions

s noNy Es

EI

n 6

E 6 EI

Br*q
lime $e

1988 and 199?, pabstan had

foE ele.totu jn quicl s@csior

los
Ii

E4l

twc Eied stctdcien alout rb.

a sociery

faiB,

tDpnj,iity.rd sesDdEmy of
hav

dE ele.doi!.

noF ad noE

cxposed ro

dard.lGric yatu6, etdjons

b.cone a bis bcjness. And nony invested in cletiotr

inendves for @@ption al iwo srlge: !o
be

n4 lo

b paid

bak. Uoe

eleltd @d

ro

ED@ uro powr.

Hislo.ical, dle lrqal

,tu*

i,, patiq& nls ben

eEft qtn pobl@q i.

particde filud .nd ollegations of haLd. A.cordins io S. Khanar .lolitical eliteG) in thc coury bvc h.d dimolty,n lte the legjri@y of .telio6 s e i!$rsdl oIa p@ful su(rsim of 6oh o& el of ruliig elir* to aelna. cons.qM{, rlE

!e

elebEl p@s ns

@h.d et

'oE

and

bdad.wlop.d.

ito.st

cra.rjoro

!ft

fi61 hcid

of,fidefloof,f,clonon

.Sr,.a <l{itr.r.t.y

ooon
tucbis

e.-a4.
i.e., .one

6 o o 6 o 6 o o tr d o tr o E 6 F 6 o 6 g c o o o g
tr

E 6

in

1970 otr

lh. bais of ujveEat adul

rMn

@c vol,, lhe

6utis of

lbee elcdoro wee gqrally gErdet

fair

ad !e, howd Dow(

$e t4@E

@uld @i be

tlafeEd

on lhe bqsis of

eleiio! 61t16,

66

prc.s
t977

B
o

eguled wiIh

dismbancbl ofth ouiry. Ttc llgariod ofngging i, th.

eledG p.wd r[.

a @n-Fny

|it

wy

tdr nililary

l!te{v. !r

1985,

rb. miti.ary alovtd

.lctiou, b,,

bais, &d adborly a laee

*elMt of oprD&rion greuF \@

rk
t

exctuded

tlm

p.nicip.rion. Co.s.q@dy, Ac Iegiribay of

Thal Ms

9E5

elelio6

@i,.d

e6!_1

$.

llen

p t e r: rJ! 6

iE

!h. tum,n of rh l.sl 197

to thc

ldioB

qas very low: only one-

lllnd of

rhe

el*torak only wdt

Flls. min expleauon ror lhe dishissal of dl

In addnion comption

hs

been lh

eove@enrs since the end ofth mililary rule in 1988, ,Ite lasl
have all ben ousred befole

$re piioe Minisrs

o @

tie ad of th.n nedat on cndges of conudion. Io Jue

Bhuro

1990, the Prih Mjnister

Bene

ws dbmhsd

oD

@hplion,s gouG, In

July 1993,

Naw Shdjfs govemDr

is disnissed on .n&ges or @mpibn

dd

ftrse

of power, at fte insisten@ of L\e chjf of

my $aff,.

A fomd

viepBiddt

oIUr World

Bs ss

swom

i, s inrdin pEhier,

befoE oe s@nd etccroal viclory high

ol

Ben

zir Bhuro s ppp. tn Nov.nbq l9%, al Oe iNscne of &e &ny

@hD,rd, PEsid. trghqi di$dss.d Bhurio,

n'aledminjsr.rion

@Me br gove@r of ed @hprion. The p6id iNalld a @s.r Egne b ovee

n"dml3:,:li,"trfdiiffi :#ffi i[.Hxx]rfl;#.r8il

OHO6ffi Od|Mffi gO{|OCESeOiiJOCErr6

Str/
o 6 6 o o e a g q g o g E e
EI

Q{etn*ary

e.-*@
b
the

feh

lclioM o! F.bnEy 1997, which lead

l@Id elarodl vicbry

ot

N.wd

this phaoDdon

is

Dr

lw:

all.galioB of @tuptior have lhrtfted th pubtic

deb*. in paki$an. Co@plion

Patislan, post-independac.

fetu. of sevsrl of Jinnal\,

rhe

r:1

the

foutLr of

EI

spech.' And

6Et dDtuilc .qdene of @hpton.s

rh

FI
61

E}

brc io tatist

D potiriB

ws vir,lcrsd

!{lo

fEi

c:hif

Mjnind of

SjDdh

s o

s EI

o o a g g s o

E g

lll

diqissd o.

M
this

fit

aflgatiotu

ofcomFior

in April 1948. Ihe pas

M y.6
ed

.pitohikd

tendcncr, with the investi9rion of @@ption by

B@n

Bh!fto

her

hsbed, ed

hr onvicrior

on

odption ch&e*.
Dy

Ns

gov.mcnrs co@oDly stari rheir Dandat.

N*n,ng uE,.omirhenr
has won

to eE<ti@le cotuptior in ihe

cou6y. Ald tc incunbeft gov@enr

Mllingiess,

e'euoN on

6.

the

platfom of

dti{mpdon. Blr a kjl

ed opeity

!o do

Patron-clierrs exchrrgs Accodine

tte etrtrenchnqt of corruptior

tbe

MElaq

pedonrer fom of@rruption ad

politicst cdcularioG

Khql, tbc dis neuisl'ne chaalerislics oI

s ar

in Solth Ada @ $e ctos in&mqhing ofdonomic

i! dclEage bc$En parqs od ctE

lbliticrt swival of t!

ditfeE

The politic.t

in'oidc

lwls.
s@jal

of id.rE.diale ctass6 in qe htlim sb-@ntneni

srtuluE rcprcs.nB a d.nger for the

ifubat
cl!s,

powd. tn orda
panon

lo inorrolate $e non-qpiratisr @Dronat of

rhe

inremedale

ctidfs

.st,l <llds'...r'

e.-.h.b
tlufen d

s sbsidis) whle od.6 e c6pr dd involv. in.gal dur&E of louB rhsl e il.gally g.n Btcd. 'ne rdsfeE hrE ro bc 6@r.4 bur lh. j,ad.qu.y of gdqd
legal Guch

excbtrgo @ put in pla4. Sohe of th surrtues

fi$al reeues neesit t finding olher sws of revous. CoGqumtly, polirical

elitcs have

fl
EI

o tt o

foud th6e Bol@s ir

1hn

eommic d.hargca wirh orhd grcups of

u o o o &l u o u o g 6 o o 0 o
E

cu.nrr ir p!fiicui& the

0!cn bqgaiiing

mryi4 clN

of

iduiid

esiraligs ,nicb

iD

rr

wilt

Fwd

to Sain favoB,

This

h6 rwo tui. coGqucnes: fiE! th. idrdl@kins of .cooEic ,irh

po6l{lonid Slr. non MIi.g

polirical c.lculatioB rery Dpidly pEvoted rh.

nlional economi. allocalioB ofsublidies, ngnb ald re$Ues, Esutl is rhe poor 5t & ofrhc eononr, Sao.4 one gmred, &y favor bcomcs very difficulr

chang.

d ii

pturckB stong orDositiotr

so,

Conelu.

y $c srsren

beo@ 6trechd.

panicut&ly

b6au.

rnl sh&itrg by

buqumls t?icatty happds in th @oi.xt of plron-

clienti rrasa.tos. B@aurals beg.in for

sh@ of tie

s they

n bd ro crearE,

*tlich qplajr p@r perfomtu@

ir

&e pubtic
on

saie.

This

For plblic b@w

wie
of the
a

pqfotM@ hs dmsd @nsqu.nes

lh.

srony s

d *hole,

MiShi of the stale in fie 4onony. And p@r Frfomsce of $e @nony Eares situ.tior
wcaltb

whft

al]s

!o Ihe Shre is sIi|l

66idadt ., a @in chtuet

ro get

dcs

!o

Ihdby 6B1itudng a vicios circl..

;il':r".#i#;HJ i:*,3'ffi "e,m; glm;lly::xml'

60tEnn6drunom6efl mnncff t060

ff****w"-H il"---*"
Sr"; Q{,lr.,.ry

lW

e.-rl*

$ fri
E $ f,! q
B E

rre

power or tne

uacuar

fr sn moE s g 6El

,*0.-r. *. influence or badow.u ha betr rmendo* in p*isid. And fr o*."** 1... ,mdtorde oh a huse p'potuon or d. rming rads which N "
a poliIict

!sl@ rld e

M@mic ooJ.. Tt f@, t !d,.

25.8./0

e.o!hi"

potc ial is mr tuUy developed.ID 196, asiculrE rprFnie{t

of

?!lkrd,s g

cor, -a p-'ia.a *proymot b halr tltc woffo@. rvo-rhilds ofge DoDulido. H u'. t *, -* u* *. cos..y i" 0or ser-sufficienr in rood fi
Ih. innEme
weldry l$dowE,
of ln.

l&rtol{16

has

armys hoetr Ery bjsh iD rh potric.l tfe.

6
6

ddisilg

@n[ol ovcr rhe l&sty

jEEr. ruEl populado!,

s(u. seu.

lnen rot6 hetr vot6

ud sine i1s crcaiion ge1 alBs ,ls G,tjon gd

lo io rhe Natio@l As*hbly. In rh. NadoDt AseENv r" the

curcnt National Asenbty, ribal led6 or f.udal badtords o@upy 126 our ofthe 207

Dlc poliricd

pow djoyed by iardoM6 pr@b ey n@ngtut

hov

loMds led rcfoh or rax on

agedr,

fd

in@n_

L$d efom

tu

,ol or

ihe

gov@dtat

ed pdr efods

ro

linir landosiqship

havc not ben vry s@es!tut. Under

Presidoi

Atlb Khe od prihe

Miltia

Z,A. Bhufto, lmdholdingt ceilings w@

6xed. But landoMcs rGadd by lrrificially pu(i.e rh.n |&dr in th ndes of rhen

G,nily DeDbqs, or v.n

sn

of t[.n fader\ Mtb rbe @miv@ of to.jl

or

on i rind . Brish ;;G;*;;uiffjt;;txHk,, f H5lg?"r:"j :,l:!"-ef ;d-*; ;;$I;;;r or,gnd^"*m pmd.d_ htu...c;cl;;gft

:-*tr:ltf_t1n:to:lgll

:,'h tur.

@mpron

in

p6k!ran,

o600dffi offi oGnno|nnonao00000ffi o6f,

Str.a <l{et*rtrr

e.-*t x on

6 E

e o g E o o G 5 q E o E e o o g
E

adninisratir. ofllcials.
opposed

,A5 rcgd.Ls direcr

fa6

ilcom,

dr

t&dtor.Ls hav. tong

n. h

pbvincial
iD@m6.

prcfu non ilc iDrrElonal fitucial innitud@s! 8ov.mots ind@d teg'slarion alowirg rhe laxado, of agicuh@l
197, uda
gct

Appde y, most laddom4 Dolg.d to

qdFio6, d

urdrdcctsEd

tll p

Thd negativ. impacr of

rh! ste*d

bDd dislriburio! is iDporiet in

leds of

asricultual prcdncdvity

dd lo$

of public rcvcnue, Thc powd of rh. t&tt

should

wrs!

fuddenlal f.ar@ ofthc Ps}tutrai's polilicd ed @noDic sfuct@

d.crse wid the woludon of thc counrt.

ho*.!a
a

o o o 6 6

Hmq rh. eldtior of Nare Sh4if,

oNid.r.d s
a

fom6 iodulrialisl, q Prine Minjli.r,

Paliskni sci.ry
and

had ben

syDbol ofa chdSe in

6 6 g E o n o s e

pohica. Pqc.ivcd

rh. @oeliriot ofthe

qisrme
ir

of

b$ies

@mmity, &d a derc6e

of thc hotd of the

ledlods

on

politi6,

ges bald in h,nd

with tn najor cbsScs rhdr lhe @uEy At pE*nt, two-lhirds of Pakisror's

hs kmh

in rh disr.ibudon of iB population.

pdlu.nilry

@stitu.ncies @

ddt.

Bu1

thc

nw

ndi@al ccnsu, h.ld in

populalion dishibuliod.

Moh 197,
Esutls ro

should Eved

!h! chegs in rh coetyt

T!. iisi

not y.t public, If they sbow a

ll^iv.

Nral-

urb.n

nigdrioa lhis would lsd

r.denrnion of

dr

poliricd coBlitumies. Bur

rheF @ alrcady sNpicios dtDul rhc

n

rliabilily ofihe atus, ir vicq ofrbe sbrance

in

dl &on de min $.k holdeB. rcEbly

dr @uE'$'d.

$A.@ding ioone

9ovehn6nr or PJnjab col cr.d onty Pj 2 b'Iton or dr toEr untared p'ofr ol lne reudr r..dtd&

li!

Essiam

Ei-mn

Rdi*

(May 2olh, "Th

'!d

L*ds or MiBtote1. li 1o!3. h agrcutur.r 1116 50 br|lo6 tu tor 5 vsr

Str

Q{.t.eruy

e.-*ic
6 o o o g o o p o o o g
FI
EI g E! u EI EI

StructDal probl.ms of the .onomy

Pakisraa

a low-ircobe

@hry

rhar

hs hrd d prcmbing

goq1hr6. But

tE

b.Gitiotr

to a

tuiddlFinconc na6oo h hcld b&k by

ctsric prcblec iehdilg Bpjdly

depend@@

rising popul.rion,
large

siable

gov@c

deticils,

bevy

o, focie,

ajd3r,

nilibry exFndilw, ud ran)Mt

T[c

eov.mdd

inslabiliry.

deeiFio

of rh. paki$dis eotumy by lh;

rllll in ls7

poinB out s]t rl

srrcnrEl

poblm

of de

enomy:

'"rhe EFat d attemprs ro siabilie lhe @nony wilhut fotowiry through win

snatral Ef()m
lautior
on

push.d lb

@mDy

in a DiE of viciou

ciEl6

In p.nicut&, idBse<t

G'

sbrhking

irr bae has l.d io 6fiId sbrhlrg

lhe undc.gDud

in lhe r.x

ble du b
funh.

1ax

eEbn ed $c exp&!io! of
sf@mFY

Mrcny, .dlting for

hik6

i,

g g o E a

F'

awE0ed,5,2

rE!_nde@d]eto5psBnt,ndE106G.Thy|enb3.SpdedbeteinFy 1971.nd .tb6r$enFy1973aldFy 1935 Fom Fy 1937 b Fy .,!s, gtlM .r5gec 5 1 p.@it (LjbE,v ol comr*t
paymnts. unitd slaia. hs bq --pjS:","-q:S"S-"1 :. !.rr" lh Ll!.6r doM sin rh. i.dp.nd@.

ist bFy_rss6 lh GDp gEflh 16 m4suro rr . @3Ln Fy tgBO l4lo. !e@ R.ee ot gE*dr.s69d 3.1 pe@,n dE g5oHi6n.g@h!E
1

ada iE3 b.i,.ei,!nE eirt. dld bdldE d.br

iilli:i3lllf ,*--*""*""**-;-;1 p.r

c.ptr. {cu@nr Ustl (sou@: wo d DewtopMt Indic.ic 1r$,
Ald

w;d
1998,

Ea.k)

ct bl (so!@: wbdd Dwtoprnnt

fink bE

Wdtd B.nk)

Tot l d.tr

PE.

Pnrn v.L.

..wlc.r.rlotu vd* or .,.6i,,d{t

or

d.b/.rF||

oufl uEoffi rffi noLonod0Mfl onenoffi ooonmo

Sr./ q{.t!a...y

a{ttl

taxad6. SlugSish budgetary

!!Mw3 i@
the

tcd io .urs iD public iw.sdnDt in

g
o e o g o

hlll@

capiirl lDd

intriirtuB, urdhinilg

pofitabitily of priv{e

sror inBdtud ad
8ddlion
by

prod4tior ed Eiiforcing lh. privat

kjlBs in s.nc. t w dplorml

DoubteniSn

tE

o g o 6 E o 0 g E 0 5 g 6 o o o o e

I o

sroi

hB

bq

pddy comFnldd for by ovEiatrng in ihe publjc salor, *,lich

o t5
i5

ba nrlbd dp|Es.d is
depqiation,

Gficiftr
fed

in aiid bls oer.d rb,eed fdnooinal

s{

ch

h6

bek

to

inilador Detililg FodtaSiliq in rh. bonling srst

ns dcpB.d
nm hB

rhe

8L

of retM on

b.*

depoGils, tading

b dbi

ernediation, *hich in

led 1o s

fifiba ddliF
FaplEd

in hnk Fotrhbility,

M@ boadly, thc pltidai @rcny

and

ba @ntinud

10 be

ir $ vjciN c}ltc ofpov.,ry, low gn*r\ tow evings,

low ,nrcstDenl, which fir1hd hanleB gbrrh &d Fv.ny allcviatoD, Mo@vd,

ih*

sEEhr.l p6bl@
dr..i@riotr ir

hav @<tcd rhe irutinnion t in

fabric oflhe

si.ty ed conliiburd ro a

go*l@e .4t

suity

@diriotr ,(IMF' I99D

th

Anempb h.vc
by int @tional

b@ o{de to sribilia dd Efom

Bur

{onoFy, Ddrty pEhcd

lindcirl innitu|ions.

sic.

May l99S p.kishnt perfoddce ha disis dd rh. inposirion ofsarcdoE

det .ioErd wiln rh. onsr ofde Fgjond

suig

followif,e

th. Indi& ard pstisteb !rcI.d t6rs. This ha Esuti.d in a Elid

balee
of

dtriohlion of dre

lsFor!

posidon

ed

key

6@cial indjcdlors! s well

a loss of invBr.r confidene. TIE govclmor iDpos.d exchege controh dctlyed

wicing irs foEign

(i.hrolgh a dual

debl 10 bila&El crcdnoB, efetivety devatud

sysrem),

rle cllMc,

dchdg. nie

drl

tlied to ri8lten jrs fi$al poticy, D.spite

lies da6, Patisrlr.s batee

0E

of p6'1Mr!

llmjns vdy

negil, which

incl!*s

wln@liliry of rh. @mmt b qrdnal sh@k. NoMdars, wilh lh. oFn conlict

.s|x/ <l{d!'...y

e.^*ic
c
nor otrly thc di@r

in Kahnn, dE situarioo is

sF:

mt

of the ndtitrg b biS!, bul

E!

l!:

ale $c idi@t 6sls

h.6!y: div$ion of foEign inv.srn ni, ard threar on

susFDion of th. IMF 106.

o o o o
H: E}

ft will h.

bi.fly fa$.d
a

on

rte

ioporidl

ferlc

rhlr

ctrede.ie lslisrrri

FI |n

@nomy ed h.v.

srdS li& wilh @mFion,

(r)

sbrirkirg tar bsse,.rt e&Eptiors rrd ter Gvrsior

Tb low twel of

kx

EvdB

is pardy

qpbin d hy ! bi!&d

rax

,ysld. Ar

xe$,v. Ne of sel4live bx inhliv6, distion&y qmptioN troh cuions duti.s

d<l n@me t&\ c@diri have lonS beeo used in patisr& to f.voi ptecied fsnitis, while

s E e s E t'J s o
o

d.Fiving

r[. Sllb

of DNh-o..d.d public

@lIe.

Bui rlE
p@pr

*tbtc tax sysrem i!

lay D@re &re in
ptobleD of

o !!!
o E c g q
@

ircffcior rh. !.x bae

is very sDdt: only t.3

nilion

Palisbn, i,e. l% of !h. tolal population. Furhmorc, ther.

i! a bbader

o e tax s'slD: indiEcr rax* 6 @ irde.d 6i.. to cole! bur tbey dtimilty butrtd nc @@o&8, &d lll mr rh. o o pokrtul. And ey at&Dpl to Efo@ the lax sysr.n etuour* g sLooS ,.sisbne tlm o lhe @jor sratchotds (Lndlo.d. fo. lhe arrioultul d, ftl{ld rbr fi. 1999,s 6 o aneDpt ro illlod@ ! irt6 or). Tlx .wb! in prlislao s. b de lEry higtr ed n qplsi!.d by It. l.al of |]ra io @u.4t t x.s, o @np$o! ir lhe ,!x blMEtuy lad @ g $e low l.girimey of1h. Sral. 6 6 c g g c noflffigtogf,offioGH[ og
indirer

@trrc @mtosition. A third of revo@ com6 Aon orcct rds,

ih

6irds froh

tr

tt\6.

This tunhs

Ginfoc

rhc

inbel&es ot

St"/ Ql"t-ary

ffi

gcnddsomnono*
f,

e.-*-. rf,trooflof,trrcooo
sroi
s(br.

B $ n
E E

(b)

w
b!,t5 @ irrc to doniu& ire b.aling
tor

Difliculti! ofrhe baDkihs s.tor

Urio-ti,"a

-Mirl
s

Ard
Bad

mjor erpl,qtre hdor

$. djmculy

ot
a

Lhe

lou

sircn

6 poliricd

peroDisc willod

rmFr olatccl rcpB.t

hig! sn

of rlE

rohl of loe defaulis.

.1@

d.fault! of
or

bdr

and

d.vclopnflt tinde ilstiiurjons

f!
l

*u

"

r-"r

or

ro l2r b,lio* s

Dcdbs

r,

l9e6 -

o*ty 2r % or rorsr

g_

ad@Rr, ed -tos ro 5% or cDp.-

rwl.

t97)..r3 D.fautls on lods

a ma,n

EI

8ffi
t
12.

R@

;,g;:l:il:T:355"*ts.ao.,s,n,rrmtlFr,,rpubrEh.db,se&trBhurosMnm

lBo'@.drh
3,675

lr'r'd)
2,39r
1,217

3 O at -i*6kkai O a4 ft;;chemd

|1250 1,250
1,215 r,213
1,035 1,023 95t)

17-

-------------

-TG. 1215 -TD035

725 634 632 615

435

526

M.Ei Khalij

lmmMt

in

Jaoary l97.

3)
2,330
5)

politicioB

offin5Fonoocmmoo 6 o o 6 tlen for 6 ftlmB dificuttiB of rh. p.Iisi s b.dins syscn, .d e o E cxplMtion for th. hid inrercsi r.r.s. Mey lods !r. etut .l to wll{mccrd s o
ed buolcdl3.
This is

Srd Q{rtrrary

nffiogfir3

e.-*@

aI

rhe

iiecial

4id ''h
ihd

th.y

e |'ka nom srar.{h.d

iEdrutiotu. Bu rhcy
put

my

Gv6 be

surcd noh a priErc fi@ci.t i!$in{on,

(CCR).

E E r.1
E

$ polilicis

pBsw

on

mdag6

to Stmr

Over-rulatioD ard the w.ight of tho itrfo.nat scctor

e $ e
E
tir

Govm.nfs rcl. s & eorcbic

1l@

rcgutalor

h esdial, Bul if rhi, Egqlarion

bb e
sd

'ov.rE8d.rion', opporturilis for

over-rcgular.d socicry, in which

oinFio. itl.@e.

palisran is

o c g E p
E

dcscnbed

*ery

@otrohic activiiy is Egltsled.

fr

Th. nn6

on

! @ld,

inriBicdty @pt.rs .rd Fni.,rhrty nuereB, CLdoms

ruls
6)

prcvid

a good exmplq .,palislrn,s inpon |ldfr Fhcdul hav bh

u o o &; o

9)

1,056
903

12\

l5t
13)

432

531

50r

21
?21

352

23\
?.4)

Se&nv
rour

^ToD 24 mrdude

d.hutets aE

6mm;;EGE;at$-a{ by Bne, Bhuro .nd M@, Khxd .nd nhitix @ d.f.uhng h oE Fymi ot it 7 l{tid lo tE n.ron Jrd od

31

Srrl

<Ualr.rlry

3.r*@

.xtcaively modified by steial-pupos

detemin ex"ete,

dorrios,

rtr|r duri6

ono inposjbL to

o
|l!:

thc

gercraring

om

incenli6.,,(RA 4). Tte

rh.r

!!:
EI

@uld be said

of lhe

u$ton

sysletr! yith

lMcou
$D.

rax q.mpri6

E;

@c inmtiv6

for

14\

.vsion, s Mn s

a o a
EI

incentives lor extonion

fton

th

tat coxelos. And of

rh

of
(for

public subsidi.s: rcr onty do

of

rh*

sub6idi6

@tc M@mjc disbniou

|!i ig

o s o g o 6 o g o e 6 n n 6

rnslance. lne

coneqEns ofrhe proesing of conotr p@ued at subsfiud pric6 on

L' tlt
H
F)

tnc mttor indusrris on rh. viabitiry of the conon indEry). but .li$rion in lheir
dl@arion @ates incenlives for @mption.

Bur even toueh tn@ is a biporriq

.onldq
rhe

on rbe nad for aononic

E
frI

libsaltdion (both ihc PML ad

as@ on this point,

the

ppt 4it cvd

slou
rn

pFst nilirdy sov.mot d suins

potirical
the

pblss

is litety ro be

fac! it is obviow rhal $e iss@e

of ene of th.e esuhrioB, how.ver legrl, delibmt ly aim

suppon or obedio.e, or ewading Aien&

ed fdilid. Hoce,

.li$retion in

n o o o F u o o

i$umce of UceN or p.frirs

ofey lind

(@turructioa impo4 nonopoly ert AdF) is

Gi

o
EI

fd.rirg a

rnl,sekiig ulrw. ptot alollnnls of govem@r-omed

led

at

conBsioqry B16, eld luthoriztioa to tauch @|m@ial hoBine $bens,

long

have

bM u.d

for

sinil{ obj*dv4.

Muldple Egd.tio6, disrctio@ry

pow or cnfolls, ed
b
rhe

slow dd

cubesomc syst m of e&s .xplair the imporae of rhe inlomat @onony,

EslinE&s of its sia (elrich ircludc Lgilibarc sclivitid @t rcpon d

&!horiti6,

oqEh*.E fr4r . spe6

Dr6 in tn. h6bry ot bcnos lrdLn. ,^

parLb

6 o o o p q o o o o c o o a p) o
E
G

066dnffi &mg60uu0ou&louottg

SriJ <lli&-.1.r

e.-*36
o E g
a

but

ale illeeal &$viii6, iftludire

the

ebslolist dog rldc ) Mge fioh hr|f to th@ FulhmoE.

in a Ec.nt EFarch

g
e u
EI

lio.s

siz of1h. official

conomy,

epo4

rqbat, et

E g
'il'

al. Gtimde thal th. sizc of

tlc ud.rgrcund @n@y hs ben grewiq

cotucqtEm.s

frster lhm

ilc

nomal eonomy. This

ha

i! tms

of evdue toser for lh

S1a1e,

@owins tunhr thc

la

b6sis.

a
E tli
t!,

'fte infod.l s.tor i!

appndage

$lurion !o

a*!F nod e

overtgut.r.d sysr.d,

g
t1!.;

of lhc cxisten@ of pairon<li.nh .xch&ges. But ih qisien e fu.ls in thi3

and infomat

';lr
ta!

s.

@mF s'sr.m. Ac.ording to rhe CGR Epo4 inc bh.k Mmby

llJ

polilics ovrlap, padiculdly at etetion rine, potirici&s benefir fron bsin$

@ohibldoD to tund lh.n mpaigE. This obvioBty favo6 lder @mpt xchargs,
ord.r for botb sida lo nale
a

o 6
o g
E
EI

i,

ram

oD

$cir ide$r@r.

Ileg.l dtug! rtrd cortuptio. h Pokiltd

"Wlilc Pari$4
ye&),
is

s o
(ts lb6 !00 n ri.
lom per

er.

m.ior prod@ of opi@

G
blve

dd shile

some

trdsfomtion labootoris o!.iating in the t ibd

at4

g o g p o n n o o

msed old

to th. oIhq sid. of rhc

bord6 jlro Afgbdi,taa prtisre !!@iq

@e

of

d. wrld\

largst .xpo.r6 of dorphine and hcoir h tn. rcnd.

steady for rhc

o E g

Tlis phenodenoa vhich h6 @ined

p!.120

y.d,

or sin@ Ibe

begiding of

d. w i!

AfglMist o,

b6 eveht es, ItE non inporr,nt h

ale th politicd aM4

comption, Ihis .ffcrs mr only lhe adniDislration, bul

's ElBie hr tu i^ed'|l

'

gercEny uM@ted dEt P.h.6n, bc,ns. 9opr. k4p p4ld ei of &4unB position. .nd oF tbr dE r.r u.peio. . iCGR, s2l

oe

o0o

ltcfi aFnnffi ond6000ffi

Eonffi

ffi60cddorffi
n E
E
Eehins very hish tevch of rh. govemmeni. nlh prc*blr xpl.jns thai ioi a sio8le drus lord wd a@sted id 1997.,'(oCD, 99) Hcrcir po<tuciiotr tat6
(NWFP): tramckeE

Sr./ q{dDj.y

o 6

e o e o

c o

ple

in rh.

lfulc

Nonh_V6t trlorjq prevircc

pEfd rcnor aFd bd.r 6e @orot ofethni. or kibqt a[hodts thai @ only oadioodlly behotde. to Dtion l govm.nr B6ids, ?obbo, rribs irbbit both sids of llc bod.r, UeGfoE f!.itt riDg b cxcn&g6. This is a coEiflgat fador for l|)e ps*isr2ni SlaG. wirh lhc posjbiiity of e Talibos htjng
&v&r28e ofdE pah$oon t ibal

n
It
6:

u I.t
f,i

E (t;

di$o

ent

in patistan.

oeB

Oryeiatioro d. vrticdty incenrd, &d oBidEuc Elu{dded pc.sing in paldsrar Drug oreanianjou @ hieorclrcally dgeiad and Aequddy

con@lior with senioi polidcio so govDndl ofiici.ls hcnce, rhs govrmen! rhe hjgh fede8l adDirissario! o.l rhe prcvjnci.l adDiniselliou i4lude tu@ms nehb.6 looh io t
ries, wirh

basd on

fdil/

druesFoducrionand

prorclion

ed

""inc(oco,ou.
coulr,.

o-*o.o*u""l,,Io"l.

conplicity, bur also on 1hc poor jnsliturio@l srructu

;ffii:"
dd
taw

enforcDent h U&

'nrc dr!8 lraffc b@cfirs pdvrb indivjduak

dd ctiqB,

bur also

i,nitud@'

Hoq rlE omy's tnrFseryje InlelliSoc. 0SI)

is noronousty

lnhce

uing ddg honcy to

tundmmtalisr oreaizarion opmtng in Xasnnn, &d em&Iy

6.ir s.cel

Tlcd

td b.a

spoodic dde @ol.ot

1974), but

Palisrd Neolics Conrbt Boad in

.ronr (for instancc,lh. ccarion ofthe

itudlldotut rivatry, omprioo,
and

t&t

o6s@ooof,

bffi ouooffi onooomueo606rK[oouo

&f mffiffidoEmsr
of 8ov.Mc0ht potiucat

.sf,/ <l{d@.iry
M

3.-^-.

hlK sMrt)

be.
hdve

Frceptible sircc 1988, hoely expl.ined by

wp r\-tf .o

mEronoffitEnam8
o
hE
B

dminishcd dcir em@y. I4oF efion

beo ctucred (conuol of Na4odc

irt tulional prsE ed nw laws H sub$&6 ordoqe. lees. dd co@l or

Nafuti6 subsar.$ AmodDc.r Odirua@n 196),

rt,e bbad

licr*,
&d
in

E but ft.y a@ lor titety kr ctitrge E

lil

in view of the ilemcian

the sirurion

t.el

srsrd

app,imbi,,ry

i,

sysrds *isrjns

NwFp ad

Balochisbn
irs

^** -,",*,"0 r

*]"1i,'"I:ff"*"":

H E

tlrumcierrsociat dev.topbenr and

As rcseds

consequerce!
sut klee
Ddrdon

scial dAetoprqr- wtu,e pdusran.s

inproved ovo 0E pae two

drqring, O.Iy 38 pee of -. populsdon rrurno onrq 1r *' . I[e

conpacd lo
rhe svEgc

de!d6. Fo&.6

Mm

hlve E O ard dE cndlms$

B
wom.n),
in

ti!.6rc (20 r@ni of

lit.@y hle of49 peeenl

in Souln Asa and

5l persr

loF
49

incom coutries world.wide. CeDder disp&iti4 in educalion

.tuain ldg, wid

percdt of tahsrrr,s girts emling in

$bel @mF,.d

lo 69 !@.Dr of irs boys.

Public speding is @sI.air.d by rwo et@.nrs:

$e

@Bcq@nces or p.sl
lhe

in r.ms of deh budcn, &d lhe hign ldl of sFodilg alta.led lo . Thc ady md debl $Md!8 absorb th

ttirds of the rotd public alending.

ffi
Mirirarl

exp.nAE;ft-aia;i;i__-

r095
25.3

I r$crt* [.E--dEE')qq
2.r

o$gffi tm6dE oooffi n600noffi nefi

Str/ <l{.ror
Ilt

mnoof,Fr
se@*
Lft

3.-A06
.d wiat d.ctop@cdr
e*ic6.
. in

nNcNnffiOfiCnOOOnE
s slow. Funh.Doa, rhc

elore $e

tiClr,

popuLrion's imese puts n(Ihn !Ess@ on pubtic

Even rhougll loveny hls delined sinc.

fic

o g g p o o o o g
g l!; u o o E p q o
rit lg

l97os,

d of rhe

,opul.rjon lives

below the loverty

lie, srd incqu,his @

disbdar. And rh popllalion @nlidus !o

l99O

gbw

(rl)e avcEgc

@ual Fpdarion src*lh fDm

b 196 i. 2.99l.).

fl o

Poo.

$cial d.velophnl hs t*o .otrsequcn@s

s ftg.ds

ue ex,sIe ofcomplioD.
S|,1.

Fis! lbor
ror ao|e
ro

social devlopDor lows rhe

irs

l.eiril@y of $e

tfth.

slal is

lovid.

cirih

wird

sbd

public

sdieq ocr

rs a risk

rhlr tey q@,1

fel oopeilcd 6, my obligarion rowds

beharioub. Ir also lowe^
rtre

lh Siar. Such

ren,ng

nay jusriry @mpt

cxpe.ra{om of ihe .itiens bwsds ihe Slale, &d th

Seond, p@. scial dev.lot@ng

@|.

ad i, Fnicula For Lv.b

rh

of cd@dor

s sjrudion of

sial

eonie eong

.Es!cs. A poorjy cducatd

siery will

F E
FI

l|t g tlJ a o

&l

ror be abl io

aniutdrc

a sLucrrftd .leMd for .ccomtability.

Funhe@o,,

P@nt

and jnequ.t,ty

(sd@: wbrid Dev.la@r Indi6io6

,t

199s,

wdid sEnh

Povdy.

mroEi;;G;ilffi
d osumpro., ro{Bt

a",.orat @ls rlalasa@EE;;

23

c6uol

M.

%uol

@h. d @cmprd h{n.t

39.7

p o tlj o o o o o 6 o o o 6 o e g o t3

ttJ

StrJ i{rtrortrr

3.r*rc
chelos of

opportbiri6 for but@ddc

cm4.id !r rbe loe

blau.ry

@ firln<

ircMed

by tow

t.vetof tjte@y. Sixq-te Frcetrl3 of tn. pgtjsrdk

populaiion is

illitenle (1996). ..WtEc lne&y

b.t pediM,

very f.w opqanoB

b. FrfoDEd
a

donyhoBly b.twen

rhc

cilia.!d d! tuldionaly."
of rh. xchang6,
fo. conpr dxchegs.

(W!terb,!y). nirency cEar.s

o o o o 6 o E g o o u o o
l1

ft.d
which

for a

p.e.rtiz.lio

$d po$tuty a fted for ilt @.diarioA

s 0

ircE& oltonujti6

The

judiciary: tack of itrdpeqtence

SiGc lh. oiddtc of rh. l95os,
rhe

judicjdy in prli3tan is coft.ily

*o s

inteod.d io thc

Sove@di

bur off

jMg6 (rl@iion of
physical

Arld the su..eding goveoo.!|s rav. <tcsigrd srys ro

t.d
no

poud6 ro

plor). Furd.tuE, lhc nbdoning of dc @ur

f.cili!i6,

hhsn rrannal of @mpdierq

poorty pao

snd rcquiEs judg.s,

disbulhed of morcy non rhe tirigdts.

r@8isr?cs ald @url otEci.js
pa6oege,

@ oEqdcd

js oo syslen of Edrs agajd adninisralive &.1 p@edual

l.ft vdn E!t. b oftB of b.ibe.y or oilue of pEfeMriat r.aro.nr!, s welt s ssult or intimidaiio!, Addjtio,rllr, thft

duirg

t!. @w

.x6s.s @DEit d

o 6

of dE !r8edinS!, $tich

[a

pe6'

@.r.d @3rn r wnh tlE judicial

Finaly, dE tcs.t, judicial

ed

conhad enfor..mfi! h.cnlDsms

so stow

thil it is atnon ihloscibte lo

olrside |he foturl sysr@.

obaein rcdrc$,

wbi.t cqr.

i!e!rv6

ro

*!1.0E qs.s

Sr,r

Q{"rr...&y

3.-*66

In

1998,

@ntoned

*i$ omui&ry violere j!

KaDcnl, thc Sr.c dejd.d

b $!

tal

up dilnary couns ro

eitis.tc th indncimcy of de judicidy, his .cknowledgm.rr

s
cl
CI

ofthe inefliciqcy oflh syslo is signifi@t of thc

But inrcEstinglr, Ihis daision

wcal!$

ot thd judiial iuttudon.

ov.nM.d by

rt

Sup@e Cofi, whict ord.Erl

s rl
rl u EI o tl n It E g
iil

in

tH fi.

Kadchr hrlnary courrs be tuhed o\er ro

(jvitib
is ind.qt lhe

fte o.ly

bdght

pdd ir l)Ejudicial sys1fr

SupMe Cour! which

ba ben

abte, ar

$@ @iore,

ro sland up agairn 0!c

Cov.mat.

IE @ir
of

exmpl. being

in a May 1993 ttudma* judSenot, rh Supreme Coun ovnuhinS

Shaifs dishissrt by Ur {ren prsiddnt

(ha.

Ho*trcr, a t 9? @Bdnxionat eendm.nr ha tow.Ed rh. irdcF.d.!c. ofdle courr in rakhan. Sniorjuds.s ofrhe high coun dd Sup@n coun,rc now chosen by the Prj6. Minist r irolead of bjng appoinrd
on th ptucrptc of

hioriry

by th

cnifjuries of

rhe

hiel @ufl ed thc Sup@. @un.

ftc

pM hs dus eained power

sh,h

ov.r tbcjudiciary, And in larc 1997, rhe ousrinS ofthc fomer chiefjBtce, sdjad AIi
a

Sin<l[i- $s very @nEovEis], .ad put

paurc

on rhe

Cou.tt ind.p!d@e_

0 0 o E o o g o
G

E s s o g

SiG lll.t d.k,

agtursl
Court{':.

rl4

bs ben tu heeilg

itr d

lh

c66

of alteged

.odFion fil.d

N. Shaif ed swcrel

o1her PML(N) potirici&s,

Fnd,lg in rhe SuFene

rLs

llokvd,

the

Suphc

Coun

bs

hied ro EsioE

Dd.pelde@ &d irs

d#t#fl $r#,.:"1#m+.:###"q#::i,#ff Ts$il:,.tr"trfl

,**

Shl <U'l'a..,y
E

e.r.*,.
as@d$ut Siviig

F g tat e
E!

cretlibiliiy,

In

1998,

il

blocked the adoption of a @nstin ional

@un.ar

oomos

powcr to a

Eligiou

c s g
EI

llt

'ftd
1999,

oi fomq Pine Mini{.r B.lQir Bhuno is

& qmdq

on

AFil

5th.

g o lll o 6 o o
EI
ti1

B@n Bhuno, fomd

Ptin

Mi!is&r, .nd hd hueladl" Asif Zardai, w@

stoP a

pl
E

o 6 n 6
E

corvictd in a Pakislrni

6un of Eling bnb.s tom a s*is omp@v hi!.d ro

uphcld,

cNiom fEud{. TlF s.nrne. if

it ! 6!ey* jail tetu

B.@i
BhutL

a tn , aDd

!l o

dhqualiicariod fiom holdi4 politic.l ofii.e.

This v4dict - promuced in absientia:

@ inte.j..t a

app..l lo

KI

s s o a g
6
at

o a t o

ihe SupEm. Coun,

if

sh

@rcs b!4t iD lhc @uEy (thftbv ristilg im.diatc

inpti$!@nr)-, is

des@hd by tLe

iftmbat loM s

a vicrorv of

@utabililv

cgaiBl polidcat @mptoq

convicted for

ad 6 th. f6t ce of . bish'turins polidcia bci.s

coNflion.

Catchins these poliricol

fisG

is indc.d consi.lded

a dajor

elaot ofa

cedibt
the

&l!

omption @paigl But h this paniculd

ihe

ce,

ih. Partidlitv thai lcd to

onviclion diprEdited

poms.

o PJ EI p tt o Itl n g g o o E} o o p u n o o 6 6
t!.1

Evcn oDug! epoils on lhe

cnsl.ne of hi8blael Fliticd @@ptiotr in

p.nicul{ duing

the se@d

Lm

of B. Bhuno,

e nfut dd few &ubt thc r@ig

anv

ol

o 6
tr e o
w
H

llJ

d Th. clioious 6ud Nuld ha b.n aH. to leid *ndher rho Konn, and fEE oc deiemin it! p$.ibL .n.clMl 4 und. DFssuts lom lhe
IMF to

Lw

@ i. qlomiv

vnh

ituGa$ oMomil M.u. P.kisLn enlrueld b . $'ss mpal {$ D Jcnobon rcpLlldoN 'mpodi "e**t A.. *n'ch lals beru .n .nl6b ol lho s@ery G1edr & "."t'.nient ;68.; h.*cion s "" suNilleno s.a. Th4 !r *iten evidne lh.l llr.G @mp6.i6 ,Misd io pav ofisiots 6mpo.6 @l'!lld bv M' 'Mhllslo.o (ioldling 9 pe@t ol slr.cl) to rcr to iGpedjon and p'i* reiiedon ol &.d*i {d Nur'rd Bhu-Ro, shdld fl6v letu . @r 'ld 'le sood3 impori.d inro Pakist n (1994 rt 4
ot att

.aor

n o o 0
E

o E o e

.sl,/ q{irr'.t.y

e.-*a.
6 |5l
ffi
EI

FI

o G g
rd

o u g o o EI o o 6 g o o

EI

e|5fdffiocrgoffit
Fo.

.st'J q{ir'...r.y

e.-*-"
the

I@y

p@ple,

.
to

ding into

plblic

*Fie
a

is srill

@Bid.r!d N ihc only

opportoity

to gei

aces

poE dd qealth, This ha

durl co.s4une

rcgdds

@ruptior lheE is @mpdon to aler inro $! public swie ud o@ption whcn in ofi@. PaBdoxicrlly, lhc
coowlion, by c@tilg
a

ilgEity

of

raw my

turthr

inclte iae.rivB

for

ens

ol urg.ncy in n.Iitrg mofty

is not

n u
G G

BuMu6lic @mption

!t dl del.ded by .x.Dple .t
of lhe

th

bp. CoEuprion is

widetd

at

all lcvcls, &d

in0Me

hhb.6

of lle Drtio.al

Asnbly

or

ol

$c iemb.ll gov.Dmdt
f&I ddon$are lhrt public

on hiring of rop civil

sendls is cl.d. Not orly do6 ihis

but n

swie

jobs se

@id.rEd s E*Erds or siib,

ntrlhd

dFlints @ruitmdt wirh stjlls.

ftis pobLm b ifihr irc@*d

by th f&r 1hat

b&y

of

rh*

political .ppoi

..3

givd p@eqr jobs, ih@foE cFatins duble

tcmioc. Th probotion synd k ale ir0E$rd by political @sider.lioN al

levels,

hid.,

*hil. llde b no lin] b.twm p.d()l]@ce dd prcmtion

Some

al rhe

lo*cr levels.
but the slstcn

laB .xisr b pbmole @unrlbiliiy of ih.

public

olfieE,

of Sovetuent
di$closd of

b*6

th.b m!-Iir&tiooal or dysnucdoMl-

For instan@, law on

th.

e$

for public

wuls

is conPosd of m

derlFert of

inslrucliotr,

diffi@lt ro iopl.n@t. And

op.ned

lh*

del@tiotu of asels 3t'hnts will rct bc Flar.d lo

ul.s

a cae is filed. CoNquerdy, inquinq, ifsn oll,

0ris rul of its

sets ddl@loq threfoE ddiding FlnhmoE, $m.ssential

nor

.mci.ncy in Pdoting

cinflio!

lcea! dbpositios

krinS: hde, @.nid

of

i sln is

dn lcsally &loowiedScd. Mey omBs io Clnfrdce ad Tiade, IncoE Td, or

CustoG h.ve rhen oM

buiffi,

or sh.E p.rheshipq in olha

blsin*s

St"l Q{"t-'rtry
o 6 6 o o c o
Th@a.
a

iwo xpl@tionsb rhis

frcirfiEi, @nflicr

ofi rr$t i5 disrcgarded s sy

of pFveniing public Pdkistarh

EI

W6tern concept,

Stur4

rolcrating @.flicr of

intcdl
is

is a

c s 6 o c E
u o 6 o

senmlt nobilialion fo.

betler compesation,

Thcr

uMinity dong
hlow

ir

statihg that public sector vaSes

@ r@

lo\ dd in sonc cse!

5 F o t5 rit o
EI

swival's lvelsa.

Sone scholb belifle that {rc low saldid of civil

pfr&ts, comp@d with eMings

s ed indNtry, .xplai! th rDgnitutle o{ @eplion. l,{ salary leEls e comonly cil.d s rh. Daio qplMtior for
tod
job6 of

r:

simjlr

stana

in bBin

o q
9l

Il!

s
6 6 e
E E

@ruptior in rhe Pakistads .dnini$ltior, $,bich is coBislcor with lle Elo.red

t.

Ei

E E E

evidec

lhat

@unri6 with Fqly

prid public ofiici.ls rdd lslary

b*!ds lighc. @m4rior

Pnblic t@wl.dge of

lw

public

wiq
by

cB &l! d ! ssfery vdv.: public lB's

E E tr

o o

defue
The

of compdo! is

iftRa*d

th.n howlcdSc of OpitrioD

$is'\)tt*ity eTet

e o

tr

Bur.rcmq Potrhi.m, Poblic

G
govdm r!.aredly
rh

E g

In Pakjsia* hicory 0 CovclM Cined or PBid.nrs or

have

g
E E

disbed legislaloE.

The

Co\rmr

Gddl Fn@.nily dished

rhe judici6ry

6d

e g

ConslinEd

Assbly,

With the

mp.otion of

lnd th. BU@eEy, the

Govemd Geftral h6 baftd

plohiMr nini$.F fom

A( L

public lifc undr

d.

Public

ad

Represktive Otre6 Disqu.litieLion

On rh olher or

h,rd,

@ loob

in vain for .orcspondin8 exmples of invsiicaiiotu

or cabioet ninistcN

puitive etion by leekhnre comittes

lhe

intqdins

to

db'fu

or

move mdbe6 of

bEoEtuy

lhe ninisi.B hld no impon@t appointing pom6.

6 For *mpre, curent G17 l6sl (whidl i! 5 hioh .v.l ot bu@u6&, slary ol Rs 5,000 rhich ir d.fcbit in pdillno lor blic i.6d3.

civil

$toa.td

@lE

St.z Q{',r'-ary

Ft!96tly a hhir&r hs

ba $.stut i!

havilg

.! --!o!.Frc
wfth rb.

o|@ldrs
of rb.

tlafmd
C.S.P,

lo r diflaan

F.! hI c@ . FiG c$irt

3..rt&iy_

Diri3r.. hish

dr.u,ta Girroe

Offieri
in

Asi|rio
ch.pr

if lF daDd.d io inrafo!

eidiry

ryncn of

FonDlid

el.diDS t

A'.lrtic

oftu prriern Codi io!wd6igdbiEutaLrt hishd

Ary

wi6 fitr
hE
Eguind

politicil

bflEE.

mjd ch6g. i,

th. civit

wicc srrd *!uld

higha sqvic, tG

mrde@r io U. Cooldnlriotr

Fs.! of6.
by rhc

Cotrtitutior Fovilcd rhlr apDoim@ls b. d6ignd.d

by

E.b cirlF

pr.sidc d

. lts

wic6 vw Bigicd E! h.ld 'dqi.g rh. plac of dE Pcid6t..t AttouC 6c CoEdntri@ ,qqiFd rh. pBi&
ro

hin. AI F6ts

vtich rEba3 of t6c

ro

at 'ir edd!i..

with rh. a.tvh. of rh. Crbii.r

rlE

qpo![id. Mi!ida.{ rlr

C.bid ofMiridd lud m t!o.d, irh.

nU

ro ao

r, d*

crok Frlgleh
hrs

in r,'r.

Connhrri@ 3t!rcd: *ThG qu..rior qtErt r

by dF

e, !d
rb.

if $,

qt ! 4tvie

br r{idqld

clbiEq q a Ministd d Minjlcr of St L, 3h.I 11 b. i.quiild i.to b ey oun.i,

ThE, b.dng

a.rdinliool ctE8.,

.t.d.d Epllo|rdiB

*tc i! . wql

F$rEl ee BlIy conf$d ro @ o.cr'idal r6afd i! qiich @ h!!au els cx.lu,8d fd &di3 Al@nr! of &. govemqt3l intorution *tdch eDc to t niniid s .hs8 lcd r,rw{eh dr
rh. tarDrn nr

porili@, Th.n

i!flltre oq

"s4taid',

in !^ll ch

b|uE

.ts htd ih. l@y

pdritic.

Any ordd!

ton lh.

Djlir6

Hrrtuowhrhis@.sd.rilr.

OE cL,Er in th. sragG of tilanmr! is th.

.st,l <l{d'...i.y ododooddoc&oo

neoffiooosnoffiocH

J.^ttcec

w
vcates of $

rh. LgislarG ad obirels fril io &rlc th@, d..isio! nEling v6r by d.sulrlo thc civit or milir!ry wi6. It G ib. FoviEid q enF.l sr.brirls, <'onieted by rhe blElt@,
elared
decisioE ha.t to be !Ede.

gs@bJis \i,ho poli.y

&d

B E B

which @rk6 bosl of

rh*

policy decbio6.

SiG lh. bdee( tEqu{y

is ldopled in

Frfu@tory

llllM

by the lgjslatuF

sitholl lay

sioB

otuidtadon of th. policy

a p.sirion io

o tl o 0

qu*iotu onr.ined th@ia lh nd pow @st! wiih thoe wlo @ in pFpe

$ar budgeli rhe

higls b@aucnr! ed a &w

of the

nor mpetenr ninid6,

able !o onrrol ih

Th eleted

asmblid re Eldiv.ly w..k ad ih6 Dr

b@l@y

.treciively for

sqil l@B:
do nor

l. 2.
*dousv
$.n otres

lbe polilicias
Most

hv. !

ns

fouo*irg.

oftb. elaLd let'tsai.livd &

ffi

l,te

tben rEsoNibitirid vcry

.ltbough ihey show @Nidcdu. Gmrg/, Ghotioa .nd inSmuity in rdairitre

or in

ddFwing

dEir

oppomr.
divid.d mong

l.
In

The

politicim

ih.nelv6. Ih@

is ab6me of Ddry

ey

showdom

bet\M lirlaioF sd

ih PEsi(M,

!r gomrn

tr

@ntd or poviftial

qenliE stF ha lh! iniriariE

md enjoys dE

mFralon

civil.d dilit

rywi6 lith.l.giildo do nolc..!.r ., it nigbr h. irfris.d.

hb&d e.l
rtj@r
of

LgilL.ive W.akr6 Ard Bur.ucntic Cort'p!

Pskistan's @e

6fry DiUid citiaN povidE a rEry

Ead nor wiI in

wal rDlitiot

bac. Apprlximr.ly

60

lh.n cd n.iih.r

oy lmguge.

rd

ooffi ctr66f, gffi offi 6f, f, fi Ooffi O6dO6e6660SO

offinoffimomsa
dd Poliii6
in Pa}tut& is

SLr Ql'rtr-try

J.-*o,o

otae60ilffiooetffi
ird.FdeM
of a

additioMl {b.0or itsi tihired lhe potirjcal

s
E

large

tlMbtr of

citia

tu

Phtiid! Mcr
eil

ot tb.

cuti[ro8

cmpl.rety de!.rdor

o s Fl e o g o e o tg g g o o E[ o o 6 o f, g "!t

upo. $e ledlord who oMed th

and

rhey lilled,

padiculsly in rh povim4 ofpDjab

Sindh.

ad.tirioq

ih.t loot

to hid for

guid@ &d pot

nid

L1
Not su!trisin8ln

th@foE, rhc large Lntlol,@ domiMted th. potitG of

eduar.d

p.l(ise.

TtFy @ n qu.nity

Fe6; em
wll
.r!d

h6 atrod.d Oxfod q Anbridg.

!d Fd,rs

Lr.r hd sndi.d

law. Ihcy live

thcy bav.

oteldn

on a lege

s.dc, IrE highd ivil $r@lq wilh wt@

then hospit

mah

ir como4 A.qEdly djoy

lh. or y

lity. h dsl s@ tt* tu

di$cNs

ltudow. my

be

Fls

with

*toft

the civil

s.l@r

ilretligd y

llE a0aiF oflhe Edon &d tne

wrld.
good

Th. I..dlord is

mmlly 6

&m eih

lhe djsricr
thc

ofllq i!

his

.R

T}c

latq

is EspoBibl for

l.w enformdr te ptsd.lion of

!o the

plblic pae, ad @cou

s EI H s o 6 s ({

@llerio4 all suljers of g@t irbc.r

slablishd on l[ lhe

l&dlord. Tn. rulc

ofL* *ttch dE Bdris!

ed

hdie $bconiiMt
lcgal

h.d be.n @ltinued by the Pali3id authtrilia,

grc @n*ndivc

od6, 016 sd rguldim, F!..dlE, a.d @ur syslhs

Btion wih litd
hi! prcpd9' 0om

we iaken ovd by lne

@rsiodonrl

n*

cn{g..

Th. landlold
Mitd

t os

rlst

elbfut6 poied.d

@d.idd.

bd Ffom bw.

been adoptcd, bul

dE ignoml cultiEtor gdcrally Elied on r,\e landlord for iheir

inklDrelaliotr Tle latt( udedood lb sy$m of

gowcnt wll

and havc

im.di!r.

d@s to

the

n@sl tuIing gorcmat officid if nudB dpledion is desiEd. Hh

flT:::::'-ffi;:c
g
E
@ns.qa.dy

cood pcition

inn@.ifi.r

lesislarion or aanrnsoaion

r"

fr
dc
ody

eru,err
@r fono*

tll

",r*

vor6 ordeculdwbb dar clcr dF ladlod ro

tt

lceisllw.

lhe lsdlold

pttgts rban. H. hEs

thtr he

.M1on

'r tlPir
his

E 6 E S E
r5

*n a a nanq .r.urig.rion.
$Ue

SiM 6 unc.op.6ri cdrirro' @ d.E qil b.

bc qn

orfidn
This

of i!@ne, ir is not litely tbal

Mv sh

Fec

iac of
to
nor

"n"i^

"-tl"

tt" ru"ao.a to win e .le.dd ad

ro hold

offie wirbo$

beins

sbj*t

06 5 o 5 o o o s g pl n a l.l u g o -ti) $
EI

**,
lirel) to

E L{6 on sme or $. ch!@reristili oI a coNNar\' club: m haidlv b descnb' 6 E pladom md t6nv lovattica e ienpoEry ai $ eitu nwenratre oI tsFs'ble Patv eM I h.u, or r"ei.luL .upponi.s $'lticheE grcw he farc6 at $' nomdt He @v I *.i0. to *' "o rtit o* pdiv raldns hb prsonal following m he legsbtuE aons wiuh o r,in r" rrre ."ao ro' *brer pos. r@peu m quick dd pe6oBl reu& bF't ou Tne $ trvicw of lesislaLion dd s"rloi.g of rrb. thc da) ro &v onrdsdv of budsd S 'd*rar,ne E *" *r* o, *.*to* o. bliog or nspotr'5ibilitv hde lit{e alFil dxt eE avoid
G

b sBsresive in nehdns

""*

- **

IT
IIE l'sisldot

@G$ondde noo hrs @nstr*fts s*h Lsnhios @ rd dv

'nteEs

odF Lhd rhir

oM

o 6) s p g o o lit

ti I'l s n

o o &l o

$ E S E
ts

***.
srnis

oo",on lrr.lliefd onpomie

onm foud it qp.di.nt ro nEketh'

do

mt tnriv' io suh
policv

cliDate' and civil

iopons

dsisios theNlv6

$ f;

d-

* ,*o* -nt ha* . codpldt moNpolv of legisldrv poK in Pali$d' -ft@ d a nmbq of tibel L'de6, fG exsdpL' st@ folowi!8 is'qu'llv t*. ,** * @lom aldbush odd@ble nm 'gaiE lre Eib'l
oan'er rhomr' rhe

,6n5n Prcsp"r

'n

rldi'

{orhi

unffiitv P'*L

6n66,'oodaoo6@ooo'

""o*oamo"o'o'Gt6f,

.std <U'it!a.l.y

3.-.h..6

lsde6{Bal@hbld. Siotlh and FedftlIy AdininisLred Tribd

duqrion and
nne

Ar!) l&k lhe wslm

md boied by thc

nd6

of

em. oflhc ladlods

ard

uuatly

6nn$d

o o tal 5 n
tg
iB F] llJ

toinb ofLeislolirc p@.d@-

I!

addilion lo th. tribal ladB sid landlordr thcre @ a

MaI

bur greuing

g6u!

a td u
-4t p!

@s'ning of tlE

m@ial

ald pofssi@sl

dei

stich like tE lddlords, als

undmlDd th. fe|s of cdtstinlliood gotc@ol a{d lhc labyri

buMumlic ex{ulid. This !rou!
!o lhc urbm has

hift wtE of
of

tll

oBid.nu inn@e,

but il is

6n6r.d pri@ily
lhe @ndirios

a6.

Hoqevr,

ndy

lmdlords Day mr or

afi.nfl to iiprcv

their

l@ts.
ou

Ihey do

ml hsibr. io b(ibe

irll@

gormtur'lmplo'61o s.re
muld Ey lo lh*tn
efrorts
10

theii

nds, The

bullenls ealiztd

tbat this grcup

o 6l 6

duote dd eldom

oih.flir. iDFovc

thc lor ofihe av.Eg culliulor, d6igDed lo

{d

thal

goup, they

s F[

@p.6Ld qhole-heEdly o pla6

iftle$

agticu|lml ptldu.tivity.

A srDll nienty of the be$ryat c@ nom l&dlod

tiendly to lbeir cl6s. Mosl of th

fdni6
&m

ald

padicdely

o o o o g
|!J

b@lml$ howd
th

Diddl+class

fdili6
bul

o n

ad

had a

l*
&

@llwltrw

oudook

tu!

typical laldlotd.

The

b@umls ad th.
exreisdtion
10

bn

kduted ltidlod!

hlve

nuh

in

@lmq

il
o

s o s g
&l

would b

deib. thm s
apr@h
!o

allies. Ihey did sha& in

of

ey c@,
boih

o o

*td.o

elucrrion

sd

sds
d
thal

$e

Fobls

Pali5rd

-Iaev

hlE m llld
in

s n

eat

in 0E staru quo, or

le!s1 in slow,

orddly, dd dolulioMry ch{Ae a&er

o visblc

r:

E}

poluiion.
Borh Es!.ct

Bo|n

@tit

ih.ir sLlN is deFtdot on

ad

strble Polist4
o@

ttE.rl of lav- TtEy nix

si.lly

dd. in @sl

c.s

sjov

@thcis

p a o g
ltl
6l

onPany.

douHrd{Noffi prxludo0fl oesoffi tfi

ffi

6 o boo0u6$url0ffi

Strd Q{er'rr&y

e. *e.
apperd
is

n:onn5eoEFntrmoEr
t
lo
b b

F]

E
'nE civil s.twts G
a

cla

rcU

ave

of rh.

red tu

taad

Efod
ni.tjle
a

o o

ifthc low la.lofagricuhftl Fodlciior

cl6s

s EI

ois.d ed

a sllble ag.icuttuat

@tcd.

ft is prebably lhis

(rcio|lslB
rbe

of rh nc.d for ciege ttel

Fevdrd

o $ o
E}

c!

clos rlElio.ship brwd l.ndlodi ad

Lr

bUl!@E y.

dy ce.
is

rhc

highr civil ed miliiay

doubt lhal lbey
vote

wies N Frti.uldy

stDne in

r*is&n

ad th.e

lleq 6y

wuld h!rc ih. WF brld

i!

ary eisis, Tte

him in

g
u lij
E! E[ &;

ladlod s Gisit famets niSht

h. snCigen d bul rh.y rculd tur

$ploit

dy

lggEsire wy i!

@ltrovlEy alpiai So\etrwd

otr6

A.m ciiher ihc civil or the

bjlitdywi6
Tb. Burerucntic I.fluerc.On Public Opinion

o
d

&! FI

e E

IE
lne Indid

tdhniqres us.d by the Brilish bfot Ddniiion to innu.te public opinjon

$bconIi6r

6nli d
ofspdh

ti' b. us.d b
in lhe

Psliid tt

tb.

govfut

andldtili@
ohna.b to

TIF anicle on fEedom rh! uF of

Righ!s,'

@ddftnio! did @t prcvid. &y

one

sioB

drs techroqB. Sine rhe.nicl ws

be

ofih@ listdl wder "Fundamalal

il.o!d

sperd.d duiog

of

ih. lawing @oged.i6

Tt @riirtiotrd

povbior F!d:
Evry

p ci o o 6 o o g o g o g

6
&l

cilia !b!I h.!.

lh. dght b nedon of sF.h ed .xpr6don, $bjccr to

fr

my ttasDbL E$icnoN io!o6.d by lae in lh.

Aie8lly ebtioB with foeien
314&s, Public

i .cr "

of lltc

leuig

of

rorji.a

cI

ordlr, dcdcv or Dodlig' or in Ebdon io

dt

Epl of @!t, defmalion

oriEitandlto & otred

om{IugEoo6loffi ootrof, Elmoemooa66Eff

Oneff snFcmoo

Sul Q{rtrottv

Pottoo
0 E o o o til 6 rj| s
FI

Co6iddins

6. LC pe!d..ts dd d. gan dphans

lh higlEd coEr,

pb.d @ public oda try d

l|@ba! of

it is da tld rh. govam.Dis E$icliG muld b.

cd

dftd "@nablc"
ThcE

by thc couls,sr

m privat ly oencd bdio

.d

tclryii@ slalios in Paldst x,

otr

is

th.e

ey $mi-irdepndenr lprmel1 @iporitid

CorpoBdon or CNN

lb!

p.nd

of lb. Btilth BrcsdcallnB

t laisioE

6 o o
t''l

Ac@rding to

$e

@tutitu0oD,

4y fon of '1l*o@ojcnion"

is slritlv

mdoEl fdctio.. Radio boadcdilg and telvision is th. Esponebilitv oI lhc @tt

tll ct

gov.mni's Minirty of info@lion dd Breadclsting. And its putpose is .dnjtledlv

ptupae&ditt,

?rgtm! @ tioid

aiF.d al dE "tE in@uladon of

a sPinl

of psi.iotrs' Mlion'l

uity dd
t6E!d@
mong lhe

tr

9dde, eadi@iio! of

pBdol

so.ial

ails,
a

mdsl

of ftling of

0 0 o o H o

tm

thc min& of Public "

ou p@ple od pronoti@ oI

s.N

of bctt"

citzfu

ship

8*nl

o n E n 6 o o 6 6

'IrE tue$od us.d to curail

Mom

of rh.

Pt6 in ?*istan

Alqn tum tb. dnet sarlts

qmailine lhe fiedob, *tdch @ dE

o tc H@
in

of tb.

D6

$G

irdin't

m'tbods

of

o.sion lv rsd

ou sieiv' @ lidttr

dllol ds

c o

*!!Dri

widlolding of

addih6t5'

bsd'lg d.

Es

ch@Bls

lid Bs 3ll|B

io rcvspoFc ai.t &ning

Unionisi egine

rlE

dE ngh to

*lti.h tl*l @

lsitioarclv

6ddcd
of

ft'

i!

Pa&in4 ue.l tb.

@nni@

of *itboldrng lbc

tddg

lt'vslrid

.e dcidsEd t3 @utE in Crdio.3 bv ''DEc6dont'.' Th. Munk Rpon .hN U.dividd tni 6hph3.B pbed oi v.ry cl5rly tl6 '|e

St,/ <Ud..'.i.y 6ffinlde6m66rf,n

Iiom Naw-i-Waql a poFr Eea.ded by ihal Fgjhe
Provincid Govetmals barc als.

e.-*'" nf,trtmEmuffioo G
s n
6 adv6ary,
Th Centr.l
the

&d

o 6
E
El

siM

the pniiioa quite

ona followd

pa.tie of
d

withlbldiog wavoobly

ldv.ni$Dat
on th.n

and

oiha piviler! 6on

'apopcd

$hich

mdt

n o a
G!

potcid dd a.tioN. Tbis hcihod

io vnich

!@y m@ sunPleti6

FI

e
th.

add.d eodiDe to lhe $!titl6 of tbc $hdiDg Flilicid tdd uliioely b qrLil

IJ

o
EI E;

E.donof $eF.saldobsurdEesloFsinl&Ff(l|lrl!|6of dtnd'nie

Th@
is

! oNitlenblc @u!3
Pakistan,
ib

of 6ih6 d.tqiled legisl.lid d.siFcd b agd.le

c ril
o

codtrol

tlt

pss

Muy ofdE la* \@ ongiEUy !6s$d dui!81h. Bdti$

rul of rh

subcoltiMt
egistzlio.

Egisnliotr lequiE@nts, foi exMPlq bc.5me law in 1867. w@ ddisn d

to

'Ihe

la*

povid the

golcmst

with

irl

md uPtG

&te ilfomiioD aboui ihc

publists or pdnii4

vEid

pubtcaiions Oihq

las psided $ar ftvstaFr

d
Frl if 6'

Fs

owM ngbt b.4uiltd b d.Fsil6 nEh 6 ild tlouerd

bc fo.feit d in vno|e in

rup6 {ith th. g@Nen! .!d &it dlcn bight

plblish.. violaEd
publiqdon My

6y of 0F Fglbdm

sP.ci6cd

i! tL Ls AI @pt6 or rhc
ddd
whic!

be.df$d.d s

*![ fta. e |Mv.iElbsiitF

tlo*.d
ihc

th'

dpcit @ be fod.it 4 btd t\e eguladoB *dich

broad6t di$eiion slaldl

8ov@1 t'tloiitiB d*
ev

wl*vq
@nEining
10

it app@s io the Pmvituial

Coltment

lhat

Printing

PB"

ued

for lhe grlosc of Pdnling or publishins .nv @s!apcr, b@t or o$cr docwni

ey wrds,
o

sis.s, or visible

FpEnllii6

s'tsch t!rd,

diddy

or indi@dv
of

!rir8

h&.d or conadtp!.. lhe C{vcmat

.. or tbc

tdbirislrid

j6lie ir

public ord6r by

te

hlgh Enking

judg..

.St,/ <l{ir{'...y

ffidf, q./,&\H

\ME

e.^,t"*
dcii.

EoEeneomoooooo8
disfi@tion iorsds

s o

o o 6 o 6 e 6 6

cl tlt
E!

o s o o g E g 6 g g o g

g s s o

Hi! Maj6ty or t! eid covel]m.r .. d to ind@ s plbric sder.. ro .ro ey a.r @@icd wirh th..reis of his pubfic nDcdoN or b 6isn hn ofrc, or io pDnDre f*li.gr of emiry or b,t!d bet*@ diftr closs..rlE Polircial Gol!'llt@l @y...deLc suity ...l.' b. forfeiGd -- q sh..G suily ha nol bdt dc!6it d , decl@ {P Pts !o be forf.i!.d...aid My aje d.cle.ll @pi.--ftrfeiilid' Under @t\d &! thc collal eovemdt @uld requiE df editor prider, d publishd to v.rl th l@e od addt s oley FMn who had $Pplied ih. infoE lion dmed objedomble by the govdnnent. It @uld al$ (quiF tbd cetain o}e orE* bc cmocd prior io publicaioq ed it @uld it n @Nidets n4$4ry or dpedjmt' -,9 pdhibit rlioselh.r lhc public.lion ofmy nwsp.pd, Fnodjc.l or l.atler." Udder fiis s la* rhe c.ftl govcmdr "if etisfied sirh Espet to ev poniotla FM! Mialioa o n btistMr lhat n is i*Mv or dp'di6t for rhe pEpoe of lbjs Ordi|]!e $ ro &,' ould pl!6t tE sFs'lins or Pub[!hi4 of dv de. Epon or inlotullor or 6e dtrhlre ordv tilrE or tlE b'ldi'g ordv ndins
ey clN
or sanid of His Majcsvs subjdr...d io

o
A
l

H
H

l*
H

s
E E E E E E E c
H

Nmbry,rtu.dpMion
u th. d,stict oficer. Tli job is eitho b.ld bv 6 csP otrei, or fr&tioned e'ld lhe priDdilv a $pryision of a c.s.P offcer' Sirce rhe Mint Mce of public order is povircirl fec(o4 hosl instsrc* involling th @ of ihee la* o@uftd al thd ldel
Whal

goveMd offici.l

is

au.tonEd

to applv

dee

bs?

In de

pbvin6

E E

6
E E E

'

P.kcEn. Th. P'g (Emeq.nc.y P*Bl A.t Pakrbn Puor'c sa6rv od'tu@. xv e r 040)

1931

s.c6

i5

oH00Emrna offiluuug00oGHb6UOSmc6fl mnuoo6Efi

.sbl q{'le.t.r mnodfi&ouosnn

Othd

ffiEf,mmnsn6
entd
ihe

Jo**o,o

lds @

be

B.l

oDly by

tlF

govMl

adbnti*.

rds.
ar

hlppercd io
dcidin8

be a strtrnS

ed nrclionilg abimt
nor

ninbai6 play ihc ddi@t ble in

if drG i5 m qbind
he, ard ihe

slElhq io ueor

ue

such

l.w. Hoftva,

dr eoE@l

o.

if

P&sidqn is rEking

of h3

de4cncy pored,

3&lelsat @ly h6lar.d

M
EI
tgt

ue

s@h

la* 6 thos dsibcd ,bow

E}

6 it
ci

o
Ig

oEr6{r5Ee6006dnon 6
E c c d

.9,J q{irr...r.y

e.^*e

Ig

e g c: o o

Chaptr 7:

History of Adniniltr.tive Reforms

Adninisrllive efotu is a poliljcit piocN in ihal ir adjur Ue ElarioNhip

biwq

bl!fuEy

ard orha .tcmd6 in a s@iry, or within rh

bl@lI@y ireli ir

I'l ilt

s tlt c e

order to chege the behlvid of th. public

g
;'] tg
tg; IgI

i.c, Act!.t .ad d.siEd

Elltim btu@

b@mncy dd *ity. o

wirhin lh. bul.aN@y ir$lf, @

6 E o s d e E e E e o e B 6

ei

coBtatu. Sone
Borh lh

witi*

*ek b Ef@ @nditio6 qlich oth6 muld @Bi(hr iLsi4btc,

rclim ed
rhe evils to

r,lpoe of

tg

$tich

i!

a.tdree!.d vsy with rhn

by

polili.d dE@rt.Jje Mosr

by

adnini&ative

Dk6, and orhd $U@ in a sovmoti by ortB ctmnn in th. sial ordq, qled to rne
$e ru16, poticy

Efom

u'&n kd

oft of $e doF:

s E; s Ltl
g
E

ti!

govmqq

or by rhe

b|llla|lfty

irs.tf,

i! ill grch fd e

.d.qua&

d.gE of iliEMl

oh6i6

ard

disipliE. rr

o o e
e e

T[e evoluliotr of$e addinjslEtitr syskm

.n6 itdcFnt @

innunce<t by

srsd f&los
prioriries! lhe

imluding

tte polili..l Lrd@hjts v.tB, jts po[iicat &d e@Dic

rbc potitic.t

ir&ml poliricil e@hic dvnotlm! rrd

dd .@obic

Elatimhips Pr}jsl.n Blablbhcd nxl @jnrlincd wirh orbq n iioN in ih. w,ld,
Ddticulely win $e Urited Slaies
slablishrcni ofPltisron

ed

Muslim

shti.s.

-nE panitio! of Irdi!

@m out.

dd

ihe

s a M6lih horctmd in 1947 did @i jsi

o g 6 o o o E; c s a g c o o Ll
o E g
t9

Alrlbugh

E
r!
E
|ll

lh@

litile m6s agibion for a spmG Mlio!

ui,l

dE 19203 , ihe intellanjal,

cononic

dd $cial bllis

for it bgd lo

dege

in

ile

l9ur cnrury. Ii

mt uril

the

lale l9l0's thal rhe

Irdid M$lih t.gue ud* ih. l.ad.6hip of eujd-eAan

6
FJ

E a!

6
eouoo0ffire|Euoog
E

Shl q{irs..ry
6 g 6 o g
E E

dogf,nf,

e.-.r..

onooHooooo{rpoo OH p p
bdigM
popd.tio of
who had

o
E E
l!i

MUeDad Ali Jituah, etD dEw his repori rct toD lh.

c tg
o

pEhl

rlay Pakista! bui

toh

sDong the

nitlioB ofth. minodty povil@

ro

sn

ro P.Iinan q oigbts ata 194, b.ee

o ta 6 E e o g o
tr
E

toblicly

drio{at

rh. denod for r set@*.

*s th. only FoviF \{w MNlin tragE hld a foodold and Sindh tu&nbly B $c 66r ro pB a rluid fo. rhc @tid of Pdasld. IE Msti6 ofin
stlte. Sidb

s r!
&l

mieit pmvi|6 be@.

Althoueh

thc

poM ba*
rh

of ihc MusliE

I?gE ir

E
H! &I

its

agjritid.jd

a
tn

ftgori.dom wit! both the Brilish &d

Indie Ndioral CongN ladc6hip,

c o g
o @ g
EI
GI

Q@id+Azn Muh{bbld Ali Ji.sh

E
to

boE
h4

i!

Sirdh

hr

he

Facticirg la*yer at Bonbay. A3 a Wst

Eiglish
aDd

cdwted l4*]q,

p'fqEd 3petdlg in

d&$ing in \ves.n slyled cloibs, Hc

F.ferd

tuintrin lb. admilisddre

FI

syst F at he pan@ of Bnd6h

P!.lial@t&t fom of gormcnr.

Tt

agdd! m.idg

n'te

6t
EI o g c g

slate

of

Pakislan,

te$iotu

ed wd

with hdia, $e caiablislMl of

to

bial

eolElmtrl a!t4!lB all@t nm s.&! B

ltAi@

1o

Ele nDjd ci.!96 d

Quid-Azn
livd for

6 c o llr o EI 6 E c g o
GI

s t-!
o G o c o o
E
E}

*ll
hb

in lhe Bridrh d6iSned adDiristalivc

o g E 6 o n d
G!

Esid.

Alhough

only o.e

ytr.nd i!&podeft..

hc did confq upon tb inhqitld administratiE

syndr

Flsnal

staap of apFolrl, His

e offic.li& sic. of. nixt4

lhc @u!tr,/

of Bdilsh dnd

P*i$ani Indd civil

wi.e ofie6 ad LLr lhe om&E of 6e rc*ly

d&ol ndb&is fo golmilg

cF.tld Civil
@Dtinued by

ttt
&t

E'
G'

S.ryie of Pa$e.A a lh his

sl@ss, o''ly

lhe endu.l

Fpla.mdt of Bitish

offi6

by !3li3l.his

a B!

c 6

E[

.@pte4 Tbis

.epta$

by Q@id+Azm .!xl

olh6 tulowirg

him of tlE i.hsir.d

|.t

s John D Montsom.ry, Sdt6 ol BuE.lratjc R6iom: A Typology ot po4!* and !otiti6: PolirbEl aid r'dminbr.liv Dsveropmnt Duk6 unisGity Cmmnwtfl studiB C6nbr, Ouke

e e

e G)

Srd Q{rrolry
w

ottr
it wrs a

3.-.h4.
d Mb..s

!n0000ffi8n
of

El|lm

mt 3b!r.d by dl poliiiol lad.c

l!

civit

*ic..

TIE cliE

srculcsP sls
policy

pt

iD.ll

ffi

qlc !6vi@, it cd|'ollcd k y tl|nhr.t'iw

mltirg

o
til
!d
Ei

po3irioB lhBlgb irs @nrot

of FrolEt Bisro.tl,
idlo

tbreush

EdluislIMt Divisiotr Ir policcd iB on,n EDb, @rDlii|8 .n!y

lt

civit

si@ of

rrlistan .od lh. onF mtll lpaio! wiB {@ugh e .olrrE qeiotid F!c.du!

B bird ioerds rlE idividud! wtD hd @ivd e ctiri4 libqrt !r$ Bi6i9 .ducado dDugh rh. E diu of E!lbh. Ito6. tEdir.d Omgh 6.
*!ich

Pdiaid
@dd not

Civil

Sdi

Co@i3i@ .od bdeF prn of Oc Prevircid Civit Savie

rtiE

io th. iop ftddd,

FouEid d di*ic1 Lrcl F6irio6

oo

. pat!:en
!o

bnb.

rc bdi! qbich aq.nd.d

i! 6nil epaid sic6 .ia id.podaE

imlu& Foviei.l cilil lavic.

ofr6.
0S6.

P!ri!6ni lada$ip s.cl'd.d r!.o, lbG 6djnS

o o g o o s o o o E o o o o

e g

EI

|!gh.d mrs

P.tisEn

PCS

b .ddiooo. ih6; wib ra}niqt .nd rofBsiolal

g lr.inii8 Mrr ., clgies, docrorr .!d rcialids could rSiF lo lh. lop trili*{ivc n posts in th.ir ou DinistiB si@ t s. v@ tgvcd fo. CSP ofi6. Ita. idivid.l5 o 6 vilhin th. sysqn @pLd qilb politicil h.d6 *lF h&loEd E .tu61loMd! th. CSP o o cliqc hm.d i!. b6ir for rgitrdoo lgriBt th. ilhsir.d 3ytur ed rnioi!Ld rlE 6 o d.oat fq q'nirid.rirc 6 F6@, Ilis d.o&d fd Efodiig tb. syrd b.gE lo o o ddge In 1953, dre gov.(|wnt of Palind invii.d Ro$&!d Eggd nw USA ro o 6 .Mjc prblic leior orgdiztioo lad neg.@.d &d ,o E& !@@od.tion! for q 6 posibL cldg!. Hc nEd. tL blowiDg otdcndioo! Egrdirg t d.fici@i6 of cl 6 o Fl$@lm$4e'Mt in Palis&. G o o Uniwirv P@ ourh.m 1969. Po, 427.a23

fiooso{nf, o00ffi dngo0of, ooonouHo0rlnomefi tg 6

.sl'.a <Uit..r.t.y

e.^.rc,"

"il)

Ir is qriEly hevily oio0cd

lorlds,

g
o g g s o n
E
EI

r@ bowd up

iq

and 1oo

s!@iar
drMic,

to
lhe
the

u tjt
i5 tij itj

rcE a.d@ic mrioE otinr.lig.E od

o.gdi2.d erioo, ard $e

abjtiry; it

@i6
Ir

ioo lird. of rh

hda relaiN di. aiic.

ii

@liEly oh66s.d

,ih

o &l a
t
EI

irt r6ls

of rhos. alrqdy

i!

wie.

&l

e E g 6 o o g o g a 6

(2) Rmiohdl nsdlds e daic, ed tui6|at &d cxhirErim lcchniqws 4 fd Enoved A@ c@!y a4cpt d g@d pradi6; ib.y uxtddioDre
Fofouldly boih the peennel
inteliSenr

pol.iridtis

of dE

sie,

,!d tle

greqrh

ed

inreUclurlty

divc, e@

ihough by

uivssity sr6!d5ds,

roted,l of p,{eidired

s EI
o p u H g o n o o o o o o o o n o o 6

el

i! |.t

{3)
6

'Irrc

eletion synen

is Flf,FrDtualing and teftts io Ep@t ils

in rh.

oh

gp,

rhough lhe civil

o o o o

EI

el

sdice dEw nost of ib inspiFnon fron lookng

mi@i

(a) ft

liniutions of crdr st.gth in !h. cotral suFior

*des,

md r\e

Glad* diftC.rd of .al@iry for gb$,il! @aled a en of oficial pEddnsdon['odrcirg . jdi.ely Catvini{ic tuc inio rtre rehiftry of & rshic S6te.

(5) Ptu@l ldDjred !o 6e hi6 4 ibBcdjd.ly jmFtuo!d b.hird rhe hi8n vdlls of nDDy si6, ard lidte qnl@ . qia@ is .q d.retop.d. (6) PoslDe of r.MnEl b prricd, jobs is roo moie lod ond roo lid.
i.nu.nc.d by rh. opnod of lhos dftirioe BpoBibfity fo. *rut is don h
the

o a

L.l

job;

lhft

is loo

lidc ,'4otion gjvn to UE sFci.i

iftsrs

and

mdoMt luls of iidividusb

a box

lo*lrds p&ticuh $ns ofasligMdq hemb6 ofa clas ac sppo$d to b. tilc

of

inredhgable pan ilqAsmblyline.

{toffi 6&$IEEAWO&E5UfdtdU0[5U6UE

St q1 ....t y
0)
Om@
iend io b.

nooos|0sEooooo o&to
o$efud *idr wi@ nmb.ahip, ridc, clas
and

Ent

o It o ll
IlJ

o o 6 d o E e o E a e 6 o 6 o
E
EI

and 1@

litle

@!dt

tg

*ith pericula job 6loNibilitie'.)o

ECeq did nor coEider ilEr ihe alove dc6cielrie

E
wa
or lcs @omi to ooM
F.l

EI

Howvo Pbfcsr

pe'tin io

dE ivil

wie sie

It a
l-I
till

in P.kisllrj itcy

d mE

eo!tunls ds.

Pladine modelario4 ESCq

sysreh

wler

'No civil

cr4 wiih efety, di$gdd acadcbic sr&dards in

iil

tg

its

Eruirnot polici6 ; but it

tuo!

eiih sfty, b.core cirirety

sub!ruienr io
shoutd b

&adenic siardlrds.

PeNml hw.

io b. pui behind eme Mlls,

$e rEI

a ts! p
l|t
i5
GI

ul

low rnd th saLs ftqucnt.

Ai omer
no

ousht lo h4ve som pride ofFryi@ and eva pri.le proud ofthe

F o

ofpl@,b n

ousht io b. cvm
is

wtt

in \,bich l, is

copoding ed

g o e o
EI

tq

th. govemor which h

ECgd

!edin8"."
liic mificaion of rhc .dirc goup oI hployes inro
intcrn
a

o EI o tat
o o p E) o
ffi ti:

EI

lgmendd

i sdia

single

Civil Sdi@ of Prld$6 wirh

e.g. inio

greupinS

eLly for

adninisrrariv

c
cl
E
GI

coavdme

AdnirjstElion, FoEig4 Aldn & &@.D.5 Revdw, Engi@in&

crc_

EdBtion, M.dical, Potice cqpEh.Eive job drlysis.

Eggc/s Eport

H.

also

Mbhmd.d

st ndardial p.y sal! ba.d on

EI EI

g 6 6 o a 6

EI

qiricizd dE civit

wie

for tivine jn rh. pas ,nd ch!@rdizd

rlr

s
fi

cl

rit

adnbisalire ststeh

6.

stn m d.sign d for

d.y rhd ns go@ by, H. rhd

ls'l]|qded a si6
lhe

of Edicat

chrE*

in ilE

oraaialio! siEnlt

!d imtio.og
Bre
of

of

Esldll
I

Thc

irted of th.

dDdd.d@ 6

ro eliminal. rhe.liE

AI

c o

E}

: Esg:, Novembd rr. hDitumr oi puDr,c adm.m@ion ,n p.iri!n. Kachi lo*1.nd 10,t953.pp 13413A

Inrd setoBs p6ss

ooooffiffel&|aHpGEiffo

ooooooooo0600
PalisbD

Slr/

Q{ar'.'ary

e.r,,.,.

o$trlonooots&toogcfiou

S.d6 +eialy CSp ard ro oFn up rh. srsle,! ro othd ry!6 ofi.lsn ad t"jrir& 'fte CSp doninrred gow.Erofs Egoe b &* @or'lold.tios s$ oe3'live and re noi eepuble. b t955. mlhd U.S, qFn BdE d Ctadieq w
comr.red to

udqtalc q aEllsis of govdmot orgaizador for Bijond dwloplMr ws titrle bii diffeEn!
in

Ar&@gh his fo@

tu

ofSened adminjsfaliv

ltEre ed

g n o o o o EI b EI n u iil fI
l.t

f@tonbe,

he agEd with Eggls f4dings 6Dd

Eomqdcd

th

me

EI
E} p ll EI $

wies srrcrft. Win\ l!. ",*CoN of hls I@@rE ddios

etlslishDot ofpbding c@mi$io
at

rcsadiDg rlE

egdding rh.

f.dnt

and

bo.ds

ar

tE Fovi&ial t rcts ard

{t

'!J

"@

Blablislndt of iadoral lddinilrlrriE [nirirg irslirudonr nls orha.!@mdarjotu Ejor.d by 0E govmorr tlle potiti..t
inslalitjry

tu

oftE

t95os

boueht !o

fi

cloe with

rhe

d.cladion of M&dat
the

tlw by pBiddl Askodd Mi,a

b

who alpoinrd

6 s o o o o o
6 g o a
ts 6l bl

Oeftal Atlb I(he s

CniefManiat law admirisralor.

Crined

tls th& one nonth,

rhe

Arlb

Kh4 toptled Arkdd& Mia ud

his rule,

onirol of

rh

@Dry. Dbrlg

@ly psn of

o o p o o

r,

Atlb Khr. arlblisn d ovd t o doad-Efod

cr4,s@

in sil

a6

of

ativity ia Pslist a includilg puuic ddhinislEtion. L 1959, Ayub KatD ,ppoinbd rhc chiefjEd of p.tjshn. A.R_ Coftti5, lo bed th. pay ed Sdjc6 Cmaision. IB rDDda& wr lo e@jre !h. org&izarjon, srn n! od
iucrioning of rhc .dninjsrlrivc
syst

6 o t.1 c t9l o g E o osEC6ffi odooo0E06s00suuoqr:*Iuobofngtit$atr|pH

a o o o EI o

GI

and to

&e

ielDmlddation

io

Arlb Khd.

It loot

tE comjssion ulil
or the Eeg6

1962 ro

subni ill rpon. lo esnc., its monnendadois lslled $oF

Epons,

o n n d 0 o EI o u o

ed

qlh

Cbdiu

stong adlocey for Evmpiry dishict level

turi{nd@

Sinild !o the

fi o
ajt

.9'J q{d'.'.r.y
o 6 o E o 6 o 6 s e o u c g 6
E ti|| E E
Aftriq

3.-*.F
o cl p c p E} n
fjt $i
ItJ

Eport of lh. rrc

lhe civil

dlEirg tle Cm.lis @@i$ioa advoLd th. oFnioe of

*de

stl qudified pe]jst.iis,

rg&dts

of 6eit pbfsio$t, eduldoMt

b&IgD@ds.

A@dbgtt th. doeirErjm

of rh. Civil

Sine

of pr*jn

!@

to b.

.liniidd.re Ar!b! @cdor

ullvoabra

Alri dhere.izd

rhe comission,s

lffitMdlrio6 a

6dhal chrt86 involvi.g a omplerc EdesiSlirg of lle dining

@ul.l be do@ ar

shn s ad ol8eiadon oI public seni6 whe6 mrldng

shich highr diitupt rhe

6!i

s&ge

r)
tat

e o

qtiE sdbhisratile

o
tir

systen. TtE EF,n w.q @ opD rp (& civil

wie

of Potisrd ro mititary

066. Alir pEgiig mE ih& d@. he6b6

Ilj
of dE

6 Cntd SuFnor Swi6 ftnt, bdj& Opte6, hc souet ro omtop a coatilid b.tEn o E thc civil and nitirary si6 rhal hc vluld @ntrot rh. airy of nitilary offi@6 rc u g bgu in U'c oly t 0b and @iniru.d iI !od.r. g o 6 E e.xtEMenl % Ia&rhed ro srrblish elonoeou o @Dor"tion !o r.te @ of g G e cat in techiicd.sp.c6 of&vcloptk4 with a btr fl*iblc @.snutioA Mth l.red 6 adDinidaliw poea snd Mg noc fErcial amiomy. Ti @i! objer B b .ut rd c EI o 1aF dd !o comonal. on obainine hSibte !6utrs. .ft. nhber ofaurorcdos bodiB o o b mi*d !o ma the fony h botn wines ofrt coulry. 6 a TIe Section Ofrq Schc@ *6 inirbduced lo ,cdue lbe cl o srebrial stafi, io cur doM p.Fr
EI

KI

r[

hd( ed io obvtue

@ays.

di{inction bet@n

IiE ed $rtr c@rjr!.d io b. enpha@d

on or

Rsorgal4

p.k,3bn

Go@h.*, r-

o**pl* "" -a

v",

.sl,l
g 6 o g 6 o s g s o o o s o o o g 6 c 6 o g E[ o 6 o EI g

<l{.b.'.1.y

ffiao
Er
nadc
ro

e.-.h..o sadno
i!
budgeting,

s[anlind adminjsfarioL Son ct&g.s

,@uiil8 dd
to

fimial

conirol. G@ld

fl@ial poe6 Fd gih

lb.,{.tni sr?li* Minisi6

advi@

eMbl. qlicko dccisioc ro b.1ato. A

srsld of 6misl

buitr inro

tF

Ministi6lo wble ibcn

nep of

io Dan4 public fiDds eirh pbfalsiolat @mlEre@.

rbc dcisiotr of rlE

Aethe
10

fi

i..l

s signif@ B
pov6
to

Cim@lr

io

Equir th. S@r{iat

dclegab

$. Delartmls

h
A

1962 th Pay

eil

Siryie Comissior

pEsided

ovd by Mr.

Juslie

u u a u
fiI
ut
,al

iq hl

RCoftliE siondy cndci&d the gen.Eli$s mr@

of

6.

CSp snd its

pEpord.Ee

UI
fJ|
fr.t

ovd

0l[( swi.

TlE folowirg

obsMtioB *@

nEde in

re EFnr l20d! in rh. ti$ lErc

'ln Em1 y@s tM *tb haE

sro.d

s ld s

s@d

appontrnqts !o this elic

wie,

v?bjch

.njors re!ryalion of

t plh

in the

li!

FI

u s u

6
6 0 o o g o o n a o o o EI o
E E

adninisfationiotbcnwicrl.xte of.bod3l%inq6ofiisou10|.l|MbGs. 'ftis sinDdo! c.@r b. .ltoped ps io un&ric.d fbe birirt cbinr d@ly of slFridiry of i llect s pbved by qu'dlion tcsf s;ich *s orc of lhe {oudalion
pin66 o! whch dr. slprioriq of lh. rndim Civil S.ruie

br$4 .dm1 losibty

bc

ois.d in

Eper

of th. C,S.p.

it is composd al
a

p!!gld posr

Ir'e lornal ne$od ofctsiniig

.ight ro @crpy

ir pudic

wie

snodd

b.

prclj.g omF.terc ro do
saliifa.tory

so, rhe public wlnch

hs b@

@joyine the bercfit of

$.

sryie

which rlEF

otrs
or

have

tudqld oks th.m ihb ngh, e.l c{mt

nghisJ

o o o {t n o m o o t o

o l''l

t5 fri

rd

Etue iI

oD rhe bdds

of

lEdario

Er.d

jr tav(

of a enain

sti@

ehich

@na doq Aon Uc p*iod of@tonirt tute.

sa

R.

cdlw:pay.nd sob.

c*.iolo n potT"r, rgoz

oafi fi oaf, ooffi nsoEfi HaAHtrCHelGIHO

oEEm600Egngo

.sl'l <Uik..l.y

3.-a.'.

of,tronooffimo6E
g
|ll
tg

St !6 @dd b. ralcn !o Epl@ lhc "norcpoly' by a moE equd dilhion of FsloEibilities

and the

oftspondile ighls mong sll thk

in ihe public

sflie

who by thet ed@lion,

rainin& experiede dd aplitld.

Criticizine rhc

found fit lo corry

thed
lhe C.S.P. eslcially in th.

I!' g pl

Ewdion

of

sior

posb

fd

CdF.l

a g

Sdlldar d.

pon ets: -

&t
poss @

f.l

"A Dajodty of

lh6.

!!grd

for lhc c-S-P. ahhougb. in a.nDl

f!ct,.
of
dE

o o

c@id@U. pDlotiion of
PDvincial Sryi6 in

th* l!g!.d

poss

d @nFi6dy held by ofn6

bfUr* S@iariat p6ts
$,trich
for

s g
o s g F' g 5 o o
Ei

ofliciadng !@ity. R*rvation

mdb6 of the ICS

b!s.d on pohcal

6di.lentio6

disl rc moE ard it h

re@mqded

lha,t

th*

Saneiaiat appoinrnenrs shodd be l.id open,

a srep in lhen

cacE, ro oflicds of lhe Cilil Exannive Swie in every deparrlmt,

on the grcud

of

o
It

E Bomeded tbal lhe nriE publk wie

SrodlE oft[.
Pubtic

slFuld b. buil up in

sd

1i.B

Tte S.v6-Ti.B

Sdic6

(ii) cbupE (iii) Goup D (iv) Grcupc (v) GnupB

Stilled worka dd

tut

md tile supeMsry slaft

low

in pecrorial and middlc tupeFisry naff.

o o o n e o o o n o o 6 o o g oo

o o o o o o o o

&l

Sr"/ Q{lt-.try 6000oognoono

l Grades

e.

ao..

Ma@gqhl Cl6t; Dierid

lwl q

to divisiful

4A.dd.t

Top dnectl, atd

hEh.r

(Pak6t@ aAninisbatire

Ore

of rhe bod inFnal 016 ir lne caE of C.S.P. Offis v6

at

to

fDdid 6

ili
tit
EI

C@rdirror

Dislld ard Divirion l lcvels. A@dilg

ar disr.ict

to lhe EPorrshould be laid op.n

6 u
io

0 6 e g w o c n 6 g EI o n
E

"Ibe position of Coodinator

lwl ard dlvisional levcl

b &hieted by

llrmb.6 of ail
shom, ord of

the SuF.ior

Sdieilo

pw el@lid, p@f of i.ldl

EPo\d by

posion

of

@tsgsid qpaciri6

*li.l

bavc ben

ollg

E
E E

oftliring.'
'Irr following obwation

nade

b th. Fport E$ding DtLicl

e
al

"Ihe vdiou

ntrdc

of ! spcial nanE which

p*trlitrcoryonled

ii

Ll@

peM

ol $e D.put, Comisioner should lheEfoE he epmled ard pl6c.d

ud.r

o o

'ftd s

rc$ of disnr by trc

lffib.6

of lnis

Comisio',

itr $,hich inEtdia rhy

mphasized ih. @rdjnatine bl olthe CSP

om6.

The following is

d extrt ton

dE

"With th.

incjte

in th. developmot tunctiotu of

Govem6!

the

&.d

fordf rr?eofco{rdiialionddladeFhipofcrcdt'yoff@of theCSPi5rciovs Tlc

adminisualois tulctjon is
10

urdeslhd

and

mrdiErc

pubuc ,olicy

ed

.rDEr it !o dE
seldom haw a

oFmiire *ryices Thc lhnicd ed profsio.rl hs& ofdE

sdic6 cd

ooffi mnBanoannnfr 040n0n0ffi El

Shl <4dft'...y
EOOffi60GIOCEOS ors
or

e.-!Ln
vhal is

onoon@offioooffio o E
n..Nry
in tlEir

view ofthc

ic Dicte
eDd a

of Glvcmnt

oM

m*

to
10

E E

prode i, tE
the

@relatcd publi.

wie.

Apdicltor ofd.isi6

o public policy

rchnicd fcld

is bcyond rhe

@mFlae

BpoBibihry ofibc rabnicim.'''

n e I.I n ti: p
L.,t

E E

To a gnd xlent,
odminislrtile s'sten

tF

b6ic org&iation, strutw.

ed

tecrioni.g of lb

inu.d

n bad di$ed ptior io Octobd 1958 thtuughout tn

tg
&l

Ayub penod. He did inc@e th ol of ihe public

stor

in all

e6

of narion l

@nonjc
Board

devlopnenl. The Nalional Pl@ing

Clmision ws

elevsred ftom ils

pltuing

u o

tlJ

ed A$b Khm be@e

iis

chrilm
dd

'nE Plming Comision ws @dr

respotrsible

tbr @nohjc policy oEking

dircling Arab,s 8md

pld for

lbe @nonic

delelopmnr of Pakistan trcuen mbsivc

gov.menr ituhlives to piiv.te indDsrly dd

KI

e E! 6 o o

iil E

ihrcush

diEt go\mdl inrclvme

in the

{onony

by tne e$ablishhot of hundEd!

c
n o

of publi

ale'lris.
dd

The

Bdts ofda.lopndl

efrorts had ba

dcd positiye. Ar

rhe

ptuvimial, distlict
slaL nat!rc of

viuagc

ldl, Attb slSht to modiry dE tlditioml adninisativ

govemht

adminisrladon by rhc innoducdor of

l6al govmenr syskm

k'oh a
of

B6ic D.mo@i6. Tb.n

of lhe

Epttgtaljvs

Fopb rno *!dd

rf

$hn. 6 nulli,tisd sysren of cl.ckd haye inpd i o $. fomadoa snd inpkd@ls1io

EtioMt lw.t. Alrlblgh mt
?rkislaais lo p&ticjpsrion in

6mnic daclopn

prg|m
did

blow llle

s dcnqariq eo!@stal

lh b.sic

dcnetu/s ehdc

inrodE

afr.j^ rld adninisrario. ArIb Kh& andptd to moddize lhe adminisfadve systdn
by Uc

inr.dEdo offtw

pubtic

iistinlim dd

by

dlhdiog

0E reL ofpublic

sror

socmoooonaffi nof, odnono0nomdmoffi

oGnoonfi I

Str/ qlrt*roy

3. Ad6

Esf,mmEdffiod6{o 5
a o s g g o g q c
E o o

ntnffiffinnnooo6 o
mdl
md

o 6
o o o o n o
rat

A pilld of his nne

lhe ldmibjrF.riE sy3rcn wilh irs Eli!tue Won lb

det

tnit goup of SceEiis tdDilirt

loe Howd
a

bis song

p6idddai fom of

govcmr

@dd @t eDd@ b.yond his low

had of ihc slaL. Ia 1969, udei

Yahya

slren p6sw,

h Gigned, ard appoi ed C.nad

Kh6 Comtudd'in chiefof

o
Yahya Kb"tr

ct

o g

E a d s s u 6

d a E g o q s o a

duitg l%'?l

M
d

abelbed with ttF politicd

pbbls

FI
of

f.l

Ei

Fasf.mns pow Eom lhe nilillry to

Pa!&nn betl6n th.

cililid scBsor dd Edot l

Y.hya

is8

dividins

V6t

Plkistao

dd Eln Pslilt.n.
300 civil

nddF chrgcd th.

by

6np6iion

of civil adniri-sdion

tt trgjig

0S6

lrd

cpl&ilgIh.n

with milit&y

ofis. Ihu frlthd nililoization of civil b'E'|@y

did not

@ured du@g

1969-?1. bur he

dtr dk orgtui""rioa mmle

Fi6dy, ltE

dru.fu., dd
a

frDctioning

of th.

adnbisariE syste@ T!. civil bu@k@y hld uldaro

si6

of elba.*r ehich

hd

sh,len

itt

id@lo8ic.l

.latio4 &d

lhe 618.@ of

Mr Z.A.Bnuno in the West ?akjstd

dd Mujib.u-Rdmd

in lhe !as1 Palisun

kmM for

tleir disrlsr ed dislik ofdtr civn

wi@ ofP.&i4la4sP-tsis
the

siN

$Esrioc 6 ro

d.

coDrinuiion of th.

stsld. S@dly,

iEbilily

10

Flrc

tbe

Egioraly dodin.l.d

issB Fpdalira ldr. zulfiqd Bhulo ad Mujib,

Thjrdly, the civil

which ptevated a political CSP and

i!htl@.

{d

illelf Fducd the tuk of lh.

olh{ ed.d supsioi

politicd

si6.
Ai thc
end

Ttr @ity thar .hareri2.d

of lb pon

rt wie

bcfN A)db @ 3d tb.

scqa 60'2l.

@ndnties

190 cn

bad

negalirc imp&l or ciul

ofcivil

in Ean Pahsr.n

ir Dc.hbq

19?

I, Yahya

Khd ttusleftd polu

to M!, Z,A,Bhuno, thc

cbaim

of th. Phttuidn Popl6 Pdiy pno hld

clduld o cL.r

Std

<l{.dr.r.t.y

e.-.to'.
Pakislln

.l6lio, Mt, Z.r.Bhutr. who 6lsr cft4Ed .rlionally d a mdbd of Ay$S dlict ir 1959, rc a
najonry of National

Assbly eat in W6i

in thc

1970

chdis'ltic lad.r $bo 6Fus.d

on

political

pbnNply tnoM a lsl@ic

sialit!

baed

d.mMtic pdnciplB.

Upon asmpdon of Do*!I, Mt. Bh'nto $ught lo &hjevc Md

o o o 6 o I'J o o
6)

@mpl.te @.tlol

ovr rh. insrrllMls of pow

eovcm..1

in Pakjsta. His

stdeg/

of

*hifl4

@nol

oE lh. adninj$rltivc stsld s of gEl EPoi&e !o

udeEtsnding admirjstsliv .voluton duing this criticd psiod, B.foF his asmpuon

of poM, Mr. Bhuto

@nEoltd

M leD

10

hlrbor sret dlipathy

toMd.

lhe CSP, etuch

fiod

thc rop

ofth. adsililBIirc 3ystcn

His dislilc

ddiltd tod
he

tw
ew

$@s.

Fi6dy hs cxpqieM d6ine ih Arlb p6iod who

6 a bi@t nili(li,

hjs idals ebotard by CSPk

vlo rcc te.b.jcdly

subordi&te ro hjm but who @uld a.d

did

sw

Arabs

Bdel

of Bbunot

plG.

He injii.rd his

@ud
lbar

ard

rgE&fting
of th civil

stlcgy

6y pl(ging rhc civil

b

sflie

of

and polndai

odlpts e

ohy

*l@l8 suld

forc.d out, S@n lly he b.go the

pm6s

of making a

ftw coNtilulion

w raincd id l9?3- Ir hd lbolish.d tbc onsindoGl glMtes sffordcd to ihe civil Fie, r'bicb bd ben pesl of lhe @tr*itlnioN of 1956 ard 1962.
fo. Pakislan lrnich To Fpl@ the @6dtu1i@rl

gluml!*,

he

hld eorctd a Civil Sfrice Lrw, whjch

povid.d nim with grqier flqibilily in rh elIio& aignmnt, drd fttdnn Dt or

disnisi

of

.I

civil

0f[6.
efods w6 $e
Gpod of ihe Mc.r

His v.hile for admilistalive

@i$ion,

comision dladish.d in
bad

1972

sfich

M eiq

a lundare

3inild b rhd A$b

KIb

Sivo to CotuliG in 1959. h .ss.c, lhc

Md qmj$im uhg lb. BljoEl.

Sr,J Q{,r4r&y

e.-J,,4"

5ann|ef,ffio|5&ne c F
E
lrd
EssEl

povid.d by rh CorEliE, cl.dieu<,

itquiB, |@modedi (l)

lhe

.lisdrblish@l of thc c.ntEl supqioi Sdi@r ed tle nqgs of s[

Al-Palid.n Unified
labels etcr

*rui6
of th. old

6 c o
o o E o g

inb thc

Gradcs

Scncn ; (ii) the

dilm inution

of lh.

wic
$reugh

(iii) ih. oFning up of th. civil bueN@y to

troMatr .ivil $lma

to

a laLnl enry me.heism, ard (iv) ihc aed

b mte .ll apFirllFlts

{E cMl

rl o
E
!t
ril

blml@y

on the b6is of

ndil. Ih. $el

arn

of0E adnini${iE srsLo.lMdy

sh.kd by Aylb &d Yany4 ras

labels

f@Iy

dislMd.d !y Mr, Bhuno. Alirho!n

sie
a

s*

dolid'.d ord th.

wie

bagcd into rhe All-Pllist& uifi.d greuls,

E E!
E
E

t:

rell1@t of th old

wi

Cmupings

Etuined.

ft.

AIUG

divid.d into about

dod

gnup6 q,tDe lab.ls

n@ now Offie Maragdor Cnl+' DisEid Manasmol

GDup, Ioeign Affaiu Grc|4, Boup

Aeouh coup ic, Iddtity dd sdi@

grcup

in a pnicutat

a E o o

fd er@ple $e DsEicl MarEgddt

rtill pEfered ovd orh6 grorF by

i'oninsdNits.
Mr. ZA. Bhlno!
of otc Did,CIe clas

6fo@ itdigizd ta Wpd 6n bn

of

d*

9di6

rrE

3N

cd{d

tu
in

.pFilop"trrs

!o lhe

upF g..d6

of rhe APUC. The cl&s

suunft

of th

@ie

w& ch,re.d

udd

Z.A_

Bhuno. I\,tr. Bbuno FiEijtulioDaliz.d

policy &d deisjor

mlirg

! nMbq of diricd a@, qtralizcd

th* p@ss
rhe

axl

iMrpoEted ih@ inio rh! Pddc Mjnhr.ds offi@ ald dpsded fitrthd
public

ole ofth.

sior

in th. e@mny. In thc ditical aras of c@lomic matugqor ed

dcvlopmo! Mr. Bhfio n rion

bnlin8 selo.

liad

a n@ba of

Fivar

*br oFdis sul a

in

ecFl f@ign baDli

shippibg. thc

Fodstion sd disibution of @r!in

@sum

soodr @ld.g oils.!d

ne dc.!d

srabtished

pudic.nreryis

pte or

Slel Q{errrary
6 o 6 c n n o

e.-.t"*
Thde &tiotu g.lmled

private

coilohijoB md

mpd 6.

8ut dc.rr.i y in lhc

of

p.iv.te

sror quing

de drcp{tr of privalc inKtunl

dd fic ennl tlieh

clpilll

noF

the

oury.

ln

tE

of @mbic

dcwloFd! Mi. Bbdo

Ftain d Atob's
and

e o EI e s EI g o o u 6 e o g o D o g n p g

Nrtior,l Plming Comission

but educed iis Dowd

ed ble &d aiercd iis pows

ble ro his offi.e, Pl@

contrnuld ro

b. fodulalcd bu .@6ic

dewlopdnt

o t5 i5 q
ItJ

trmErd.

issu.d

tt

tbe

Ptim MirisLis otre Epl...d di^..tiv6 Nu.d r!. Ph@ilg

Comissioa.6'z

I,L. Bhutio

bcu a victin

of his

os

@don rov.rds

lhe nd ofbis nrL,

.rd
Mr.
lhe

@6.q@dy *n@ his opposirio

challoed

hin

il M.r!

1977, he

bjsj'dgcd

it.

Bhuro failcd !o cultivale th. .apocity !o g.neBte

polilical,

ed lfiriz.lt infomldm A.n

smmic &d

*ial
1,4r.

flvnoMeii Fgrrding dr trat of hs polici* an info@dd b foed

a

d..isioB. TIF crleity to

admiristaliv system bur

eEo@rc aDd uliUu srKh

h tt
.

Bhutio @dd

lot find iin. b ftqtc

vialL sub6titut

On July 5, 1977, tlE

niliary, l.d by Amy Chi.J of SbE Ctl@l Zia ul

&iion foloed nodls ofnodng &d blood rhed

Haq

sizd powr in a @up.

ftt

sdtiig

fron

the

Meh

l9?? eleclioB, Upoo slizing

FoE, Cftr.l

Zia plaed Mr. Bhutio, rhe

elered Pim. Mini$d ud!tr dcrtrrid. Z'a's intdtioN

amurcd

to

6ioF

ordd.

n diat b.r@n

ihc Pali9d P@pls Plrty

!d

oppositior politil

pdli6,lo

hold

w
his

gwnl

el@tioB

ed

fin lly lo Ftue to $ldiiing. But hc did

mi tulfll ey of

4 Gdndcnt ot PaklsEn Inpl6mstarion r.dmlni.ts or tiv. Riom Rul6B Rgor.iione, Inslrrcrid Etc. lsl5mab.d: Admhi.lraiis Rehrn3 Cen Cll.et S!@tariar E.bdrrhm.nt

Sr",r

Q{"tr.ly

e.-.ti.E
B
his

publicly staled

mdEii@,

I,{r. Bhuno

.h{ged silh @Npi@v

to

mudd a polilicd

opponor a&l plrc.d or

riEt. Duilg

tral, the govedlMl bcgo tb.

I{!.s of
of

.@ubb ily dd pDculd sr@l

his office and
b@dc8rs!

whiL pape$ l@tdilg lbe

nkr

bv Mr' Bhltlo

powr. Th* do.wtrts in @mbifrnon Eith

llE

Edio a.d Llwisioo

sw

sovcmot

{Ig

lgaini Mr' Bhtlo

th

Pqt of

Zia s

intdiion b esioE ordd ad nabilit to

or8E i2nio4 snudure,

@uEv involrcd d..ling

with l|.). chr!8!s

d!d. i! tE

ad fwlioniig oflh. .dnjrislrivc

o o a u o

iti

sy$em, InIb 1978, ziaappoi

.dacivil sNicedmisiontc'b.chaiEdbvthechif

,!$ie

of lhe Pakjne suDr@ cou4 Anw&ul_gaq Thj! for @ring lh. public

ct)mjsid!

chdge

1o

lsbmnd I|6G
ddelopnot md

*Pie ad efreciirc iElnllml for.diond

and lb

for lhe

ptuolion of lh e@d

wlfae

of

thG

p6Ple

Th

Egg.r

ed GLdid

cDotts of ll)e 1950's tlE

c(fuliB &d
the

Po$r eporc of ih 1960's ,nd rhc

Admitos@iv. R.tom ol

I9 t. \@

tsIcotrDoid ior this ommssion. ils !!ron ro

Tle civil Al$oud

*Ni6 @nisid
ba nol b.

$bdi!.d

a3 ir Novdbd

19i9.

ihG Epon

made public, a

nmbq ot ils dhedatiom [ad

@'tici$n sl lbe 1973

bq
thc

Flea$d tl@ush ln.

IlN d.di4 T1E omisio la.l.d

nnly

Efom

bdicdjle

rhar

lMy r@ mt

implffii.d

Il s t@Me btioN cllcd lot

inplcneniation of rh 1973 domendaliotu in li

Nr!

of

t@tic clrsificdim oldl

durics,

positjoG

in 8oillrrlmi. pqido! d@iltion ofr all posiliod itr ltu of

Espo.sibilities and qDdificatiod for p.sitioq perfomece rdulio& th. .slablisbmol of sr.rdardiz.d, valid, Euable objedre

Frfdlrt@
30, 1973

\ludi@

prc.dn s t?inj4 ed

DivLo F@ Algu.t

15 !070

b NoMbd

noaHoffi fr i0f, ononE$fltrofi fi nnfi 6rmffi

n060noffi

Sh/ <U.bo.l

|Edihnt
for all

Als dticEed

*!

lh

M-ibrl4nrali@

of equd oppodnig

pcrd@
Bhlno

6 6
u o
!!l
EI

go@.nt oPloyds.

lls eMilsl

oiiicis

ofthe

Efom

of

lvt

16

lveled al the elihination of @nnitudoally hesd

wie suily.
a

ft dolt:|Md.d
10

E
I'i
tlt
FJ

imdiat stoFrion inio

lbe

disjne @Etindion of lh. dsiotiotal efguds

lb. 6llbI5htEd of

civil

sdt.

ItI@mmdd.d

ndE

P.tistar F$lic S.Nie, which

Iti lrl
E}
i!2

wuld o@h!6es

rI

F6ts in dE fe&.sl

govtudt,

This

wuld lld to 5 Euly uified

1o

F p
M |!t
&!

sflie siletG *ith ditrerml bneh.s p6qnl6g

In

a drdinct @uPali6

h.

called

in .16

of minislri.Vdiviiion o.g&idion .rd disiid ldnirjsn{ion. Oe

eagsgd

omision hd sdrolly ttu tg@.ndatios. Divisior

rctivni6 could
b @hbined

h .Iid qd els&d

E E

g g

tog.thd wirh ciline th. ex@ple of lh indui.iB division

s o
o

with th. Foductior divisioa Regrrdi4 rb. disricl odbhisrdio4 rbe

c()@isid
'Elrrine

tEdE"d.d

dDl tbc

dcpq 6lmisio@ slFuld Etai! 6c Egutdorr 64rioB

tFrsury,

6 o g
6 o 0 6

lo law ed ordd, polie,

jail ad cqtlin @tlq Fisidng ro goE6l

shodd

E 6t

adninisrdion. tlcal golem.nr

in

i'3ndi@

b.6t

blished

ed

del.slted

pow

Esp6l to dd.loPlldn.
TIE

@misi@

coffildalitu

o F
did ful

ldvdte . rrm

ro rbe

flqah|do @

but th.

atlv@y of @sdrdonal
ih

gll.Ml6

of

wi6 suily a

indicdd

desiF io

retm io

b6ic fatu.s ofihe .dDinistrtive syrteh ofAFb's

Futha fie pow6

io be ElsirEd at the dist ict

l4lby $. dpury @misiftr claly

Eoet lh.

r.porr's of

o o E n u o o
E E

tg

bis loMds lh. @diau.tid of &tlorilariu qp|@b EgadiDg &.

t

dmi.istdid

lle

.diiion l Egula,Iory filEti@ of tb.

lo!ffit

6t

ihi! lreI. Mvocdirg lh. deLearion

e o E

EtsOISEOEOngflffiffOOE

.Slr/ q{it'.'.r.y

e.-.to,.
t'G

of @mdic &vdopmdl .ulbdity io

l@l b.di6

of elcLd omcials bld

a locat Bodns

of lhe

Ayubis Bsic <Lmoctui6 eh@c, Zia did .n2.t

1979

fril)l@

in Augus

e H "e g
tct
-!.J

dd.Lcli6 lm

h.ld

i.

thc fall of

l9?9. TIF

fare

of dE civil

Sdie

lti

comission!

Repon app.lEd io be

sioiid io te frtB ofth.

olhr inquiriB excd lhe

zid weied
ircFerfion &d

10

bluiz

Psiishi gov.mst lttd @!my ibtu!h .le

ow,th. civilid .dDinisftrior
The

u E: o E; g
E! &!

!t

ill.l!4

domiErioo of rhe nilitary

into @nfomity

qisliig la* of Patillan @ boughi

law should tE

*iih idunctid ofldan ald that m

r$ed ir Ps*j$r

lrnicn

mdd

b. !.pugMt k! lb.

Qlm dd Su.M!

ri o g
6t

I.!

pemuleoted

e odil)'@ o l5t Juc 1988 dccldiis dE Sbdia! (lsluic kw) 6 the

w'
of th

'Supftre

@ulry wilh ilffidiale

ft.t

Za took

m.3.F

to

hldize

the

public adsinildlti@ s&h

s ibpGitid

of

z.lol ald Usla,

Ibe

BLlblisbmol of sh&ial

E g s tit E e
G

Cootu, pmhibiion of th. sale .rd

@Mptio.

of d@holic b.reEps by

Muslia ed lh.

fi at
s e
@

-Irl inps.t of isldizrion sbolitid of nba (id.r6r).

p$lic tdeini${ion

difficdl lo

ass

dw lo hjs abrupt qi$ liotn the snc, Mili&rizltion of ih. civil

in dE ldmidmsd@ of 0E

buanldy hrd.ialld dwg6

@Ey.

nE nteninde of
high tukjng

hilitary office! appointncds !o civil tositions

16 @sid@bl Mev

fcdqit ald pdviftial civil posiliN w@ lbs @@id by militlry

ofrc6

Th.

Flicy

Mldn& ldminirtration and ldjudiMtior

wft

tun y in lhe codol of ltE miliL$r cM

o o o o g 6, 0 o
6 o o
tlj
t3

's.M H.i&.

Publb

Alnhidfdjon. odod u.i6Bity P@ KrEhi

1932 PP 3337

nddHooEs@

.sl,l q{,ro'.r.v
0 o o o o o o

As rcglrd

dr

is6u of @ntollir ih. bumetun acty Chi.f Exa'niE in

Pati$.r siM ind.pad.tr! hd dt bF.d !o 6tab[!b coftol

oE lh. .Fx

of lh.
Bul

srs1d, Som hld ben 3lesstul

such

6 AIlb

Khar @d Mr'
or

ZABhun!.

@nlrolling rhe dpx is nor @ntrouing lhc

syg.n. I(retully Ftrbg

As long

disising highd

civil

sdt5

Bin nd aftct lb. stsLm

3 a w!oh.

a gormmni

pited6

a|d

I p
p)

Fl

infom.lid systaE tflain bche8.4

be

conirol of lb adminisftrion ard tu svn@ will

6rlir.d

to Islrtrabad or lh.
is the

provi*id pii.ls,
lhis q? of a.tivity should @otinE io

S@nd
b

issu. of

dom dtalis ad
is to

p6!.4

Th. .x@d ofMr. Bhutlo

b.

folo{td
sy$.m
10

'Ihird is lhe ada$diiity of thc

adtniatdit

Mlk br ih.
lt
is

peren

i!

powr, 'nEe
brchs

is

mueh hiriodql didda to supFlt $s

to

eni@

rh. EtuE of lhc

Tt'e

bu@y
$i.ri6
FoBrh

@h slw ae@od,lio

witb
n

eiloeE i! i!
bu1

poB
ltrl

ligne

bul@oacy nay nol

rcpl*ntaiivc of tlt p@pb

Sovhq

high

ciYil

o6c6

in all

ud.Blard

loE

ald iis

w.

IrE bjltory of Prtjst

supFrts lhis

o ituitv of di$i.t Lrcl odniniladioo Urril dldt is t viabL sy$em of .l4td lMl govMl mihinc shon of a !|a @ltnron *iI sltcr lb sp.
i! tlE
dd Etue of drrticl administalio q tlF Doq6 posss.d Md adisd
bv dePug
!o

@@i$io6.
ldddhip.rrn
ben a

Awb3 Besic

DeIMei6 ed Mt Bhudo! pdv nedbes c.re cle

l4cl

altedng adninistr ion at this

bul o.ly ienpoteily. Ihe Elwtar@ of politicd ald tEsl)|l6 ro previmisl lDd

c..ter lo dctgat

pow

lail l*ls

b.d

ch@tdslic of

govtu4i

in Pakiltan

siM

1947. 'IrE

Isldi.

Rplblic of

nflon

Srx/ q{dn'.I.y ffifioomsoooon

Pakjid h a f.dcal Epublic oily
in

e.-/,,co moognffi|nogrmo
!
fomal

s.@. I hld bdr ! bigl y @tdizd

aDd

biiart

9pe

go@.nt in !@ne.
civilie @trol &d incrcsi.e dodimdon of
ihe

Finh is lhe endual eosion of

nilirary ovq civilifr lead.sbip and adniDirt{i@. nis wb. Awb Kh4

pd6

bege b

the

@ly l950s
atraiG

s Ady Ct)m,!d..

in Chi.f b.3&

erl
10

hi@lf

iD

civilis
a

E! p lll o

dd niliilry ircFolion

ci

le8itinizld in

P*irla,

Alihoud Ayub be3m

b.
a

civnie

p.l

leadq, &d rne nilit!ry dnd few monlhs of the eup

@ed

diFct pariicipel in bis

lr

gt

e g
6 E 6
E

gowcn!

hc did

ift$de

military

otrc6
ry

into

civilie adnini5lralire rc16. Hk

i5

Ig

slr]:.ss Cl@l Y.bz

KboD L!d

nilit

offi6

cxc.sivcly in civilie adninislrEtiv.

indcpndeoe lhe only olhd

c o
6: c |l1

n E o p o o n o g n q
@

positions. Wilh tn. cxception of ttte f61 five

xtosiv penod Btrn nilirory innw@

yd of

ril
i5

M in misio.

Civilie @tbl ova bod civil

domiDalion

nd nilit&y adhi.jst iion E qcri.d- Ho& niliiary infllEG .nd

tfuE

roE virulq{y ihar ar and

July 5, 1977. Milirny @ntrol duirg Zias

pdiod dLrded dom !o th. districi level. All provimial

govel]s EF
govmoB

milirary omEE fertehl

ininaly anq July coup. Zia appoint d hieh

our justie s
Th

ed lmy

ed pblincial
&lnjnisdotr

s.ren
had

i6 rre hiliidy
a

ofr6.

irtt@

of dlc

nift&v in civil

boh.

len of

Pilis"i Sovmr

ald polidca

Although the evolrtion ofth. public adninistdtion system in Pakislan ha pusued

16

oD uqLc

pdEm, lhh

.xFieM 6 d r0|,ll' <!fftu(

of ils

fiom

thG of othn

dcElopina

qidjE vieftd frod 0. FF?edv

bier'

a.d wilhb ir! Fl'ltcd.

ommiq si.l @vibmeil bufu@v i!

be

Pakllaa hrs chrrled ovci

tine.

w'id

irewle

lo

@lude

thai it is stiu th.

s.

lci

bv thc Bdtish,

Ib tunft bb in

Srl

Qlrrootry

e.r.^@

sie9
Efod
into

will b d.rsdircd lars.ly by d.cisi@

adminiitrsdon on lhe pattefr of 1973
whdr

ad edm y.r

io b.

rrka
the

Eforts !o
takc
be

EfoE in Pslist n if su@sirl DNr

the

amut

h6 hapFn d in ihc pst dd

of calainay-

qtar

to

$ti.h

nnw @

&l
EI
c,l

edcipatcd

filh s.c !!)!!sW

g
G

Pmf6riond, Techrologictl
Adnioistretive Rcforns.

rd

hmvttivc

Sigritreoce of

The @in obialive of admini$Dtirc

Efolm evc+vhcF

is to

govemdr &ton

u o GI u
0 6

toulrd d.vlotDe objcdB

deDendcocis of

ad b

lak

&eanl of tE tmy &d @6plq

.r-

o fi
o 6 ta! o
t
ffi
Ei

$ielal .hduE, WirI s vio to m*c

Ibe

eoffic.rd adrili*di@

dtMic

B Efo@.d 'It signi6@ of Efom 6 be N$d if w exmire tE fatu$ of the ptard

iNvalivq

adDinifillion

refom law-md-ordq bEou@y tn t Pady

oftcn al od& qith

d.relopn nl adnjni5lErion.
of tbn
aDd

b6aE

of lleir

dtschd

Fw

pGitioir Fily

hc$*

$f-iD"g.

s tr

guadius, p6.dy

be
ft

of 0En coni.oF for ih.

tehli.il8

hel

qurlifcd

acldoicidrs, the fomd @lonial

adninhtEiive nissio.s
lo

wies

did

mi l!i.e dily

kindly io

Ew

dfraids for populd panicipadon. -IrB, for $@ puFes,

th*

admhistaloB colnitutcd . Orc

$o!g beid

io ro

administtiv. cbde..
r$icb dF tlditiooal Elues, insiituiols,
of

H H

o o o n 6 o

eil *al

10

gIgq

roo,

r!. qi.ni

ard bchavioF @nsitutd obsa.l6 to th.

@lid
cld

rinini(htiw

capa.iy csMtid for

o
E

o o o o

eonomh dd

sial

dreI@mdt. It b

th.l tuort of lhc coldid

sies

hdlagp

86

ituompatibl. with

chae.. M&y sr*li6 of Paliltaas bu|an&sy

had alqred

ro

o e EI E g
B

nDgnocffi osgnufl oooogodo6:oE

nns'om@ns
tlE dslcd of

SI'r nlat ...r.t

e.6.toq

ft1y
wi6
itrtFitcd 8om dF Bririd,

@uld cver pobol. glruirc qautg. for sid nrd polilicil .h!nge. lEvitalty, $c @tErchd idnirstr.tive sy*.m 6ins mjd ch{A6, The oDly oppornuig for in@6ins rdmirislriw ..pen, i! sh a $ndiolr E liniEd to th@ lasb l! h@cr.ls
assine
dDr lhc panrn of

f,n

I E

otuids.d srlmr md 10 patEtu of ilsk @lunon $at did noi oFnly ed *.iously

-H

ch,lldg.lhd
hrw
an $ed

s1ans. Mmy i[-6ted

andps.r bl!@cEric Efotu i!

1950s

atd l96os
th

rt r.ffdrs

!o

i:{fu 'i.i"id'nvc eleig

$!!.lnlcdy lllgIned

cntMch.d b@uo&y

douleEd fohid.blc

oppositioD hrd exrmely iou8)l sLdding

ed 6Elly cndcd duing !E pltps ofinpLdcntdiotr

Evide@ @lldd n@

Eiou ddonial
wy
of

snines is etotrEly suggBlive of ihe

or

fet

that nol

mwh

be done by

iftsing

inFoving

ldnili*aliv. cipa.ity

o p G o a u E! o o 6 6 n 6 o o

H B

unls

thos

ii

favor of admbistdiw

ds4lopmd

rc

th. orql conlinoB, 3!d

sincle-ninded support ot

6ll!l

politicsl leadc6hip. Mey

Efom

pbpos.ls.

othwie

En coMiE4 ulusly fizlc

lhe

@t rt

tE inpldml,tior n!g- wtEG th. r+t r@.lB of

favoEuy dispoccd !o*ed cl@ge lhey

idigmN blercn y @ rcl

tui

,rin

puaoeitl digae fom phil@pheF of adrninisrativ.

iNvalior

A.lminisE tiv

tdfmmiolr
ladship

io 3u.L

nnedoa

tFo@ urlikelt. H@ rh.

rele of top Poliliql

b.on6 ihFri,rt

Adnitledl, th adninistElive
helpDg ihe

efm

.pp@.h
in

sd

io otrer PoLntjatilid
11

fd

i'ngov@lof d.rloFndt *riG

@lion

P*isl&

ofras

wy oftridgjig
a

rh grps

be$@ rh6ry ed

ir adhinist*ivc Pm6s. It Fovid6

wy of

oalttiolly dd opqalioo.lly @Nlidatug t[e

wic

F ls

of 8orffittsl

St"/ R{"tr..ary

e.-*a. wnnino{fignnrEc g
cqudly

orsdizli@ FurilEmE, it se6 lo pdvi& a ofteFd Fe.m*

mdirrftl
.ls
offe6
ar both a

6 s 6
|ll.l

l!l!m &d.gsegsL,

lev.l ,nd !

miN, d disasreglttd lcvel. It

E! !T E!

evid@

of

im.niate wfirlne$.

Undd the overall ftanEvqt of adninhtalivc ouFlts oflhc Esl.m will b. th. bpols or

FIom Ervd

io ihe mtio4 dE
@.ds.

4lio8
iryutr
of

|li p tl} g
llj

thal

mcl Lchucal dElop@n

sb"pe

'fte Ffotu
the

he

ben d.sisn d io

h'rc

dd

o'tlus

in ce'sl)|lae

{nh

p@f.siooal ba.lgrculd

ddc4qidE

rt telEicio.

Ad,nidsltiE Gh@s doiv. th.t

deleloponI
skil!.d

foe tdn

th

6sqg of

nalioDl

rtory od prlcti@ $ijch swg.$s d.v.loPE rf of

Every wtr@ th body of d.v.lopmenr

hieldy qulified

ed

s lll o H |a c
o
E

E!

l@pokr,

adnililtnli@ kbwldge ed
oDearion of

exprioce idennics

sinild llchnicrl

neds for

lh. @inlcn&ce &d

gorlr]lMt,

I'lle philsopny of

d*loplol

adsi!tuirdjon iMryordd

iD

!b.

rciom

f{)(xs

aiGrtion on

tte

quality

of .!gil@!, ptFici@, s!go.s, aiorlic ae.g/

b

*ialist,' ald 6TCns in lolni.d rd .dnirislrir t .l@lry *tto rsr

Fain d ord
ilre

mi.d;
d.du..d

dlmiLd

is pan of

d.rclolfihl anior FDb lhe Efom @

bG

pMedG

ncded for

$afrd.lelopmdL thB rh.ldr! of a.tio to prbvi& fq ih.

fodd
in ibe

iehli.d

rccds of d.veloDnet k

Efo@,
vieed s inpoflql b
rcfom3

Cov.mqi oryqizrtioB

in Pakistln wjll b

vis

of

thcii

domiimi ole in dereloPtrent &hiv.ftnt. oeejz.tiom *iose tech.jl ...ds

Elar.d. Th.
.dninisFadv

IrF

o@n!s aI of 1n*

aI mulritudims afd

stjch

ohplqity inr.F

Ffom @ .lird.d .r Minbiring r[. rablcFn dd Fldio.Sips ofd.

saf
ro

@t

rle qui@6ts,

Sr"r Ql"t'-.&y 6En60E|ogn

e.-J,d@

aaEn6nof,omn
a
th.y

o 6
G

ftF a&Miltradv. Eforu

d 6M'td bt th. Go@l

or

Paritu

fr 5' E E E fr

*i'g "p * l*i*i6 trh s ihc ome of oDbudso sdd .dninisnaliE hbud3 o eedds old oc sb rh. p*sfle nd i..!wie Eaidns i61iblioD
tn"ot*
b abiNe
a d.si,Ed

o o n o 0

s
u t fl lz n
m
EI
-!al

d.Elopnor-Elaed odpd. To Fn
beirS

in

eda

My. 6. odpu imrge

iniGd

dr (foms d'fi6 tum me

for a

pDdkd

by our-d.rdt

par* ot @lonial

p
q n o o a n o n o
B
&[ e o

o KI 6 F 6 El o g 6
G

*a*r, ** * '*a
ha te.hrical asr@l.

ftw o' qonsljfte<l iosritur'ol rhis d.siEd oueur ims.

It

may be noted that

thd N tw

tests

of rh. iilriffiionally of imovatiw

dcvelopdflt-Elaled adrhi.islrdiv.

rfom:

pesisrcme

imp&t o.dmirjstsiivc

rfoms ha

at

16r two

aEEcrs. 'Ibey includ nol onb lhe ability to

3bivq

but

ale

dre

$ility

10

ca!4/

o. lhe inovdiv tumdoB, Seond,

in rh

the adDinisEaivc

orgsizrioN @

inlused with

c.pabih6, ofFsisliry

EG ofchdg* b 0!c ovnonmnL

Lsuing thc p6isle@ of

distinguished noo rh

te
the

pupoes of fie

d(re

in.dmilbrarioi @y

purpos of

ldrnidstt*ion its.lt psi$en@ ofihe ituo@riE

purpos,

My, udd
Fd

parricule ciElnsLncs,

m@ dvirilg .d dtauishi.S a ftw

10

petic.

.mple,

th. i$lirrd@ of lalqd 6Ey

sior sd,riar

p6rs in

s.1 up

a basis ior Ihe i.duclion of$tnr

ton

oubide ih.

pluic

sto.

It is bciry gt"itualty

d o 6 o 6 o o g

apprFialed lhaI rh. @niirulrion of 6l@iat

sic.s,

een in disguisd for,ll @y pove

d'sn@iion l

forilsvtior

S@ndly, iBritulion tly is Efleied in tb. degG

infl@ndal

qr ch rh. efotu @

h mvmine

lbe

eipdorcdor.d

public .dmid$.rion inio

4niclmdl

dicoted public

adnid$ldoi.

rb qcli@

of how

b alain ahielm.Ir

oridr.rioD ,nd

E oo600dffi ffi oso0ffi 6fi 6nOOO0ffi OOOOOOEf,

o60ffi6060600f1
6 6 n g o E 6 e 6 @ o o e g
EI
l.J
RI
how ro

.sl'/ <llit".l.y

3.-*eo mo000nmoon
N u.dr

Eple

Eibdl,

ldilir

&d &potic @aidddoN by @it{dcnlltio!

cGidasiotr
The

ufilrior of

sfti,

dF indedotr of t
rhe

ldl firh lh. Fival sro.,

.htuls
of $aIf derctop-@r

rhe

Eplseman of e.n.ralim by pref.sion lis4

oFning l4 of

of pomoii@

ed

adva@heDl

ir

public

wic6 ad $.dn-lining
adbras6 fo

pog'b

pDvid.

. h.bftl tun m*

for rhc inslal.tion of d.v.topnEm adminisridon.

lh adminisEarive

nn

rl FI tlj p EI n

6 o e s E q o
q

would hav sixdimdional nethod for beding a ldee

rtsld. Fisl

it P'pvid.! a

o E

cl

nhbs

ofinr.f,Elat.d vqiabtc inporta.l in d.ding with rhc

3yslem. Selond, n

cohplq intd.Fndencib ofsierd chsge d & inreFEld.d

lhe eleDsrs of

dfo6

Ef@s in the .omon rdm of ilE obj{iih of go!tuord

MhE ofdwelopde @tid. Third,
rhe

adninistrarion rh.t conlom Mlh $c puQosiv.

s c
G
EI

refo@ help in abstr&lns $e srotcgic ldiables

det

{d

{Fir rlalio$ips fiom $e

hN of

il in @piric.l ts lity, Iounh rrr Efomq

by

dimaiq dllrmim in adninisrdio4

g o o o o 6 o o E o a 6 o o o a o

nate it

Birl

in delirg wirh lhe nne hodzon ofsoci.rat changc.

Fi r ihe mphdis on

the roh of

pofsioiil

qped. ad teh.icirG @ h.lp pobe dep

othl ndcalitia

of ldminjstative a.rion aod luggBl how to imptuve

adminbcative Efom
public

ir

Fin lly, a pocntid si!.ngrh of

li6 b

thc

iMnlic

for

$p*id Frfolr@@
tau
10

,Ede Naiiabl io ibe

wi6

BlDlc thN nDtjng it

mn

rlF po!rfirt toob of

.dmiristdjv.

Ihe Eiom fran

wk
s

fordevelolDdr adDjni.*al@ pdvids

n@nSnt

M,

or orddinS th. @mplicded

br.liry of dcvetopoot-rtald lcrivjtid in p.tjsta!. A! srb,

a bsjs for i'rFoving govEmcd

il is i@ediakly @tuI

6r.bitit,

for dw.lopocm

modoonEfi oomffi mnoo0600n

.sl,l <Udr'..,y
o o s o
5 a
ilj

@lizrioa lr b al$

eirl

for

lii. mnEliE mt.orio!

of dev.loFn@i &li@ ard

hlp in dnsinS upon avajhbl. lnowlcdg

ed apdicM lo &hjdqol

iowrd

s tltl

Th. nme*ork for tdainii..tive rfo@s b

suggctioe
rhe

atso hctptut

in ddirying
11

and

wts

for dealile wnh

ky isus

of adsinjstadrc perfol]@es

dphsias

iirporl3.e ofsleialized adnjnbhrive mobili2jrion ad rhN pbvides a tEatndi of

dE ru6ologi6 drging fren rh. geEmtisl bis of puuic adninisfalion. Ttc

FeM*
rechrical

poins up $e fallacy of deplrtoetrr udr dE

smhs

rhe

recsity or advisbitity of pleing

l.!d6bip of Aqa"lj* anl $a61s alrhadre h.rh.ds

pof6sioEt ap9@h !o adrninisr.a

for

allaining Eulrs. In pdlicul&, rhc

mdagmdt

Fovjdes helptut guid.nce in ejrtaininS rhe adninisrnli! nexibilry neesary for deding

vilh ihc l@y

and

v&i.d p|Dbt@ of {i.v.lopno! Fiully, rbc

devising a

stcn

of

adninisrudw

rfom cd h.b in pbvi<ting a gujdctia fd

Ii
hightighrs UE pbbll&

sltarry of

impmving adnini$n1ion.

sg86rs Ehrve pdorilie, ard sr,!Gs/ of

fr p a s) o s o o g o g 6 o tcl o E o s u

p@ude gui&ne fo. wo,ldog dy@icjXy.

adminisr"tive nodedizarion.

h ist i, f&! a $ud

Abons the

EioE fets of adniDislltive

Efoms! rhe quBrio of how io

@rg&ja
makft.

!d

prohore

ldEili$laliw edErioi h6

!n&d
11

lhe ,li.nri@ of policy

is

It is being app@iaEd |ha both

lh. pFswice bak6.

b.i!g app@iar.d thal

De

both rh.

ple-wie dd i!-wie
Th

e.ining iisirrlions hav.

tugurze<t dd
in rtc dbds of
son of

inpmrql

crci.l tdcnrs,

enich dEs

in$itlnic @ ircutcll.
to d.vlopmcnrsl

tniei G enpiricd md pE8@rjc appb&hes

poblm.

tis

Std <l{rb...l.y e.-^ec otnooaononnffi noo5trtrffinosdndn e g o s o Nill suly enclgp 6 daioinS isltitnles dtd acidbiG tacore @ncm.d with o E ns[g@lt tlining. Md of it my @@ sbcn rhe soid dd ihirdirlr. l|mb6 of g E fellry @ epla.d by topmt h eademicians Thc tminn innftud6 Mv bc called o

c s t!!

upon, itr

n@ tu$E, io ssist lh. gormdt in lhe daliotr of nw

idpDvd slaf

6 d EI o o o 6 E o o o e o 6 E o 6 6 E g n E u o n E o o o ! 6 o

nrct@ sh s tw

FFNI

srsteq.iob clsifcados

ed

{t

building nDdcl

iF

tll g

6l ril bl

sdie

tlining ptogt2s. Elwaiional progds of tEF insilulid

likGlv io

dPloE
a

th. dleil to shich indgms pildwdre

srrar.gy lo
adopt,

vd$

atd otla @loSrcd f6.ios

wil pmji

soE

of tte djstilg adninistairc

luDlow.
se

ft.

bdd'ealg.d .dtrdioial
10

inppv. adninistrsliv. copeity {hhh tn

d6iga of adninbtltve

taining iNtiltnioB @ lik lv

uds ih.

@ffi

inb lhe cdu.alonal

dFri.t6
luch

of an

thoe or vhon tlF

n nagmdl ofd.beds

will d.P.d.

'IrE kchmloeical

inpli.ltid of admjnistrdE rfoms m

$fi

nod.mizd adninbtradE spp@ns

s dt4c in lh. sutry.

the

Ihe pDfo@d skills

inpdt of

cfom n

bringing about lhe @nc.ntration of the

iehdlogj..l

,t tlc poirf of

impet ltis g.ndaies InltrcMs nodemig. Ihey

h.E*d

M!.bility vithir

bEitudad. tlpaala

.d'i'hs nw !E Efotu e

feilitadng lh.

ai6ilrt@

of

lyru of

blildins lh. cap&ig of

goltmeni.l oqat 4iions

io

to fomulale

iom ed to Elate pciriv.ly e&h fo@ulotios

stuctc. TlEy e .nbleiry th. sd liabiliiy,
The

&Frtrcnt l objcdv6 ed th.n

o g a e

I 6

caFciry of

d.Ptitmts b

mjllli! ili.ral
a

.fEcieft,

.n

r8ins

effi.ifty

will,

i, ii! tul! opsai. s

s@

to. diftusihg its

'l)m

amne odB

i^ni iN

lrd eix Ejuv@L de &.ulii6 of d.PAhn|l io

@iw,

dsidilate,edi .srate@mp.tingnoGwi$tunom@@

Srr/ Qlnr'rry

e.^.re
b viesd in tem5 of th'
The

wt
abore. lheir

n tlE so*rh of

the @8eizd@

iltdi6

u*ed

e
EI

d4elopddt aPFs b b. balmd

sFfret|v

o*N

tul onlv in df,

&l
GI

Ghrim of ore i$rind@ ro abtlE but

i,

elati@ of sltrn$ituti6 sithia

adninistltie Efom palaitu to
be

o
E r.!
Ig
EI

in$itution. And rhe nos! b.reficial efect of

in16_

sioBl pdnctbility of tabrologf dd no@ Th. bl!!a|l.sy mv nN

abelh supsiortannobgicrl ed

aubLd lo

mative

@bpehncies hdn olhd

sto6

IIF Ffo@

wodd

gffit

su$ci.nl oaibility in
aDy givcn

lbd

to

.xr!d & inkkc appa.tE b ql'a!6d

stds &

prdn tirc al

tine, of

$Fior

dbugh

mt !)cgily

surplE

o p {t o o ljr 6 6 o o E a
G G

I
1960:

ic

.vids!

for

*sDdq tbd @rrrial iehDolog/, udd

ar a

th inpa.t of

adninistativ. efomq k derelop'ng

nuch

gMt r p&. mw lb,r

th.

cs

in

is @@iva!lc thal rhe tecbmlogicd ouput

my gD b. slFior to ilE
udd th.

rchnologiol gmsth, if dy, that midt h'v llkn plee

int@

of clNi@l

gdrtdis. ftis

is bciig dotu of brirgiig inlo lb puuic

b'll@@y talst iom othd

govcmdts

*io6.

The plblic

pqs.ml aglrEi*

of both th. fedenl rnd lhe prcvieial

gEdully opdine

tu II|e4

of

.ke

tb.l .ryly @6gcd i.l@r @y haE

nobilig. Evm $, lhis nusl howvd,

be

.lorc with

lesr

slr

insinrtioN nonopoliz

Anoder faloEble imDad of adninblrativ

Efom @
of
in

be

obs.d

in de

cnqg@ of

! hiCy dtMic n dib fd rhe dimlio

a xd.@ cl6! coNioM6s

rq

lcl@log/. Veiou
rnd th. t ndmy

b@umlic

DddDlogi6 suh

sflis

of p[.@tiig iop

el.h &.ddtrtcitu aon tlring -liE a'd ll@ingfin len ia th.

.9r.t q{rtr.'.t.y

e.6*-6
ih. .uro@dc efet of Gtainiry

adnintEalio! of pubtic

.&i6

caDlcd by

sid
dd

posilim by mes of thc petFnuton of @lonial ll{)fu

disappd @t in

b.ing cud ald @y

propdy comeiv.d

vat

dbtani
by

tutw. hts{irucn!"I tairinS,

insriMoGr ir in

inplemslr.l dxl spponed

A

vis.
of

wicd Eveab lhar rhc pld wil @ntribul! io poliiiel d.EloFMr Ttc @ificalion of mi6 is innBing mrhGie in roblic Fads ro pomi. t ed.blilhlmt of & il*inrio@l
cefi! ddimtid
of th

om!.mt3

Efom ovisg.d

for public

app6ah6, which h6 rhe

lol.rri.l

foi

@trvdio

of vdid

qpEsi$
pttpe

of populai

*i[

itrto to

etions which
cultivate

&irly Fdiclrlle. IrF

the cobprElEBion of

EfoE

wilt

the pubtic

sie

fa.ulli6 for

issB, a...ptaDce ofpcbonal tgloBibilig,

md @Imillntn io orddly

p$uit ofhmgq

q ttl u o a G o u 6 o o 6 o F u
EN

Atlrnini*alire bajning indindioN hsw ste ben howht wiihi! fie adoitrieralE EfolN

pwi of TIEy @ off.rirs ol|g in derelopodr adnirildErj@ .rlE

th*
instiruritu b pmis.d
otr

(rJllB

nedily bqtjng lh. m@poly of lhc bqeuo.lic ctire or adnirisrdiv.

beine imp.ncd in

l@io& IrE iainins a@utalili9

Nah @epts

io thc public, equ.liq of pafljcipa$on

opFnuity eilhin

lbc lubtic

sie

ald inr6-

bwa'mtic

in

dccision malins.

ltF @lgdizd rlbjns tho,

irdigdi*d.
in

lh.

nodmiziog fenent

in which rcw

d@rire is dimBed &d

ArDlha po$iblc advalrag. thar sloutd

mm!6ny a@t@rior
be

iie p&e of
of rh.

idplefubdon of adbi.istdiE Efom muld

e iflir.e
*iIh

id rh.

cflerivqB

h@ucdy a a sial
hituhicl lrd

bad

for ihe

di66id of id@toe/ !d lahmbgl. ft.

di$ipLined Dare of th strrrciuE @uplcd

SrrJ <1.{11,a1"

e.r*a.
mda& Npq .tics wirhin il
b.irg

R6pcr shoM md inclietio. io

by

poeEtut

foe!

*hic! ectDolog, ir

io

e. qE4

oroLd,

A srr.ptic lei

tu*

@one.1irg

$e b@ucEri. syst m wirh In lrr@l

rl| brd wid dda

b app@ing o! rre .ddinisrliiv.

$de
ihe

well G u!*ard eLdoship!, adminilEarive

of rlE

Efom my bolda
! Ew @Mp!
thc

plrpoe aid oud@k

bl@rkx&y. .with lh. irrodu.ri@

and,

of

puuic
lhe

*ryice is bemoins mlio.aly Fp@n|3liv.

in the Elalio$hjp beh|6

a1

b@ed.y ad

tlE

$iery, efo@

,o

b. ailFd

PrldBiDg Gtrci@y hrhq rb&

llm dq@I
gov!fuaq

nE

@mptaints abou civit

si@

ndopdy of trighd bll|!@Ra, @

not goinS ucmlicd. As @noDy is

lhe

prcgNing ed

tlm deMds e
mE 86ft{L

bing mde

o,

dE adrbjnist ativc c@a.ia6 @ gcni.g

'nE ncd for emcic.r ad profBioMt adDjlilrdion ha mw b@he

in

lbmiftnr

r*isd lle pdeiplc ofproDotid by higlE qualificdioG .!d turits h6 @ird fte
efo@s not only inpticd choges
a

Ecogndon in the d(l@rion ofEfoms.

i!

lh

clas bais of

the

civit

$Nie. I}ey ale

@nsiluon

@ndnbu ald c@ohtE.fon

Civil

*ie

tribu&ls have
1973

@rg.! film

the

6@lemor

of Ffoms in pub[c

wi6
it*ll $eie
in tl'c

Tte colstifuio. of

@t6 @D fd

lbe

ome of Onbud'@ io c$.!tish

Th

rribMls

mcdr !o dpEs soG

*N

of ptuFi.q oD rhc p,n of !h. civil

But

s @ exdi!6
of civil swi@

tlF n hE sqt f@s

ir bc@tu6

ofratr

deno.nlc Ffomr appesing

fod

rrihu.tn

app.mt $ar

o. @r@

is rcr only
a

wilh

pbl@tiog bul@.nlic, sslfqforcins piircipLs of hoM bur are of

uit

FovidiDg

s.N

pdfsiotr lisr ed pruic swie.

TIE

Onbu.t@! s sd

u,ne,r

ilr.duced,

rcdd

.sl'/
a 6 s e o o o e n 6 o E s s 6 s c o p E a 6 o 6 d 6 6 0 6 6 6 o tr o a 6 6 o o g s o o o o d
a

<Uire..t.y

g.,.L.F
a e |n o o 6
m
do
fat

bc

cfon io

lcl
a

rle

buleuh.y 6FEibl.
irsU

io pullic,&. qis &riviliB @y

ih

sm

sliShl

r.d .@ Fry, bul lhe in$itulion

EDbol of
the

&d

goving

a61 in ii in patisrrr

wuld pmvi&

ncd fd

sic.{iored $a ofFsfsbDtj@
wice
rcl

Th. no<im pof.siorul ,*ID6ibiliri6 ofa dncEtic pubtic

corespond very clos.ly ro the nodoB of

cleonsciowss fGtcrtt

by oloniat rute,

the subslanive isrc is !o loneq whetq CSp or pcs,ofljB

held rogetbe by

&l

fi

tung norrdon

to

pFt4t ilc hteEsls of tb.ir

ou

clasr but wh.lhd then pofssiotut

posnG of public

@Biot$IB
.r1

aloE ir $fficior to

ilfu a dd!@B

o o
ln

wie.
rh

'nlrcsrng

qu61jo,boln Ftutu of di5 er.gory js *trlbq

nMb.B of

fotm

fed.ml

s E

ed Fovituiaj

Fies Eoti dvelop a hgre

b.cone m@ ,igid

lo cndg. ard rcutd po$ibly

he rhat
a

ihp.de Ue

p@s

of inpl@lanon of

efom. Th. anse ouj(r

$e
10

hcmbeN of fotur

sdc6 wuld

they wourd

FMivc
lhe

thEat

tneretua. But

in r,\e en4 1his vEy rigidly

is

wutd tukc dE cheSe all

of

noE ug@r.

tuo$(
O,r 0E

GE

povided by

dr s1.ltuot

Efoms

it*ti

Tte sbreDdt Dd@ ji

cld

Efotu .ntslged Miwsdinic ajd @nF1s

rh. qtblc oBldanion .n bl@.

Untld lte innueke of univen tisic app@h, O.

dtiF

public

snice will

have ro

Espord ro cheSe by ruinr.ridng equilib,im hong ttE patre@ ot bebavior

Ibpldotatjon

of ddhjnidmliv.

efo6s in

of

@ur, &
of

uphill r!st. The

,roes

oi impleDenl*ion is rclardcd in tuay

ih

sieds be..e
behayior.

tE difrculg i! d.jline sidr

i
ro

.@l dr!fuis of b@uc6ric

ftb

tliflculty js rdtuF
of

galer b

6bFy wtft
!..d

altnintaadon is nor ora ard tG

ndb.6

folm

@lonial

wie G

minrain siria

*c.y

ard

abqb msr ofthc

rfoiB

Dlo rh.ir

oM tuld.

Str/

Q{ntcrretry

e.-*e.
buanrcr', udd
irre

The intemd Ehionship6 of Efoms,

iopsr of adnjlis.live

rnedng

.frati!|6

in

s.blishi,g ih b.sis of

siat ddd ad @Foic

src l'. Ind.FndM fron d@nic

and e(crn

cotonia ,Et the bl@lefuy

d@

iat

.lenenl u Dopuld soci.tizdion, Ill lq1d.l du1i610 ihe

silv e n6qy j@1s ir

a.d

o o 6

EI

devlopmdt its

ilr!fut

b.liefs

ad a!ind6, dDwiIg tom fie leiat

a

@edc asiErio6
in 1973 @

of rhe Brio&
lhar in

srnbols of

civic c!ln@, Th.

Ffom

@EciDd

e !.ftdrins
and

*&r.va

di@tion rhe

bLEuey

r@ks! it

al g o o 6 o o o o o g 6 g e tr 5 o o 6

EI

fds

ir!

oM

ole .nldgd

qpdded. whar

is visibte

b rcl onty lhe lssigm@t

oflw ot6 ro the

.tso, wirhin

b@u@y ,r{t e.gdizri@

tn.

of rb.

govm.nt's in*l@nc or&lio bu

b@k@y it*tf,

rcw pcrlcptioG of lhe

siety &d

the

$fte @ fr.ging.

Admitristntive Reforn proDolirion$

Both the edonat

&d intaDlrio.al diti6

havc

,equaly

slr.ssed rhc ,E d for

and

la4.-el.

adninisr8liw imp@vhm|s ir patisra!, Scv.ral c@b$roN of inqli.y

o E o o o g o g g g

@lmitrca \@ .ppoiltcd dsirg th. pad fitiy

y6

10

dii,covd lhe

@s ofderctop,nenl

ed

chdee in adbinjsr?tion. Tt pEsnr

and ro

Edtu h6 tal@ sps o

siture

public

wj6. In spir. of impov.d@ts h vdjc AIB of.ddinisrldik &tjviry. rhe *pesio. of tehnical erj@s is Er.dd by eh. lEBiste ddicidcid in
admi,jsrzrioi
@ry@jze pudic

adminisr{ion. The value of inv6tucnLs in

rts@h io olte@ uEF darci@i.s in

o n o s o o tit 6 p o lru 6 o o {l 0 g o o o e H e o g o n g 0 o o o

{0 o

o IT o

s g

IlJ EI

fi a

Srl <l{rt.rlrv
*ldob rypEi.Ld. Ttc etu@N
b intrituicslly uprodEtiv

3.r.t'c
@non F6isrs rltal the @n of adminblEdk

tswh
i,v.st

dd.@

wanfin.

nE 6ulr ha

ber a Gl@lance to

in 9rlblk a&trinjsiutio. Ilgrch, *ni.h hs adnely af61ed

admirisatir iiFovc|mt
So

fi.

posibililid of
0lb4 p@lic.n

tu, *c ilsihliodt

fm!,

ils

F$Dl,

&d thc prcfdioml DftfernG oI its pE titiortF @ tlqBdy tied ro syscd

minterEce. Thc
supFn $.tus

g o a t+ g n o o o
ItJ
]E1

FI

pehl

dyDmic agc indu6 nov.m6r

.wy tom th!

E!

foMs thal

qb ud

cslk for irsddiord ort

jr

Feml
to

crFbilitis ro

F@iE ald io

lEk red.d ch&s6. P*isa! q-I @w 6nd

.dvisltc

insnurio!.lize adbjdsadE

Efom ard D,rrgeftnl ibpbv@ir

cxtas'on des nor
mtuEgmar

s!
lhar

c@ijrbs !bc6$ I{.rc o4eizadoi,t

net tE prcbl@

&ldsd i! f&ingi rw orgdiatonaj d.l

6@gfl@rs hav. to b.

deal wilh ttpD eftecrirely. Major chaneca in

deed.d io

insdMo.s, nethods &td

pqs@l .F

,ppl, ew tildings of

*iG ,rd
for

tbnolos/ ,o public afai6 lad

@nonic dd ecial .levcloplo1.

b !$@

|be olliDal

of

pioFr @llB

g o E 6 o 6 a G g o g

o
E!

E
witt b. f&ililalqt jn plEsran in

th !@tds

of ihini#riw lrsili@
3 iDpl.lMrados

Gpoe

io polidcal elion ruc!

of tb. Colgjturion t

Fovirid

otit

epararjon

of ihe .xdrtirc &d lhe judiciary ald dre

cheges in the

.Mhdl
poti,ticat

of taws to brilg abour strBtud

adhinisrrtir
hlve

sysGm. In

ordd io .trar Dduidglful chdgs .dninistdire

efod .lo.rri4 du(

adminisaliw

tE e9porr of

lliteBlip. Tne

ahlletmt of
i|s

t bilili* ral6 pleonly *t!.!

poliricrt

lad6

@gnize

ulg.nrnad

dd pmvide sudaiFd guid,le &d

"$.e.y aell6

for lbc

pupos.

o o c o E 6 o e o 6 o o E o o o E o

s o

Str/

<l{.ro.r&y

e.-A0.6

'ft

cotuor

of pakjslan b

qperd
in

in rlE rcw

njlmi@

ro

alMe a hajor

ml in adv@irs scitue

etl iahnolosr,

fdidirg th.jr afptiation

jn applying

thd b
to

o
H p
i,tJ

inPlove pnblic adminj!!"lior

llE

corem

will 6nd il us.tul i! Isy dorc

ro

a,ttenrioD

th naoaa@c of$iarijic ald leclblogiel nutjrri@ s srjl 6 er.@ .d t cbftloF/ ro pubtic .dniniaadoo.

tb. sppli@ri@

of

llj

EI

GI

6 6t
Thee

6t

6pp6

io be . glqat eognition tha a

hdjd .ve ror t!

acquisiti@

of

$icntidc

od

re.hniclt looet dge

&d for irs

sppliclrion ro poblic

!fl.iE is

tb.

stsrd ofpatir.D.Ih dmjnimariv. ,rsro orpakhaA n6! lhftf@, iftlude amng@mis for fie tuB8dml of sihiific od lechologic.l @rch i! goveme ad for the disiEdon of the Bults of adnilnl@ve
adni.jsrraiive

Elerch @ied

ou1

o tll
'Dre

o o ff o g o g n g d

sierrin &d

i.chnoloSjcai

Ehtnlion opsr up

ftw

posrbiriliq for

improving adhinisrdiv @labiliriB.

TtF atlvqt of @mpucr l.dlbtog/ is

oltsrodine

qeple A *tble @y
imporc dE

of Dod@

D4ag.@ rehr4B hs

@m. inro

qjsr.M

!o

F.fdD]@ of.dnid&lrirc orydizrrons.

Wil,! Ue new qphAis on i,nplqdtdlion of hrioDrt devetoFh.nr

ptd

in

P.tj$.

bcd6

illc@ilsly inFriolr b i,!r8rtEn.d&

eqge'm @rFnal of
h
tb

0E adnidsrtiv srIrn Unpre.dd.d .trons slFui.l b. oad

nd'l

fq ws

!o

o o o s o n o

E s o

o o EI g s g GI o

Ei

Srrr Q{"rEary

mpow rF herEgdqt of goremdr .tep&rrEn!

cheged wilh ddelopnar EsDoBibitilic!.
should

eitdprises, .nd

oile

idstiturjod
clpobility

Mcb@

io

iftqe

ne.g.mar

b. cotuisi.nt wi&

pbgllN

for adninisbrriv. rcfotu

ed idlrlly

should

fom

e
ir

inr.8'sl parr of srch pegrns, Atlholgh @dd.rabl. progK has beo nad
slstlBaliziDg frowLdge
hehind in

c
u
tg
EI
&)

o o g rl o o

E}

i!

v&ioB fi.lds of pulUc dhirisalion, pakilfa! hls tagsd

hl

t!*e!

o!

@Dpr.lire basn wiIh de @tuqlE@ 0|it tudin8 cdld b.

dtu
erd

fd

ihe

iopovodt

of

F!@4
To

rFjlin& irsiinllion hitdilg, adbhisatirc

auio|rlmus, public

FI

Efm\

*""94.nt hForsban.
616 @
ddctop
a

ri!

rlur.!d u

adairisrlrid r.s..rch
rhal eould

loq-tug. proglD

for $c

o(hsl

of

B@h

tulfl
of

o BI
o o 6 e o q ItJ p p o
E

rhc
1he

adnini*arive

nds,

A@s@cnls shodd b. mad. for

te syridrali. dchdge
oglged io

6dr

of G@h

thal idonation of valw

&^tua[y

k rh*

F d

e Et

nnprcving

.ddinisration for

d*lophqt rcutd

E&n rhd. fdtaal ard pbvircial

o{ hiebo

Ig

lmne6,

membes of nadonal snd peli@isl

ssDlien mdbqs
in elbitr8

bu@]ecy
irwlvd
s,hjch

professional

ad 14hnicat pq.omel, isrktoE

ismdi

sDd orbeB

in adrniri3rEli@ fo. dw.loPDdr slbdd forn pan of

r@vid\6 sihulB

& idir@lior !.r_rqt

lelp thd!

6 Bdt s

th. tard i.f6rDri@ tb3r

wid

e.hie d. nidrd

Fsibl

lcvels of prfo.ore.

In

qd.r b set@rc drctop4trg lh. Co\cm.t of paes.n rn y frd ir u*fu

lhc @jor fa.toE

10

ddiE
lhn

lfeting ir

adminisratiE cjpdulity for dwtor@nq kcp

on

hda s4ndl

Fiq.

ed f@B flon

ih@. An

.fdiw appeah

to

inc@ing

oq..rr adninbrlrive cap.bility h ro link su.h cfod *irh

d.vclopm.nr pleDiry.

oommmoogn
a o o 6 g g o o g o g o o o g 6 6 E 6 g
B g 6 E o
IlI
tu

.sh/ <lli|'o.l.y

sffionnnnffio0amo

e.r^ao

Although Paljsa!

@dd pFbably &c.pt rhc fet rhrr tEd.. ltE p@!t @nditiN lle

.dnini$rdve load rbdd pl@d &vclold.nt is lilcly to oube hn ldbini{Eriv.

c4alility,
rh

preblm

is to

d.vie

a fasible

snteg/ fd @@tine this di$Epuy.

a
itl
Compdaliv stldies of civil h is pmposd

wie

slsien havc

s fd ben ieSlcr.d in Palistan.

ard

s E

b condut stu.li6 ofth olsmi2ltion oflhe Esllblisbsdl Division

Adoinisrdion DA.irDdrs A cmp@lirc sndy
to

ilc

lrevimial
b.

Sdie ed C.l@l
in edyzing dE

rcdd

efrn

irpliclrioB of .lr.rDrire lDlicie &d a!pr@h6

ttul

thc

srarN of

lh. PlMing

Comisio {d

iis Flaron ro & qcutiE wirh !h. bude.l

tut
wirh

cldly

dcfind in

Pabllb.

I hs vry tinl mdiuri@

in rhis

pmss,

tteial

od Menic polici6, dld with rb ruhi4.,

for ddninjsr.ajv Efom. With a

s o n s
o 6

vicw io .lEveloliig

mc guid.tis

lca ihft

is led fo. a

@mp.dir

nu{iy

6f

adtninistrdtiv.

aFc6 of plmirg

and plan implmenrnior

advisory iems lhould

TlE inclusi@ oI pubiic

adminisiJation qpens on ihe

plming

pore

ill@ely enn ir

Patisi.n

ad

should @nuibul! !o dE develoFMr

of p6cti@l guidetiB for widd

appli@rion oa

admidslive Gpdts of pt ding..d ptd j,lPlclMr,nion. Mo6w,

fi.ld should

.flons

al all lrcls in rbis

onhihr. roMrb addinistati*

EtuB

ouuouoffi |o6dffi ffi nEnodfl ffi offi 06oGff sumoou6

Str <ll"t'-lry
ArdgcnE lbl6l
A
staff lo ts should b.

3.r*.rc
to

E d. in Pltida

aign

th. bigD.d qu.li6.d

.!d

e.

.dFiniftlirc
slbuld
bG

cfm P'og6. h qs., th. $!ff n .dt addt'liond tlitjry'

bc$

s!i.l .fron

@& (l d6igt tt.

P6ibl. Fogl!tu.

Ofirhcdi.t !ig!ifc&c.

ir th. n .d in P.t&LD for

lb..stuion@t of.
St lt

q|t l

FIsmI

bord !.spooribL for

slrffd4.loFctl ud liining fr&1i@

of

$.gacy

$ould b. Gp@3ibL fd lh.

d6li!h@n

Forrait F$DEI tolici6 lt mdd b.

o o o o o o

E dim fd i!t!d'.iDg nDd.tu tDeg.GEt Ecihodr i!

*h

ldrviri.s

a !E0id6l

*l-li@ ofsFci.liz.d F!@o4 slsy caF

plrd.jng .nd dE FoEdio! of

adnilistdioo. pqfdE&e tpfrtigl trioing"

i@ ic b riFd.L iftE*d

Fqludivity. h

rodd .le f6ta t!. ryDoinrdan of sPaialist3 i!

A aidcisn @t r6liz.d
st
i5

Frsal

&intunodon

ota had
offct
is

th.r

tl|'l

public

. Ftrlonion of tb. putlic *!nB ir P*idlD bt ,I}ry 6td it dif6@x to @i!tti! niSh pblic

!ur.

ldnd ofhoGry dd id.siq

id

0t F

fot@

of0t l.*s. T}.t & mt lcrpdoElv

erid brcdlio sld

nsrine

disinidio Fi@isl con4rid ad sbilEitB i. d.ciliod

i!
0E stc.m ofldnhftdrri@
3houtd

lpFd

to b. deply itrguiEd

rlil

haE b..d, for

.ll p@licrl pup.6.{ ioniMoDrlizcd. CooFsliE dudi6

0E mcrto<I! a<bprn

tl|cEfoE b. !Dd. of

i! luy loci.de

for

|!c ct licadon of @ruFion to 6!d on

rin

6dB

hsE b@ ehicvld

{d *t r tdh.dt 3!
$.
Public

$iitblc for .dotrid in iaving

ciEu{.tu6,
in

It b !rcpo!.d 0ttt

tdsidltition Elgtldt fd th. lqt 6E v..

of

P.lire

shodd imludc

d!F!!vc

sudi6

dininSlodB

td r!$tl.ti@ iel'dins

n&hjlcy fd {si! dfo.!.ddt

.slr/ q{ilbr.t.y

e.-.t F
hs @ived . gcat
dal of
the

s 6

n'e
th&

subjeci of inaeNi@ Eaining

.tt!

ion Ior

m@

a o o o c c g 6 6 6
E

a deaad. in

Patblar An$ Fvidirg ou &hiw@dis ard

one

lite6{w

produced by

the taining

instittios,

wuld

be

dwLrt

to sggcat tlut

in P8jdltsn blE
of public

dvelopd a sy3&n that could

*re a e

.tre.tive tool for th

inpo\mol

wice,
th@

Th

s@s

of ou

araaddi

for tr.ining plblic

sdir
and

is too linitcd. atd

need for

e $ my
a

preblm thll l!@in uelv!4 lhd lhE is imedi.L

u a EI EI q L' o
tll
l!!

e o 5 c E g o e
E

ondu.dng
for

onp@dre sbdy of poblh addiniilrltid tailin8

t!34h.
long a

TIe

id

q
itJ

sh

a rrdy is obvioN

bc{e w cimt

.ffonl !o

in@

fd

o.na.d
a

slded of ed@tional Flpddi@ fo ou Fbli. ikliole pln of public

wi6.

W. n .d fo. i[ir pu!@

"t-;i"rrion tlinirg .rd 'ls6h. IMel d.v.loFn ih$ugh pFwie &d in-eie t!i!i!g ha
iD

s E E g
G

mt b@r

st@lind

lalistln. Lr6pit

!.d

for

r wi& @9. of t initg ald

l,o

fo. advalc.d
Alhough

s E
6 E g
kn

profsional ed@iioA litd. hs ben don all th

up8r.d.

ft

qu.lity

ofir$Erid

in-wie

trainj4 iBiinniN

had.d by g.ndlisis Som of

tho

la.k

E E

ffidy

ac.dcnic iEighrs ro girc pop.r diGdon wilh

fast,

d. oi!.q!eM tLl

ilE

insitu!@ N dMyins

bsisnifiqt fon hs e

far been dEde

1o

di6i9

tlioing ptugMs ed Flatql

o n o p H o o g

l*dh in odr ro mei .Lrclopmdi

Adnjnislralion

'lquiMdis need ssista$ to fmilidi4 $cn idtktos

Thc

b$ii!t$ of

!l! E,

Public

wilh

n*

oMprl of
.Lvic6
the

fi o 6 o
o n tl' o o
tt

n1@gemnlj ud to inFove th.k tnining stills, !sin8 Nw

tlinilg

Delhods and

to pr.FF

ad

updal tEjnins m.taislsr

io org&iz. &d coidut Prc8t"N for

Sh/ q{il'.r.r.y

e.r^...
of pMftl; lo otg&i4 m&rgcm@r advisry

dcrelopmnt

of s!.ific

cargorica

wi6;

.nd io .tre.r swl orgdiznio!.I cbaB. snd &rloprmr

is Equi&d to

.aU.

lh.m io brls

ftlfil

the

'quiEmdr6

of

e.@nic srd siat ploerds.

ir$iEljoa
in

As Eainjrg

pogfim nun povide d i@insly

of $rbjeb !o a opidly iD.c.si.g

hjgh tewt of

& eq-widcnitrg @ge

trubd

of

pllljc oDtotn 0@ h uBot tEd io

insftnio@liu dgstE io

rlir

rbc

tdm

rqlired b, ilsiituta oftubtic ldDinisr im

ir qdr

1o

kp tIeD ulFio-d,le in d rubjers ed @rhod. ofinshdion ad io devctop

li]len

tuUy

6 posible

taioils skjlts.

'nE raiiirg i$ljtulioN

adninistration irutrucrior TnininS

have

yel

ro

dcmsurte exatl.@ in

pubtic

p@g'm @ noi y.t spoMed join{y

by two or

hoc
and

DrjoMi tniring i.nitutioN. No

subEeion l ilsrirulioM
ro

siintur
spcist

fon is in wid.n@ b .stablish Egional

sft

riining,

The

$eity

of tr.iring
spiatjz.d

RUB

in @mp&io wirh
public

&rEl FIsDcl ft.dl,

of

prniddy h hgtly

Grpslio$ ir d.

wic

plhn r in@s

tE

inporrn@ of t3jmring rlE ioE diire FquitlIM!, of prbiic

sic

,rd of

dcveloping suitrblc

r.idin8

logtus

ro

mer ih.m. Speial s|M,s @ .sgdat io

d.LdiE
'nd

rhe

p|!gl

tud tone-r.fr requil!@t!.

cllmr avahhiliry
to p.od@ the

of quatiE d of pubtic

p6eB

pe-*ryie dd in-sFie rainile

quimdt

gFs

wie

.srd q{irr'.r.y oorKdf,nn60doffin

h
the

ln

e.^e.6 onof, nmnmloffirmg o

.fort to &l
P
r

admini*aliE slsico in

oPpbdh6. s)stenaric

e E o 6 o s o r5 o p o
r.l

ffi

mr.,gmql i4hriq'r mdd conrrihie ro*ad 6eil sold

in goMrnc rl

An inporlart prcblen ofaddinislrztion in Patklln ir rh develoDnql ofs'5Gn

for

|r@ .fativ. latlicip"tid

of

dplolB

of all Llcls in

sorq!,el

in

! llglG

dDr

inprcvd prfomo@ whn fclqirg mployc sltisfa.tioo .nd hlmonioE inrqpaenal

Ela1i6hip6. Snrdie hlve slDM th.r
inp6iftd plldElivity ed slid.d

oq.lph$is

@ auihodry in adhhi$ati@ h6

dtrhim

of th. sub.rdir.tc Dlblic

sicc,
incBr of

Imginalive

tlBG d l

r..dcd

in

Pakhfu

ro

pono dd sutsin

the

citiz6 b

the

adoiniiaidotr of public aflaiB, to givo ihem .

s.N

of p.dicipadon in rlF

dsisiG of gorrcm.nt

aedi6,

ad

ro coble

Ud b

orllihne !o

b.tler

adnilistetion. Ciiizo pafiicip.tion in pnblic adminisrarion wuld b.

sfegua.d agaii$ the a!u* ofadDini5t8riw .rrhdirr-

imporr.nt

A!

impottarl

cmluion

thAl

eDsg6 from ihe

shrdy points to

th. ad for

@DpEhcBiE

dm

of l[e rtble plblic

the

wie

sdurrE, iEluditre

siewid.
fd

@lrsification of pons, ch{A6 in

erls ed

in the

rcliFmot ad ptuio. s'3tems,

is

idpm@61 b dgei2atioD, m*j,E @th.<b lrd drol_ Tb.F

ibnEdj.r. ned

tn dtablthndt

of a ep@l Mirbtry of Public

Sdics,

TtE tark atcld inrclv.s rhe

Sl/ <l{'tr'.I.y
g
drbli$md of w

3.-.rotc

n 6 e c c 6
g g

E E

laining

i$riMi6,

of wi&.i!s rh. @rE ard improving rle

Frfotue

of qisline innitnjoa, ald of dtelding ih.ir iDflu.M io bighs

o

bumul@y, Thc tssibiliry of .lr.blishins

Naddal

Aedoy

ot Ad&inbtilrjor

ed tu
SDaial

insian of Padi@nky Alftia

.d

L.eal Sndi6

my ale b. c6idad

t s q

E!

hining lo streng0m skills in Frricul& fl&, n@lsmdt itiioing ou!.s for highd

posti

dd ale in sial

ldmidsratioa fr@cial admiijststion

ed

nui.jDsl

g tr a o

.dDitristdjon

e ddpl6

of sp.cirt

Flgas thlrEy

be

ilitirt

d.

o n F: o

EI

at

e g g g n g

E
of

'DE

IH

philoephy of adninisranirc

Efd$ &'iv6 tm a nubd

fonns.

of

pspo$toN. A poposition

@nm

$c sdb'nalon of suh6lsnlirc pref*ion t naftbr.Ls

Frfmnee
of

ard 0E lxrssc of

thcs. 6d!ds wilh ini!tuaion l

pDf*ioial

g
E

ltljid6
a

[iCy
tuy

dcElolcd c.hnicat srsLns sEh

abbic @qg,, &.dici.e

.d

n E 6 g o n n G 6 e e o a

public heal$

be alloved

b pman

rhe

netio.ing of pul,lic bullatl@y. b e far

aad

swb .rlitird6
is

Eller aEsr fo. .n dirioq trisioa

to b

dpinctuo, tuh anindjot

is

inerhlrg.

litcly

flMcist. TtG ds ofFofesdodil cooe.Glce, *tich

$F.ior

!o the gcMal blEaucratic .onpeGftq

my cft.te ew

.tenEds

tu

adni,isarive

A wond popositio. Efe6 io th ned for innihnionalizirg

s@

in Btich borh

I.uil8
rh

.rd .d.p{arjo of ftw rec}eloSid @u, Lints slould

end the inrellecnDls s,ho

bc

dlblish.d

b.t9a

srat offcidls
of

roy

ptuvide rcw ide6 for

6cd

idptdmr.lion.
rhcE is

Wl|!, bdd*

iadlti@ of ir$llnioa NinS io.t

lmtuEn F&ri6,

Srr.l Q{6a11, 6EeO6

@

e.-A'!
&orhd, rh.

o g o 6 o g o g o E o o o
E
tg

rasfd

of

ps$B 8od oE
re$er

ro

inFnle

of

[r*s of

rhis ldid

b6l)c
cd.

appaMr. Th. lonpoEry

[ajnidS innitudoB lo dF

of

Fec,

for iDslee,

ton

dE public sdDidsr*io!

Egrblj$|mt

DivjsioD ald lbe

vi@w

@ de! $is n

A lnid potDsition concms

wirhin rhe

$.

ElatioBhip oftechnicd sF.idists

!s tg
ro

s@rlisrs

b@auEy.

The

sF.ialist

should hrv

pdity of .st

fr

and his

ble in policy

rutinS

snould b

mdihizd $rrch!"t ddi6

rhe

within rhe pubtic ddni,isrqdon

s g
o

I o o

o 6 o G' o 6

enhdc lhjs cLrionsnip, Howd,

sr.ci.tists slaiE

@ b. siAifi@tly inpov.d

only rhen lchnical qultificarions @ hiehly Egeded in tlrc adhi,israrire snine.

A founh !rcposition @ncem the .t lb.Ere id.nrificarion of imanon with ihe

conventohal

$@.s of b@al@lic pokr ed

thc eslablistlrot of

net wort of

adhnristalivc pr@edEs froh which the

bl@u&y camt

${pe. This apFds

qp@irlly Flcv{rt bue ofihe isoLtioa ofeDe otrcq!, whj.h linits th. diffision of

movrlio.

in the

upF *hetoB

of the bu@w@y.

Ye!

edEr iDrDltar

protDsition Etdar io the

fi{egic
UDt

of

pbtic

tunr.
tbn $e
rhe

w'th &palby ed cEaritty. Thc

qstd

of

bulfu@y

bav. inlFir.d

Bnfth blis te injiiarjv. of llblic

@tu

surs
of

od pmore ,!6olute c.o1btuity wi6 qplNing

ro dE

quac ulr $thts lfuin $!Ed

Nolbilg
is

opiaion

djfant toD rhoe

held by rrre bjghd,u!6.

mc

ddDgins

.dDid{rrlion rb,, lhn l.nddv

dan600nFnonrmoomoosmoEfi o

StrJ Qlrtcodrv

e.r.L.*
shod4

qlich @re a vcd.d

th@foE, d@uagc

Dt*n ir minLidng $c ies qb. Tbc Cio@r

10

{r. alility

llink imeimiively ud.ertively. Thoe

Fss.d

of

6iti.ri f&rlis

should b Endldcd &'

lle

MiDu

possible

qtelr

lisitlnioMl

a@g.mob @y b. mlde io p[.vml deteior.lon of t ldis ed b f&ilirll. go*rl of

o EI o d EI s o 5 o u fl

s E'
Mey ob6erv.B hav. idcnii8etl
thc
lhe

TI

pt
politicizlior of
tbe public

wi6

one

of

plonditiN

of @ipalion. Tbis sysi.d should bdde

l*

co@trd with
gb!p6 to th.

ruinLlning ordq dd supplying

6lrc

nun qith a@osodatine

wioB

o titt
p H o o
EI

o E o g

nuM* of i!. @Illizd polity, Polids 61lE the llw &d otda sbould now be lhe mjor 6lm oI sl@snn adninistnrio Public Adnidsrator in Pakislsa wuld b.
I3r borc

nt

.tretile if sdminjstral!ts tqd

i5

to h moE pohicizrd.

h ! demd.atjc Feime, ih.

of rle public. Efo.ts ar

b'fta@y

vis $ a fFt ccp ir rhe poliricil si.liadon

be

n s o 6t u n H o 6 6 o tr o o 0, o 6 o o o g 6 6 o o
G

adninjst{ivc Efom cmol

divoed tom poliris in a tleneEtic Egih..

hlve bcn dE

Indigaoc dd foEigr

obs6

le.dls inrcltq@l

of

ligh lwl

b@lcdls h

1he

&sils of progm .x@ution, rh. bwillilgrcs of starlreNiou toF

lercl hE !@ts !o d.Lgr& EspoNibility

m..agcE lo

ed 6e equd Ebdlm of

l()vq-lvel

eepl

gMler BFN'bility- Public Adbjni$adon cdedon l

pbgtuc of
sbould

whaGvcr spinc

fom! sldld trle suh sirariotr @tuly

to

inlo

&@ul od

qpl@ th. aldt

a

*nich indigetrow
of qisling

vdB

&d othE elvi|r)!|tMtal &d!R

rill FDit

noE prodDlive

mmpoE

eou6.

os6006fl onfl nEouoormnffi pcnoofl n0000u0nil6ffi

.9d q{d'.'.r.,

e.^.b.
'r-i"i.r$d
sJgg6l tbrt rhe Public

Ald@neh

suddt! ofpottic

st6
by the

dpuld

povid. ih. baic c@diaion for cqmbic clEng. ed th.t thc Hnds of addilimal

*ilb,

orgetition dd ontrol! lhrl $b!.qEnr gresrh Equir6 cs b. pbvidd

setor, the

FiuL

initEtir

for

Mh

c@lFtnrion br@n the

Fblic .d

lhe

pdst!

s&ior must

l't
EI

.om Eon Dlitical ledenhiD.

tll

rit

It ic pcible

10

.xploc wiilt diligcncc,nd for6igl qady how lle bulics

ro

c{)muiry @ ddibue

lt. eloal! &d nod.nialion of hblic Sdie

in

PsIi.{D

In

odqto srl@lie pblic wiccq it beri.l thrath.

bsitB

c4M@iry bc

givd

*qu&

EFe1rdon

d i.riodl

pLDi.g bodi6. Joilt tr.iliDe F!gr@s,

st a
i! al b6i]B
inditute

th@ offtred by l[e Pahsa. AdEiaiftdile $itr C.[.8e lhordd h. orylnizd previtr6. Tn

GoiElml wil fld

ft

Etul

io e@rd

plwndon

to tlE

@mairy

otr ninisterial

da

arivc

comitlcd, Il wuld b. d.sinll to

xchege int n3hp

prcgus for niddl. n@mnt FsoMl in ihe putli. dd

Of equd imponle. sruld t th.
thc pobli.

baitus

b@is.

ue of indEtrisl lropow
rEd.d

taidlg dviq 6 a tI]4 of lqoililg L

dd lliehly cchdcrl adnhisaliv. rrldt

bu:!.ll@y th.

qei"liad

Tlr brlmqry

srill op.nl6

Fdg Ddr a n

cboosc.,

lh6 idaeiti.g

qtifial ts'd@ia.
oFn lo Elional

Th.

@tdiz.d brEudlc lulhdig, m

ard qilicd

@rr&r bow

mjrgly

llE dB

*lf{pF.is8l,

$ft6 td

qodilg

ca$q'EB

Srl 9{arrry

e.^.h@

of iela{@ tom
ard

hoB t ald 0!6 icponilg ald diricien.

of

In swh a

6!aljz4 @ieic
lh. c!.!gi6

M..@peddre sysiab, lhe e.!Fts.i@

c@Flili!,. nilid

f(rc

iiio

ch&!cls, wtich bare !d!ologi..l inplicaioB fd

!d6ini$.tiE @rg@.nt

ot
iniliative

ehols ed ac{demjciN;
otr

rtFy still dis@urce

dd idovalive ihjnkire; prfd b Fly

ftar dd

f(E

a instMots of ontrol

dd hrN $e plFalieic delelopm.d of sicty,

lnpl@@raii@ muld b posiblc if

{F adDilisdirc Etum

c vis

by ihc

Go!@maI a e oroi)mN pre6. A vig@B .r8lldrr

bc

sdied

in e4pon

of th. pnpcitid tba! ar Uis

@nc@

s1!,

th. Crovtmcnt sbo'Id

rhGt . aclsiw
of ihe

fo adbinistatire Efotu. Withou (hb. br8 n6ipulatid

sial

ordd

A sFmelrical developnnt of bMarcFy

posrs

an<l

poliocal poans

dd leeisLlws
a

sioE poblm.

As a

@ns.qu.@,

neg.ri6l

i@hmlog)/ is .lveloping !1

muh

g@ld

pe il

privale c{)l)1lr)pe

iho

in poblic

b@wo.y. wbateE

tb cluse lhe lhe

difs.t6 qist The Nbl@

ditrqlnlid ou9'ts
fiom
For

is lo sioci!rc 0F

i .;

nedia to

s@modd.

@9le it k imporilal to
and

ttriDg

ido Fblic bueatuy a.lots

pd@ s.do,.

mi6iti6

&doi*

dffieffi606ffi5
Of qud irrtDlll@
snucnft
be
a

Strl Q{etorry

3.^*.6

f,nnooM6mffio mEl
bqlc.atic

tbc proSld of miDraini4 wirbi! tre

dtMic Dedih

for the diliEion of

te.lmlog/, nris poblfl

partly

@lved

by intd-inslihnioot

Fnab

ily rnd psdy by dE

amrd

8on

b|EErey

of all dDse

el6e sthal@

still urdd ihe.uiodatic ef&ct of livirg dcluivcly on lhe

&dirg sLDd&de ofmlmid hditra. ir pulrlic adninirnriotr

o o p ilt o tu o o o it n til o
rI
EI

IrEs1! caliti.s
Ffom.

suge.g.d thc

ugdy

of 6pid impldotalion snd

ofadnirjsF.rir

T1E inplenenirtion

wil f&ilital djfiaid of @m

th

t{}mr.sy irto {F

largq poftcal

odq

and

wil enla@

pcitlility

of

mr

.nb!rc.d poliriol gre$rL

d8re

5 EI o g t} o
o E o o u o s g n o o o b 0 o n n o o o n, 0 o 6 o 0 o o o td n

o o

the

ptGs
in

of

inplmlllion

$ould .noobec tb.

*tablist!ft ofdiploM dd

cows

adninisrrtion md polilicrl

eiqe

in all

uiv6itis.

'np admini$tirc glhli{s allow iEirirg iIsiioti@ io diflie oity thN

@nepts, which do nor h!v.

adlee implic.lioG fd

ihe momtoly rhy

hrw of all key

FsilioN

i! th. Gol@rEic By . o@ioB

Bbiciing
of
i,hc gm*,rh of

lDUcy

of divid. .!d nde, dEy barc

iheh to the

sucaaded in

the istituiim ed in deliniting

rdend

Frfotr@
bl@laruy.

tlxE finrtiotri $tjch

&d pdFture

$.

@tdi.ls' nom of
forced k)

Ihey

dtMis

ba ben talcn amy drd ihcy

b.,

have

bcr

fifttio.

und.r conditioN in &iich

m orig@l ihinlirg ce

don for rlF in'pomcm of

Crvefin

Dt

dxl i6

,nninht*i@

St

l ql'n ..t v
diii6
harc poirtcd o'r thd rbe

e.^.h.8

So@

hicmhid dn dieipu!.d ndE

of th.

dninidrative drEne @upled wirh

Bpel fd ed incti!.tid i.' euter. ep.r.lii6

of admini3tralive

Mtlin il

ft

pow.rfiil fo@

1h!1

inFd. dr impl@nr.lioo
of forner Britis!
0CS)

d@,

the sitution

lhe

tu

in a!

bu!futui6

imFri.l

sysicms in which a

sin ll srp@li

offomd Impdid Civil Sedc.

addtuilrlriE orgdirlli@

otr6 l@ in . posqtul pcirion

cbe4 @@r!riE ald
othNis

EI

e o a 0

tlt

to prrdomi@i. the

lDd ro didar. ih.n

sE@typed dinldng

d dr sbordiF&

srtrwho

\m

s{rd ofdE Svod of

D.msl6

(in tte fom of Anolsl Co!6ddd,l Repotu)

dsys hesisc oE rb.i. bads

c ril Itl c IT
E
EI

'I!is po$'bility is dnrlcld *h.n $e fo@.I tEjniog asd.Dn @ admilisralEly

.odr.lld
by ihe

o o

sl@sB

io the Bdnsh inpdsl tmdiiion.

o o o
!o b

FT

An .ady ihpl@.ntlrior of adriinjstEriv.

tlfom alpes

nelsry od
sre$dtship ro

cm
ihe

d.siblc, It wjll pDm&

rhe

id.otog)' of

hmoGs, @npssid &il

p$lic; f&ilirae

ris

of @ur.miling

.lir6,rd !
th.

vigoFB political
sysi.m

AlEsi
Md rh. idolog,

ad\dm lle drceera of a s!.pric

toral

ftlvqt 6@dng

bl@Edi

*id

otde4

@le ! dlMic iditni@l hedjw

for the dimsion of

ed

t@ltrblogy of adminisrrationi sreo$hn insiitutjos rhai tuight dtirnarly !.stnin

s vieotuN and

bwaucEl& exc@s, inpore lhc qu:lig of lgislrtiv. ovdighr threlgh

EspoNible

@mine .ppr,lu,

invig@re

6. p@s

ofjodicial sutiny of blMucrsric adcqu!& ro

beh'vio6, polilicd

dd nrdly,
@t

Esldr

i,

difrsioo of

Nm

Fodu!

a hlaEe in

so*d

.d!iEbl. udr srnr.8i.s! olh3

rhrn

rh6. ofadniDjsf.riE

efolN

oonElm6no6ndi
OF AU th. moar

Sl,./ <4ite.l.y

ch@ieriniG of .lrioMl udd &v.lopMl .ddi.idntik il!d.q@y

is

lh.

DFvd.nt, rhe Ddt di6qrlt ro

oiEtldc, Dd

UE

l@t lilely to be Eogtrizd d

if

Eognizcd

b. ldminql, by tE

gdtuld .
gal El.!!F
wicc

horiri6
!o

c4en d

nis obedation of

d .miMt si.d6.

politiol simdst
aphrba

has

qditiou

obLining in d.wloping

o o

In spite

ui*6al ecll.d !phl! vio

sydem of

dEl

D Mlim @ n|k

Fogs ul6s $e @lonial

civil

is

Eptaad by a mod. of public

eMc
lhe

io vhich the techricim of the elite @dF Bto d.iiv

pow

and aulhodly

tom

p.6isl.oe of @lonial trddjii@ pog.l)1lr6

of

sisl

chmgc

ed otrd Himalata

ob6taclcs to

ovil

*NieEf()m

mnonoEmoomn

Sl,.,l <U'dr.r...y

Ll

Part Four Comparison

G rt

6 o

E tlj
frt

a o e s o 6 6 6 e e g o 6

n E
o E s g
@

Srr
Cbrpler

<l{',tr..ary

n[tr
rld
rypologi.s

3.da.'.
ofcornptio!

Eigbt

Dend6otr!

g e o g o
E

In pEvioN cbn!r6, rh. diffic'niid

politicai dtupd@ in tbc pae

cMeierd

in @.stuciing a d.finirioi of

l@

outlined. Ir CDuld mt be

$prbirg lhd H gra&r

s g
EI

difliculry
Fail@ lo

ha ch@t d&d .fons io plod*e

aepi.bl. d.fhido of mprion.

ihe

irt PJ p, !!l

prdle

d.ffniiion Gpesrs

tujor linitdon oflh. thory sd

litcatur

dlir subjcl ad nos of dF usble dcfiritjd

hd. ban

r.nbrive

{)c. o.
fq

p E g

EI

lh@eti.al t ms, all bln lh. b@r gpmnl

dcfniiiN

h.vc ben convolional, ifte.dd

ue in spcific sitlltioN,

nfti

th& fietio.sl, dcsigred lof uivdsd dpplication.

EllIbs, 1bcn

''D.6nitios @ l6ls, iot

appoximtion of sm

vdE d.tqni.d ii

us., nor in

lem ofdi.i

taedd.nr.l

idal .. .. .. DilF

16 ovs appoFiaie <le6niti@

e
a

'nris ludy

@ @6ig.d

of two

phas. Fir$ phls

@nd@lld in Parist

vr'l@
the

th. olha orc

in th. Udld Slals of

Affii@ nE

sllr<ly

fals

at&ntion on

difllHlwa}j

in which

en ir

plnaiv conditiom @ @.struct d

6lh pDbl@ of

@r4tion by key a.1o6 in sicty,

public

'nw

@tots

the elit s qno

tune i[e

i.m of
dt
s@ial

di!.o@

abou lb p@bLm. at lb6

ad.r ofdis

a!pr@.h i!

e qoiMtior ofth.
on

dendiioN of@mflion enployed by

vdiou.lit

8rlupE

tith d.mphdis

mntirgdcy of lnowledge.

"

sd6lblg Pnerc'rhePortb6ofMeanrdg PMr 3nd Explanalion ln lhB conslruclis ol 1934 s@ R..lit)/ T.,@1Adom lJn@'ty ol Atuon.

Pr*

!9ld <Ud'.'.t.y

3.-.h"*
Eviq oI !@.
a

'Dris chlpter aEilable in lhe

gis

a brief

dfnnio!.t md.ls &d gloloSjs

o g
a s o
H s til

E;

litestE

on

@nprba wih

derDe!.lioq uilg iniervid &d

llm

Iext'ql

d.4 of ihe sEbiguiry iNolvd i!

ov6 ti@. Th.
by lh

d.finjng @mption
ro

th luidiry of tlle ofihc desc of s.ekiig to show

ro a

phlomior

c}'Fd lhd 8@ d
ro

@lud. ! di*6io
of

u
a !! a u
E!
IlJ

inponfle givo

v&ioN cttu gDup6 of rhc

of

rt Fobld

@Fioa

ti:

bow dF did.ettiot
largc

tuti4

Fobtd, litc rh. ditr@r d.tuirioor d.F!4e

dtc.t d th. cdfigunriG

pok,

L.g.&dc or N.|1s lLtunioN.

Tl'c dfnirioN

cl

atF{i!8

in rhe $Bis

tu

b. @r.8oriad in *veal

sys.

.Lhey

cd b.
th

greupd

&coding io ihir dcg@ of f$crion lity, or slccificity ard aaddilg to

EI p u ta!

cxLit ro qhich rhey.nph.size qu*s atd ct4qures! lhe corcq,i of ih ilt gal exchage, ttE nonliry of ihe e( &d rhe violarion of rlE publi. rusr ,ft@

ci

e a lMbq

of othd sratelMt: which

def& @nption ir l.ms, which @

ntEs,

q ood wi*

'Conpdon is.

tuy-fs.r.d oacp! dt ncesily

to do with

bofty chdging

E o H

EI r!

u itr 6

lt;

h.!ds. ft @y be rlnB. ofposilion,

!.Ftis.

Suppos. you

in

erc
is

pBitior

ir

Sovem@t sdi@, &d yo! @ lhal posirid tu. Fivlre

6
E

E E

.r6rs rtlr

@tuption

|lt

lftou sbw you

Fw!

io

turrtq you FivaIe intci$1 rhd u @mFion.,

A Sdior Bwaucrar

S@ic6

!d c.EEt

Adninisf.rjon D.prht

nr.

n 0 o o F u n o

F b

Str/ Qlrt!'rtt o!60uf,no606nn

"coruption in ny opinio
, i3

J.a*o.o

ono0E&rof,onaEn00OH
6y t&@tion
in $tich a lnan gers ben fils which

"Complion k the id(jlg of som. reburitiotr or b.nefit of

do

&tu

kind in order

eeerbilg thd tou @ supFs.d

io do

ey

w.y

s,p{r

of you job-"

o o o I'J o E e E p p IT a o EI o
FI

!'J

til
"Cm!tio! imlud6 sring
kind-bdicauy we @
a

E
for

mEy qp.cridg nocy, @ipN3l tuor

of

ere

s c

dring of quid-prc-q@, $lrethd in cdsli o. kind. N.potis is

difetur mticr-thft's m quid-pbAe pri@ily,'

M.obc. of

chdbd

of

Com@.

ald Indlstry.

o o t-l g o o
tcl

til

'Thde

ru16

tbr.eplcd th. cotrdEt of gov.md

$rwrs Ilft
v.lw.

0
h

gl

$bdliDg
nmbr of
to

called CSCR

(Coment S.Mt's a.flilg of

Coldwr Ruls) which d.d

vii! .
So

things ieluding

gins b.yond a crtd!

codc of conducl.'

it muc

@nplion sh6 tou daiarc fren lhal

Fotm chcf Ser.tdy

of Brl@bish

'conupnon is lonerbjng which you @ l.grlly mr entid.d ro gd-*ndhd it is post

f&to o! not b inelev@l. It is

you

understood

th.t to do

duly ssigled to you for which

p6i4 you should nor

ap.d ellhing bcloidlht sddy,'

p o o o o o o o o @ o o o 6 o d o g o tn o oo

6 o o

Sul Lqu.nnv

J.^*o."
Islitut

of Public Adminilratior

lll

7,

Tle mcming of co@plion is qlite vide.t fom the law, h is sonething iodulgd

t.l
FJ

by a public

*rut.

public

*rymt is *id ro b. @tupt

whco hc das
rial

rit
Il,l

p
lll
F]
FJ

sonethirg or d@s @l do enlhing for a cosidcation,

consideniioD, niis is beyond the legal wag. he

$lrlly a Mt

.atr-'
!o

Joi

S@lary

CoYlmdt of Plhstar.

u g EI p
Is

8. "ln the striclly Lgalinic md

adninjsaativ. sase, shich

I thinl

is

. Femble

appDell th defnitior of @mlllion i5 gjvcn in thc pwnlion of @dption

ordimce. One

oftE

ingrdi4ts of thar which cotrlituLs a rininal olfcNe is

c.Ied crimir.l disnducl- Thal i5 d.fin d th@ ed veou

fottr
I fal

of crimiirl

It o o n a H n

Itt

misndEl @ taloSu.d illusltdively. Oth.F nay dif.r,

puit{L all dinSs ih6 ewt
lhitrg

bur

t|r

lo lhe

sm

impu.. Ifyou

l@king al it lhm th. poinl

oIPuit&i@,

vill l@l @mpt

9,

The

simpld yardstik I @ is lb,i if enmre nis@ & office he @upi6 for

g6io,

pffiml

iho

ihat is complion."

A Politicid .rd Premilcnl l.aislrror

Balahislr Povircial AcEDbly.

oo6ms00osguuuDE6plnfi tu$u0

.Srd <l{{t..'.t.y

6oHoo

gjlli\ H

&ffi

c 6
E g

\M/*
to

3.^*-"

oooo66oo6|cloEEKrs8

o g o E o 6 q g

10.

"As

fd 6 I m concm.d. ir is quiie obviou

what one

ness by comFion_it

is

I
H
i3 ti:
Fi

exchqse ol moner ro' .tom8 sohcthmg $aL $ pohbrcd by law or not

doDe

enethirs which

rhe law

rquiEs on

do."
A Pohrici4 trd hirh

rlrinR

o6cDl

o E
e
EI

PsksraP@pldPety g
I

!'! pj

6 o
E g

1 suppo*

e a 6 s g 5 a 6

inlIetor fi a brib. lrd Gxloris sm. orc o@irs a prcid D bchvins wnsly ed nl.s E *ho F og.ecd in p.rfomils. sdik ror ! Sov.mmt tt t ItTc ormisbcharo' F g is@rupion.'
d idpetor
of a rcstlutut o' of ! @nstucdon

E pj

pbjct a buldins

fa!

D.mi$nYorns.rr.
col|Ml
ro rb

Msrd R d cityorNe*Yo*. 5
B

12

lt is bdrcdlly the @ipulation of rhe go\cm.nr

ptorrsmvrF.dVoqejaLion H
somc

br pople wbo

m rd'ld

wirh th.

sls.n. Nudly inrandlv

who h.vc !.sr.d

i0colldionwi$ popleexnd FMm.l

'nkesr

wlkinB in Lhd
tms

ra!

o,seia,Dn
bflrmrnJ

B E
H

cirvorthiladlphia
l3. MisN
by otfrciat of

@ono tNo*toi c.mal '|!r

o
H
H

l*
H

govcmc

posifion"

o
H

OnOOOOOOOAUTTOE$'lOC[iI6CEil$ttrl

gEosf,ffiffinDG|osdr 5
E I

SrrJ Q{rrr.'ary

ffi

a.^"* cnoooEonosfiodoog
o

.*^*.*,"rJff';":;
14.

E
E H

and Ldqat laws, violatios ofdy public policy rhlr govem lhe odqcr ofpubti. mdoyce or .lered olficial is @npt@-"
"Disho.erty is U. 6ajor euce of coml,lion, viol.rion of poal @de, std.

il

ciryconuord,phiradelpha
15-'Son6n who alesthe trust Ibd bb@
payins you salary for doing
placd upon

E roiAlhe saider E

hin by rh.tax

p!y6ard

o
H

wort.'
Arrhony R.

B
Didror

Radwalski H ofspocial rDvcris.rioN E

ciiy of

Phrladcrphia

.
16.

E|
p@ple l.rk.lDu1

dE a@gd.at olpolia liee ilegal op@tioc ed t ke a Eguto !6'otrrho rh@ k qbnon $heE Lte pot* shale Fople doM !o.\od qesr or nol msl thn ,, Ptufess Jms J. F .re Dep.n'r orciai.d Jque Tdple Univ.nity
coduerior is a prcpq moriv.r.d

Ftie nisndu.t c.@dxy

H H

A E R

Tllc
caleaory

nmw of leg.tislic defniios tisb

a limired nMb. of

d6

u{tcr

rhe

of@mpton dd .ppoxibald tt &tirition ot@Euprion 8iv@ in law.

ftis

000d0nflfi 00f, oG8aodfrfiftffimnreS crstpppoaHo

St,l

<Ud'.,...y

OEEEOAIoOE!3SEEXOOCI

J.-*o-

delinition may conmonly

eecrinB bc

sjmplc Eft4doD

of the leg.l Fovtios, b!! mE

o g o g
EI

&I

il js d xprcsion of ody of
provisioE) ot ihe Ia*,

the senlimnts
is

dd

ida, i.., lhe spirit

(d

E
tij

lgaid speific

g
g g n u

ed

lhEfor lcgolistic, in a Ie hnicd s.B_

A bcnd urd.Ebndin8

b.

had of stEr lhis kind

of d.fnirion dr.its by
au

exmini.g $e erual laws @nehjrS @mprion. Hislorically,

s@idi6 sG

engaged

b sbe drnl in wbat DNia cdb t!. $.

LSislalion

ofDo"tity,&d patisto! ir

no

In

study, abod rwo diids of lhe

bl)l!@ds alrosr enc

all $e indusriali$s or

&d

abu tne.qu,ncE

of ttc poritici&s ofcEd

fm

of

rrdw

t.C

dcfDitiois.

aDong all $e clir.s trtro gavc a

nmw

o. I.8dtinic dfinirioB, oDty a few ideodncd

s M s
EI

s u o

6I

moe lhm tuee ets rhat deerye fie compl tabel. Brib.ry. mjsue of offic. od misapprcpriato, of pubic @ur.s kictbo.ts &d @Daso6 &d

dbczt.ftnr

tn

lll

vw d. m$ fiqh{y
ErG wio onirei
s

cjrcd

dedcs

of @npdon,

ti t9l

tu;;E

Ewdcor.md @;ll.!bvh;

. Mir.lFltridi(n ofFlblic llsllR . (rtld. rd @nn ic .

cin!, h.yod

o g EI p
6 p o o 6 b) n E o g g
E
r5
EI

EI

r qriDvilE

n. no r.qmr tyees oimffi"

fi@cial or mon lary corpored
@mFioo. ror exdpte

moi#ffi
suggee a

ad in 0Er s.e

! hiq

bol@oot who is ilre

!@

E of, emoooefl af, oaofi soHaoaa#HooEi

.sl'l <l{iro'.r.y

e.-.tc6
o pt o EI n r5 a
tfi
E}

"Corqrion di.@li@ in s |e!

public's inc6-t

tlr.s it b iueg.t gtuin rtioa thar js, I hav. . poE

f.rci Sulpc. I &n eqtitrg
Suppoe wthod

!o

my

in ltris colFrdioo, I nare ro

k!?

m. buys non riom I u buyilg ttings ard h SiB m 3om @ncy fo! lhar. So I d berefiling by lnlr ed I e lnine rhe @+osnon bF trcugb thal d..1. My er hd
tcpjrg
pubtic

ir miid.

idalsr, in Dird I b.tp

n
EI

t!!

quted

in a

ptuidy

los b ihc orpohlon $

that is

@mltiol
.|mpL,
dieuss

Ir

iL

.vaihblc titednft, Kotehn &d $rtk6, for

a

.dnidgradv.

a u

I.a

viSil@{tu d

o@Fid ctedaized by,qrpdd oftt {iir,,ard @Xi!g 6m a b.l ofomirrnd !o d.in@nric pri@ipt6,6 Sr.iaenrs srch as rhis EF.hr
fom
of

inlerF.ktio6

of

$. pttumeno. vihjct

e sdhar

qialied ad

for this

tg$n wilt

@i b coEideEd h@.

Defnitiotu which

rhc

msl 6@iiood,

or sirDlioolty

q.cifc,

e ih4

which d.sqibe oEupi &ls in t mE of lhe p{ticuld

Ls

$tjch bav. b..! viohtad.

liC

dcfnitioN @ appu.d in

rhe

ldDinijr{jve code oftaw.nfoeort a!Fi6.

he
be

BciSls apprwh is logislic,

b.rE

dire,?s
pltMde46

of @d$ion in

rtus of

dF

staus ulder which @frupl otrcd @

t!g.l

defioidoN

e
a

preeribed md dsriptiv.. They @ are prcbtqatic, in tba

thcy @ dimcdl to

@s

bsis fq

com!..is

berDcn

difear jurisdidis. B@4

{io

ls*!, !.gd,ltr6, &d .rdoftu@r polidq charg. Fiodieun Ih.y

r
basis for

er e@

Fovidc

cmpdri$n ofcordirioB wilhin oft agacy duitrg ditr@t hisoricsl pdiods,

L*35", *^t c

and

J.B

L.

wa*' rori..

vb*ani...^

St'l <l{d-...,y

e.-.h.6

Thc

pobld Eied
Oft

by rhe applicjriod of

diff@t

lcgal d.finitioN

@ 6ily

he

! R[ tsw ce E qh|ch a siq dekctive in &e Nd Yo* Ciry policc Depdr!.r, M slrsp.dcd fo. addng n
illust'drd. for

fttlk,

c}qptg Efas

ro

dpeoiv

ma1.67

Anothd rcfeB b

ofli6

in Brirain

r..plrg

seh merts,

bui

mt6

thar

i!

thar

@uEy

{r

plaric., hoM t@[y

,nbpine,,

is mt

Clfdaly coaidFd.

@@pt

peclice.d
th.

tl.
of

applicotion

of Mh djtrmt $and.{ds in 6e r*o coutris

o@ss

dificdtiB

tup&isotr

MoE

*riou

compl

!n tic6 e,
which

of ours.. hiv.6axy pdcribed by stanr.

Mqq

noics rlut
0o

@9 lEs udd

@tufl

offm

@ pbsur.d

rbo* irrordd

lo apply

compdon donS pubtic o6cialj in

gd.Et.

He also poi,rs out rlc lmitdliom

ol th@ st rur* s,bjch

Dosl

spriUcally

eo.ted to c@bdt

polie @Fpti@ .By ftr, tle

ro

@nr!M pmvisio

is ibat fouad in some

n cs p.ri.inilg

rL

bdbe.y ofpoti@,

k$ comon ft natut6 Fohibiting r\e e{aDid@ of gins &d elliiruro by polie ofr6'.4 As lss of rhis ldld @vd oDly rbc noG obvioG lirG
of @ni9l diviry,
rhey

@tuidqd io b. ioo tihned in rhcn appti@ri@ ro poud.

Bnrl defnnioB ofrh

Fnp!eq",Jd_narorc!1,,.ir4r-.nd-ti;h6;]oit Rub'men. Jom,h5l e"qtc,!s. 1j";'i; i,^,

Yo't Hor Rneh.d aafr66,r-i6o' r&y.r. John C. Jr a OedrE
Studv ot

su"* *o

pde Cm.ton,.

oalHoc8fio

.Sr/ <l{ifx'...y

f-ffi,
d

e.-**"

rE obtusdon of rh. is of omFion roy havc ben due priMity to thc la.k of ey fomal d.fididon in IN to gui{t i!q!iry"?o.
M.rrr coNidm this poiit !o b.
inponsn,oG.!d @irLiN thit

nsfinn60EffitE&oocl g g o g
E
E

E E Lgal dcfhitioB e Dl widcly ued in the lillstue. Mo6t d.finiiioN @moDly E appticd do, howq, irclude a lesal .tdenr i! rbd lhey srate or imply a loer linir b E @nu!lj@. Ihe poinr or which. sift js considc,Ed to Eprtgr a hib. d.moard6lhb I rinir
ngulatiod but my

b..n the object of nc@t oiricib Bttd bs nph4izd 0F didinciid beisn otrcirl b.h,!ior s4tcb s d.vid .trd rb.r $,iich is qinjEt ro sugges da,!@pts to @!sud tcgal d.tuiriG oa@mlptd a &r Ftrdocdve: "A l.Catinic &tuirid B i..d.C@E b tlE study of @rupiion s I fom of .bvi&! b!.!ior b@re tuy fuls of @dF off6 b.havior my violarc siat mm of .rtri.d om@ b..hivor d".iinctrral ior nne ed
wnoh @ncept of rle lecdisric ap9@h
10

fte

ih. snldy of coEpiio! h6

I E

c
!4

viola& crituin

td.nn6t,

lnir &6rd'.g io ftc mrivlrioB of tE !.ale idohrrt h rh. rvihee. Mis ptt$B a g?ical deftition offib sn ad def6 @Fad6I .$ abe o. ilat N ofotre ror rh. dK or in<r'Ed Fcui$y gu of rh. ddividud - Ttu itjcedity of a gin is debnmen by wberh.r fiiendshjp or ri. oliciat DDsirDn of &c BiFar B |he
co.cpt

&fniri@dpbdiringt

of,ilcg.t ?cbr!gc,,ldd

io

dcfE On

E
O

E E I B

moov4ion

lmr

in !h.

*hegc

I
E

g
onpooafiEf,rmun

.9a,1

<l{arary 616
ofth.

e.^,'o6

nEom6nm6motrl &l
E
saft @pnais:
bv

Othd dcfiniiroN

'iueeal dclung." vdi.ty cdry lhjs

is

'e
oD
to

Mtu
or

od,rim wleain th..trer of ! hw

$,ho

*utn[z.d fd Fensl elid diivcd

of a @Npt

noE poni4

uC'.t " IrE min cLmlt

tllMtid

is th agemDt

@mii m

illesEl

rct or, al l4s!

ucthic5l

er of c{nNissioo.
bv

onision

o o o o 0 o o n a rt
iE

foft..@e

. Aultne de66 ! @da tn ls.don

r

Gfdin8 to b.luvid l4ding

til
or
EI

mney "d orn

FMdlly

tksinbl EMrds"
i1 as

and

inrclviDs

Flw

oledontv

b6s.d

@Dadonat Fh. Gold$ein deedb.s

design d to ptudue

'$

njse

of authodtv bv

ofii6

in a

n1,!@

FMnal

gain

fd hirelf

or for

c,il6"

t'
tbc

Of thc
us.d by oths

mly &finiiG

of 'dLgd

qcl4ge,' tm hd.

adtullgc oI b.rg

s.lDl6. B.ike.

ard Rab@k Povi.le

oPralioMl d.tuitiod of@mplron

6: ,,ey

tF
or

of p(esibd Gic) behavid oErged in by a law enf@sna* offi@ ro

*lE

@iv6

qFls

Feiv.,

by

vinE of

lft

omci.l

isilioa 4 -.lltl o
lhat the wod

porodal

@unorizd male@l

ewd

or eair'x (otF
lhis

M6
ard lhal

"Fsibd"
the

epes.nLs a tDogEphical

mr i!

F@

"pmsibd's

wxl

Pl@nEd al msh$ ot ttF Arokan Soo.ly ol C.mrFlogv Chidoo

B.ncr,

Tltrs.

PEbLF

a4 h Rsdfti d

Police

cmoto.

N.;dsiceEr d cdm .d D.limFrct, tfl E t@|Ml c@ml Cmdon: A P6'liqlstlbmff!'C'itu and Deliq6cv,1974 a!'ln.n. M 6 A S4i.r Prcholdhd albE*h l0 lhe sh,e or PdE c.rudd unlubrEh.deF tdlahs Fls*LsEt ui@ttv nomac a;'o Jux.n 3 Rob*k &Elo!oLll!9b9r!-ol
I

Coruolion: A Studv in OEi l2at.nel Dvi.n@ Sptlngfild, lll, 1 07'

x ftt cmdtd P.qabin, M.*.nd Butun Ali.. P'lrnbre -ean.: unpub-uhd paps. T.n.h5.56 Frdid.c.lE unhedtv sLt som Tn6n.]

Slr/ Q{ro'&y

3.-.r@
if be aepls

M.Mltln's detuilio stare lh"t

"a public

otrci.l

is @trupl

nftv
a

o norcys wdh

for doilg

strlthing

tbal

b.

i5

uda !

dlnv

et

to do,

to

q..ci!.

legiln.le disd.lion for inprcpq

@m!tion, this is

!!NN'.tt

An iDportdt d.finiliotr ofot'ha

fdrr

o
&l
lal

of

ril lq

d. ms-qidcly{@ld
and Rc,s'' ard

&6niti@ applied

b @F+tio Ii i.

us.d bv

sltmaa G.djd, Bodu

B@Y

!t
a
to

SoDe onhoveEy sem

to 4i1 in lhqe "illceEl xchege" .lefnjtioN

|lI I.'
tat

ttj

stErha or ml on4tion i5 clE$Lri2.d !y g!in. rticb

sraletMt q!ir.
and

i. 6l@ial.

McMuUe's in Btum

ctdly ddsizd dondry g.iD A sinil8 &fnnid ir led

Pdtu,

chmclerizd .omptron

ss

ilhgi$mte qcheg. in qhich one P'Mr

@iv6 . n@tart EMrd,

Mo61

$o*ing defniri@ in this 6l!go1y qD& cofrplioD' quit siopl, wil! d.tuitioN is a disindion btq@ bdb.lv Fr
is

bdbery, I$plicit in

drd jb poa.live

fom, enich is qbnion 'Ih. dini@tion

.xplicidv l@8D2.d bv wEiIb,

Sirykitt ed

Amd..
Dossibitity rha

6i@
b

of dE "ilecal qcbdgc' cir.gorv of (Mnnim

hjs

alo*r of

lLe

e otr6 @y dw 6ilv
in

ofrci.l

!0v6 fd rrit

*hicb is ml motuttrv
is

ard whrch

cmol

cvaluld

i!

m!.tarv ter6. Cait b lhes tlefiniijons

d*ih.d s d ilrlqs

d otre/s srlta

r\Lr|'rlbn. M.

Al!sqd!9s/!!00,'sdiok!r Rdin

1s61

nfl ffi f, 00066nnbnsmfdon00#66rffi nouocl0o{illiff sa

.shJ <l&|''.r.y

e.-*i.
'ir i. d nidi6n6l 6m ,.d
i5
is

Thc besr d.fDition of thjs rtitE is prcvi&d by Ny!,

slcifcdly ilterd.d fd @m!6!lirc E in cN4ulthl sitrdioG, it

v.luble
in

F&.ddly
fat

dsibine e@

fom of@dplion".

nubq

of dfnitim

r@pja

th. iDlorla@ of M-m@ta.y f..toB in th.

o
$l

@dr4iion. Prie, vho

pl&6 hany .n$q<iq in mlivttio4 ErlEr dE et@, stal6

by

lll

s o

0ur:" conptior

h tFifi.d

tt

t4havior

di6!.d ksnd th.

godl of

6@id

e ts g 6 g

adEdlg6 (.dd
dct

mdic

lag.rd.lly .rbd.cd danBl. Sory.l mt6 th.t "A c@pt

of cl)Imon intesst for

nur b. l@gnlad s a violano.

s!-idl adv&iag.',?r

bl1 doe

e 6 o c g e
D

a q 5

rc1swg$r ihal lhis ldrdt gc ous b. 6@Fid,

d.sisD.d !o ohain mney'or

tultn.il defilnio

ilcl'r.Ls benlvid

ey otha pdddly &siBblc Erads".

sh 3 Ball' aId Ball, Eognizing lh8l con'S polic. mv rct .lFys bc mrivarc<l by a <lcsie fd itlcg.l gail! do mt gtst fo@l d.tuitiotu skolM chi@tn6 a @mpl depali,nenl e ore in wldch: "ouEight pay{f e nol alw}s
Othd

wiLs,

appam! hr all tiDd! of sPaisl favd

bci.s

uqLd"n
onlv xL6ive is .ftinly pcsibl. lhat th@

A @jor fdnE of Slo@n's pap.t b tbal it epllsB th.

dission of @dFio in sdall tgcnci$, It

sig.if..nt

Mv

bc

djf.ffi

b.nra lr4c
lic3,

ard

s.lt

dtpattEnl5

b i.m

of

ih. f{)ttr .nd

givcn

MF

of lhe

ompt pE

x'ltich.h@tcrie lhd.

SuPpon for this

pcilid i!

by M.yr $do sugs.ns rhd city

siz

i3

! veirblc

in

rh.

fod ad

l4l

of

cmF eiivitv

Qr!e@!d.'

?' 's

soucyrr, s.r*d S

.llltre!!!]l9l!4!9!,'. 1075 sko@, w cr@n 'IIc Eo!! !i E_!bd_9tElj0-.r-l!eu!!e!

rs

at'd

oldd.

1972

odffiffanffin

Sru <11.1*11, nwo!@ooffiE&{on

ir d
agncy:

Jnthoo noo!{n[Eo06oniao!6 rt o
F
thc incMsed sizB of

"a it affcll rh. mo6l inlegltion of sicry dd

odq

Many dctujti@

of

tE

'in.gat dchr.g.' vdiery @gnize the

mtid of
lhar

cl ril

6 n o o c

smpljon a violanon of
they

rhc public

rud. L.gal denniiiohs fal inio tis c.tegry i.

those wbicb

@kiv.

of @mrpl

pra.ti s

viold

thc bw of a Esdrrion

qryinS

th. foM

ofd.law. Violrins

of rhe public r,rn

my

be

coEideed in

. roE gcnd.t

se 6 v'olarion of dl6, or fomati*d

idaliad no@ of pe.d@
veBioDs of

mmn of b.tEvid. Mening &xt Rdtingd

c g 0 a
fr
EI

iE

ttl

alply this kind oI dfioirjo in !ra1i!g thar, ,,By @mpto

@d,

ft

m@ a depln@

tq

i,

ddiriotr. a dcpnw frbm rhe otrcisly pr6.n1ed

p@cd@". A@rdina !o

rhis

6@F, odtption des

@r

n*sily irhlv.
is

iho
a

illcgal

et oi fleiat
ch

gain

10

&y pery. Jutii6qtio fo ihis 6prroeh

jnvolein8

givd in

dieNion, EI

$gs*ls Ih.t behlvid

dednB toD

ofrciat

pocedc,

in r&! rhe b6is of noF obvios fo@s of coFprior In rhe abore defnnioa $e 's, enphais is o! complion, whicn is adminisr"tively inducrl, To MMilg &rd Re<Iireci,
@tup!'on E

sn 6 a togicat @$quee

of a

Equituor dst om6 a&in g@\

@

*t

ch

@ 6E li$ic i, t.ds of
of thoe goais.

Ih in pFopridle rut6, e.tdch

pleiH

for

{r

ehievmnl

M@i ol

I[.

detuitioB of lh.

orge?rti@l

anrl 0lh6

$rwnel

'I.ls .!d oN.qu.@s,, rj.V cdt fron tEi6. Irrs di$s co,rpro, m trE conlln of
th

deviot behavioi bmughl .bour by b@auhric drsftdion, rh. inpcibility of

pole

bdd.te ed

Oc

sDr.didbtu inl@nr jn lhc blc oI

is

(f Ftie in siely.

Ihe non

inpqra &de oflhe &,tys

lh.l @dl4tio!

is

mr @red.trd or d.6nd in ard of

ETOfireru60ut3EEdo

Strl <l{rr'.'ary
d.

J.^*or
of a

ireli

Rathd

it

is viewrl

@Bcqde

nkh boadd ptubld - 6 'polic

poticc cdnin lity,

problo".D thee saly6 rcrd io di$B odption 6 o@ fdn of

g
"tl u
L.'

dd th.y eilld
l@ely defn d
genadly

do

ml pFsr 6EftL d.tuirioB d ajt, or pEslr

of rhcn

thos., *,hi.h

!c
,ol

i! rm
wihin
a

upF d low limib

B.trc

of rlis, they

&fd

spaific oDeoiional

tesork
knd of th@Etic.t app@h

On thc o1hd brnd, $me

autb6
ro how

have us.d this

g o

dcfft

co@pr

pturiB &@ding

$ey digiml.

Kmbth, .q@ihg

@rmFion

Mrh "dishonesty," diFeqtialcs

b.tsta

comptioq whi.h s $retuul,

tunt tnat whih is

o s 0 il p 0 o
n o a F] o o o o s o 5 o

ilj

orgdiano,al in ils b6is. Pay-otr fton orsdiad qine &d administ*ttively

s Q

indn@d

halfqde

@ de.ribd s th. fofts

of

o@ptbn rhd @ ch@rdistic of @h of these

Bnd

o. Morrlistic Dfinitio anolher gbup of definjrioD

foces

on

th. ,noEliry of
set

ei.,, Ir!.y

e
or

pi@ily @ncned with nost

condeDtu a conupt ac1,

chohe

ud rh. panicdd

of !tks u*d to

scrim

l?. "According to me, Comption is

uy

Uing thar

i, d.ceFiv., llar
a

is violalion of 6

bdic hul@

code of

6ndu

Wilhh rhis tind of

boad detinition w.

tu

ircludc

grliog or iding of bribs doing uduc favoB ro you

fdily ndbctst nise

of

omc. for preDd gsiq db@lemeor, fiauduld beh.vior, all rhis is cdruption."

Wlbon, James q.

'Cotup!.i:

Th6

Sh.m. ot

it.

Si.tes,

N*

roR

o o s g o tt
E
6J

Sta Q{rt'rarr

3.iA.f!

18.

"Conwlior inclurtcs a
bribes. thines

rtol.

lol of illeg.l &d

boal @riviri6 inctudilg

raldng

of

frrcftis,
wuld
bc

n polirll!

ntuB

of oficial

@hircry .mbezldn! all rh.e

@ruplioi.'
Edi!or

Urd! Nds
19.

P{F.
b.

&l

"Any @$ideation or rcbudalion or dythilg dorc by a public

cl*

quid-prc{@

fd etlhilg

sddt dou19

io @mption. And @dption n cd

et

10

n H EI p
KI

20.'Comption meds much mor thd tahrg a b.ib., Favonrhn and nepolis
both pn of

CodprioD. CoFptio!

@t

b. siDpty @afrcd io tslira ofmomy.'

RtiEd Judge

Supt!@ Coun

ofP.tind
of

g cl o o o o o E' n n o o n o o g 0

tcl

2l

lt o@B in witLly vrryin8 for3.

norey. H.lpiDg @.
or rb oth.r,
s

Comprion do.! @1

n e jur
lhd f.r6

cxchangca

r.Lriveq

gcniDg rncd jobs

doiDg

of

e@ eild

a[ @me undd omption..

A S6ior Judg SupF@ Coun ofPshstan

ffif,uMn6606trtoer5n

St,t ila-,a4 oEOffimffiFOOAn6 E

E E E

o 5 E o

22-

"Comption des

.ol o.line ody

io sivjnS or r.kins morcy.

lle

@ veiou

fom of

comrption vnich

sually indulge in. e.g. tr?oris

&

*paar.

n 6 6 c g o E e
rg

caiegois, ilEe d psrs of omption.ii

RetiEd Judg.

lit
m

b)

B.l@hist n

Hid coun

23.

"Comption for

nc

viohtio of moat otrducl. tr 6 @re

i! vdiou

fom3,

n 6
E

Bribdy is only onc fom but @nu/ion

dd

not

b!rc lo invotre ody eofty. DoirS

by mhBing orcs posilior is

m out of

tm

favor to d ftimd or a

fmily menbs

o e
E

o 6 g
E g

R6idmt Ediror
EnSlish Nevs 24. 'Coruption is

o tit a 6 n u It o n o E o o o

ull

PaFl

o
o 6
E
E

abe

of

pow

for

FeEt g,i[ Sos.1in6

n is Elated ro

6@ial

gaia sode

tin s.clatd b ldvallcdol

$@ h
a cle&ly

of pcitior. It is violalion of ENl &d @1h

of$e

omce sbeE

m obligation to perfom cenain tleg@s of

n n n n
E

Ch&16 V.
Chief

Cepisi

oflnbn4l Aftairs

o 6

Polie Depoftnor, Cirt

ofNd Yo*.
or a

"Comptioa

wt@ dy
or 69.@y,

public ofnciol

$h.rhq

is a traflic

!s.tr! twse
or

@@$@ne

lB

go\Emdl

systcm [o

b.n fir hi@tf

h@tf

Srrl Q{rtr.try

e.r.l.'.
i1

illcgally at thc qpens of raxpaycn. Wtcrhd

is

bri.g

brib. or givinS

Roten

BEII@

SF.i6t Couel

ro

Conpi&lld

o o o o o I.t
tll
EI g o

City ofNcw Yort

26.

"Coruption to

me

m.N pdsol!

ogaged in

ldaeA!

&19 to bercii1

1b.@lvs_" Holn6,

John B.

Ji

Ihris comty DisEid Attoney

27.

"On

wno &c@ts $nelhing of valE in

Eim

for hj!

oM !.so&l bemft."

D@ld K. Holtingsonh, Di@ror

Offie for public

28. "Vhenver a

Sa{cly

dd

Drus policy

Cny ofHoE:Ln

poM

holdr

rtb

is chlrged

sirh doin8 @idn ihjnSs i.e. *ho is

BFBibL

nDcdon ry or of6e hold.r, is by doElary

d olnq cqrds

nor

t.galy

p'ovided for, ind@d

trkp &1io8 which favor vdEvcr ptuvid.s the rcwdrds @d

th@by do6 dlMgc io

rl|

public .rd its

irt Frr_
D{vid Blrke
Cotruptioa

PBatior

DeFnnent of Investgalion
City

ofNa Yo*.

29. Whd tou $lt.bout @qupdo'!

you

@ l@king

at

tublic otrcids dd public

ouiside of rhe guirllin !,

*rdls

rcSddess to wh!1 levI, p.rfonjnS

a lastq

Eof,flrm

St'l <l{dr.'.t.y

3.^*oe
doils it for illegat

outsid. fie policics ed Fo..d!res, odsid. th. la* ,41 th.y putposs

fd

*lf gfiifi.aionC.O.

'Bnd" BMDFORD ChicfofPolia

0 6l 6 H o tq o g
ril
EI

Holslotr ?olic. DparrE nt

30. "ll b

lack of monl

ch@14, l&k of i egrity, iDtegrity thal public ha.nh6Ld lh. individul *n

withi! civiliz.d

si.ty, dd

r.w lten allM

rblr int grity

.!d

rrusl, whicn is inposed by th.

@muiry.'
JorSe G.

C@-Acdo, Dneior

Firdce .!d AdDinistlti@ Depa1ndt

31.

"Compdor

is

sFtnadc illeg.lity in public .mploynent, BEaLing

be
a

lav bcing

plid by bx piyeB ohe&d n mdd

licenes and instedoN *tD

& dplole

in

$.

city

d@!rt!d of
or

ecpts

payolf !o apprcv.
a

! buitdhg Fmir
a

polic. oftcd *ho &epts . pAyoIlA@

Dolorids lo rvoid

ticlct."
OibboB

Ih@!

Juior

Phil.d.lphia

lquitu
o6cd

32.

"compdon is d.lined

d nisu. of.ldbrity

towards

Fsonal 8AiL

So

ifa

his

offie

to

nak. boey for hi@lf, uc his o6e io g.l irto Eovi. thllr for

te

or gt

Ee

good

swic*.'
Pbfsr Jet R. Gaa. Colegc ofcrini&l Junie

Stel Q{rtr;lry

e.^.h...

Nonh.-alln

o o e o g
vq'iry, Boston,

6t

E E E E

n n

ffi

e
ll.
Cmpdotr n th

Fw, tmld bdbry, qionio! in0rc p.ddiq, nepotisD, n!ud, sp.!d n@y o.
of pnblic

niw

offie or arnluig for Fi$!e te*fir-

tg
CI

s o
la

o s o a g

mb@letM1."

F
P.liiE Tmsis PoAtm for A@udalility & TEspaEny Megftn! D.rclopnsl ard Cottl@ Divilio!
UliLd NatioB Dw.loFn61

u r5
ItJ

ts

tr

Pogm

!u
9J

ts

t It
6 6
E

ll,
Prefes Jact Gr.aL fd e}dple disaM

oftltid

within lhe ho.d.r

nuMrt

of inlegily a.d

vics

@drpt &|s

a Efldjng te m6l $lDdrds oI si.ty

prcdu.ls of

s o
E

at 1a.8.. Aldroud legal cod6

@ uually

@plex n goliatior! mong

o o o o g! n
E E

domiMt liies oyd issus of

cxprastd in lsquag thrl is

@liry

ard Do6l bowddi6, thc

sms d.fnition
a

is

oil6 i6ftl@al, nli@tilric, &d.va

mElislic.1L

bold d.tuiioni
but

on th

olld h!4 ircludd a!!l! ide

itred by th. bw

@rl.9lioi.

otd
a

so6 byond a legdinic viry articulding

&

ab6d&t,

dorplDB nonlity, &d

list

hr8.

llubs

of &ts Mdcr t[e c.tegory of

@m!$or

ln the sndy ody

. lhid

of tb. hl!aE615, alod

@ qud.r

of dE politiciG

!.d

a Fdigible

nmb* or indusi.l'sl

Eav. a boad defnirior In contlsr

j'dgs dd
lhe

jounalisrs ov.strelninsly pEqted broad tlelirjiioB of @@ption ard

N@g.

lisLd lboul nve

did.Mt &ri bda de @mtt ei.eory.

I! tun

vi.w 8ift-givin&

o o EI 6 n 0 n o 6 6 o o H u g o o g
E}

uogneffi nooEtffi ofl odssffi noom6du0fr

otdf,lnHodngnonffa o o a o ftloiisn! chelting, tuu4 lyile, lobbying ald adultqilion of f@d al moEld
ro

sooonmo[on

.Sh/ <l{"trr...y

e.-aoc

Sotu of them iftDdud @rhs

rn*

of @n9dotr "itrrclenDl

@n9tio

of

sut. ad

In 6en

via

'doiig

etl}ilg

ssainn

oeicc
'oE

for

@Nidqllid ir

conprio4 wbal.q

o o EI EI g tg u |' o
EI

be ihe

oBidoiion. SomdiDs thw woutbt b. &trhi!8 clegiie

h,nd!, bur you ralc d.cisios

aib, .ic rhal is

b@!$

so@body h.tongs |p

tou religioq tou 6tc, ,ou

s o
n 6 o 0 GI o o

tij

irtcllotul @mtiion"

ril

A Jolrndinic

$udt

io widcn th. rc1id of

in

@ruFid
the

betond moat orhd elites

ude6l{ding of tne 1e@ a *pEsd

intervic* fc

sn4:

'*

nc.d lo

dr

!bo'n conpdotr

ir lh. oditurt p6ple, Or politiciru md blelml5

rhc sarc,

hav incBsed lhc

p@d6 d.penddrc. on

@vdr.d ou !@ple int pMit6.

P6ple have cone !o qpct the slat !o ptuvide then everlhirg chdp ald subsidiud,
wnhour

ds

ddEditrg ir S@body
a

sm

&d sys,

'l

harc

f-.d . Lriry,

my

hos

is

gore , Giv ne

hedEd thousrd tuF6, P6pl. hrve

rb!

inlo b.gg6rs. thal is

ption

oftt

sotn- So

*lut ou

poliriciaB

ltd adslilisrlloB

harc

4*

b ilsrad of

noppilg wnh @mpting rh.@Ircs,

ou Fopl. .r
lhG

they bive @Furted the

sul of P*isloa @rqied

gt!.s@B lcEl."

Politicid did mt rhir!, for obvios

!!eN,
10

tba!

incBl

lobbyjne

i! ! 9?. of

c{mption, whik nfuy of th. mdia elit6 tord.d

Etu io e wih mee of d.viario.!

6om

*tBl is cciderd io

be nodDdive

b.h.vio

3 qn4t. A qid

judge

riIh

Shl <l{rto'rry
qFi.c of ddling *ilh un4'tim ca,
urieEt nding of @@ptiotr

e.^.h.8
sinilatly qpGscd

ilE fonwi.g

"lt iDplis oy thilg lbat is not sftiglx foN&tl I! Dhft 6erc @ mprd
lhing5

o t-! 6 q tll !
F:
"q rn

e:

tln

*,hich disca

@n$.d Miality. A pden *t!o

nl,l@
is

is rFr

ti*iig
ltan

siight or

a.tbg in a sllieni foN{d

@Ni&Ed @mpt"

E|mkr

of

dld 6

ciEd bv

t '

MisqFtrpirid

otpohljc

eoM

d o u

EI _i!tr

Kicrnr.b

dd.omi$io.t

o e t5
E

In

tE

lvailable

lil.dnft
of the

BcU bsi sLrr this

vi4
in

by

d.sibins vebs fom of

@dpdon

d filEd6

nonl cliod ppailins

sicty.

Alorha adhor {|e6c

prlrlar

Ioms of

dlltid a beile limild to !i9

by

eait,'srd dffiih.s seh sa.ri6 6 bdrg scrio*d

vdB

of a

$b.uluE, So@trl
bul, in Ejecting is

disuss

lhe

ofdetuiiion of @npiion diiv.d fo@ polilic.l

sisEe

ite, cml'd6 |}!l df, Firi!.|

involvB individurl choi@.

idcnitilg chaei.ri4ic

of 0E

p6@non

6!l

o o g o D g g o o o EI o o p m o g o

A disddive

f.d@

of lhi. slrEnlralst @p@h ,o ih. noElity of @hptior is

rhe coNid@ble enplEis

pld.d on a distinction n de in dminisnadrc ebcultuG

10

betvq tl@'

!d

dnty snft. thi! djslirction is gn 6lly @Bidqd ir lh. rh6is

b.

dnoouuednoffi olnrn0noo0nofr n000nEEltrnou

Fffinnoo6Eor.r
of nDdllMl'l iDF
ounende efllin

Srel <l{"rrrat

J.^dro

w
how ofrciat

laE i! ddibi.g fms of @ruFior

ElFqllm @ ablc lo

's

E g
*

Be$u!. of lle bdy dimc'nties inrclved in fie cctru.1id of a

d.f itim or ohprio4 rmy inpoiet dildirics

foddab a peiF

wllblc brre siEDty abid.d ay andd to

-*E

S
H g

defnitiotr
delmbbs
how

or diend*l rh. l pDblo li* b rh iEbility of a.y of lbe &filitiN cuffidy Lr.d !o dlind. th. lown limits ol @El4rioa Undl 0is ditrculty Blvcd. d. q*iioD 's cru,ial o th. de\eloptr of &yflor conFion @nEol polici.!, or *herhr the rceF.M of a tip or e'ruity @Edhr6 a @nurr ptrte wiu bc u'N,r@d Mey of rhe d.filiri@ cir.d,horc @srt rbli.dupl ..t5 @ b.gpd in a nmbo of wrys The dislndion mad btwen tld dd niry gFtu ld *mdc. Epeols e c&sonalo. a..odirs !o how 0E adminjsralve eb.uttrcjude6 0 @u!er
Altlbush pobleD exd h @mpton {||ff.s tom o|htr roms

E E ig E

E E E I

6
B o E;

&r
Tt?ologies

actu lly

s.h.m

by which

dblitclioE @

be

nad qilhin groups

of @mpi &ls. Tt?ologes @

Bfin

in idcotiting Eloliotuhips,

llich qjn h.t$@

difsqt fom
Th.

of

6mpt

*t

or

bdBviq.

Imy q?ologi*,

whjch

e
m

nalc4 imPlicidy or dpli.itly, in the litennie

ltTologics fomulsted

f.tl

inlo fiw pdrcrpal greu!6. Th.$

Mrdjng io lh.

&lors

iMlv.4

tlE r.ls

tNlc,.nd

lbe dete of

orydizli@ of tE ds' ibe euG of

illeg.l psFdls. dd ltG

$ial dd or8Eizlrioitl @tditir.s, $'ii.h s4!od c@pt@.

Sh/ <11.b,...r 6060ffin@ns

As wiih @resoris ofdefiririorss

e.-aa.

ntnoogn6mrfficre
gsupings overlrD ud cD in do way b coBidqed

i,\*

Mey of th. gFloei6 fo@iry

cldsiry

on dE acro6 jnrclvcd

h q ilt.gst r.escrio.
of a piwre citizr,

ds d@rdilg to s,b.lhd tn. clDAlr @ ! &[ow omk

&tr

H
tg

Bcigels q?olo$/, for ex@ple, @BideN @rLpl

6.irls

irioal or qr.hrl,
rhc poti@

Exrdul ea involvc pdvaG cid4s.!d otnwise tuF.rabl.

subdividd j,ro

pdy{tr io

ton

citih!

who hare violaEd rh. t!w,

p6yd Aoh

pDtusionat

u a EI o

ttj

G}

dimir'rls, ed gEnrid$. Irt mnl ais involvc @ruprim drhin law rfolld@i ascncies

&d 6nlm pay{tr of oe hnd o. aorhd betwn ofliFs adt Mb6

prcrquisir forjoinine rh.

paid

foE lhe

inremal

er of@iirprion

tnal BiE t d6qibs is

Beie1,

''SEict

adhdce ro $e

code
of

of silse @@ming xtrul @mpdon'. To coml'rio.

se@y ir a detuitiv.

f.!tE

A simild dislircrjo

brPq ininal

ld

encdat

@ftFio

is

6!q&rtly

Dadc

ir

qFloSies deiemin d aMding io olhd oii6ja. cold$ein, Bukd, d@ple,

both

ed

Rsbuck fo,

dsiry

@mpt &ls ,@ding io ihe Friout$s of

Ibe

ofas
Daj

@Mjre4

ard bolh irclud. inEnDj

orher

dDpli@

in r

eFtlrc dLgory. Rddng illl

fons of codFion
is

@@pri@ ,o

cl8ifdoB

d.rcdns DoI.

siou

judifid by

d &.lysjs
sc

of

cdul @mpdon

e cb@lrijtic of dpnmnls ,n stuch

*i.@l fo@
totuWhly

wiokstiad: "lnlanal pay{frEE k

and qimin

llst np in ih. prorrdsi@ to

daidl

l orgdjzrlion. 'Itrcy !@i.L

rhe

nftinaL i[.gd opponury

ftterr,or sI

memb6 of

orCeization'.

o[oooononoooo000f, 0000noooounmnouo

Ste/ Q{ar'.rrry

3.-*"ii.
&1oq ilvohrd

o 6 E E g t o t n

I a

q g 6 6 E 6 d

6 5

I E
g

A@08.
dieindion rEd.
do not.

.ld.r'r
tuch

in qpologi.s, wbich focN or

i,

th.

b.rEd p|elic6 dic!

iMlB

Fso, w|b @mpl3 ad lhos lno

Crim

buglary

ed opFrnuislic rh.n

e *!o

|}ey @ c@ideEd

appropiore

fd incluion

in rypotogis d@tiry wirh .omprioq claBsifi.d dong rhc

NE

llt

$dos

of offeMs. S.pdre aisoriB tor F@tive

ofr.M

of lhh

kind.pp6 in rhc

s L"
&t

tr?ologiG ofBoun, Srodd&4 Merq, SUIivr!, ,rd

T6! FoM R.porr

in

'Irio* rt'o

do trot

i@lud. ! qLSory

fd Ptsti6

*tict

6EF is m @ma&. do

6 It ta!
E o

r-1

e beae

ilEy do ror @reid!. sEh

oflB

io &X withjn

rt ir defaitioN of

*r!l

o o

BI

Olhff t}?oloei* *tich pay pgniculr arhrion io lh. rcio6 inrctved in @npr

rusefiou

$os

which

@plEie noiiEriN.

Thc ol43teding &ologis in dF

goup @ thoe v'ew coEupri@ of rhe i4tividu.t

4 a @i$quac.
by ongong

of

coAdjo! jlro

.kvi&t su!.uthE or

a bdDviq

6co!.g.d

FBeB qeicd by o
of

hlbdj.re Efq!@ 8Dup.

MoGl

siologjcat..d inG&rionisr t@i6 anptsiz. dF iDFrt @

rhc ourBlrd

!,.nd..

o g o o o o o o o n o

of behrvio.

@ifdanor

of gloup

rds,

Mdy inteEcijdis rlEori6

and b.havior, which
a basj! for

sE6s rl)e hpod.n@ ofa gEdual &c.!rcn@ of greup

wtB

elwh@ co id.rd s d.vimi. T!@ thonq

or

have

bqi u.d s

tlE once'r

a'md cler' $ich is u*d

!o

!e

lh ptugB

ofrbc @mfl

otr6

threuSh

sie,

of stag6 wnich

Gptert itu@ing t4ls ofd.vi.@.

StrJ R{rr'g&y agnf,n&oonnnno

A

3.r*e6
f(fu

EflOomnoo6f,noo
or 6e eros irrclved in
of

.db'

or9polo8i.e
to

cmF pFcti*

by

li{di.g oftIs e.qdirg

t!.n si{)llslB. Mos

lb*

Eognla $. borat

@!!i

concep! at lelst ihplicitly. A1!

sh

o?ologis qle monlidic h ori.ntatior

this

IrF mj6 gFlosi.s, qfich @ b. gDuFd *ithi!

Bdkr and R@buck,
StorL.lard,

cbsiiodoa @ rh@ of
ba&d

&d Shelr@, It is mpiric.l dd is

Eight

minly

on

4s<i''lont dqivd
ruh
is

tw

lhc

lit

rnle

a u
E}

EI

9p6 @ iEluttld i! lnir clasifidlioA &d

dt itz.d ecodine

to 6ve

dinffim.

l
2.

Dege ofpq gmup sr4tor!

Exrol ro

*nich dvime

is

org&izc4 and

5,
fonnal

Nahft ofdeFrrD@i.l M.tion.

All siherioB .$lyz.d

dislsd in lllEs oiidarifauc @nficrs idvolviry

sirDiiooal
a

m@, ilfo@d nom! dd

Anoud

n!6,
@i.ry ofsnrdi..,
bur is

mjd

t}?olog/ is b.$d m

.spi.[y Eli&l

on

dal4 Ihis t'lology i! sFcialy inGnded for

ealysis of rhc ,,m61

c.E. s . sjal
cbi.ny

FlI6 Off.|s \rtidt co$ittlt s$g!s i! tb. 'N6l qE/ c deib.d

te@ of
whethe. they involv proalive or

it

@iive altitudd

on

dr p.it

of the compt

Non of

ih.e ofrM,

whjch irclud. ihoe Elated io njnor bul iu.gal,

'tingc

bc*6ts lioD
is

br

clNing hours, Egdadre

di@, Smblii& prostinnidr .!d

@@rics!

deded in delail, Ontitures @,

pcun

bly. coverd in rhe f61 aregdy.

Cri@ swh

g e o 6 o o s o rl 6
E E o E

e.a.ha. ffiffitr uEooeonEoflmd&l H 6 o u o d buAlary by roli@ {d oda foG of polie eimirrliry @ ror includ.{ in rbis o 6l q o The las tujor lrlolo$,, us.d lo dBw an dion io the notivaii@ of rhe eio6, is 6 |.l Sourltl\ aElysis, which imlu&s e.Mdltly psychological view of th. @meion p HI ptrs. Diirpisbi.g betEn @nFior ad iEtrcictur, Soud si!16 lhal @mpt o
&rs

Shl qld-'.t.y

d!

lbove sllj

!.!!d qFrio6
tology

&d

inar

inblwndt

in rhcm

tlquis

rb.

qeeie
ofnin
t.

KI

L.t

of

p6oMl

choice. His t

is a Fychological

oe, whch Eflccls

aititudes

clrsori msc Eom a "p|emptio. stag., in which susplible i.' '&nediciioa" d *lich poir
the

o hocr 06 b..m6

otr@brs Dad. a coqLG sdjustenl10 ,,expcdnenr4jon'. ,,:Eqrstomadon,,

a compt lif.*iylc, olhq nag6 @

toteptualt tioa'

ad

inpovir.rion,. Tte tans $o

ch@r..iad

by

q.ptaft

strl rh.fr|ro ard dcElopmr of . srale of mi!.t @pl've to cdlpr pr&ti6 sbich 4 Fo4tv. dd rquic rhc involvcMt of orbd
of @trrprid !s rid6Fsd

Rarlng by Elhet
A

cosrjr'rdt pan oflh. definidoB

by

is rhe allocarion

ofsp@ for rh. pebld of

onptiotr

vdios.liLs

in rtrcir

cFciiyc .g.ids
probleD for

of siGral prebl.ns, Tbis is

b6ae l[e

1i16

$lelion of a pnicule

spei.t ati.otid (fi@

dbard

Lrg.

Eivsc of $ci.l problcm) atong yith acbal d.firirjoB ofrh.

suegsr

Dh@mdon.

posibl. wialiom in poticy apprcehd.

As pong Sugg.3rs

Slil <l{i...'.r.y

3.-*..6
o o e
lll
ltl

"Co!flica
onditioD should
critical, norc

b.n@ vdios clain Drtq e ebcritc mr okr *lErhq a bc i.lintiiied s a siat pobleE, but ovcr *tich ptubtd is leoe

ugotty

i!

ned

of ofrcial atGDrio4 ald nor. d.!6ving of Esoue

allocr'tion.' Fuder the d.gee of impondce sc@r&.Iio th. problen efrs specific

E r.t
|6l

'rsfinnoid

wll

syhbolic tuncdoM fo, rh.

diffeqt .h6..!l
60 r.s?ordors in or

apptoxi@t.ty

ric

qu&rcE of al

rft

rtis sudy citl4

prebt@

c |a
i5

c6i.t ed @mpiion

ro itr. nosl

iDlondt Pllbtd

oe of

rhe @jor

whilc a Mjoriry ofjndgcq jou,ulisrs &d potirici&s laber.d druption

s r[. ,hon
iadBr,iatisrs

im[qrel probla f&i!g l!. @urr],

d.ni.d dat ii

ldee amhd of bullumrs

dd

vs

.&jor prcblm

Enbdded

in dis dBigiilory ddivn/

whar cafl

dplificadon

and

.uph.nianior pE lic6 by stich influqniat dn6 adcDPt ene io crmG d dininish the $doM$ of . Fobl.m. ItG reds ,mptificalion, .oDhdiz{i6"

ed

!e ml

to suggcn &y debulirg of ttE eliie ctaiB by @&p.n e n m ro bbjecrive truitB.'Th.y e m.fly n&lro indi@r.6e nming d\*iq
by
goups a ord.i lo
Judses tendcd

ug

m
ed

qphaik

lhe

peEiv. wdBimbitiry ofcdrlin

@ndjriotu

ir ecieiy,

ed joum.listr,

who ldgely gave norstistic

d.filitioB of cmpton,

ale ro.Dgae. in dplifcadon by poviding $.mingry Geg.orcd &couls of

@ruplid a.d by dcpicrilg it

rb. host inportam

pobltu In rbis e&,

l,bo

ffi*.Jfi

i,$ffi

;#fi *"^*,"*"#,ffi

"iffi

"#ff h.'

o60f,u00u60ta

.st'l <llir-..r,y
aplifed $e pFbtd anicutarcd. ,.tocrirc
jouodisrs couideBd it
dc$roys civilized tifci
10 b 0te

e.^.tc6
@.*qMq,e

of horibt.

Judg6

ed

most ihrorran probleo

be.ae @ong orhq i6rgs it

rhete.s d.hodric jtrritujoc &d lEry w6y of lifq a.t

explda

und.tuined

ilc v.l@

srsrem. A judgc of r\c High Com

i,

rhe

folowjry

"Comprion is ircEsing Epidty io att Mtks of tife

dd
a

ha! bcome rhe nost

$dou trebteo. Atehp1s

m
adv.se

ro

urd.EsliDr& oEwlior is &!

us

th,U .nd wilt hav.

.fIet

on dcnocr&is,

AI$

a a

a t} nir 6

t+ &l

rhe enriE

honl

rabr,c of

pids b.ue ofco@Fion, ou

Mosr of t[e

ou @btiy is rom !o

vdc

hav. eiod.d

b a g@r cxt&t."
ot cmptjotr

potiticitu

roo *pEssd

e dptjfid yi*
a

@tuprion.

Tle opposirion potiticid, by @nsfrrcling

iagnifi.d ihage of

d.-legiriot rlc cxinjne Egi@,

ll. poblm sk to
ai$ by eoftli.g
'Iae

}til. rt
E3

tuling pan kadc,s,

compro. sihjla ihporioe, Ey !o sNtai!

is oncn &hieved by porrains

@nrinued

llgDtuy.

kr.r objarirc
of$e uder

fiqsrlvs

nohl {usntes

!d

aitica

p.iril*ed

cies

qho ae c@niir.d lo dle

cltuils

of pqbtic tife,

Bueauqsr ed ildustri.tisr, @irhd wtoD arc Fn'culdty @dcdcd aborr Lr'ci. legid@cy in rh eyd, ovMhetrningly eened tbar compmn r not a najor pDblan. Iu(lhq, by joinbg fic uti comprion rlEloric rhey *ould b &rif,g agaiBl lheir oh iolresls -lI blll@@!5 besr who.w @mpron C!i$ iopon&e in the pnblic dieouEe, it is ihcir gmup $si bcoms the larget of clee up cmpaigns!
md

I"ffir**,@

nsnoqEnffimno
lhe

.sh/ <l{rtr-.I.t

e.r*@

rtd b a.hievine lheir fi@cial objetiv* virhour rhc pbc.dul herB gorm@r or mnIrol_ Aciually @nprion is g@ orly s e addilioraj Fie oa wi6; d{t ii is
10

ildsEj,lisrs bclus. th. i.nB qrc !@di!g

T**tttg
tt ir oM slndets
, lFtD

E
H C o

dained Lid comprioD hrs.

i!

alcr bcRficid @oslC@ces for overcomrg

inponet prcbLor

othq.Dm E
E H
rhcy have

s@1,

tow produdiviry and

irefnci*y. Buq@dts hav. at$.

si4jl&ly, elevard io a DoE idpon&t st3tu rc

tt& codpiio4

isB

in

*tich

Fturd

or Crcup

.en3 .l !lal,

such

6.rhnic &d rch$ou @riicts.

oacomblpn!rSei

ba rddi*r,

ftrdo]@

Sh/ <4.&.'.rt

ffi306rr650emrroo

t.-*o..

Chapter

Nine

Nature, Crwes atrd Effects of Corruption

Nlaurc of Contrplior
-nE

o n o o o o EI o

foms of biibay ed .mbzlqer @ ptufisly ttu.L The ts wI plaed

ofth sr!tr woutd 6nd

t!ry difficul b hc.d dEn

kF

bcae ofter nej. saidiB

do no

6ee Mdins
sutsrardal

delayed

fo, honrhs, $nelnn.s veis[ing altogetd. Mdy ow

rhe

s@

bomwcrt for Sering

appoinrnoi

EI EI

u u u
Jat

"tl E) EI

C!en{ obswh h!rc er.d $. pGs.c of heredc @,rpri@ of ponicdd 0F, I@eln rhe pE tice of buyirg favoE ,m ihe b!qu.,"r Esloujble tor binuldilg &d adDjnjsllriDC lhe eovem@as eonoeic Flici6. Tr?ical etdpt6 e btibery b
obtain f@ign dchqge, nnpo(

dro4 invsnhoi or,odu.non

involvc thc

trc@s.s, or io

abid

rEing bxq.

Tne

dou15 @ir!d in $is wy

pElentng rhe sovemqr fbm obriiring

tunodic Fticia. -tis tF of bl@edic odplioo @FR or ddlolNnd ry

$bv6Dn

of govem4i,s

o g u I'l o o o td 5 ct o o o o o p
El

at

,.i rvaks tr*r$y

for d.velopmdr

s a

EI

polici6. Ir hrs c@Ea8ed iDm6tily ed slf_e.ldng lading b wd.AEad crnicisD. ha fdwd rb wilirgN lo fiake s.i6q for lle sidy,s eorcDi. dcvtop@cnr Omcials h{narge of public wo*s hlv

ll

oalqds dd turho$ b.loigjrg

wd bs6 6d otid equipocn! to rt $ot iI b{iiding tols rq6dFlv6 o hning

or at

thd

10

othcr poplc.

fo. bdbs. SoDc

Cslom oflieh hlve ptqry of ;pe br spcculado i! qct4g of fin ,s go& without Lwjf,e tnc dnty

lart Ertwing it
delars

suhdtdtiallx wbc@s tEoplc who riv.

wnn rhe .ddd

tho

@tbjlg my h,E b

6e inrelriable

dagd rhd $n

s@ds

wil

b d&nagd or

slolh.

[of, odnooonnoonooo000000

Sri/ <l{"b-...y

6tff

ngflomE|ef,ee{NK|o 00
i
gat

e.-*.,o

The police nay b.

arbng rts rc6t offendeB agai.9 th. lrV: $y t !y

lolts

on v.hicl6, espcci.tly

d. sc.tlld hsly ldics

alioerd ed r&sgMs gc
a

whch Boaly

qry ndy nc
@

pNng6 lhd

tney

vejery of

hiDr

EgutadoB, TtEy

o o E n o o EI o u
sl

5llorryd to poceed

Egsdls

id!.tos

'

ofbw ifrh.y pay tlE poli@dr\ 1o[.

of gc polie, populario. pla@i.g,

Cdp.jgn ontiburic

e.6Mon fr*e
fte
sloils

Dc E!@!e, $e cNbDs tbc excte, rh. pubtic

s*s, {f

Eilmy,

tt ruil *otu, rb
ildividuals in lhen

E: E

fi u o

ra!

foftsfy, and eme orher <tparhen6.

@ ttvd.d by

apetve

offiiat positioG

In addirioo to

lh@ techiqB ofgEn, dleE

@ npjorld h

@njurErion with ihe

tribqy ocr\odr @iN sb6idjdy q eilhry rchniqB. trc mded K@y *d fairly obviou. ,fte b@s of 4 agEmq
ro

F p 0 o

6: t0

it:

of @iDhidry

gjre $rie p.nicula pdvilBe

w.E keue indefinik

or

D@ty imptid. No,_Ertsi Edbos $rE

&
oie

olctiD6 optorld.

Iiid docudlary

aido@ d po$ible

@!ied. rph.! paribqts

Doubr

l@

o o o o o

c o

@Mftirl b.nk
tle

dlde by

or colpoDtc

ibG,

false

dni6 l@ @d.,

@ds

orc

fde,

weE sohetnn4 kept.

Vdiou ncrlDds of coounag.

subsidiary iechrique. tbe

and counra_prcp.go@ @,Ertute(i tuotEr

had

h n6t

of

itrsllesr $e &ued

e *prDalrd diftui tw
or "sred,

otdpcrali@ otreEd by rle

plieuioi

Th.

dinjd tuft
b done,

s4

sqneljnes

ta.dotued by 6e public welfaE, rihis ould not

sultrci.nr dug Ms mi$d ro

@re coriaio. a.d

doubl,

Ih.

pnwl

@@did b&tr &d @ryorriG dleaL

ml @oor in kiljng
bur or y

for which dcy do

vdb.lly, tud

eoood[moffionfl[ooffioono

Str/ Q{srya1t

e.r.16
fte
biS

bdb6 for omci.ts on $t!m t!.y <t!dd.

@rp@tioB hav.
for

i.d!

whN job

is

b
of

Lt

oFEtcEtpo*sof@nu

on. TlE

otrcial

OE of lhe lDst wvory

applie{otu forjob. TIE cl6ks
have

'u@ foEs of aploitati@

hav. aces lo

&66 a.riviri6

is pubtic

EladoB.

dijs Am oe hrd[ilg
rheir

*ib

E}
tgl
EJ

o g o

F[

rhd s *dt 6
dE

$pdids

erro

$m $y in rh. barrds, witt rBtuEL, l!|lle q d6t6y

d lhoe yho h!v. paid fi@
s

favo. rieir Elarjlt3

bdb..

Sohdi@

lh. non ofa rird of.uclion in *tti.n rh.

fodit then bitts, Many pople who
subordj,Etes a

Fi4 g6

io dE htgb6r

o
o o p
ei

t-t

PJ

fi FI

|ll

hal! rh. poE to niF ed

fe wj

rly ro

E!!@

for b.iog

.Iosld

,o slay in

oplorno! e
aid

subordioat of |,\eir oqb. ihy

spplyDg rhc

vil ry io E@vd [eir e\FIs

ofqBi.fcuda

sfu

&cnDiqE

ftdlfo!, a *id

llrc*

8e

nght

rhugh smc deparrnelis

dE

Oq

AdbI!; IslrD$a4 Univcuity Toq! S.die To*lt palul&r Ho$bg

sociery ard othd

't6,

rop

ad

niddte

lqel bu@u@ts

8or

juaos

hou!6 built

i.

E pto)6 CkD.rzdrc
&d peshrwd_

houins scietio

ar

b@|er, &un@.d rh.relc io babirs ad r esr. of living dsr B tutn mftally inposiblc 10 equ!& wiIb tbeir looM e@s of jDrE, Mey b@rcErs Iire eirher in hLd hoe or i! hous dlor&d ro rhh by thn EsDective
deFftndynirisi.ie
rDd

-ft

&e.hj,

lore,

rs.lpi!.li

g E o a g o o o 6

s 5 tl o
E

Ed

our rh.

hous oMrd

by

rhdl

So@

vw

fond |@ing

eftelpnss rh.r rh.y 6uld nor hdv. posibly broughr by stilllg on $.n hoe tpiDs tuDcy. Wive of bu@*ra!s *d. Eh.r oificial frltcliou tu mg willr jeets &d

ofroono

Slr/ .l{rt6141"

nnllNnffitE o000Elt00 E o o o gom tbar in hor6t *idis w d bavc iDDdiarely .alghr rhe ye of i!o4 rox o o E o 'nE inn@e of bu|lehtic tar otrur,iid in ;bwi.g doq ll. wt&ls of s adninj$"rio Fnicutarty det girg rt E rlE .dmidisrdiw u syslo tag.ly Etsi.s rh.
is

3.r.r.6

idpdinals io sped ed trci.@y intdited Aoh @lonjal drc. Felne of adDiri$rtivc @mption e i! |@y 6prj sioih. b &6e fold by Se0Ee
Comir h tndia, nF Fpon natcs ii abund&{y cl6
rhar:

'rll.

FlccduEs

ad Ieric in &c

\reridng or go\4funor

off6 e
to haE

cmb.ao@ dd dilarory. Ihe qiery to &!id &lay hs eMusgd ihe grovih of disl'ondt p.&li6like $e srsd of,3p..d mEyr. Speq mey s Epo|l.(i
bohe a fai.ty

o
EI &t

o tat fi u t5 o

ril

EI

cmhon gTc of .rnpl p@ti@ pdjcut;y

o o o

Lq

iD

n![6

rctalins ,o

lilss, pdniq er..

a.ttlting dorc

eft1 or

Cahlty th.

Lrih.

giw dc rcr wstt i, rt6e

c!s.s, io g.r

s F
p o 6 u o
H
GI o st

od,*t!Iy, bll

s!tr1s !o

qed rp

$ pm6s orthe Dove@dt offtes

ed

cl)m@cinod Ft

rjng ro d.cisi@. C..rain se.rim of lh.

s.f olered e
thar

Epolred

!o nave gor inio rlE

hbii of nol dolB d,tlljlg in

(1o

the md!..

tn fi.y @ $iid,ly
had

pc6u.d.d tt
hen p!s.d,

c$
rhe

st

t d by s srcEl.y

rrE

ooshDa,

cw' and a! odq

f&r ofih. psiag of

such

ordq i3 @@uicared io the pMD

@nhed

b&k rill rlE uforord. s@xerr hs p.rd Irenq|lon to rhc slbodimi. co0e(.4 Besides b.in8 . bon
,r&!cer |!e clnoh of sted @oey
has

ard ihe ordd iretf

ij tfl

sppropn.rc

objeriombl. @tull
of dct y

beore

of ite

D61sioB qus6

St/

Q{r6s.11t

3.-.^..c

Mey ituranes ofbiibry in pubtic id,.jnijharioo

tnos in wnjdr ihc ciriutr

s n ord.. io gd wb.t lE

i5

ani{ed

ro

e}uy_ BNiBe@.!d lglcutr{ids on6

ofrhe

rcgad rhc palmmr ofBakhshish to be

6 hu.h. Frt

erlicntio

for

goMrEmi
bei,e

gthlly
and

bdEd upor lhe

dt

of rbc offi6, lle clEdcr or oE

wi6

&l

rqw3|d,

lh. 6n@ial

me4

of rh.

ctail@i
rh.

{it
FldoEiE r of $ll_i!ieE!

Tie v.ry

6.@

of

imni$nive .oruFia b

Egardls ofpubric inleEsl. B*ides fie disrjbuiioa offavob, tE conuF br@EEr t$ !@y o$r rEa of ptlei,e ad rclair,ilg poE TX.yFe s ",fu" ro potiricitu

o n o o o n FJ g o
EI

ir pow
rbL

who i6&
T1E

dm ido @nfdcM

aad uliimla.ty

r.l ciel!)eibed by thc

rls s.tf-ilraEst nF
ro its

{t

FI

boqsds
ausl mle

hl@er t@ qploB
of rho* e,io fc.ls

rhc sindi@ io Fohole

favoiilism

shoh

by th. @@F buEalcntic

o.lizlion

wite

adh@nr!

edi6

thsdv6

slidied. Ant rhd. Dary ortr

on$q*n@ orcoeF bl@u.hdc rute shich dneo,bu !d-rhFr6 &Ely i.fllec $e etrdes !e.i,s dE idunie ofrh. qi3ilg ddd, isdnciil &d infdior $tbol acomodaroro, In ahscna ofmes of@Elrio4 iradeq@ trosprr.r equjpno! diny saEB, hp@ Mre, sqDpty, Egld of .dmini*drirc Efo@, pod od high-Fied util'ty sdic$ lnd selent orhd. All thing, @Nid.r4 th. c.dupl burarE@y b rhc

o o
E
5l

B' EI

Lie@s of vsdols

kinds

&d qcalrioB firm iEport d!tj6

oo anicls,

stich

b. eld

!l

Cian

pllfr, @ tlqhdy

gih

io dE

&uftes ofdE bur.uEir o ir

exchdg. for bribcs. Falulo6

cor'p6d6

sm e olt ired for ghtlng oBj@ to l@ig1 .!d fonlG e ,!.b ,un attoeht of laab betongjn8 io tb ,r.1
,

.sh/ q{d'o.r.y

**'g
e.-.\.tu
{d
cuso@ duti6 ofrer

ColletioF ofiftone &x, dcik with lhe aid of

dplc oppodwjrid

fo. gEn.
avoid

n
&,

t'ibs

orc

bave ljabilitie dEdiclly Edu.d or

@, evd

is

tdarid

alrosrhd,

ItEna lh@

who

Fne

to pay

wil @ire

o
|a

mo6l stri.eefl

ssucm. rlui

the desiE ro dade

a

t'
tlt
&i

ih. lessl liabitity dd tE

a

lie

of

vjctihrltio

cinEsh .lerybody *,tb Ms

bBincs ir

re$ott ofbrib.ry.

tlt

al

'Srdr-h.ibr, b

l.m

spplied ,o ihos ir,st

lc

str@ @trEol of @io6 pubtic

prcFrts n ei$r abu.d otbisus.d. ,Itis q?. of@lror dllnds io pnvate @nneeial bdlc rlhD! the disdbutio of delDsir, of pudic .fte
tutrdg

oEiEtiq

rc*s ed

of rDbtic
An

1he

distribldon of $bsidi.s

m,

be in ihe

mlw or

,st4e_b.ihery,,.

n p e H u o tn
a o
E
8i

Lq

*eurive my

buy a l8isla1or

*ith a appojnlteDr

Anorhd r{hniqE oi @mpton hay h tabeted

'auio-comPljor'. An artDini&lrive

omdd

k@

for

hier

the adDinisi.aliE Fivit.gc,

q4kn tuutd

be saurd by

omsids by brjbery. He arrds @nra.ts !o hihstf, pqlEps

.Aur&drupdoa

uog dumy

@ipotadoB.

rEy

borh b

,,individurk,,

or ,,@liedt!, atrai..ft. sloih @

dividcd by bdividlds in $eir bpecdle officirl positjoru, Dul tne loged'a alt rtc panidpeG h drt
Sale of public
Saie

sn6

of e!@b bind

gee.

om6

is d

phelheM @h@n b tury

dev.:loping

@uids

ofoflies ha Fnerlred

My

d.pa.rnols of govcnue.r. Hlgbo offces

oD

E
is

sld

k)

nut Etrcd civil soers

borh wiin

who

E{Dployed

@nrlcl bos6. .r.b syslln

folloqrd

Es.id

ro

tuE &d 16 ihponqr podj,

10

A @cisl f&|or cori.iboritrg

rb. nud esrer p4\Etae of @hFioD in

oflicialdod is rlE Fem.e olsociat oblis.tions m@dng tiom on,s *lead.d

fdjl, ed

ouoDioo0000n00nooomo6unou660nHo000oito

3.^.to6 g06ffi6|0moomom ooEomdo&nnE G 6 6 g o g ale fron pa@hial Sroups. The lisl of wi6 thar su..ess6rt official is qpcrd E !@vide hir qInded fuilr @gjne non ftrdins ofjobs shot t$iF to irie povision q o of fersr erd lodgi.g for vi!ito6, .tt6t th. popule
tu<t

Sr,/ q{iro'.ry

10

s G e
ct

o g o 6

c c

10

coneprion that ihe @in purpo*

levct_ Ir is

of

su.stut

ofrciai is b Fr[ Its fahily !p ,ov"!rd his stalE

h@ds

Dr u@n@o lo

tit
frt
IT

o It

tud em ds
s

of pro-$oi@ art

iFwie
fre

rlidj,g insrnudos Dating

b ctanv4

of Ih.

f&iliris

dFrs)
at

'nilitution
ard to
s

ard tunds to previde

food

{rt aiotts

(ai

iInitltioo!

rEt B ofiafld

u a b
rit
Er

TT

for pmviding

Ee r.D.pon io clos. Ftlriv6 (a8u

!o

o GI e o o G g o e te c 6 o tal n o o o 6 o o

F o

n5liinior

dp.ns)

Sine 0E ofrciat camr aflord

mcr $se obtig.tiois

i5
our

ofhis

sdary, r* mNt

*ia

all opgomuiti* to DE ppopriate pult,c ruras.

ComFi@

atso Arjngs

fom $e Elari6 of ba]@@y qjrrr foEigr aid.giving

afftaiE

dd lcbnical assistjnc. lgtujs. fteir

our

so nuch ried up wjrh tlle

sr.t! atparalu

!fuy lle.dotu @[iDg

of

orlprion .e @ducr.d ue
pad of aid

by *ricrly ,lg.t, turhodj. high

WIM GpEenrsti6 ot

fcigl

inreEsl

teds for lh. beieft of

omcials. For cxdpl, by oferjng rlEn

q!.Niw
lhough

rips a6rc4 lhb @dd cetuidy E&

d aodpt lr "cohFing' rh*. otficiatn

thc ie.hniqal

ltc *rioo .kB nol @d. sr,ic{y

uds

hading of @ftpd@
subctanrj.t ,,tiDgcbqcrits"

InsanB h!v. bec. mEd in qnicl

privilcged

e!

olIaed io
$,ho

itumbdE
,putl,
ro

beyond rhe omciat salsry.

ro

M&y higl y qu.tined tBoB

I&k

"in lEM 'of

fnd ihe@lvs eigtr.{i

lowlyFFs, dai.dFooori@ dd stsry

ircraseq mbie

obl,in iinge

h.Etu

OtrCs

apFiltd@r

s Dew

or nd

ofe
to lhe

orgdialion is not detemined by lns meir and quliilicatiotu hn by hh

a.6!

g o rt u a o u n o o o o n p 0 n 0 o p 0 n u o o s o o o o o
6l
i
FI

G'

o|lrso{r60sowurlsfrE8g6Er500rdot#

Srr/ Q{rrcroy Doonso g JIlh

arlDoling aulhorit*, [is
'xrenderr"

8.^*.."

oBooooEEo&rcosooo

o o

I
El

FI$EI @fl.ct adl

rhe politicat

iDtEoe qen d

by

famy.
t
potic., ge Revdue, ih. Cusro,Lr! th public

{E

6 E

Sone officilb of

Wdts

Incooc

rq

dId rhe law and otdq" enfor@.nr d.patunrs @ in

rh H
lg

iifucentu
fd

in@e H nusr b. p4sed on to slFrio," ,r*"d, *0". 'bw'rl@y *,tto llore.r fie ", 't H pre@ olsveEt devic for eg@nring iMm "@lcrs". Tbe i,\DWh th qdis of E 15
elc,,

posidou to dion bribe and olhq favds

tro

,lctiq

advoliasous E

Pad of

th' qo"

Er [E

efrdj*

ir@me &d lqng

@s of offici'ls div'*t

so

<inglv

b.oh rh- omc.ary

tucuoned.
ditr@r h.&h6 of adDirihrion ir h s.fttdly
ssumed dEl

o o g n o o

&! EI

o kl n &t o

s tr

6 o g

GI

rhc H public worts d.partrhqts .nd govemor purclEiag agercie ft prticuL.ly cmpt, d E e.ls rlc agercia @jne rh.6ilE$, th. ofr6 issling impon a<t dpod li.6s. E ard do* csloNible for rhe dssslMt hd conedior of 1ax6. MoB g@Ety, il is H ercd rhar dr*rb@,y poE is sih to officialj. d. posibdjd6 'ne@d of g corupr,on sould b. ennef,ed E Cl In a *.se ile br@ahcy js piivy ,o stsidizld !
s,"nseapdamsdryeushrby*brd"","m"id'n

As

rh.

fil*liodl d@baael
irF&ijkms
or rhe

;xj:;::_T
.nd
poor and

borh

'Er&F
ovrr

d. mE slgr.-. gjk nr ro Epid dpauion or.cdci6. i(lte or

rhe

b,

Oe

[d elgs of ndqdianior

H E
H

ofil6 ed csprrcB

d. mrion muon l buleer h @abr. b po, i& ad.qudc salq6. Ttc.ros elary satq6. Ti. r.$ _r &hcdut. pohd.c &

sl!$lg. yd

@M, s ! $,hote tui.s

H
i H

6mcxtt8s05ffi

B c
Efi USA&l0soEuo6EKIUrnrruoir6r{dt}BroEi

Snr Q{"r*or
n66ebnctmGtmoEHOp

o
6nmc iGniv.

lli
fo. epiralizjrS @ ercry opporneiq

*I @E&r

ro

drgm

tg
his

oftcial salary non sotrcial

eles. wh.ftE.

tlt l.t

TlE signifod of h@uaFric oElprioD is tid,righred by 6.1 Iblr pohical csiD. c@bled, a @jor a.d oftcn &.isive

6
F! IT

ti:

tlJ

slse ha

bd

rh

pFvalqe of

oilcid DisDd@i

and

th.ollcmilot s!'ad

of

uta*ftt p.adic !tM8 bodlafuo

t

p
E

ed

rh. g.nEt public, A fcw

y"d! befoE tlc ad@r of oalnl iut. o,

95S in

pakin

Tibor Mdd Epoded rlBt: "pbbably

@itibured

b oUb srhplob or parj$ld pluic lifc ha lIft b $e d..bElianio oft cdmo nq lM cotrrldior IIn
*s
fw
rik ly to

u n tn
I.!

Ei

E
f.l
td

p1@lic6 hrd r@hed s@h proponiou rb4r tleir efret

wiF

out

wlalels

I'l

bercfts
by 'n

aw @mmic

ptDjats

nish

havc

su,ed fft hiD. sbh.

neasui.s

{E llkft

BpoN

ro widelpEad

deDdd for &lion ed a

lh.y

re

offciots w@ .linissed, bul

6 o

$e snal cdp,ir..

ll!

frt

E E E t|t
i5

.shl ql'dsr..ry

e.^.t.

Cru36 of Corruprion
oie of d. @jd
distinsrilhed ability

c{lB

of

oftadon jj rh! c!d@y of bl|tta,ay

!o

srpprs

s4qdc,

ilj
IE iiu

lhey 6nd oursidc

d.ir oM rdld
by phcing

They

@ knou, lld mit

tll

tleughour dE @uDEy, ro pretur. Dediocrity

dd

l@

of |atdr

uda sRr htdship ft! ditrcuftiG,

Hulingbn visualiad

aI
&I

eEs

of compri@

od fold thtu sinil& io thN of

FI
6.1

violtu. I! li5 opinid:

"Bolh

fiI
of
@ .,ha@rrini6 ot I,tDl
shali

ti)

ocowage by Dod@jzltio4 bolh @ srnpiomlic of tbe rslnEls

polirical itrslilutions, bolh

$beqMdy

cail

peioria

sities, bo$ @
sylt m

tutu

by Rhich jndivjduab and gouP3

elal. th@3iB

io rlE pohical

H q o n o ta

e4

hded, FniciFr.

i!

rh

ryttu

in $qs whcx qora& rhe

n@

of lh.

stsr.n. Hec,
capac

t sity

$,irict has a hieh apa.rly for @@puo! also has a hjgh

public purpos, omlrton

y for violene. h de a6$@ of agen4t on

slDsriur.s

.glbqr

F' 6t

o o o p

frt

or Fivar goslr

*tilc violde

3ubditur6 @n0id ove pubtic

privab.nG_ Borh coEr4rion

npoD rhe syston,

o 6 o o in o g 6 n o o ..t
ii,

Ei

ed violae @ ilegitiMle nc4

is

or maliog dmsnds

t0

@mpii@
!o @drpr

ste

e in.girin

lc

Ifu

orstjsrDg dr@ d.mtrds.,

'IlE im.dire

*tut

officjal pcF6s lubtic inslinnioB @ agE.d ro

haw is 6peiaily 9!r in @nrlitiois of dr,@e i4qudity

boldine

ed

povary. I.he biefirs

ol
r.,

d offe e

Elarivel,

tu@r'j

by

@b!.rjeq

rlE

Fnar!6 for alidrplirg

s
l|t tit et
E&lE &t|loeHt&l

o g

ffi

SteJ <l{trr-ny

e.^.r.,"
i5 aladv.ty

AddinisFativ
peoplc

@tuFio

6y r. ol@t; d

pstly rhis is l.^q,q

o b a a 6 til u
til
i,J

g.nouily m1 r@ cte.r atDu! whal tlE offcid Dt6 @. pady n js

bae

lb

F fr p

aar

law is incfetively .nfoed

ed

ine polie deDs.tvcs

vry E@h sust?tibte io

a

comptior And whil tEdilional 8ift-givins

is quile

b. disrineuish.d Aod

ttrib. ofnoncy, it

obviou rhd iion

rhe

poin

ofviw
on a

of dE givq th. orc hs shaded inlo rhc olhd,

tha although the

Fadie ba i.L.n

ns sigjific.M. s

l,h.

oFn gin of

a basker

of

eril

is Eplaced by a noE 6rdve gin of a huD{ned

npc mr., n b rcv..dEt*

a
ti! rit o f.l

r.t

Itl

6Luishd f.cl of life in shich th

pri$

natw of rute iDijng@or js pnidly

oNledby@ i!ui9

yirh

older custoD.

tlt
& tretive public honlity
!o

It wms imposibl ro dclaG dEl a societ wilhout

fii
|.!

cmot

develop econmically. On r\e odM

hfl4

lnG is

sn
h

b. EMns for doubtine

*itho utdcr p@nt @ndjdoB lnis js titety

vilage

ro

h.pp.n.

th.

ftn

pla.q Eos of

tE

dtE@ly deFi<hnr

!F.

gol@ot &rio fq th.ir tterctopee . Tlen

devdopnot poslel l,rgcly de!.nds on afailins lh. taGcIs ch,rtard

ii deEto''rat
rth. civil
i1

dd, ftjs Eqnies si!8]-Djdcd

litly th.l

h,ndwo* Aon alt hol.leB ofpublic ofre.

by co@pl

swmls @Bh thet time md .ndg)/ in rying io g.r ,ich

n&\

is nol

tr

devclopnenl
is the

plu

wilt

be

firtfiId.
higha

lfrhjs

plno ofbh.vidoftn
mb rhem of tuwh of

bwsu@y

and

if fiis i, fairly

wll

o IT p tJ 6 o n u o p u 6t 6 t o
E
|lli

fi o

rtuM,

ii ltely b
dld *ith

$.n

lutbority borh wirh $bodi@rc jn rn

o D o 0 snich rhe @mmic dvelopnent of tne couEy &Fn&. h fiis c*, mnch will tD on to g fJl ofi &tEHorx5oE8ilGtEt&rE8)ErElosElo*ittuEto 6
my
bc

eovmt

follM

in lhe

ourtside. 'IX. @th jDptlFrty &@ulaLd

it 6

mod6t by MrE slqdrd, bln srill ldge in rlatidn io rhe levl of inlBrerft on

Shl

<UdE .l.y

J.*toa
g o
io buy

how sEilth b Edevelopd. If

bllttaE y ry
it

ssity

by d.Fsiting lbn w.dth

ir

|l, iJ

Bdrisb

Aei@

ad Seis! bdts,

Ep6qrs !

wholly n galirc dEin @ rb @nony.

s bavc ben @rcd.d wrdr ile concept of pow$ in hlllm society. bur rh* hav been v{y tittlc pstdologjcd l$eh b shoe, bow rhe @nrol of rhc sI6 of powr cnag6 rbe vi.ws of Ihe FweFholds alout ti4lf, @d qhlt Lild 9f i& he datop6 in d.rlidg
Fbm
philo&pbd, siarescn ond
wiur the l.ss pow.rfi{. Th.rc is Mpte hisrorical eviderce to the

tin6 i@mdjrl

tft 'a

o o D tlJ g

fl fl
lal

flar

thnl ptupl

ff g tlj p
ti)
19
tat

SseEIy haw nixed felirgs wirh Eeald io

FF6

who yild sdnirbn riv./

ttj
lq
Ei

exautvc powr. Oi. nftis *idsprcad adDtarion for iloe who hw. @wulard

fonb6

by din! of mdil aDd

in

pGition ro irnudce rhe

.hfrdq

of lhe seity.

HowEr, !r rlc
st.flicisD
rs@es

s.

rim. ir is @t u@Dmn

b 6. Fopt. showirg

dep

o 5 g o o tg o p

about po$s-lolder, lnitrldne rhar

h. will

his authority

ed oflj.ial

s E}

to cxploir

odr6.

'Il'oM

Hobh6

i!

vialhd

si4..I

pur (in rhe

nct pbe

86aal i.ctirarion ofall

o6rhd), !

perpetud ald

r.stts

d.sirc of power aft4 powr rhai eas.ih orly in

deeth",a H. also conctuded fiar soci.ties con. into

.ijsteM

ou1

ot th. ,eatianjon by

tll o p
qg

md

rbar

ucCual disr.ibudo!
is a

ofpow

elre

ofqploi&non.

g o
H
FI

Thft
is

vdy rtrorg $!mtofdoughi, which late6 powere p.re y.vil. ft

pai

d out rhal in rhe history

ofnsnlind, civitiarion.fto civilt tion ws

1965] p.75

wct

o o o q
ta
tg1

Hobbee L&iath.n,

.d[d

by

wG. pog&n smith ctaEndoi p@,

IlI G

s ogoffi gfi snouE6no&mnoomuHEmF {od*iratrilnm

Srrr Q{rrorrry

3. *oF
o
It
F:
tcl

by abuse

ofpow$.

Powjnrl tut6 have left & aaonizirg

nory ofth.ir niqrerq by

illl

which they

i.flict

d erold horcB on i@@dt popte. tn orhei Mnls,

pow

whethe,

givo lo a pq$o or Esiding in d irslitution ir huch noc d&gdN rh&

aloDic

! o
!: &l e |'1 q :g a n
al

Lord Action hightighted

te

@mplirg popedid of povg in his famou

rI

d'ns,'!owr

GftL lo odupr,,, dd "absltut powr.otup8.b6olutclr.

M&hiaveui had lisied pow.r

0p

single nost

inporlrlt tacto!, which ted

!o

o@prion. He al$ poinis oul thll in qMinhg rtE alatio^sni!

conplion, lhc tine liDit should b. k pt in nind. powr g@td for ol1im.
is dangmu, p.rriculely if ihe hordd of powr li6 no

b.rvq pom
a

&d

fajrly tong
for rhc

!.iod

6cF

m@on

good. The oost

ddg@u lowr of @use

is

lh. abelut powd in rb. htu4, of oac

indilidual. David h6 dsibed th.

es

ofpower in rhse wordsi

.?ow

neN

to

vdi.ty of

nds,

dd
as

the moriv.r whjcl

nov.

men 10

st

n,

dd Us

to *hich rlEy

wilh lo pur

i! @

vdied

lne netr thns.lvs: fed, cupidiiy, pddc, cro.liy,

a

ed

orviction of adninisFalive v@doE,

dsiE

to

thirgs dor. bna.

d i[pati.le

with inefficietuy, .vm o@dionslly a s@ of duty. fc.linSs of compssion for dE udddog, lov.

o ff H 6 g g EI o n o 6 p
FI
I'J

s t!;

ofcohrr, b.r!.d

of

trs&

o. nuddle or injusrie...&

0
rhe

ft is tn. mn

hldnt

and comprhg

t}!. of poM ds wnd

poE

holdr istead ofusing it

d. n.m to m nd mka it m cnd ilsll He abedos $e

Fihry objariE h de
srisa.crjoi of

isEmeotal rclc of powr, and fcls th.t irs

si*

o o o c o q o o a
&:

fi c 6

S!c6Koi: ci@rc A Poliler

BiodEphvi Lddoni Oiorn UdiveBny pBs., 1971. p

n00cto

Sr'l

<U.ba.t.y

e.-.a@

o p

c E
$ tr
n'".rot".
rt'" eu.rrio,

*i*s

thar what

fons compron

larcs whn ir rslls ftom

fic

e e tli n
F

holde of power rnd, @ @Nido pok, hi< E ' suNne ii life, aid rherc is insadoble mbition in hih ro nuEr udd his onhol "alue E[ E * *r ***. ^ * witnin hud @h. codpnon ,o the @ntexr ne@ rhar |l, Fw rDs beome & @d itscr &d id@ls snd *cIoci6 tile loE, ch{iry,

Thc

rN

EfE ro a

c4

in *iilch lh

s u c c #
ltl

lq

fr
E

fd ,.

mnpssioD, loydty

@Bidded

h@insla'

'nc s@id insidce

pows

would b whsn

indjvidud

anli mhievins a posilion of

a o I.!
G' t!

GI

ua fir
bfr

reems for

lwmt

gair. He is @.sramty tmd.d io Be v.ry

.vaibbl. opponuity fo. oltarile morcy o. orhd Dd.riat @!tdj.

n'e tti'd
of @@ptior mrees whd power

6nFls

irs hotdd

r,o

cbas. hjs elf_

rmgq This netu $!t men in powe!

have ofte. shoM lne tendrcy

inflate rheir

self-F4ption with tuity. H

slrE ginoed by 1[. llan ry

$fIG

nom slFriority compjex wbch js olEys

of&e

ls

powrtul,

ed q,lH

rhis blppos ltlc hotder

of

powd floul all rules ofmoElity vilb our ay oDpucrio! of th.

eil.&

Mm's instiablc apFrir. for

walrh is

ale tjsl..l monS

rhe

beic causs. strich

Frdua @nprion. W.atth lite powr at$ ga@ref

o n rdy

.ffct

.nd *,116 it

000ffi loof, fr no0oannfi fl ssonnnnnfi fl 0ofr ns{nn

Stel Q{,r".-rq EEHIf,

be.ome

e.6.*@

obs.ssior\

Fopl. gocnly

ren.t !o indu]ge in moE

ircrutriti6, &d
is ulcqlal

$.
ald

ch,rB of@ruprio. inclt@ tuifold

*td

rh .tist

ibutio!

ofrstlh

@jut, it pedws jcdouy, cnra ed eMiiy,

.I

of whicb

el@nls Etich polui.

hllru chd&td ed comciocc. ftd.

ato
do not

s,tD pcsas

lur

to poss*s

hor. dd

rhosd

posg rhirrj.g

rbrr $cy

c!|mr dislo*s orleF, ..top!

Ekl6 m.s
so he

lo

uceae ilreir posessioN. MoMvcr

t@kiakaue indncy
ro

iodividud

sio hs de welr\ hs d
nui b!v.
ro rhc

pE*rye ed indeale it a.l h o.dcr to do

he

rl til o u
|ll

rl:6

to

qt6

of

poE, p{ticutdly

husr havc

&as

ch!nb.6 of poliricat

decilion haline, which ae rhc

dqt pornl
h6

Moi.
atwsys
is

of pow6. fi

for rhis

r3en

lI l
of

acquisiijon md disribudon of wealrh

b.m a very diricd .tim.Bion of

ro

wry

l@M politi.al

srsr.m. Any law,

*tich

D@r

sr linits

ro rhe

uqubnion

*ddl is Bist d and its iEpldellrlio.

leoplc\ t ndmy ro buy powq with

d0onrtic.lty boDcs .
we.tLh is a vc.y

els

of.omptio!,

@Mor taatE of hul@

Il

i5 dE ro rlE

ii!.mt

@mdi.e pmFsitiq of Bqlrh thar c..rain

ard

@tmentaloB believc thar

@ey @nooy

caliirtih pr.'s a rcry mponor rele

wd

in incre$ing the incidence ofco@ption. Ir is point d our th* dthough @mption

pltgr
or

in all

hllln siii6,

but

i!

inr.nsiry

imar.d @ifold
giv6

wirh rh.

rlducrio!

mney @rcny. la

prEdcy @moy

bribe, @utd he

in rb. fotu of a

loE

ed

oiher natenal ob.j*tj which

q@ inhftndy

dcnonstr6bte.

olher

Ndl' th.e

;",1jJiJr.,##.!.r*.

.r*."r J

c"*Jllii

so.:"r r.y,mrosy vor. zr.

.st'/ q{iro'.1.y

3.-*.8
dd
rhc

ws

no way by which compfion could be kcpt edr

10

liDircd
with it

vsr e

, As socirj6

d.wlop,

sh

opFrtudrid

m thar i1 w6 irq.e beifotd, dd

Esllr

illtfu

tnc

posibilitie of@ruption.

Wealr3! ofthc Pmple

Peoplc Sel rh

o EI o o n HI o fil u p u rt ril u
E

gov.mal fi.y
ro

d$tu

hm

old a<tagc. The

tue

to a cqr.in

da

b aue

*ftl cgld
rules

@npiion_ No or. wil d6y

d. fld

6at rh. tuJl for

pow

ed gled ooog
of tnis ecial

d tc fiD.tud&l $ue

of comprioq
rh

ey

lational .ppFisrl spalhy, and

,jlndr Dur t le

inr. coBid.drion th. Fle of

p6pL\

ricn

(Js ignol@ ofde Eriolat pllueds.

of .dminisr.tiv omldon in tndia
ro b

Dcnis Jotph in his

1hal

qedDdos of rh.
in g@ebt

sss
nrch
this

hs @ftlud.d

tuss

ft s

blded

for the continwd cxislen c

ofcomFion 6 !G tho* who indulge in of@nqrion in a padiculd @ury

ncfuiou Fesctior t, hisopinion,

I[e.xr.

wodd deperd on [ow bu.b tt Fopte in $al 6@icly !E lcp3rd to bl.raie il.

6 o a F) o F: a o o

tr

Lll

tb

c6e of hdia, In. crent

saF de popte nusi shouldd

rh major

burdd of HpoNibiliry for

efliy of 6@t1iotr. Th.y e id.Mrly lporberjc rnd tb.t aparhy is lLs ftajq tue of govmor's gan !d bribcry.t6 llis is panicutdly rle i! si.tis
whd lhe ruling.liie

ha @ndy

cmreed liom rhe

;6es

wlnour

6y

brdirion of

M&nilrd latls
dv.loped

about new

n6

in W61 Afrio wro

shcd pow bcfore lh.y bnd

wer noi weallhy,

ay

noms

difler

ftom rh.ir p6ptc.

IE,

&d

other

ihe

li",l'#"tr1*i=5r:Bi:j1$=!!rdoj!!"ul*ioo'

Th

s,.bs*

w.kv,

ooooffi

0s00ofl 5i000u000woff flsooofl oofl t5

ff***
g
*ry

StrJ <ll.ro'ry

3.-.^@
6d B

pohjcs, probably hsd no nems of eaming

$.ir

livelihoo4 th.

dBr rhcy

ued

opponuiy of 'tftding thlir powr with rhc w6th of oth.B,rt TIF

tun

distE$ing rhine howva, h Ihar rh.

,ept.

in gacral

tiFl.sly tatt alout feb$ic

no@

storiB or@mprion at lni8h plae$ soDe

ofthm @ nodi!8
c@6ete srep

fid

figmns ofa

fenile imagjnaton- bur

publicly. In faci rlcy

$tdm raL ey
but

lo

show rhen indigi.lio!

In

!B rcr oily parsivt,

s.d b rhtut it t.giti@L.

th.ir etuh,

it is fre frch lhe stig@ ofvEngdoing.

ln

For

yan, rhe hs ten a drearic chegc

in

ltc lrtiftd. of th. Fopl. in

Fopre

Palitla, due b ih. rising tid. of

moE illiraaie

ut

rialism. In lhc

ps

Bft
dd

@oradivcly

dd l*s

aw.tened, but th.y

wE v.ry cnticat of @mFion. IDy

Donir ctadcrtr
a e@d ranily

em.Elly cspeted a mo onty if h. had a

backgbu.d,

edd

l}n

b not hE ey noe, Today p6pt. Es!@l .

nb

who

bs mey,

ed obviouly thoe wto

opportuniry to coller

e @hing for ecial esreD, l@ks for eve.y posibt.

maierial
is

wallh ad
in

sets

which would win for

!o

th. popds p6pL

6per Rap&t @nFio!

low.rds 6@prioo. Wh@ a
'every one dos it. or .ir is

wicty

alribsr.d

FDjsirc .lti!ll(t6

of rh.
by

ce i! brough to rben notie tbcy pur I lwy

pan of lif., and ycr a,yore

$rrg
.nc

d ece/ed

Comprion is

$ uiv.N"l

sns

ro

b. n

bbs

aeainsl ir,

priE.ry Easoa is th. tailN of rle

absene of s@ial

gowmrs o r*c oy
pcople abour ils

rcrOn ag.iNl it

ed tte

aydercs mo4

ails.

potiticidns

fel
2

rh.y bavc

McMuI.n, . a

rhs

ot

c.Noroi

Ihe

sddogdt Rdtu vot s

No

Jut,

196

tp

St"l R{.r-lry t=l

e.-ao6
H
rhen

i! Lh. oc@n or conpla.flcy. No on. .vd sms rc tro$ $trG !o bcgin 6stu 'rr againn 0!c clmprio., ed in rh. g@in8 @dusion p.rbwrF of retnrlc 6!ds h.@e nuky, dd th soci4y is supended in a linbo of ild@isio! .!d be{iLtcnflt. In mdy caks. legdt sdcrioN @ avelsble bd ttey d. celdom inplm.nre4 blr $ my b.lieftb if th.y e oforc.4 Irnptiotr *ill s:dll be *ft[ B. Incidcne of @mFior will delirc when poliriciaD. 3rop payils oDly lip*Fie ro rh. id6 ofpublic .thiB, md rhe Fople lcave their nonchalsce dd s seroc of rcsigmrioi! dd show dcrmjFdor and @Msc in iniriadng siat sciioB .g.i'$ bod r!. @duerd snd
donc

d.njob

by pssing laws lgansl

adnilisr'div mdp@d.e a.l

sirl bek

E {t E E
jg

g E
H B

g
E

th.

smpi.d.
rh.c
b dorher ea*nds

o @ Gmurare th.n ted4 &d rhd n is fl eom Lbo d.r @mpton spilk ove bro rhe En of scD. tn lt'. liE anh otr fr lcidsh,p. powe! ed epoc'b'lnr. rhe rendency is b sive th tan.r bsmptiotr a fr rlodtely sler im!6rl'e..t h is sd t[a rhE e c'6in iniRnr d@trrs in Lh. I
who Lnid< |hd

moEt H rurp'tudc in Gi.ry. tr bd ben obsncd lhlr nr:rs m e@rd hd b dutr|. (hcn E lodes. lr is a pm of $e tu onuole6r. $hicb deals wirh rhe Rtdiorship bdw $ lh.lads dd th subja.s, Md shoq wtrlh.r p6pl. @mF rhe t@d.s or via vffi E Sorc b.lioe d.t il rhe lad6 d ctmt that h.G l} r lh. p@pl. d onpr E bees leades aAo all s. Ftrducts ofth sde society. Tl|re @ orh6, howevo, E
do.s
p<opte.

whrh be@d6 a e@e of

,|].*s

doE ofrd ths no! rnd

@E
e!er_!_y!E4-

oiscour.slll

e)

of, f, oaff

o ffi Iffi filnnn5fl onn06fi fr troomonnous6

.St,ra <Udor.t y

e.-.b@

chd@ter of the p@ple

*hch

kp

th.D aMy ftom @dptio4 bul thir

j!l!@@

attd

8ullibili9 @ .xpbned md noipul.tcd by fie cf0y polilicis &d this is how they
@ dEgg.d into @dprion. It
is

oh&.d

rh!1

sieti6,

in

$dicn individusls d.:rmine

$cir

sial

idmtity in te@ of orDoiate tituhip,

a

4oe seePtible b bl@ucnlic

comFio.. WtEn

membq of ihe goup eaiD

pGition ofethority, lhc

driE grouF

n.ls to

d.s@d upon hin for hvoB. It is @side..d

be

sially
b Dadc

lcgitinaE,

b@&
a

if

individul fiils to fultu rLis ki8hip obligatio.

out @sl, b.cd@ hh

will

io live ihe lif of

$cial

scialialion in mosr

c.s

is co.fin d lo the mmb6 ofhis

oM
ro

grcur. ln sucb

siFdtuEl aviretlmr

public oiicials,

udd lElry p..ssw

exploil $en p.silioE for the hlefit ofrheir fmilies or solps.

I! a siry
b.havio., pubic
is admiEd

snerc kinshjp ties have such ovwhelning

do.s not
a

infl!.rc

on

hulm

ioicr $ ! $ial aliry

is rhe

dis.

Thc only

sid

viduc

$tict

ed idoliad

.xtdt

io which

pdson

@ sde

lhe

inr.Fsr of

lh*

o o g

a o o a o o E o o o E o u o d 0 a
EI

rit

G[

wirh whom his prinary Elarioship k

.los dd di@l.D

Evdy discu$@ oo @mFiotr of a

nut t*e

inro cotuitledlior the t.gat

frdwork

sicty. bau.lh.

casdce

ofall.otuption k rhlt snen fioD

rhe law.

the

fomd or
the

onDal

po.irior ha tied !o violai.

Ir is

rlsys

sio6

@ned @ong
the

polirici4, bl@ucFil od oth* !o find oul how fa lhe inadq@is oI

las

lhdslves

rc

rsponsiblc

in cMling th. @ndirion3 on sttich gnn md

bribery

of, nonotooond{nnno0gfi nEnoffi &nonmo

Srr/ Qlerurry

e.r.tc6
fou points.
to which they

An

rn lysis in

this

mdtd

l@ls dud
ed
the

tg

a llj

L lhe effclive@s of fie

laws

qrc

re

fortified by public

EI

o
E E
tlJ

E} 2. How

ct

6y it t
iohE4

ro

bdk rh.

law

dd *h!r @

!h

cb,|G oftbis riol.don

b.ing

g
3. If it
is

now tuuh pnvac gain d pdsor

cs nate

out of n,

E
nat
.I
th.n

4. Whal

lhe

inh@t cohplxiri.s dd hbiguiti.s of

laws which

suspdblc b exploitation by 6@p1 ofliciats, M6t

o a tE

F:

ob*p6 agE

iblr

l.s j! rhe devclopiq sieti6 e

r.&s

d.fciar

ib

fou

our'

Th@

seml

hislorical

for rL.t. E&h olonial gime bbughl irs

oM

U. m.topolita. @uEy dd gEn d i1 by foft oD lhe sio, rligjoN dvilt)'mols pnich v@ tur eldr of ir -I}* f@is, tas inrlduc.d

I.Eal philoepht froh

n l!! o n 61
Ei

t* E

dtirly lw dimoim
behavior, The

!o *{Dt

d.sihbl.

,!d

what

*u

mr d6irauc in hl|!M

edt
ict

ws thlt nfoE.ne of ihs

lM w oid
rhis

vay difrult ed lo itupt@at

o n p
E
ltl

ueri.in.

Dist

offi6
d

h.d io h. eivq wid. distioddy

tbc

po*s

@lojd !olici6,

As lonS

o6er

mpdouty ho61

@!Oid b.n@i

le

ed nom

of tne people did @t led

b odpri@

but in thc naffts of m

ueruDulos

fmctioning this @nflict codd b6m. a

$@

oI wide3p@d @mFion. In paLi$an,

is

las

againn

@d\ptid hirc be! !6!s.d

be

i!.

Dst tsphazd l!)!lfu. Tb6.f,d 6dt

thnl th.y

my

i@mplde

or @nl6dict

@h olha, rb.Ff@

@
In

is ror sEFised if

oribare

@mpt on laws inslad oflunishiDg lh. @npt pDrc.i

D

lhfl.

enc c@

ofi6

o H u o o u 6 o o o o o E
F!

R6ard

.nd Edg$

snktu _c.dots

n deb.iio bLnri*l 'i o o nfr &noFn0ffi uofffi naooo0ttotfl tat[do

3.-A@ n6f,0mooommooo o o o o bD foud slilg srs, r.d o{be mh6ic.l gcdgds nuc! a!ov. dF onrDled pricc, b& e e nodry ce b done agaist then bel@ tle law agairst bla.k-marketinS @ It@t for n o o deal6 dd @ not agai.n pnvab .ili4c. ln 1953 goM.nr of Pbtislrn isucd 6

orEmffinno[c[

.sri.a

q{ds.r.y

pEvdnon oI omptio! ru16

10

d..l wih cmpl civil

dislroporrio.rr!
@uld be

*ler5
b
his

udcr

lh*

nna dy of

M Iivine B lo1 wanznr.d by his iM.,

Sovmenl s4ot vhce p'oFny

e p
l.I M
r,+

F:

hem,

or bjs stardsd Thc rut6 did

elicd onlluttry.

Ei

mt

@sniu

it

N r @gliaue ofieBi rhcFfoE lh. gnilty

olE6

@uld oity be subjs0ed to

dcpartrcnd enquiry, TbeE

@ pblision for willes aid a civil

wrnts
ihs.

bsnl
ru16

s tlI
ti)
EI EI
LA

FI

e@bl6uld mt

be

chek d. Th.

cdt M

rh.t iiquine @ldft&d under

o |l!
L'I

Cordltion is age6u1e<l in tim6 of

*ial {d
Mifold

@rcnjc esrlews. Ir is sid llFr in

in lbc

India ard Patjsla coduption iertascd

Mle of rhe

19r?

Mirion of t

I'l E o I'l D

subenti.enr. Paiition up@led millioro of peotl

oi

both sid6 of rhe bordd, and lb

s o
.JI

influ of $

s govmcnts lricd to find nm io Ebabilirar. thm in Dew hoD6. !n both 6uri*

h@drEds

ald

thoM&

of

Efu6

unhjnged

adninilfatiE stability

p.ople

bn
d

trust3, erd ev&u@

pFFrry wonl miuios of rupcB *hich had !o h.

Siec docwn6ry widc@ of lh. pmFny bn

diiiht
b.hind

atMg rctugs fo

*tLftnr

mt .v!ilau, !.ople

fiUed highly

irlaLd cLims ed ov.might pluFs

becm. nillio@iEs ed nilliotuiEs bcme paupes. h

pedod of peic,
tbe

wetuinty

o Lq g o o 0 o o g

dd goving nudions dd

this is rhc tind of

avilrm@ls @ rnicl

srpioE of

o c!
o
t9!

lq

'ShsHasKn n
Adn

'n'srr.tve

a Hd@of Cotubton inrECdnrv., Synpdrm st.fi correqe l.hoE Pah 3En

o.cmpro.

EI
tar

.srd q{d'.'.r.y

J.-*o,"
p
influ
of alout

oEurdon ihrivc

rhc

no* IlF

sud\.Ln

wd

biliion

Efuq.ret
bqde

da

o F
o EI o a u g itt u

oisn snmdon ed laws. ruls

fomuated lhou8nn6dy.

and

p@dws

rbat w@ adoled ro

i1 we

Amlbn a3pel of
@ple
or

bs

*lich Produ .odFtio!

is rhjt cv.ry law purs c.nain

greuts,

djsd@rage. h is lery difrcult to baE

The

tas

which

uivBalty

advdug

6lo

all

sliotr ofde popularioi.

$.rudv*
thp

eut

E;

is thd

*to @

subj*ied io

E
FI

E!

disadldllge @mptu*e

by @ring badbl@k jn lhcn impt motstion,

|ll tlj
|!J

co'udion

is

@Nid.'!d lo b.

ai6r

my of &ins $_ M. McMutbtr sy! lh.r a hiC

rhc arlibrtrs, aim,

tI q

lcvl of @mption is the

medrods oi the

6utt of eid. divaee@ bt@n

a

dd

B}

F!

gove@ent of

6mrry
of

ond

thN

of ihe

wiery b whhh

thy orqare,
groups of

ir

ei

particuld ofihe

ptuedw ed aim

dr got!ruor, {tich pd p.nicdd

dE

dfad Lvclj of @mtption ir difeEnt sied6 deFnd on th dral !o which gov.Mr ao sdy e
popuratm ar a speial

djs.dhtrgq $!t rn@t@ fic

Rrpid Eotubic Dq.lopn.trt

ll

is a

otur

obsarior

lhar

h .cte@r.d r@!o

of

dv.loFndr jt

:le

lh

oppornuitiA lbr @@ption in d!rclopin8

siai4

i! gcndt ed

in paldnd plnicule.

, compdien
Asia

is dade wftn @dirioN in dE otodal

a4

thc

su.t

view of bol! Soudr

&d Wsled obsrye is lba! conplion h noE pprlol now thm b.foE
gnqd
io rtE

o 6 E g o o FI H 6 o H p s 6 g e o
E
FI
B!

ird.F.<len@ .Id tha! in panicdd, i! ha @ndy gaind

tighd ahdoB of

n
"

4E!3..

M.MJnar. -corlolo]1
r^

Sc'obgiet

"! Rdi*

h. plg .

sto,c6 or &,r,gh coron es ,nd rct LNo 2. Jurv r sr6 t. F.13s-136

Elcorone ,i

w*r

EI E!

anffi 60600b6sutrdouoo$nouod

Sh/ <l{dr'.ry

3.-.h...
o
p6ior ofthen

ofiicisls

od politicis,': ItE rcw nn 6

hnve nad

rlev.lopbat

ruling

tll

Ufe. and

nobilizing all mreial md polirical

tu!

to &hi.ve pedebniftd

obj*dG in fiis dia.tio. -nis bls Bd.d i! th. polif@rion of dep.trndb &d .ami6
in vnich critical

o n 5 o

iT

s
!

de.isioc @ Dlde dd sh@ otrcirls @ dloed lo b&dte big

fl@dd tralelios.
$e

The

thaii

rhal

imtt4

in

tE erivitid

of ibe ar

govd4nr multjpud

cheh

of

mption ha .

biveGal vogk. Bwau@ts

and lage

IE

atlte

tdel

btue
in

ill

i* q

E}

compt wt'm lr)y

gi@ rmerdous nrds

s
u EI a o a
AI

Gposibitilies ro ud.ml
b lbar

l,ee-s.l for pDjels ub.n d.vel@@r Thc otrd

obiainilg favou ftoE ihe
slale level-shres

'@r

ey@

.6id

go\rcmdl

6nds ih. sl2k6

@roi&}ly lighq

at th.

tu

rat or

disbw

or Egulale bie money. IrEy buitd moloMrs ard in so doing

spad bilions oh coftetoE, ledowe6, engin@, ard @nsdlstj. Th.y Egulal

hatels! p!5lic urilili.r,

illslllle

ompeDies,

b.jk, sna! bEi'6 fittlG coDoarjm,

s n s o
0 o o o o o o o o o o p
E

r:

dEy isue paol6 ed pardons,

licN b.triws. deloE, d@tins tiqmr stoB, b.$q\

beeiid&c l!ch6, ral-alac bbkq &d

ficy conlrol

s6

of oihe MnparioN

ld

Fofssio6

acs b

mr@l

Eee6,

md

sutwj*

indurriat sfely md

hrhn4t
of

conFnslim prostu.

The srr&6

domoB. Tnodoe Eshnbug

in hjj.naly.is

@mpdon in dE Fd.El R@ublic of W61

public life is

Ctl:rEy hs

@@tuded rh. .gin jDn don,

ir

udsinble by-Plodei ofrh @losic dira.le'.

I! oihd

words p6pl

0 q s Fl g
EI
rrcunnar My'd.ras.n

&!

pro lor

11

c o

oooomEroo#

R{1s4, tpffif,j,, e.-** 5omf,onoffir nnf,oEnnEoc6ffioo8

Sur

wJ tvl

today h.ve moF

n@.y to sraE to bly @sny sini ad ene

clffi buiffin labcl

b deducnbk.lr E s The govlmdi ofPali 4 in oiiler ro en@urage p6ple iowads daclolmoral E &riviti6 qolved pmgtlm ofl.rsre.le {Islibdio. ofFmirs, $bsidies, gtuG, las H @d 106. llE sov@.r ir bosr cls pased las aid all@l.d fiEds, bul left lhe H
thd s a pd
oi rbeu pobLc Flar:oN omprga 6nd sBke lhe

in th. ildur.ial ed asr'culual *cbB ha r*esitard nDdous conrols md tieM to

choi@ of the bdficiary io ihe

ldmidsrnto. Thc pla..ed al@rion of lw@s, boih

EI

fr

mat .cotunic lgBuetion .fe.rjvc

a

ord

.trcidi

If

e oftpMu weB

ro

6:r.btish B

li.tN Ei !o iftrort mchiney, &d @y ned officiat pemision ro inpon r.w @lqiats froh B abroad. If a fmd wet5 to buy a lr&br, he h6 !o have a pmnir fton rh. pold ffi aurhoriry. Thc sovtmor inv&iabty @ftoh imprcved sds e.l f.nilih. rf h. is H cap.Uc of i6lAUing a tubewu. he nust havc e elerric cm6tion for *,bich h will E
fa.bry, he nds dc Fmisioo oflhc 6rE@ ninisry. Hc rqun6 a sprFrc

losr1isi'otrcialsandiGpeloB
lr
hns been obJ.ncd

be I ha ro dpptuch Lhe imsabo0 d.pann nr td m i|).fu in rr. votmc of Ml.r ln othq E @'d! if a FM is a @Df4ior ro |I. sovfmd o d.wtopohr prDj*. b. * ne.d B
bave io

soh

govemot

omcials. If a

famo

wrs lo plel

ct

soal nuit orchdd,

g
dep.mflE. tike

agricutM. E comuty de\clopn.nL nn l @nslMton &t @FEijtc ffidi.s, 066 wirh v&n S {n dieEtjon ry poe h.re Dn<L gd fonrrc, Conpriotr dr 10 M@nic dcvcropl@i E E
butdins

$d in @bn

".-fg.".:qat*,l AmE J He'd.nheimd

(ed

) P.tiht cotupro. N4 yolr

Par.ar.r

Holr RiFih.n 5nd

rE"** wish

1970

"

B c

ffiffioEoffi&rroosnH

.sh/ q{dx'.t.y

e.-.t4.
nis
is

is DoE

lmp

in citica

tha

in villag.s,

b@e

dE

gom.nt

is

obssd wirh

industrialialion

ed

UE

fas

of thcir ini.nrion is on eslabtishing indNtry, tEde dd

g o EI s o
lrl
si!

@oll|j.M in ciris. Sicc rL. injtialirc in $i! djrdion ir dtiEly nod lhe govfuclq
ihe Mtuml

IlI

6ult i.

thlr

.dmirisllo*

in ch{gc of

tF

projds
for

N gih

utiniEd

n it!
.r!

pol6
'n

geling l@os buyiq @hjery, ad eUing lord

'-holiday

indshi.i pu.pos. Th.y

indslidtjsrs. n@ nlm

h.!e vat aulhoiit in giving t

lrd tarifr or@sioB

ro lhe
a

jr

ihis

climac ofhasr dd ug.ncy, rlE adninisrntor might tircrlly pickup

rhe

lret

.nd

rd6 lih

niui@iG. SiE

erdge

ciria i! pltjn r .E@ras

thd igid

,ublic

o o til g p iru g

r.I

bUll@EA

d .rcry silp of hjs @ndnic &iivnr, ed fhds

d *r

hideboud in

oles atld pm@dws, hc hB a rdtual rndocy to circmvenr thm ttNueh m@ptioa

s s g
E!

EI

'his ais tenpt

h's

the

@dy blMucn!

or the

orc wirl

!r.k ch@cr

io

Ewads for

fi

wi6. nE pG6t &y so\Emor ir d degi,g si.r,

rou.hes rhc lif of a

is @gA.d in

ndtit lios tlev.lol@bl ctiviiiB,

rs

citi6 ttrn

@dle !o gdve, ajd

6 n
Ig

i5

wdd hsry

prsb
*in

non gbups srd dseialios for favon &d plEon ge, Tte

momity of th. eo\elr)lm1.l tasks .od pt*mmod dFtuior of the

brRwatt
wtf@

stlrr$
slal

@r{'lcd

dF tclryradm wbich

inlEdt

in the uo*jne ofthe

D*c @mptiu iGistibk-q

The qp&Nion of ihe public $cior

bs be!

@rir

of

@sity,

bul

i! nhy

c@s lhc plaDjng

t $ thoughdos, q th. cmpiing potirjc.t pls I@l

hieow of

b@vily fl@ial prejc* b!v. ed.d in a lMtrEnEl *.sr., Th.

ei&""

o q o o u u E 6 o EI o o o s 6 q 6 o a

s o

",",..,," ""-, "

-,*""*. N*

Yor'(

Al}t.@am,

1971

p.l3o

rd{doffi8o@

Srrd

<l{1s4,

e.,.t6. gaoo50a0n6sncrsoc
E}

o 5 e o 5 o

c
tia!

@mmic dcv.lotmdr il tutis16 b cplcte eirb hocrdoB sloiia of @Imic

distd bdtd

Ei

In nmy

66

conplioa is simply

poducl oflhe mamDdiodilg ofrh

galoping fteds

F e F p
lg tlt G
EI

IlE

folm of $pply dd d.lMd 8.ae of6ct

goods

fq rh. caj$oi,lion of

p q

lb*

h .lwys a cbsnic shonlgc of Ejtxa)s f,ieos. h

who

tbe drcMs|,|G
!o

bsirels@

ba t! shift

his

polO"U"

n*t"tai* t .
by b{ibirg

oo" pte

@thfl,

is sr

p t: g
H g
FI IT

tr

h.rcy of

a peity

otrcial who hardks th. alomht of wgoro. This ha l.d to ttE

pa.tie

of byp&silg

cmhels.@ptDcdE

EilmF oEciats
@FDic go*r! hlw c@bd

In sho4 0E p@ of &vclop@nt &d pblnirg of

wio@nomic clim.G in

PEtisraa which Ends to pbducc e@t opponuities foi

and

E lill

tt

clmption. Ri8idity of tuls dd c\peisire or!@plc c.Ld qp.dirc6.

titu col|suilg dctirs hav. @dcd

ds

Wilbd Badd, a
siat6 explais $al
slaG '"The

ndb.r

of the MN.hus.tts

Cdft Comision in Unii.d

did coDlim the

wo* of rh comissioD, howeE,

6llmn viw-

nornou potd'tid fo. @rwion is it

kdl

id !h. dodd *tfaF staL. wl@ a

ha huddd

ofoillid

ofdolla6 to sFld on @nE ds fd @nsitu

aDd

rio

ofbads

.rl
al

buildines

ed

L\e

p@h.e of luppliB

!.pi6,

who n Eguracs ad

liclls

rin& ofp$f$ioi. tr d6 ald bBidess,

for Fiwle gab, the

ihe posibiliries

m obviou for uins impbp,ly

lowa to ea]| d!.isioB

is diffcun

ahour

the

@ft.6

d fd

imp.ofsty

iiflurcing rhe deisioG'h

b d.$rib.

in @ccre te@ rhc

ahE, ad
ht. LV

ioYffi.**'=uno

*0"*"

Nrbn.l Civt

Revk Md$

166

{Is*effi.ffir{
cotutN oswn conn tiN thswh
vtnch *,hich

Srd R{rra11t

3.r.h@

wp:*"t**H
political polilical d.cisid

E E B of kiNhip ElalioEhip, erlDjc atrriry. or eu oulrigh biib!,, ir is th. adninjslalion B 6l rxbich is rb tlgfloir of b&dl'm inf@uli6 dd qtictslt,!6 public policy in a

rhjls. rhjlg. boglq sefu cqrain 0Bt rFst of d&D e Mvi*rd rhlI Lgishlos i! ?srii$ do lFr play . cndcal ole in toticy n ling. Th.y @lL! thal if dy pE$@ is meded in $c foe
!Dt6.
OrF

tr$ilscM innufu b!$!scM inlufu

daisiE'fu.
Administrrtive

g fnrdequrc,*
inn@t chlncldijriq in ercrt
adsinisEadrc sFtan, *nich

ftE @

c.nain

d e

d.rri@t l
@nnon

!o hon sr bchlvior. S@ey, of lle

.x6iv.

cardiation ed i&lfici*y
@e of

fst@

gov@cnbl @hinry ir pstistan. E&h

public officials, A cenlin

ihd hs emfid

buil! in prop.nsily lo

ompt

mout

of se..cy is

tur Glldtivc polict fmuiarion

d
d

iG

eflicidt iEptcl@a io4 bur

i!

bE!.u@rjc

srilcruB s@@y rcn& io beode

c@tes s psychologjcd climte

obssjon. Leving aid. thd loo buch

s4cy
for.

il 6
ed
is

org&iaton in which Irutwonhy iodivitluls

ca@t

m*
to

with @rfidoc.

cor6ge, ir

bs orhd iaptitiotu

pnich

individuds to a@pI bnbq.

Il* i

! 1ddtuy i!
s

naaly .v.ry d.pdhlnr of

fi.

govemnt

clNify

Dost of its .llibeFriois

@nfiddtirt ed by Lw rc mmber

ofth. public @ hav. my inlding

hold in custody

o then. They,rc oin r.sulti in whih lhose qho

tL Elewl info@rior Nqe inpone@ &d poE flr ir

Tne only

.x6
h.ve

of
the be

thn

ed sl.ru.

*.y

ilr.Est d

nob6

of de pubtic

cu

ddircd infomdion is 0lough inn@c. or b.ib!y. tr h

sid rhar.omprion wolld

.sh/ <l{'b'.t.y

e.-,,o.o

Educd if

eoffi.nr clsily
sily,

infoErti@ .@ding 6 ene ralion l qitclia $tliclL

wirhout pufting Miional

awilable to the public,

suity

in j6pndy, etnd D,ke

rclddt

infomadon

Cniraliation
adninisration, which

of
ha

decision-n*ing .ulhoiity

is @thd ap.ct of
di*aiot
@dintio!,

th.

bd

a $bjecl of ucndilg dbat and

mong
bul ibc

p6ple. A cdrrir

hout

of .enFdization is

Mdrl

o g s o o l!, a &: e 0 o
EI E: EI

for efedive

agdi6 &d

d@stmcnls ien

i@inely
lo

io

otMttai. dcparlrn ,l a(honty.r

hedquarteb. Such d policy not oily prod@s adninisratire .ongestion at lhe lop

of

t] fiit

i5

lhe

bimhv.
thft

bur

also leads

other .vils. which

d ininicd !o cf|ctive
of decision mjdn8,

t7

adninistation. Dcbt!

ad shqF bdodc mm.l

f.!!c

dd

sine

is rc dclcgrlob ol alrhdity, n podu*s

mehd&e dd

ircsPodibrhtv

mons the om@rs. Thc bidga of @deFt ndine b.twm the naff .rd thc policv
trEkes at the headquanes Ends lle

o EI o o g g G o

re

bloclted by suspicion and d'st rsl

od

lhis paalFis

fi it

som.nt ed its ddisioB

ufuthotiz.d

ircft ctual But noF

fis o''llitrg .le, ovdc$n

hb ro @mptrol

erFrdiatjon F.dws @ndilio6 itr tiich p.opL

Mn adopl
1he

foEd lo

of doings lhings

ld.llv wdl'n, aoo

obw.don of

Chdaia .dminisitaiion hs dram

thc following @nclraioB

"The .flect of @mptor is 10 Scnaate

atoosphft of dblrult which

!6vadd all leveb of adninistltion nis disouraes loP lddes or 3t!'ninist6loB

aon pFpuing subordiMle ro

vorkload &d

und.nak

s i!.6ing amdl
1h.n

of th' tqujsitc

deision-tulilg

Ar rhe

sm. tin.,

peitv

10

sulcryie

r l @et

$lEt s@s on is ale Gduen CoNqendy, thc

dclSation

of a!|hontv which is

o FI o o g s o o a o n o o o o c 5 s 6 0
r|
H

ofi ffi

MOnS0f, 95fi ffi nfl oonoffiKlDOOffi |lniff [H06

Srel Q{etrrrrtry

e.^.h..6

6
E g
E E E E

esentirl for su@6snn admiohi.ation becom.! inposible Yet vhd. d4emdizarion

cmot tdc leCrliMt inritulional foms. Thb Mouls for th. comon sitution of
und.ldev.loped egim6

spFling

lo

.dhonr.i&

bln a.oaily being

impotdt"*

n d n 6 E[ e

ls

th* oy i

rlatioD$ip bt*6 @nption aid in mciclDy? rxdincd

10 be

o E e o
EI

l.I
EI EI

superlici.lly it would app.e that perhaps therc is none,,becaw in otdd

onc

@@pl

ne&

ellrgde. ed

the abitiry to

MiPulat dla ed
This,

rcsulalio$ efficidtlv so

ti! c:

tt o b
&j

rh4 Lesl

&lvirid @ b. @outra8.da najor

howd,

is mt .ntiElv

@@i vcry
10

ofrs inelliciocy iielf bones

norolily by rhis soNe

eute

of @ruPtion

IlF

d.mlge

public

g 6 o o o

cd b. widsFEad. Rob.d Brcot

choos the

savs, "The compt official

IT

tn

bcl
orhd

klow lhe btler

and

qoei

rh! ircfnci.nr
be

dc

ml Llow ev

btrer-

In

cs

th dlemat

circDst&e mt apF! b
hamtul.'" n is [ged b litely io
b ihat

cloelv .imild .rd ilmedbtc

ifthe in flici.nt ofrm himelf

rdulls

may be equ.lly

.!o

honcai, his irefficiency

dPloir.d bv o1hm. It i. .l!o lit.lv thal his

of his

d.fici.nt

p.rfo@e

qould blek lbe

svdlB

oM pmnorio! ed

to iDtrotc

his inag. bc lenpted to adopt illegal

nes, ib.r
drchd

Iopedlnorls of civiltrdotrt

S!@ lding philosph6 haE co ard.d lhtr civilianio!

@dpnng ba@@
on

hul@ bchalid. In th?n opinior $e

f.c

*dich civiliz.

!M

aho @ke his life conpl.x, &d

s
l

he

cultilats $tltistri.s of @lturc od citv life th.

rhe Gh.Eie.

x xdbcn H

W6din.

Oun6dy, eor uu\xvlrl Rob.d c B@ia !9!S/!a!Leq@!:gor!li.!', . Andd r He'd.nr*. (.d.1 Po||tc5l cotuot .. Rd"\G n compodbe an ly.s Ns Yqi4 rb't Rin.h.tl.nd wtulo. 1970

so.@ t

'Trt.

consu.lG .l cmotbd
No

EteL@'.

Poliuel

MaE$ 1973 p79

nfi 00fr nonoasffi |un000itofl msq

Srr
otuling

Q{.to.&y

e.-*o,o

tend.ncics Dultiply in him. They

notie in ihe simplicity of th. Fimitive

hcn cldents of pistirc

hhd

nobility, &d b.licE that if

be

md

e
.

to b.

wed fion

modl dhinr.gntion rh. be$

Ry *ould

b hcdko th@ bact

10

stylc of life *trich

simpl.. In other voids, the

@npl*itiB of civilizdion
is !rcj@t d in Oe sial,

ntL

th. hmd nind

o o r.l
if,

crcoked,

md this .rookednBs

.@rcmic ard polilicsl

til

eriviti6 of

thc p6plc. Amotg the

w6rco $lnLE, M&hivav.Ui hs dsua*d 4d

length.

IlI

$l gl

philoepbic.Iy

dist

d th

thoe of @mption sl gMa

H.

lis:ls civilizarion

0 EI o

dong th. impondt f&tos. *lticn @de thc foudatio; of nMs ch@cts.
made a subrle

He

hs

dd

suggcslive
a

coldel@tio! ol civilan@ in lhes wordi "Doub{es$

epu}lic
lhe
6r rhe

eyorc sel,irg io dilblirh

pllgl
lhal

tine

*o

d nnd il

ai6lo

do

dore$ @dlud n.n of

civilialior
ough
is comp!

noulaic

uo4$

dcw.ll.6

ir citi6 *'heE
floo
a

jut 6 r $dptu will noft 6ily @E t

spoiled by a

b.autitul sr.hre

Mble thd ftom D,rble aledy glde ovd dc

ddclopins

bugling

woilne"

Ev.n

curery

siedd s onvine d obeda thli @c

ma|ridisric io

becaB of
They @

6pid cbalgs p6pl.

alMys s@bing tor

boonine

l[.n !ftinrd.s

m.d

by which th.y

prcvi<le t!m

slv* wilh luuies

comonly dsi.rd eith a hidd siandad of livhg. They havc losl thcn
poponion md hale
10

sff

of

livc {irhin 6e

mes

avdhblc to

thd.

Forn-s

ofcoverunert
govcmenl cdt inly cd hav. a bding on co@Ption Demodrcv
highlight d in

The fom of

ed

dicbtoBhip

rc th. two sysl@

th. debats, but aftd @.Is

Sr/

<l{rrre211,

e.-.t r.
dellDinhg which o@ hs l6s prcptuiy of

conlroBy ihet

is hsdly

ey

sign of

@dprirs hmm cb,mtcr. h is eid th,r dmo.@y gceErs crtsin @urdailile

forces, wnich

der.ie chak

otr

lh. dbw of powr in

rhe slar.,

FF pe$,

polidcal

tit

pana, pEsw gow6 malf@@

in politiB

and tnu8

.Mal @npetfti!. rrtw of rhc aysr.n @v.r

a

o
E

fr_t

6d

admiliscation nwh fsrer rhm uder

did.loEhip.

'ft@

N tnoe how.vei who 6Nidq thal dmocracy gircs a porcrtul in impet$ !o 6dp{d Ils loG od te$lrdlirg sduct!6, iG distribmio! of aurhoriry moog
vdjous ractioD!, all haw

o o tit o o

ed
tcn

slow

dd

cubmne

piocedws by which th govement is tu,

nd ro be

ini@n

Lrci.s fd codutlion, Elerion.xp.M t

e dor6ir.nl

lhal wi$oul dhinS

nbG rhrcugh foudulenl

n@ politicis cmol

sMcsfirlly fight
which

th.n poliical cmpaigu,

Iis

wi&spread comptioA ie a potendd

the Dosr
a1 10

d)@ic
i5

c6

ud.mift tE hoEl foudldo6 ao

compr'oh do6 not pose
a

slau. politicat systd. Ir

deled thlr

s6iou rltr

dicrabship, alfiough o@bionaly it is

wd

s ellotr of.n&t
@mplion in
acquisitirc

agairsr individrd hold.F of powc6.

re
dy

ik

nated fom,
in rhc wsr

lh.

supponeE oI this ihesis would say, go ro

sicly

}l!ca lib.dl dm@@y

is thc potirjcl gosFl. It b a

m.ner of comotr xp

.ne

thar in such a ecieiy. ..dorcy latk

, wl8t worrj

is

justili.d dd !.opl

judged by yhar lhey h!re

'alij*

th.r rtBt rhcy

have

d",

juds.d

dispsioda&ly, or would sy lbd both dictalobhip dd del]]l)c@y

elemcnts which

@adtutiold

ce prcduc. mmpling i.flune!. IlFr

is no qu.stion

$.r d.moc@y
a

vith oll ils Gllocy's of Aadon dd

climle of polilical bcendinry. ln
such

[Mo

ii8hll is @nrinuouly pbg!.d vilh

ervnomats p@pt6 jd.als of public nortlity

nnr8r mtIEfi If, Ef, rff lgf, nofi oofi Haooooo60n

Srr/ 9{as1.t1,

J.^*o*
lcl
E[

n o
@ eaily contani$rd w.ys of lif. bsm dGvioB sd d.c.it .rd tFehery bame
rh. @moD s@t-in tradc of

E
E
H

hl|tm d.ilinss. Uadq di;rabBhip. dghrs dd n cdo6

quenched bui UrE

h omp@iively moE
snow rh!!

suily.

Bur th.

ces{llrud

srudy

of

poliricsl rysten

@ 6ily

if rh. ilFwily of dc|mtuy podlc

d@orli&s p6ple. Th.y
rhe

a u I.!
lc E g

corupr,oG 1@ m@h

scuiry

ud*

dicrato$hips dso

be@n .onplac.nt snd 6e lovinS md igrcrc

ov6 thc actioB of

b6ic duty of .x@isin8 vigilee

l!@ lho

pEsid.

oE

rlEir potiticjt @d adnidslratiw &stiDy, td

nor bec.ue rhey
a

n E n

such a syslm posiiioB of adhonry

@ givd lo thoe p@os

virtuoE bul

bc..r
dd

dey

popub. Ttb tind of sinsdor is

paodi* for pow,

*kd.
thn

Snrcwd

powertul lqdcls, who$ ele pof.sional liminate qqli8ed

a.uen

ro

ausndt

oM posd qd

n i tuD

rhe field

of pubtic lif., oupy

omas, To dly @@prion is

PdUst

@p. h wry

politicrl syslcn but rhc siturion in

rhe econony,

n is very cntic5l. Ir is hcld respoBible for omptiog

ed

FElFing etrci.ncy .nd ctredr|B of ldhinisrdion.

Poverty Ard lgmnDce ofThe Masr.r

It is

poiotcd out in c.rlain

has to do

q!,rt r

rhal @mption is brsicalty

ir

@ononic

preblm, &d porcrty ecity rcDinds m

developinS

! gqi {tet ir m.tilg

$ uiva!.t.

Evdy daelopirg

obsne of
sullcr frcd

Disrclsn .'Two wolds", Ibe 8riD rcality is dmt nost

sci.ti6

.!tcd in qu.liry

in

i@m6, naLriat

ers!

&d living

standards. The

l:r,ss

of p.ople

$dlowirg @und i! ni*ry,

*tiL . bim@Dic

oooocH

.sli/ q{ilu.t.y

e.^acb

T'SETMOEE&E{IGEIO
d ext@ly dmonslnbl. .fflkee.q
tfuy c*s

egnenl of lhe populalion 6joy3

rhe

Itr

pd

capila ircone of tbe poor socielis l.ss that on hodredth of thal in the

o o b b $ o n n H p
iB

PovEnr is a gruesne problen. but dr pheoonenon is nol soneiling nw for ih6e

socieris.

nE fa.! shich

is, howvr, most

di$t$ing

is the agonizing

awen6s of

r,\is poverty

doig

p@ple and th.i. d.siE io do smcthing lbout i1. (nowleds abod

is speading vcry

til til

the advdced

sicli.s

f6t ard @nP8nen mlk c poverty neh norc

HI p e ni!

paiDnn

th& it had evcr ben b.forc. Thcy

living urd{ lh. impacl of

d.

"ddoNt*ion .F41" dd tis h.9 Foduc.d a widc tugc of aspiraliG ,nd qrc"tion., *hich e beyond itcn r@h, w*.giiNt poverty h ddeloping wdd
h6 becone
a

o e F! e 5 It

ui\ds.l

slogd morg 0De is

*to

nglg.d in

ql.cive
the

developDeol
today.

frons in thes
Pov.rry,

sictid. 'I}is d

l!.

bigagt chdldS,

t[!l

*dld fa

c o
I!!|

howe, ir not

islatcd ph.nonoon. lt
psychological

b.x!!bely cdpl* a.d hd

wicty.

its

n
E
H
l'T

tub

in

nuerou $ciologic,

dd

institulional astEcr of

M*

E t-l
F)

inclEe i! prodetion of
povcry. MoE

goods

ed sryies

prcb6bly will not alleviate lhe poes of

6
H

thd ey
1he

thing cls., a poor coulry like Pakbtan

n*d.

a retomaliv.

crede to nirisate

horc6 of social injustie &d mbery ensendeed by econonic

initiaied

Itl

ioequ,li1i6. talist@

h6

rfom

to

udo th.m, but its enfordeni is

have

so

inadequd. rhar inslead of.loing some

ged ih.y

b..oh.

su@

of addjtioDal

0 I'l u o |6t
('I

o 5 o
'cunnar D
Myrd.l 'AsjE. Oma'NdYor* 1972,p.105 Rotd G 'L@!!4.tol!!l1Jsl' in nl. Nd Ydi(

wen,

E
TF6; Nd:
23, 1977, p 31

Slil <l{d'.'rt.y

J.-

oo

confGion. In shon po!.ny ba 5 grcal de.l lo do wilh ihe growidg inciden e of

g
i5

fte sebic
6nuols, which
do

of Dosny hE pFdmld p.n

rc

of

Fliti.d !d adnjnistrliv.
in

rcl synchrcni* {irh thdri6 ald mcePts Sdcially, @pld

lh.

c c in
u E 5
E;

c n

litedurc, Mal-dislribution of

esoNs ed

daing imbslece ot incom.s oftn

sh.lld

til H

@Btitutio.sl safegudds. which

@atcd th

&bitary

of

Poffi

The cbrcnic

&mia i!

the

@mhy giv6

tbc

gpilmcnt pr.tal

lo adolt ,rbilr.ry

n.!sB, dd io
omretur

exc6sivcly

ellldia fi.
of

adninisaadle cuning

ruhiNry. All &is is

do@ 10

EI

poveny, but itutead incomFtene

and

doM od poveny

il ircts.s th. chres of

d very lo*, ed with
10

iit p

@ruption- Saldi* of golctl)l@l

dploys

intlation nming

higl, rhdc is aluys O. ranflario!

.xE ncgal med !o

u EI 6 c o o

suppl.ment their in@me. Poveny not rlcviiali@s

individurl ecotubicdlvi it

denonlEes hin,

al$ 4d low6

his srudlrd of.thical

ides

lL Erio.tlizs nesilv

lts

ille8al aid noElly Fprchcdiblc @ndEt in

lh. l@e of @nonic

vhile

makilg

s6ndt

of

comptor

in tb.

Ird's

Judiciaty, Mon&im pointed out that

il

ws

nol the judges who

wrc conpt,

bur @rNption

M
rhei.

very

comon m ln cou.l

nafi, H. thoush

'ln6t

of dE Elders

ed oth.t

coun slajf cF re

drcs)nd6

which

daic

p@ple pay rhem,

a

ene @

bold

dd diel in

ap!tu h, for iisl,@ in

hin g.t awrv wilh hin thal
a

rzffic ofl.@
lishr
fincd

md

appDached th rHder in the @uit to help

lin

The Eadr advied him lo wait,

I1je

4d . lidl
ro thc

laller told But

he had b.n

rm ruF6.
th

n&

pod th.

amut

Fldq

*h.l

.bou1 lhe 6rc?

I1

c{14 eid

IM

plid

mths

two rup4t. In

olls

words a low-paid $atrin a p@r

0odoofl 00nnof, onmod{|60u|rn0trffi HHr)ulilH

.Shl 'll'h.'.t.y [mnof,[n

comEy G

dor

su$@tible to

codpl placti@! th4 omets

e.6.^.r. n060bmooomotHo o o 6 o g
oo the

hiClo ohdoro of

adDilislrldve

hi.@hi*. Th.

t!&i

Lti 61

fd th.ir @@Fior b

nol

tEt ihet hlvc moE

powd, bnl lh

f..t thll deir sdei6

low.'@

Patisi.r, tle govemcni is ihe

o o o
F] IT EI E!
EI
GI

6'

ldgest ebploy.r ol h&Dowei priva&

thc

eeuc6 be@e

opportuitics of @ploymot
hls beo
3

ir th.

sror @

so

linied. SiG ind.pdd6@

there

@jd

thnBl toeards

moval of illiletuy dd ihis ha Eulted

in rhe ovq-Fo<lucdon

of eduic voug

liJ

n.n
lhis

str m sffhing

for jobs. For polilicd ard social

aen,

goYelm.dl abe$s

nl

supl6 Impo*d i! lo*-P.!d jobs In t@y cas

ths

lo* pad emplov6 @

cnirusred wih jobs, which

6tail cosidehble EspoBibility,

fa.tons, sining, 5nd

such s the

imPldoiliion

of labor las, iGpedon of

ening gnd6 of wios

@Modirics, ch..kin8 of dck ts

ir nilst5 d

onPaim.ntq &d insD+tior of ed

no

esialmB.

These

positio6 h.ve tn4dous oPportuities for pefiv @mption

oout

of efeSusds

dd @ur.r-itupeli@

ch.d(

it

McMuIsa hd prcFurdd

s L\csis tb3l onc of the

pnMy eNB

of mdpiion in

dercloPing

@i.tv

is thc &ute

dish@ony thit 4isls bt**n tlE tndidoml

mo8 of

the socictv and lhe outloot

of

rh.n

ntb6.

In hb opiriotr it

b lh. Fldwt of t!. cl6h th$ .n$s bet$*n ltcdc

goveme dd

illilEI poPulalion Thh dishmonv in lhe firsi instdce

@gddEed by ilF coldial tulc,

onc hbdred pc@nt

bae

foEign

rdd @ lion silid

wi{r aloost
@mplcrelv expccltd to

vd illitedte. The clss of nryly irained nadve oflicials @ Iitraie dd m

tila&y. bul lhe FoPle whon lhev govcnEd

cd.tbi B Monbi6, 'Th. DiM.ion '' John c.@!tion, N4 York, 1970. pol225 PoririEl

l^ lndi:f in atmld J HtdnlEitu (d )

ECEAOd00uuo

St"l <ll"t-ary

3.r*@
F
EI

r.plic.t
iUilenle

1h. cihos of@lonial

et@.itis

in iheh b.havior, Lit

nt

public otficials

ed

&l iE

cilim e

3t

cmspurlrsd;

thGF b friclion in th.n undsi.ldilg ed

Thc

F a

@mprioo

Ms

on rheir

oisunddtddb&

dcfc.*l* iUite6l

public b.concs

o 6 g u o !t!
B

exrtiely
is

wliddL

b dploirdior. n @ is.no6d a,hel oftbis dishmony, which

cqually

inpodal c:N of clnprion, h tmy

c'g d

ilitente

citia dc
fo. lhc

o e g g
tg

ool

tli

have th eduqdon, bu1 h

pos$6
n

6oueh non y to

comp@t hinslJ

l&k

EI

of tnowldg. &d

tows. \vha

cMot

fight the law with hb tnowledge, he buy!

tit ril
rn

s EI o E
E

bl

H
Golip! Atrd RunouN
lr is difficulr in Palisa !o tlct

bt
GI

FI

mi.c

wirh

qetld

ihe ext nt of

@nptoi,
if O.y

6 s
E
EI

md ir v.n moE di6cult to povc c[d8.r of @mptio!

arist

omcials

wa

nolonoa fof bnbsy

!d

Depotis. TIE

dlh

ofau this

G that

eosips ald

Mo6
thai
bc

s o
p
& L.l

b@oEe

rupel ed rtrd b {gndd a cliMt

ir. Frcn
platfom

in which dery body

b.liaB

compiio. is th order of llle .lay ed il h6 beome

dorc abod

o.lemic ihat @lhitrg c&

for

dd pulpit p6pl. cldor

itl eodlcltion,

political

nsifslos hieEiglt .DiimFior @p.ig,l, dcry ft{ Gei6c blaja ib

F.d.t:$r
for

FrFilarine gnn dd bribcry, &d gov.m@rs i! ordd to wir 1..8d

public suppon dlblishd

vigils

eroups

dd rFcial tuti-odFion de?aindrg

lsg.

o o t'J o G o E o o o

All

$6. m.sGs,

howvd, fail lo srop th spad of cofrption. The public al

continucs to believ that

shcvq

wield! lobc die@tionary

pov6 livs

on

gnff

sd

'"'

McMullEn.

:4l!!9q3!9r4B44l in tF

Socllooh5l R.vifl, Lo1. 9. No 2, July, 1061

.slid q{.ba.t.y

600!33
Mos
aboln comprion

6 n g u
G

J.-rotc ffi5emffieto{ffioE[6 g o g
ed faling
rhar

8ins. mee wid*prsd

.v.rybody in powd is

tltt

tg

oNpl, olwys ha
@ds b{Els
bdoncs
a

a very uhealthy

flat

on

$e edical cliD.r. in sciety. In oth.t

a g
EI

6 6 s |l! d g e o E n c g
!*

s e

Moa &d

SNips molgqilg $our @Euption in dw

ous
h6

itself

$re

of @mpdon. An alerag.

citih

*ould ihinl rhlt if dery on cl$ is

ben

n
t3

@@pl, whal ham would it do to rhe @lion if hc ale b@ms @mpt, n

obs.ry.d th3l if th panics involyed in

p
tgl

h liliglrion hltptr

t , bc thc p@r tud tte rich,

dd

E!

.g

a.iudg@dr is givo ia fawr

of0t bn6, l[. fo|]d invdilbly ltEibure n b

et

E
tll
uu

6 g tlt d o 6 s o o o n q o o

s G

t g

Io ev*y sociely

d.rc dc

grorps who hav. v6ted inlrql tdtd to plblicizc

ir

spr.ad'ng

lmos of

@mptioa. For instare,

njFdiis ond

s4drb

of @duption for

@rcmic ard loliticl

t!es.

It m'nd not b. flr Aon auth to

s, tlr

s@dd

n c o e ra!
t31

!n

nongring is common political $ock-in'tade of

To di$@dit drls ih.y

polirici$

in evdy

ddocdric syslen.

ljMva sEB dals 6d

o
EI

Gn@@ge leakage which would shov

E E

thd thet olponena h!rc bcn irdutcing in Lrsc-eale gran @d bdb.ry.

.ppoinL sFcial

Civmdt

c
o o @ g o ti} p
tll
ra1

tibu$b

io rry

6mDt plblic officials.nd grv.

r<nleriog public

wide publicrty lo dF

o @ o
ItJ

finding! ro

disrdn pnoft for

life.

The hblory of tJirls fo!

t c

@mption show thal th. hajority of thcd

eft

onhesiFed for polilical

ltetu.

IGptiv of

rhe

@!$qu.Irc

thc in indisplt ble f&r

@ic

0'rl rh.y prcd@

retilud.

ldv.Ee socio-Fychological climal in ecidy, which

not @rduciv to

i!

Ilu

osf, 00uEEff sdffi 6ofl fr ftoenoofi effi n0060ilolfl li[uno

o s o c GI

S|'J <l{dr.'...y

e.^.a.N

Colontul Lgacy

e e o o s u n d g

b bli.v. thar Aoong ccmin ci&lca lhee is d rcn&rcy to beli.v. 1h.r th. olonial
ldnidsrlrion

rc

uFighr &d ton61 &d rbc

p'!gr sid6pFsl ctnprim

'!

rh.

d.vdoping $ciries is a prcduct oflhe 8t d of$c oative

is rhat

n'16. Th. f@l oflhe natcr

pan of th. @ruplion

o 0 p
L'J

ey dispsliomrc acout of colo.i.lisn wiu show thd

a
t!,1

s s 6 s o 6

cmltly sdinrn d.v.lopilg wietid ii diRt

Th.

lcea.y of ih. @loni.l adnhisrralior

tlr
fiit

tsrd

of rhe Dlrch Esn bdia

6opoy

in th. Fd Eas,

&d dut of rh. Brirish Eall

Indi. coDpny

in

Soulh Asia is taidted with hodibl stories

of iNtiiudo&lizd

6 6 5 o 4
H
GI

@mplion, The F@d of the Brilish oler the In.lGPakistar sub{orlin nl wa ir m

My b.ri... Th. @tonid .ulborids !rd$ Eist lodia Compay

*4

notorio6

fd

Ihen

E g

apsiry.

Th

swors of de @npdy

us.d to @Dc

!t

u ely

agc at low

saldie4 bui
'IXis helped

wcrc .llowcd lo suppl.m.nt 6eir tueagd irconc by tnde &d

comcM

lh.m to
living

aJ:s

gtcal

fonlm

tbrcugh

ccdion ed intmidation ofth. nativ4. SiM

ts g

itioN, food,
had a

lrd dvire!|lMt
(J

*.c

nol

co

@ive to good hdlih, @.h of

tb.

o o o o

eiployed

d6iE

retift

aly

dd t lc wiih hiD mugh norcy

ihat h.

@!ld

o o tal 6 6 o o o G n 0 n 6 o o c 6

|lt |lt

livc in Eneldd in confon, This kind of omPiion wa mjv.*.l,

fon GoMo.

cd.rd $ th pnvaE in ft.

all

@npany

my, ed

f&tor in cotrercial elr.blisbtrnt

6
Itt

s@ bsy

in linjng lh.n pocreb

qil pofilt

gifts .nd tut inA.qEndy vilh outigbl hc laLr sq@derd

d g

.xionio!. l,rd cli!.'s @uula[or of $ljlth in hdia ttich

his polirical adv.ntur6 at hore

ir

a 6 g

6 E

ir a sordid chaptq in th.

htutory

of @mFi@.

Edmold Bukes spech

in rhe tlo@ of Cotim$ duirg

lI. couc o{ ihe oes*G*dal

8"""t"gf,

"t"doodoffi

*ffinffi offi

.st.l q{,.|*...y

e.-*4.
! da licirc

inpc.lndr
Esn

of

wen

Hosilg, pmvide

l!di. Cmp..y's .dninkdtion.r@

Anq &. polili..l .nd rdnili3tliv. ddi! oflbc

Cd!.!y

whd

lb Creu
t!rcug!

look ovd rh. gownltxc of

I l.borio6 ptoess, puiftcd thc rlblic t ryic.s d ih. hig!..16t1, .nd sid off6
ttr 3ukooriM!
lbc Brilith

govdno

glind ftmldoN r?udioi fd thct .thi.d ![Ddr&. Al @ d.gc c@ qiti!8

larc lpplicllio o. gdqDD@l
Bur dE

FF w
tuh

hontEd.

anitub of0E

eg.ding .omptioo

ss !.tretd ubiv.l@l

lw spdody caEful .nd hond .bout goEo|Mbl b@y' but w.E rnbd ld io rh. s of @!I.v.il.blc i! 0F privdc stor' 'ftcy *.tPt d gifi! @u!d Chrturds iim h thc fod of AuiE, flovs, r!.1tqlcls. ll s. cotoiio'! prrlic wirt rhe ddvc sistod&y to invia higb offi6 fd L@li!8 $ticl E e cxp4liE sftir.r6whiL d iou !d @ping in lb. id.rid of tt cout y, llcv qptd lt
Tlry
food,

wirc.nd d.nin6

sdd

b. pFvik<l tt,lhco

fiF 6 !r. ddiculoBlv lov pne

ond dDv

U$ orp6d, d odalid B

rloclic lddts
to

tlto @6|!M .m!8 rbeh

ro

wuld

@t

b6inr. i!.x&odiig hv@

$lodidB *n@ U.t [r.d

orrios
BrittuL

M.tw6 it
th.

ml Ullcon'lm

pi.tie

rnonS tiSh 0nd

om6 b collcct id

.td

of 0Fi.

cjdr @{y pl*ot!

tc @ie.

Srit

t@ lrliB *hon

th.v bld f.vot d ot

b.ni.rdcd duing

viccloys.!d Govlmrs 9f th. PFvimcs ioot

f.t!rcI

$ LdL Neir, :elcrEtXiEllrLlq&d'wt @l Gdiwt P@. 1974, 0 95 '6M M.!h@tu^ :I!qroiEi[looa]!&led-qEr!@',. flrtA R.portd vol lv p126. 'd R. rl, |rlEy.@h!*r8all8dbiE dlfhE, vol.lv
'e

mo6cEoonoono
ro$

Slrd Q{rtrrary

e.-,/'|6

nn00mo06omtrHoogl

o
of thir domainr dlring thc last f.w dorths of th.ir
a d.vicc to gct

t n! dd cv.ry body krDw

c E

!i!

ihat this w6

gin! from pdnces .rd l$dtord!.'"'

MoFover

il

w . siv.Bal todd.y mo4 lh. qolonid authond.s b n.m

ed
coBtituriolrl philcophis of !!c

Itl o tll

g
it

las

for the colony eording to the l.gal

metropolit n co6Ey. In doinS

e vdy

littlc rnhdon

ig

paid to thc

slaftLd of cthicd

tq

b.havi6 of lh. &riv. p6pL

cusron, *hih

.!d

this

FrFtll.d

thc clovlgc b.necn law ard

ry

c G
g o
EI
GI

vA n .ion

dli.r,

is 3till

oft ofth. prin

coG ot@dption in

G
et tg

E E

rlle developing

sied*. SiM fi. llw

\Nw slindc b lh. thintbg oflhc Btiv6 ihci!

thc p@ple

e o g

s g

qfocmmt
hribed rb.

diftcull &d wlrrsin. Tn croa orc is rcl $rplied if

!o

Ftty offlc6
shon

circmwnt

the lss.r6
iNirumnt of @@nic dploi|lioa n
of

g o e o o o

l.
has

@lotri.lis

mr

ddly e

lei

a lee&y of adninjstntiE

ptut6, las ud p.nm

blllluntic

o o s g o o

behrvior,

s E
E

*tich hae md. @@!tio .lrrcr1 .nd.mic.

6 g o

Irck ofPolitical Ac.ount bil8.

T1F

o o o
E E

adnjf,i$dv. hie'@hy in P*itlln ha @irtd

thc tegisblivc bra&h of ilD
1oo

. nininm

of 8!id&t6,
legisldoB

c Il'

Nislrnce"

u s1{Evbion t@

go!!M4r Mby

6 o tr 6

tr

w
roo

ilha ioo @Mmcd wilh 5t$1n8 in ofnc.,

10

igrcFl ofthcn

Elpotuibilities, ot

c)dcal

d.voc mEh iinc to d.cidirS mjor policy 'ftus, th. bldSets &d

wiou

u q g o g o

''McMurrsn 'aTrsnolcotupron', 1th. SocloroslolRdh* lo1 0,No2 July

p133.

1961,

c[aff dsHo0uddi[00ofr nofi n000unotrfi ll50000itolillr

Str/

<ll'dr.'.&y

ffi
l@
adopa.d in

e.-.h.8 NecnooEemEssgffi o p
tlj
r nrbd cusy ftsti@ s pltsl.d
by

oiha

id
ft.

of lgirLtid

$.
lo

s
itJ itJ

o
tll
IgI

@utry my b.Efit

ocsio&Iy

nom rh. abitity of rbc hiSlF civil

wie

l!,i

Dake dedsiom basd on tb3r dE

f&tul sldysis radM rit4

6uld hrw

@ poputd suppon. n i5 very doubtnj

lil

in!.eilrid
of ih.

of

Pltlre

bd

shi.v.d wirbou rb. f@etut oleptajd

(a

s ilt
I9;

by

em

sior civjlswets rd
for rhc

rhe

go\tld-g.@Dt

foonil ciyil &Nant). ft

IlI

nu.h

6is
be

go@r -l

of Patdre ro adopr rlE Dt

i. ,rsld

of

Deaw
gmup!

u g
ta!

$d n mdd
*hic!

fd

{re goveIrmfi of ihe United Sbls, bc,N ihe

cv.d a !6irion of$bsatrirl inflwtu!.

pl!s!

tq

s g
E

mi8ht opp6e ir htr @r

tjr

On

lh. orhd h6d,

lh* $d.

facr6 rEke n rcry difrcuh

for lh.

govdo.llt

ro

talc l'asG Equiritrg Nid.spF.d a.tjE Ebtic slppoi for rhen .ll@tir
implmbdon. A srdg dd Epr.s.ni.tir cabnd a.d ljd.re
coutd

eiw

rhe

civil

wje.
po8'@,

dcgr of
this rype of

$ppon lblr

d
is

irctr cds Lgidal@

tddry nc!d.d.

c!@r In &v.lolrmn

pcitire slppon

Sinildly, whcn dE civil *r@1s

localily,

udd

sbong

p6s lbn
06r

a peri.old

q &!n

lhe

l&&uing cLs.!,

de

ildufi.tilc, d

pB@

grcupq

$de
the

is m sttung couniendliog public. Itre civil

pBN

fton th. Lgislarft Eplwding th int djls of

e c o E o o g $ u o o o o o EI o o o s o

F'

sruie my

alcmpr io eEy

. hlrta! enicl

sloutd be sh&!d by

tls

S/

<4"b.'.1.y

3.^*@
iI
Pbli$a!

Ihe sckn6s of d\e l.gislaliv. bmrFh of ilE govtuent

b
no

o Iil 6 6t
E

a.@tlaled by the splintring ard nuliipliton of poliiical A.ni6.

Thft

re

eqnivrl@t ofthe rrlotd opposnion" found in ih. Unit d Kingdon or rh oppsilion

in lh United Staies. Cons.qendy thcE

Frty

s EI It
r.1

fr
ilj
rii

no stong and

uit

d political

gbup slrivDg

dieloe

ihe

nistalG ard @mplid of th. psry h powr,

fr
als
be

IrE

abse

of efecdve l@al gove@mlnulr

clsifid s m
their

E
o{ the

bI
F:

najd Fliiic.l oh6tel6 to optihil admirjndioD, UBbL io @lv.

pobltu

rI
ig g
lU

EI

l6aly, citiz6 bldn d lben EoublB on lbc ptlvircial

probsbly wih

go@! ..d the ldis

ar lbe

ls

jucifcaion - pla..d
in

rh

bl@

on

b.rdmls

atrtd
6nd

lercl.

Th.c

s 6t
tcl

stm b b. a mnr.l lend69

Ioporiant

Prliso - a ch.qhd al$ - io

thjs radqEy.

siFgoai.
be

lol goltItllMr

eatud6
poviding

Sulstdtid poq6 bighr vEI

g
o nI o o

deLglted to lne
8t

l@31l*l

oDpotunity for *tDlcbe

politicid

not o.ly to

thir

i.rr

in poliris bul lo

!ssM. . n1.as

of Bpotuibility for rhen

om decisioB.
rhe

Sira Fmnsior

for wry @jor &tion mBt b.

10 be

obl.'!.d froh . civil

s.ru!

ld.l

o IJ c o
n
sl ItJ
tg

politici@ is @@Mspd

iN3Fsiblc.

It
Ab!rc of Corstrucaive Criticism.
'IrE fail@ ofihe legislaiiw bFeh io

lg

q
pl
ovwe FoFny
the

wo* oflhe ei{div

EI E!
ItJ

bturh ha beo

deeaibn

one of th.3lDn@mings of

th. Pa*i4an

Gov@t

The

I'l

radio, heing @nrmU.d by Press

rn d4uli* b@b, qDo{ b. .xtitd

io a.l

a a dilic. Th.

&!
|l1

E
E

eq

coMioN of lh. govmots powr !o FDlize

$IPPEsscs,

d .@r, sust

rl o
E

Sl.l <l{it!-...y

ffil1leffil68rel
ts

e.-.a...

o c
g
g
tlt
Fl

rr

wirh ourion.

HowE,

oIfuiE dros
sldm

ale h4Lins 6Dn orha

-o

rhe

co\emenr. such dtcisn or sovetmflr opednotu

oEid. s rlc qis B uialb

s@s

's

trEspobible &d desu@ive.

b$d on r tlbmusl {Elysis of thc

ld.

Th.

lault

h@ lis b pan wih th gov!t]l|m! b@!s. ii .f6tiv.ly disuags ey

mFffcial

H * g

Ftss

noh hlljng ad!"Lilcd ru.lyof iL

oFnlioN.
on

A
sm sspcr of ,lm sac! or
*lD *tD
by a c.s.P. otrer CS.P. offier

f;f $
H

a P.Iitu *,a"+ ror Md., v,tD vish6lo i,n& a Fopq r"ri'r,,l *ud.tr( rd qmpL. rlro qshcs ro srit Fpq

s
I !i!
E lt P |lJ F EI

go\ment eo'menr

administ"liod aamioistatlo. @y be

@i!rd @unouly @irtd @unoNlt

will wiu how how

qu$t pDja6. patfld) mw.r o mE prt.*,ll **., thB ** qlFrncd qust oa. Md wnhshrle Gesh pqa6. M6r wllhshile .\ $ n. ms go f& beyond mc' so
Lhis

E $ fr

Lhb

surfaa nvesiiliton ro nvesii$ton

mid.nbob

of d.bils.

a!

sn s
rnd rte

ui. to.c aaor.t tbe altiude ol rh. civil b@m6 .I!.rn( r* aniude of

d 6 o

rte studd * * * ini.wi* bas cm. ro drd wiil *r*, fnds Oat tb. t*N bls cm b e dld wilh m pmis. of &y imhd frmhd opportuity lo p6e tbe s!bj*! Iis is nor mcely a @ of & ovd busy civil ser ttf 'g

abn$ ai* sur bao|c abns d si*

ta

fi g g
E!

E
E

E $ S

6
g

omcers wrt time. The nlddl My Ush ,i-.. n".n'A*r *v wish @ prpd a iob dDtrsk oia gltrup ordEk3 or hel a wrt ofa sup simplfiedon or* .dbffic ptr du pcp6E r orrprizltion ch.n. *d**u- .bfi of gre cubersn. pro..de or pep6c a cl@ ollpdzdion chd. "* prodlcl ! kll-Fdftd sl@ bc qtul to lhc He @y b. a *ll'Fd*d itrdividu.l *tD6c flEl produ.t @dd b. ufrn !o lhc ceffiDr bur hc cmr sd dE o*sry coorq.ri@
nor wishbg rcr wishbe @

prcFcls @le his rirc l?hoy Kmh prcFcrs Equir hi, lift

very lide

or

E omcers

fr

a
P P
E!

-" *o*o* **r. ffi

or@w. k oie of My c$ry{vs

6om trc dlts of

Bn$h

E E

I s.t@r eoid *FsW of tus H :",**- ;"::::-J:;,-:::*:*,':i::::i q

@

E
Ei

6E
I

any c'vir s.d- hoRwr. surd be 61108 in $. r.4 or .i."I- ""d 'r-*.s9

rr*rr"t *"*"*nonoffignuodt*"tt"E

.9rr i{d-ary ooffiffiffi60eKf,oo

ihc

e.-*o'.
nd6, Tbe

ooooffi sonmo oEl o

ld.r
@ hjgl

offcid

srts

&land rb. rqo

rclh6 ofsuity

ycricLd

p c lq s E
rI

qm forwd wirh ey wsfEtiw @t)rlMl dcpr qtrd lh.n ou bNi|4 b thur.i.d by d iEFd or orha

BuilEffi

o.d induaiali$s sldon

u g
l3
lr..

goremc.tal @silictid Evn i{th.y s@ bclined io b. dilicd of rh.

go\rmd!

Uey

euld h6it& bea@

of lhc n@y

wts i! vjricl

rh.n

hsil]g @ d.?a&Dt d

a il! p
Tg

E!
Afghd W.r

Coduplio in Parison palcd duilg tbe AfghD

w.
10

a g
Sbug8tj,g to orba

s
E EI E g
H

coutis

froD Afdoistan and ihc aupply of black tukEr

cl|lrwy, .,

wI 4 the
be!
on rtE

EI

a
!t
6:

ponotior ofddes &d lnc Kksbinrove

alrE e e*.los
r!d.
in

ih. ciim s/ndi.!!es.

has

Howver, th clos.d k pdhapr th. hcmi! mdket foi

rlc cgiD OpiM

Htu i.s. ed $c lraic in. tt h6 dw$ b.a sociared

with 6injn
lhc

o'sdizrlion botl loc.l ad int baiosl. HNir,

paih bui wiIh

Ffird fim opiw. fcllos

bags,

tu
is

@nvdi.ndy p&kcd b pta5tic

dd $ b

6y

u G o rJ! o EI o o o s u o o o o 6
lal

ro

dr.let. Th.rc

no

ned h.rc lo @odt rh. eff{r of h@in addicdon on I@ did s@i.ty. WtDr

of

@ncd is tbe reI. of AIgh6 w& ir Fo@iilg @N/ion

in the

it.

tEreir ride ard sp@di!8 rh.

indutecd rhe h@in

$.i.ty. M6y

of thc top

b8in suD

iiad6 with

irs huge network of comprion. The

crihe syndicates rculd not hare bed po$ibte wi$

his

ou(

@oprior ThN
sill
no1

a chicf of
eive hi,

polie dgagcd in ldoin witt lor te jnr.GLd in

police woit,

bsl to it dd will not sp.nd

Acr, 1074.

ndinh

dinldng tine on it.

Pakisr.n. Tho

oti&t Ser.ts

Str/ <l{d!.'.r.y

g.-.h...
o o s p
Ilj

His

ourwd &d cotupicuou .criviq

the E5l

is only desised

rojulify

his

rmidne

io oftjce.

Thu

job which de d@s noi do.

EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION

tn Jwaice
Cdtuprio.
a

!t fr p
ad
t.ads

9!

blu $M

ofjusdce,

lhe

dhis
neht

of

hw& @Mi@c

Iijde.

$at mo fail io rDle

ay

disdDdion

b.t*fu i,

c ri!
pj
E: E}

fl

&d wMg. Ii

brcds a

clinar. in which the sals ofjsdce m alw.ys litl.d

favor of rlD walthy

dd de

infldtial.

Ir pul5 lhe poor and tn hetplds l o a posjtior of

!M.nl

diedvurrg. in

F:
ItJ

*Ery, ed
mong lhc
cMade in

D.rptua14 inequaliiiB,

rtrich slE d

dische[!. ed sti@nor
djblie
fiom $e
rhe

@e'
Lhe

Duing rh. ninetcdh @nry, rb. @i! thrNt of th Etomaiive

Euopcm pohris ws ro roor our @mprion and

rhe

goeemcnt Thc civil sdic. rcfom movneft dd

edriF philoephy bhind

8l S fi d I E S $

nrir

systen

wE

ellorG lo Emov..dicat ihparid* Aod r[e adminisr i@. Fom

rr"tr"*
lnjusttce

and

plipi! rcfom6 we h@koiDs

"

p@pl ro

s.e

of

siar od

.-*.i."1 ;*u*.

rri.h due ro centu ies of d*pouc rule had ompl.lelr disapp@cd.

in $ci.ty

asua
i'jlrrie

*eeEt foms. rn
is

ddlopine sociery, rhe no6r

e o o a c o a o o g p EI o l!; o p
til
ra!

rcpEhmible fom of Coor,*o,

O"

lh. @l,.dninill6tiotr of sovemor,l paroEe..

giv.n ro rhoe who eiths

ri*"*, r"*io, 9&I\ snd scrolc,sni!6 e

ad poni..t pBse.

c g
Ig

-r. *a * .g "I a deisio!-ma&d o. e

in a position to buy

l'\n

rhbugh

ffi
tgl

I n
6

socisl comecions

c r.l
g
F
G
r9r

o oqlffiwso00ffi{t000n60neo 6ffioos600u{i lr)fi!

.sll/

<l{ir'...r.y

o
IneflicieNy
Bdbs ac

t!! FI
to citho delay or e"\FdiL
a dcision

a EI

edrslly Sivq

rhd

bribr
borh

E
ts

could h. pui at

&

advehg@us position in nk 3truggl. wirh othd @mp.rito6.

sn@do6, rhe dcision-Datd Mu

h.E

ro d.viar.

fion ft. fomd pmc.d@s ed

of thc

6 n
G
E:

s nt

Ggor.rio6. Srch tu !.ti@

@ hN. d.lenilg etrcd @ l!. olerslt .frci.ey

of

tg

Sovemdt.

One

list

@uil.s ces

iefficifty,

wtich Bult5 fton

6m4,tior

l.

gmting inpon ed .xpon

ti6ss

a como omcial

my gtur

sh
0,e

lic.Ns

to

r|
E

tg

pM6 qho nNe no expcni*. N!tuRit' if

BtrbUsne
is

idividu.t un&nak6 a rldc or

m. apdtud.,

ind6fy

in *:hich !e

[t, eitbd cxFlicG

obwen

Ff()lr]l.re
is spe{t

boud b

be very

de$.inr

Some

hlve @nctuded rhal

emDtoi

money, ehich b.lps

incfficiqi otrci.h lo m.ke pDmpl dcisiors. nlk nay bowevr,

u c a u o
l'J

E g

b. tru. in 8ov.l]rlfut

$h.

iodividuat

c*,
bc

bur ir g.o.Et all.d of

onFio. ad

oD

siery .nd
$deE

lti

woutd

gaElty

ininicd io .ffcior F.folr)l,@_ h

c
B}

sidi6
on

lll.

Bte of lile@y is ln8h, odpowr

comper.nc.
nor

Ee(u6 @

dcvetopd

rhe stlrdard of .fliciency nay

ir

the

mton 6 d whole

is g@tl, rhc .frecE of rhc levt

conption

o E o o o

b.

bad, but in

couLiB eheE

of@bpc&o@ is dEady very low, it

ce

o
o td
&l

Comrption

g!.rars ov.rall in.fici@y

il

rhe

blu!!|lmy. It

is a

dyi! thd
isl.tcd

.omptioi

iDproves emcincy. Th..fficincy which k inlrovd @ncm the

cs6
rim6

of

onpr ulNcrioc.
dE

C.rhinly tom

tc

poinr of

viry

of thc @mpr

tim it js .t

E
6!
l3r

0 e o m

.lficiatlo glte

ttrtn ofrh.

FN!

witblblding lh. ovcLd anict._ Bul ihis

e 6 6

E6nffi rHAffi mFOH60dfdo6!500r{na#i

enneotroffitrna|ctoa u o ,F) 6 morar dd ill.gal &doa rholen .fficidr pie. in fic wi.t . jieew puzzte p
of
b@uchtic @nfeulrion. IrE bnb. of
tbe

.9/ q{it,.'.t.y on56nf

J. *o-

o o g EI 6 s o s a o
ts cl

bsitB
los b

It]

6m Edue

rhe

etrcidcy of

rhe

govelmot

by mating ii rgl@ttul of allemrive oprioG bssed on Mtistic

sd

ration t

o tll i! o o I.I
F)

glouds. The sain eruihg !o rhe

fim is
tstrcd,

the

gov@.nt.

Ilt.

cost of tne

comotliry in qucador

is

atwys ir

Mistrust
All gov.ments, iftsFctile of then fom in lne lsn an lFis rc$
on

o o o s o
!!

th.

rul

ilt

of Oc

nBq.

Widout lle rrln of rh. p@ple

r[.

gorctM@t D@D6

n ked

t1fuy. Comtlion

tainb rhe inage of a gov@.n!

sln s,ubtic @nfdoe ed

ed a s.M
the

s a

Iorccs peopte to qlestion i1s ability lo tule with

i.t

Sniy

of

jutie. ,ftis

kiod of ooral erosion ullimtely saps Oe fowdation of Mistrusr of rh.

o o

am

srrclgst govtunl.
Ehich

ndFs cs

panial{ly v.ry

ruinous in

ki.ries,

psinS
a

tltough a Fdod of Elid r?GfomalioD. Ev.ry d.vctopinS

spiEl of criss!

sEly

B @ugff up in

b..aw

the

chag6 fi.r @ bciry iiiriabd onn pbdue wid6p,ad

eisiore
tbe

ftuD thc p6pt., Evry ch&gc ngended populd

rtich

is againsl lhc

@pied vdue sysid oI

.lispeUd

si.ty

disppblal whch cai be

oily wirh

the

ndinm

of ra.r ond conFtcne o! rhc pan of ruling elite,s, The public ihage oI

tE
1his

gov.@nt fiDctiondi dd Ftitical

dEttcr

lade6 is a v.ry crilical dinsion in

rhcn Epurarion is

lljncd,

rd

!h.y

re l!|sdputolr

rh. tqu6lioDbly

ggfl OOgOmffi

nEHOOHnOOf, Of, OSUFr&nnnC*rtOOnA

Shl q{ir..'.t.y

e.6.tc6
*,io

Pahslan Fovidq

dpl vi&n
nd to beone

rhai

this [app6s!

m @dd lov bacl*ld lhe

q
Gi

@es re,

they

rcb.liou.

6!

Tbe &.quacy wirh which

govemol chess ii ! cla id.x ft.l

bave f.ited to win

tt
dE

rgib6

ltut populd suppor! ad thc leldcs

Eeh tn rhee
lisLd
is a

!opi6

Eqer ald

cofid@c.

F: E:

Itl

.hes.

of sovnrtrd! which is oner vioieit, @nprion, is alMys

til

ET

lhc singt nost t&!or, which dieredils thc Eginc

h powr. It is th.
orpubtac

inage of
is

in @@ptibitity ofpubtic oficiats, which

said that venaliry

h $e fourd,riq-@r

rd$. Ii

ed

set6sh&s of th co@pi buqu@E

Ois wiu kill then spirir of

ce

pbduce wid.spqd

r!]

n g EI g

&l

cyn'c,sm mong lhe

h6ss ed

wifie

sd ,ar.ioriq.

E
t.l
tg t|t i5 ril

Th@ is
laws

gmdl complaint eong forcign obsercb that tn. enforc@cnl of vdy deficiqt. B.q& of widesp@d dd.lop,@r !reg@s, r@ hs ba
a

c o

e.i

beeild.ring

in@e

in

tas,

bul rh6 D&hidery

b iDptd.nl

rhs

las

sulIeB

ton

*nou slru.lunl inadeq@i.s. pmed@ of inplenenrarior e ehaic and ourrbtcd. and d swh la* c@or be iDpledeDred cfrstively, Whcn @mlrion is
ajded to

G
E,i

6 g o o

this leal

n.$

d @nisj@ b.onca noE co,foEdd,

scr.ry ddtu tokrds

E!

cohpr.tc laqlesness. Absrce of law is tur

'nplencnra$on.

d4g@us

G ns

balf_hearted

tt

inc@ dim, Bes

unjie<t Evedks of

govemn ard sp@ds

o d
E
E
['

6:

tg

potul&

@rlndt ed diftsFcl for las.

Ii b

m(r

of @tr@n s.@ rn,t much of popte, who

@@plion

in a $ciely raLs pl@ at the nfo,cmmr ld.r.

ar

fiid

lh.hsel!6 hetpl.s

th. dne of policy fonulslior, hav a

uiv@t in

rerd@cy to

rDL

rhc

iDprc! of rhn wiu d ihc tihe

*hd

rh taw

k b.,rg

t.nqred. ft at thjs

Sr"r QI.t*.&y

3.-ao6

suFrb

'n

conlnl

dd @ cntir.ly

jn public inrEst will nev{ bc

implehaEd.

We!a.g. of Resources
C.mption in goveme mlrs
oilicials ro eEich
lobbyisrs tdr lh.

etfon on rhe part of potiticitu old pubtic

EI

rl t!! 0 F e

&:

rh@*tv6

ai

&.

cosi of public laws, s,hich

rBury, rotftids
hav

i.&c bribs

fioh

ed

hinder the

psage of

wuld

8@frlad hoE

wdus
Td

govc@eni polie oftciab Ae culpriL by bti.s moDcry @nFEaron_

tske

olt*lo6

c c p Gi c

EI

bribs and etuse !o id peoptc I,tD, in noml

la4. sud to tte go!c@d. Ir@u8h o@ptioD foEi8l

violai.d, &d rhis i.nicts grievos tosr ro

@w would have paid qcleec Eg,n!tus e

rhe

rn

atEady

d..8e! foEign @s.N6 of

poo! coulry. rn rhe public Borks depanmen! contadj u awrded bribeE

rlativ4 of

r iri'd Er6, which lradfcu il.gally ldg. pubtic turds ro rtE pockct

of

pnva6 conhacios.

Faonolnic Utrdrd.vetopnetrr

If a s@idy

gls a

,.p!r!iion fu codptio4 ildige@s

rcry eircrad
0o

ond panicul&ly Ibe

tdci8r otrcpEne6 wil

be

m,te qy tong.Mge invesrne in

d.

couhy. Busirgqen md idBiriatists sho eh.dy

fel

deeply dieouagd by rhe !o

ro

dq Dc@ug

bueu@lic boitLEtq f.U .xhtucty Auir.r.d 9'tcn iney h!rc

tay lege sums in bnbcry. This adninis.ativ. clinale

lhe

do m incalculable

h.n

@noDic &velopecd oI $e ddon. Ii

pudjne rhen

is nor

only

i6id. @ @uiry rllr omprbn

al tnc

scG a*y nv.sos tom

lat.d &d mon;y

sdi@s oftnc Mdon,

ooomngoEtmoaoooa

Srel 9lars66,

e.-.h..o

bur
a

als .x@ie a negatE inpad

oD rtE anirude of

$.

foreien inlqnoB

*lD ce

play

g o
E[
GI

e Sin@ dosl of |he d.vetoping si.tis

corot ucl've bl ifrhn inve$oeDls

don wilhin U

seblishctl legal fiqewo

have a rcpda1iotr for

@@Fiotl n wjth,
irdutge in compt
Ibe

E'
ll1

d'$ohg.s foeign @hraii6

practiq, *dich hlve .

ro incat or rhos wlb 1ate ln.

rht

sllrntering

.fler

on th.

tud

clin.ic ,!d @nonic lifc of

coulry. Sc&dals dsiated eith muttoadonal orpor.rions io thc dweloping erions Bve opoed a Gv chlpla in the hsro.y of @mprio!_ .ft. mrion
rhal moncy

E;

tit tit

iB

oler.d
js

thrcugh

codprior [.lps in c.pnat fo@adoA is d driiFly Ans sMption. Il

u FI o

6t

ml

supportd by tu npnical vidoce hoD rhe hisrory of economic developnent in the

Political

ucrlai

y is s ct@nic aitmeor ofdv.top,ng s@icti6, ft

6db

Aob

ih. cmularive .ff( of n@ed6 f.doE. bul no

comptior plays
a

one wourd

day

rhe tact rhar

v.ry daisive rcte in r\e pol,licd dqhb

jzlior

of rhe srates. Utuie,

by lb

@lonidish, conditioB lr@ st blc, bul rlE stabitiry ws suFrn

!c.d

tuEis.

Ilc co ehpoEry hillory of rhe DdSirg urions sves cr@ evidence llhat i4idde in bqy I*g hls b.en a sole of fincn@rariolr
ru16.

.@$ioE,

!d

disintcgation. Tn E

h.w

been

Dlrdeous civit

l@,

mihory

coups, p,olonged

sret

ag'hrDns, erlnic co!flid& Egionat rivahes

&d

ombd

sEif., All

rh*

f@roB

mste

d.

potiliB of

iatiturioN

lhe sidis cxtr nely murt, usiabt., ed 6.tus!d. Th like lotiti.al panics , prcs. groqs dd rraae u,ou which dhor
{4pioB
by dEir

dem@n c politics ro a si$le m@ri4 @

sl,$ne. Mo@va,

|h

Su.l Qlerrfu&y

e.-*.tu
politi.id
fall prcy lo rempt lions

lofty deals ofpublic as?onsibiliry @ mi$ing, md

very esily. Poliricst @mFion ha ba a plagu. of

h@e $ci.1i6 fron $e hody

p6!

bur

i!

mod@ riD.s, panicutaly ia rhe dw.topjng

have

si.ri6 ir

d.sfircriv.

EI
61

pepqsitig

ilrallsd neifold. polilicim

|',

in s@h of pnvate 8!ins iidulg.

i!

nal p@ries, which @oplerly sbalGl peoplet failh strleh. Vobs ad polilic.l loy.ld$
bidtler, rnd thh

i!

rhe.m@y offtc potiti.al

l' lltl p
o o |l!
bt

iE

frEely asrjoncd

&d givo lo thc hidsl

Dal* th. {ruget.

of

pok

eong v&iou cot trds cunhoat, ed

tn. @EEy rrdr ro drin bMrd5 inrigrcs.nrl coDri@i6, It is itr a clinai. ot this kind tlnl mihary coups ofio harchcd.

D.ni& DoEt @un3. (omption kils rhc hoat couEge of

ri.

individual

lt is onn sid
iJ compr

rha

@m ior

feed on

ir$lf
ed

An av6ge

l@ fiiDls rbat ifd.ryde

ito triy

siould he be hoD.st,

n w.nru.lly md.s public r.sFcr ror rhc bgally onnitured

failh in 0E iltesrity oI lhe

adDnly

in th slare.

wler lll.

rov@e

,s

shadft<l rh.

Fopl. in edc.at sF r dost of d.ir rihe ed hlenr in l@tD8 tor

sist

@drcq ed

efoft

which

nodaly

should have been us.d io

IGrd set!@ntidnce @ oisdnard

iow"rds *asletul tobbyirg

ed sy@plecy.

EH 8H EH Hg #s

H$ Hg

o o s g a o 6 o g 6 6 6 o @ o EI 6 o c o

G E Il[

.srd qld'.,.Ly 96060drflotroooo6no cr o o o 6 o 6 o EI Part Five e

Conclusions

oo60mmorm6[00oo

s o
o o |lt
!t ilt

o o

fri

tJl

:il
tal

fi E i,

&t

ir, g

s EI o s 0
6 o o
rd

rtocroocHour&$EmomoE[s06nouooffi

o600pu0{n#

Strl <4rrrrlry

J.*to-

Ensnrnf,oooEnoopF

o 0
Chrptr l0:
Few iliDes in

!!,l

Rcconnedc.ions for pubtic poticv b|!@

s@iery

E
$
widcl,

o
E
H
e: I!}

so

nucd @rdemed,Rt havc b@

dos

tl tit
a
ti:

inv6ti8ared

s omplior! &rl y.r hmadiy

prebld. An6 courl$ hm& tifr
nosr

iol

$o

ro be &r$,h@

n*. fi.

solution of rhis

debates,

dieBsions md
ard

eeh
for

coeprio.

emis
is vry

on. of

isolulle .idds

ctEal ditenna for which it

diffic i b ind effedve rcn dis.

p.ltDps oft of itr.

l!&ns

od,s fail@

to find

tuiidor aeaiBr n codd bc irs uivmatity. n is

afllicrio4 which
a

lrlj
L.i

e a

E!

penetraEs fron lhe

hghd b

rhe

Mgs rebrls of
very

Ih

sEiy, dd o*n

p p g E o o o 6! 6
i5

Efo@ative
and

coedc

fd \ijc[ hm& Esurs ae

liniled. ln nqy

c.g sa&s.

efomcE
do

e t d lo adopr sr,ing.nt n6ws

b.cd.s Ehor. if
witsafl.cb
rhe

agaiisr comprDn out rjnd ir difficult ro

$,

bcau* in doing so rhey find a th@l lo rhn

oM posron. .nE ch,e6 of

finding rocdie

6i*d

aeainsr irs

sicr, ar a *,tro,c s c@pr.d_ Any voic. by rhe folow of {E csbbrirhed nom' .i}. esulr is
schol6rs about the

$al thcE is a total lok oI

oBeuu hoag

nees by

which
ro

6mp$on @ be coniaired wirhj, &@g@Ue tihirs, ,rhcy h.v. nol ben auc d4tuin *hern.r no6t redinld in si.ty
p&etul 6ees lite cducadon md
is

should be currvar.d by foEe or drcugn

ro

p4usion. Aaoidirg
rhe body

NIa.nivavli if @@Dtion
bur

lor widspred

rbe

bqr @ue is b rcfom

out, woltd

polrjc by good legislator,

ruh

legislaton, hc

FiD6

b..FatiE
dre

onty if

ir. rEM!

s,ho idriar.s

lE

suficienr

lomr lo gl conplimce aon

Fople. wti.L

The

@or

ror this is thar a publc Donlsr

Efomer cmot

get suppoir froD a body politic

due ro e@s,on in

ffi ffi ffi o&tosowffi

6HUU0gseloffi Io6ri[o

q6dsn6m6000rao
is dnuded of civic r*potrsibiliiy,ro3

.sr,/ qld-..r.y

e.6.t'.*

of,Of,OOOOOOOffi Ero
Mdchihvelti eys rhat agaiosl compr lsadeB for.e

'3

th orny

Eb.dy, b@se ihey jn his opirioD @ the rcoi Ne orcoElprion.

Faomcd, be sys

Iflh.

o u o g o o I.1
F

ledd
vinue

ll.

body polilic

kutd

b. dromaticaly chege in favor of

ed comon g@4

u n e ta! o u
&
ti,

Prblic Complain(3
It is poiDiert our rhlr o@

uy

of cuoire v.natny ia

gov.@nr

is

to.n@uEg.

Fopr. ro todg. conplainrs againn @@F oficiats. .Ite !.sk is difficulr beoaB in authoritarie socielies, s bosr of the ddetopile

scld,s

ft,

popl

psycbologicrlty

i,libircd

j!

@npl.ini4

againsi rhc aulho.jly,

dd llei. t&k of
oMurs agre
buqudatic on

eduar'or &d

igmme of ta$ cqle

addilio,al banis, Bur mon

thal a ld of @hplain! md publicily is pore.r a

the path

insi.udr n

kepjng

oleditlde.

Ir s on, dgued dts1 every nodeo lea& syscn

hs Foljsiotu by

wttcn a
agaiBt

hmbd

of r'r. pubtic c& E

}.

Fdtion bfore

appoprial. @un of law

ey

adnidsrrarive r@ne or abse ofpower such a r.hedy, howder, is cosrly,

laborioB ed dme

@6win8.

It wa mrlioned

.slid

rhfi @mplxiry ofcgularioN a(I

fi. i@Ile6bly slow

aorldng of rh gov.fqentat nachin ry

re doog

rde

nujoi ques of comltio4

echaic

Naly
rulcs

every Gporr on
th

@mptior i,

rhe dcvelopjlg

wieri6 @nprtuB ordE

the pubnc to

ad

rin. consui,S pm6es vhich fo@

@n

ro

bnb.ry This
Oe way

nadqlacy is nor confind lo my panjcutd ldel ofadhinisrraion.

trrusall

ooo0n60Hnonogoomoooo0n000060Eff OOn

onoffiffiooodd8Er

St"l Q{.rr*.ry

3.-ao6

ofactdr g torh of thc had of rhe a@cy, h!rc rh. sam r.ttiu, rhc sc Ed tape, dd the me E
iiom rhe top of tbe

***T
Melhods ofwolk froE the lev.l

plrdid

10 irs

ve'y

be.

excessiv fixation ro law

ad

peed. h rlF fdkheging e

wo,'U

si.ty, wher p@ple Ded pompr d.cisioD. ed e$y a.6s

adnidstralive

"r"

0",".",.

g
S S

ro itrfo,nwioD,

io Mintainine rhe noral hesllh offi pubtic eMes. pspl circMreor thcs mles by H Molcy" sdich hs b@De fte aos16@on fom of @mpliotr. Th6forc "sFcd it S h e indislulablc fad ord*.topmenr adnintuuarion rBr Mthour strsmlinins ihe rures ii Et ed pmedrm, ef6ci@cy od nonl @rjtude in gov.tu
erlainty nol hctpfut

hofila*ft! .r{t p@rtur.l rcadbldl(l,

shc tr,r.vq und.rimFcbr"r.**

rhat ifruleq&e simpt,fied lhe ircidene or conptioD

""",*,:;;'j,il:rl
q
be

rcd*.d

161 |!c \Fed money wh,ch is bcing paid our otsb*r IEcKry qU not be
Bayles

"*,0."0,.. o,

fr rhtE. S
&l

Mming

is

ofth. opinion

lhar

whr $e

@@@..**.-*.rr*"..:J:;;ilr:":: $ eys Ltur _*oluron o, modh

thefe.re*rsoremc
adhinis.rarik r{hriqu6 tor

lam.nd

fi$rl conrmt. E
Lhc

$oih H syqce sp@d of @mp.!iliv. bdrtilg, ilcrw d pubhc cdue""^ *.n ., * I "", Mrooy fld oil.r blsic shito in thc mdo,.t politica orsdid h.ve Edeed blarad E sp{ularion offeddat tundr.tnost !o trE qishins point. By now the sovdmeollt I @rd ,s muh b.ller rha 6a of pnvak buh6 @pin8 wirh fie Drobth of dishorsr E cmplo)crd In rcromms adninisFauk pmccdffi one n .{rs ro.xqcis sp(Dr * I
vinuat elimmoon ot

dd.lopm.nr or prcfesqionat

*n* ir rhe civit :fl&.

@.""*,

I 606roooooofdbffioouEo8

sut
s

lo*ttv Fffi ffisf,sf,5

tm cultK -* Lc.bJuqB. {I|us our *,* bodid **q4. {t|lls ed raiaiDg srareB6 de Dol inpond wiLioul faMs srrareB6 Dor wiLiour 5

wp

nmnEoon@noEHoooH
EI

e.-,t"-

'hrcusid,ru@n. E (onp,ion ntuy @veropins eci.r,es oe.d oruidsabr. nr o.""*" *"N '" $| E .r'."s* m adhinbrarv pst6. whjcr $y have inreri*d 6om oe/ iome, j$ $ [! -r""i"r "*'r*. For rnsr,!e. m non Brirish @roi.s rhe pr$ce % $ar d,orid H $ ."* ** *.rr.*d &on one disrici ro dotber vdy Ee4wntly. The lfuiam g Ej
g g
'm
Bd1o
be

f@ r,o

ro rhEe

y6

ard

rhis pnctice

Ei .e*'.* r,r"** --_. f;j

sio

lE

contiiu.d anr indFn.t

E $ $

H
E F g E ff
$ 6

E '"'o

rho H dy dins el"e. he des nor eet enoush nme !o gause rhc comption mong hic E *ua'*res -a *o he rodr em. cas h. *tdom ha |.h dn. b pGu Lhd E "h.tr *tt *m"-' a.t"-i*rjon tr edd b. a h.alrhy cb,nge. if smor oflieE $ay in El -"" t"*. rotrs enoush ,o tone up lle rocd r..,**, 0.,*,,"-, .o E
nrds him*rr in b@r

"f he is u-ur.n d dd

duuc ar omer

fewDo,rbs. E @ ed it hs nmeoE blih-in haza* for H g

h. jusra

indEy cas n6urd

hedry 8.." a s,asp oter locar

@nd,tioa fr
mo*

ditl*nr @m@.nrl

Bur

sntiar H u'.,"""r'"d,*,.,,." enjored b) om*s in ,netr d., ro day decison.nar ing :boutd I be n.R R m doubr $!r qresriotr oradmisrar,w disr.rion 6. rry 'ldued 'ne H rkkli,h one sone kind of discErionary ,u6onq is a veD rmpomr inetdiffr of H adn^,uiroL bu d cxcsive @M or n in |ne dev.ropins $ofti$ b "mci*,
"b6N.^
hhc {crkd $a,
!o

vtur

Ed(e comprjon

,n a

ecdy. r

a".*,.t

r. ronory

-d

ircsnry of pubhc lir lrar

,s

n.ed.d

e'lajn prceduc

.E*ffi 6 6A

cm4on Ns ydr

1970

ts310

H g o s
El

nnocoomoaaooona&nondonasooofi oonrlospouooS

SriJ q{d'.'.r.y

e.r.t4.
which

c c o
6

g o o o e 6 o 6 n 6 ct e o 6

o g
bt ehich bou<l{ia @
give
be

daM @ud .dnidlrnlive distio4 dd

10

Muld

&

orficial

doud

lcvcdge

maintah tlqibility ard yer h. will rct be .bt. !o

abw

his

po*cr. Unlioned di$rton in rhc b&dr df Ffty om@R is p.nicul&ly

o EI o til o
sl

Enforcemeni of Laws Against Comption

Mosl

obsa6 age

that @mrpliotr in a

si.ty

will ondr@ b

inctle ule$

u p u t-t

6l Irl

tit

the Lws, ehich alrady cxisl,

efanvel, lnfored. Ihis rcalig@ io inpt@e

wi.tesFsad

I
p o n p o
FI

dti{omprion

las Plldus

cynicis do.g

tlc

p.oplc,

and

b)

ril

ocesionally, shcn eovommL adopr some

$na ofndasrG agsid @nprion,

mses. Mrdal

rhey

disiss il

as a

cosndic s{Ion ro hood{ink thc

said, .yi rhe miculatc

in all lhse sities believ th.r @mptio! is

rdpel

thd is gowinS lEdicutety

oong
ostent

hiSt'er omcial,

ed poliricis, ilcludiDS
and rh

legislab,

ed hinjstes.
rhe

Ihe

tio6 etforG to pEv@. @@ption

snion d,,r

@npr @
!o hoe far

beine

dcalt Mrh

Oey

deslc olty FD

10

sprsd cynicis4 esleiaily

o 6t e 6 o o s o o q o o

aI this

efecrs dDsc hignq.up."'rtn hosi S@icris rhe

Fodc r.d to by

cynicat qbour !h

ahude of tu16 lourds compdoo, ft is roored jn ihe public

conupten nor th orruptcd wilt ever be puished.

min<t lhar

neithr tie

'nis kiid oI adin natoned dlicr

of ii!.sligarions

de

parsbus th. so*1! of a powefil pubtic opiDion which

is orc ofrb

!uo!86r

d.f@

aslinsl @mp{io!.

CoutLs r@be6

h.E lala

pte j! llht ycs

blr tey hsv6 not goenred popuh

"'

Gunnaf

MydaLE!.1:la|l!!sgst\ry@f!!9qj op cr

6lfisuo{aEHi)

St,l <llds'...y o0ffi60ffioon&rna6

drhuim
ab.u1

0nEn6neo6AHOcHIOOq
|cJ

e.6.r.E

EI th. sineriry oath govem@l! uden

lilg rh* i,quiri.s.

fagade.

The

r6on is lttat nmy of th6c iwesrigations @ nodinS

n@ thd a polilical

Ayi Kewi Amo, a Chdie novelisr eid about hb @uFy's efTons !o irvstigarc omlpliod
allo*rd
rhat, "rbey

v@

no b.ttc! rbla a

lcr nDde in lhc spcirl Cbeie Ey

rhal

tlr tuIy

big @mpt p.opt. lo p4s threugh

h.il

An omccr of dc SFciat

lolie Esr.blbhhdr

in patisb, one rponed rh,r ofall 0E

c&s of comption
only 2% wee .dDinisr?tion

lhar his depanecd had invesliga&d si@e ln inc?tion of pakisratr

s r:
U p
|lt
t?l

ti o H e o

o ri s u n r'd

E! EI

efdcd b

by deJEtuotat heds for legd &rion,'r2

I!

onc

iufu Aon

potiricE lhe

p.Mlagc of conpr poliriciG

bing p@ished is

ad

Iess, Thc politicids e@EIy belong [o

lilist grcup,

dd rrFuei

a pow.tu]

ndw*

ofconract tncy

ons

esc.pe

puishmenl.

Thoe who bave pondercd ovr the preblem oI ompiion $,iosly,

h&

@ncluded

c
E
L'J

a e p

EI

uut ore of lbe effcieni mys of rcod4

@mFtioa is to itrflict

qdplary

puishncatsonthoertDefoud glilry.,nrEisnodoqbrrrrilif i[emlirorn4don

laws qhich now exisrs on ln sratut boots
Sreat

o a

enforcd honsly, ney

wltd

act

a a

delenefl aeaiost compdon. Relen!s inpt@ ariotr of laws wuld have

ealubnoE effar on

d.

moEl ctiD.c in publi.

lifc

I. is egled rhat in

wodd tull

oI

lbFlr'oN, turcly leirivc a.rion aS.insl D.lfc!s@

rectulde. Thc bu@u.scy should nor onty
bc

ope,

lle parhMy

ro Doral

nad. aMd of thc svils of cotuplion,

bu husr al$ know fuly rhc pen lris nlaitcd by n. The probleo closely @decred

"'

Ayi

xerei Arna,

.1!9r@!@LeE!!e

jgl4Bse

rondo. le6s, Fj3o.

a l'l o e ttl u ri! E p p

E E
EI

6 g0oDoffi stffi Effi OO60U6pti&tEoo06BrHHUt!b E ooffi g

mrrrc.rraffr

Std aud'.r.&r

e.at r. o[tttomnDolon o6

w
with thc rfoEd@r of

o u
0 o o

las

is rhlr of invcstigario.. R.porr! or compiion haE

enptoyed ro invesliSate

enphaized that the metho,ls

ext cm.ly

cmtly

ces

of

odplion d

d.ficidt.

The invqijeaiory @chiftry is eilhd In

otutturiorrlly wqt or

adninGlariv.ly

in@hFr.nt

aoy c:s

too

tuy .g@i6 @ ilvotved i! th

t@phot6 rhar ir

E
t-!

o o o o

inwsiignions, &d $ch oalappirsj8tudidioB

cr.L e mby l.g.l

LtI

con6 difrcuh

to st blish tn

eNity &d erLnr of crim in @ncrcc 1efts. In sohe

E6

lhe dpotrnml |hat idvslieai.s

ca6 of comption

dos

nol have $e Dower to

rh

presute thc culFit. Adion h lhis

aeercy !o ohjch rhe

dieto.!.

ta 1rlcn ody by lhc held of

FM! belong5 ad he oit . u$ his di$Eri@.ry surhdiry @i to do so. trg.l pddws of rhi! thd di@Mg. for & inv.nigalory body, od a {r8e
may be

lwhed

when *nou$ess of pupose

ed comitunl to the cae of prebny in

adminishation all

qilt b. lo$. N@ty .very @utry hs d anti{onup{on depdrneDt, b!1

ob*d4 Baae

@Dpldr of ir!
of

i.t@r

iDdcq@y.

l. 2.

$.

alt pqvrding ctimllc of @m9tion in lhe

si.ry,

lbe deporftldl

ilslf b.corcs odpt.

Slcb
a

dcpel,not t ndr b

be

ill cquippd for rhorcugh dd ngobb i!resli8arion.

To l@ve de job of

oiitly
viw

10 a singl

swpirg
rrEdial

'lvcsligation th. oad wih a r.orhbrBn. r,r

srer6

droqr4tron aAtuy
of

is lik

of dae

circMst.lB oE
@duplon

t\. @jor

fift

a deEtopiq

wiery Eun

tlL ,gaN

s io 6rallisr

pokrtul, impnisl &d @npEkosirc @nsitutional nabiMy fd irrB{Carior lts

lffi:nxm;+mm*'"ffimro*il
nEEObffiflO

msnmmE*En
pows hut ml F)w nw mr
@ be

.sh/ <4"1*.1.t

***H gfl
e.-*0.6
dd cttaint., n lhould b. $ould
ourside rhc

min pol'e 6eblishlMr tud lhrcugh pmFt sfcsu.d: n sbuld bc eeslherud ,gdrs1 bw&dic p66 lDd politi.it i!fluie. ft. offi6 lo*ire in thi5 deprtDe musi h,E .l:s ro !I sllc of iifomario ad rh. ,Euiry slould b. re nqD p@dturEl lnich rcp bl@t( r[. wy of mr ilv.sigarioro. such e n 'mrdim@B
inpajtul mpdrd
by e$ncroB estdclioB

E E B S
b:

hislory E ol @mpron in U. @uEy duing rhe p.sr *vEt decadB Fovides cl@ evidoe $d Iq p.riodc @nnisio6 ot jr4ulD slD do M se &y cusrv. purcGe ,gaid E @dPli@. Tb tuhy olsub @miss,oB i! nlds ilE@j.d b@s !h ofttu $is frl @t thc EFns of such o@isioB e Dad. pubtic, for tii. thn rFy mdd dba!6 rhe
investisatdy body @uld b etr crirc

ifit

is

pemal.lr ed

noi an ad

ho o@. Ihe

Tt. publi. ..FicG .nd rt. nad

A! cse.iiat
is
elemen

for

nto@
b
deline cledly,

b cub
what is

co@rtion is

dd

publicisc. whai

66iderd

compuon

6d

mt in d. uldnd.jig or public

w&fs
*nic.

duti6.

No srch tbjng

ha bcd

done

in pddst&r Aid rh@ is no pubrc

erhi6 of

Tb@ ha rc! ben @y sfuct@d an.mpr ar

Patisln,

rfolmg
dd
o

Oc plbtic sPice in

llE

question is wherhd rh.E is d pohical wilt,

political capscny, ro do
ro

$.

Nowad.ys, none of

rleh

is ojsling. Oovtunls

ulili$ 6 blMlcr&y

rewdd

political supDoncN by gr&dlg thcm high positjoN, whle

sMg

uc p@n@ of

alli6 al si..r.gic positioe p.Ellct,

rlt

tow

dplorudl

g@Erion by lbc priEr

onffffino6igf

Egf,nollltncnffifiooo o o 0 o stor har bc@ patdy c@psated for by ov6136ng in lhe public stor (thft e o 6 o 400 000 fed.ral civil wds), *nich cBte s sfdy vdre for ! d.p.ssd @l@, o o Aty altmpt a1 Gfofring lne buMuc@y ro inclEe its frcidcy h likely to o
encoutei sislance s4rccy

St,l

<U.drr.l.y

e.r*.8

ed disrdion

allow poody paid public &rymis to nal

the political

dds met 'nFrcfor,

&fo6 e

peMiv.d !, . thrcir for hrd

til a H

stabili9.

Th. 19?

@r.lo go@nr

i.Ln

two inidarivG thlr

h!m\ b6

EI g o o n o p
HI

Disc.etion.ry powerl
Anoihd diftculty is llEl adDinistltive

U
cgul.li6 a al$ys ettcd ofpmvinc
Thjs is *idcly

FI

ailo{ing thcn Elicf

1997

udd A.cid ciEur.lrrc.

issL.d

urd, .rd.bN.d
a rulc,

The

o o o o

@t kq gov.mml

d odi@e $ati4 thal a

ws

sch pbvisions

encouging dis{.iioMry porer would not st nd d,l!oE- And in

c.nain degree of dietiontry pows @nsid.Fd rcally
F3ssd

ces *heE

n@sdy, lh. pbc.dE

hrd lo be

Fapdnt.

This

odil)"e E ftv.r

! l.w

by th

Ew

Better S.lary Ptcklges

It is noii@d , and this is
a

c{)llmr jusiificrtim fq

ih exi*o of comFioa

thlt

e e low ihrl thcy @ batdly kee? the @lf aey fron lbc &'or. Fd tb.h dt oploftony b b.k dt! mmy is l@
slsie
of

goimftr

s.rrEds in d.v.loDi.g

rei.ti6

nsh ofa lebptalion ro bc Essrd wilh rbir8

thinSs have bcome

houins

c6t

and

sttr@*.ting inndo4

dm n@ ditrcult,

Du. to ihe la.k offenily plMing.lhe

fanilis

Std

Q{errrrery

e.^.t.6
ituB6
gsvir/ of

al$

tcnd to

h. I{ee, whjch dottd

the

flwiat

sri"gocy, Th.

sitslion is !6nicdely pitiftl at

smlch olt

t low ldd *ta! govtu

sdary of $40 to
g5O

nl @ploy6 b&dy
of

o dist

n@ on a poy

m$ty

! moDd! tt is ihe viN

ir
public

my
will

rcfonnh lhar if th.

$d6

ldcquar. rlE

che3

of ho!6ry

wiG

inprcvc r gran.te.i- Thc SeaeEl obervrdo[ howcr. is thrl rviri@ of3s]dies. ard
keepi.g rhm .r
go a 16g
a

led

*trich is in

cd$n.e

with the @mfonablc

the

liyi.s @Idiriotu will

my i! ibproving .rbi@l climrlB i6id.

Indi&

goJMr

b|lm&@i6. h r9l5
ro

tE goveMt of Bdtish

appoi cd ihe klinel.n Comission

TtE Epod of the
ro

flalur.

the sats,y

dienft
nNq
of

of rh civil

wi6

i! lb. c@ry. q
is

@misi@ sid, "rh. p.y

in

ause b. $

ouch only

Mes.ry

minrain

sovMt sfur

$ch

degE ofonfort &d di8niiy

ror

will 3hield th@ fton i.mptalioN lad kp

rhd .ffcidr
art ir ir !.ry
ed how
be

r.ms of {En wie."rcohfod ed

a

diity c mhlos r.m\

a

dimcul to ey whd

paniculd !.Eon would pul

is a p6I1 of

plaLau to his conforB to

wuldd.[e
for moF ard

his

di8!ity. It

bl!@

ElTs
rhat

kap.nioEttjng sEt neds

Eade

noe omforls, In spit of th.* blill-in limir.liou, if elejc! @

adcquale,

Momble &d
povclty

rlrG

is

.v.ry posibility

th. '@truption of

Bity'

*rich

plbduc viX b. rldtEd onlideFbly.

!,s

shr

Hasn

symporlun

shon Hisioto .f comot o. in trl ce n, (MinEosEphdl cffuprion Admrnrrtraus st f cotege, L.hor., pakht n
Khan,

.A

d|offi ogmffi nf, 6unm0msoooHnnonnupo

gr*nnndffi
c g 6 6
E

ShJ <Uib.r.t.!

e.-^io
o E p
H
F]

Fredom of Irformriion Act:

The

o d s e !a n
tIl

gaenl oDplqity, s4@y ed iBtaliliry of rula - tb.rbt crdng

public

edutduci* in P6Ii$e cBt6 clmpr itmtiB fd

conGxt, the irtaprlation of tbe

offi6. h

$ch

lar

helon$ to th public o6clrs in clD4e of lbeit

E E
15

s E

|lJ

s 6

inplmqlaro4 *tuch
lhdfoE
a

c@1cs

nm@u opponulid for dtacting hib6.

Ih*

is

til

F!

e e o 6 s 0 g o 6 e E a s o 6 o
l:l !t

reed for

dhplc

Ls, lDd

a:6
m

to

irforb.Iim

by

dr

Frblic

l|s. H{eva,

e
&!

FI

bw!!.fuy

in Pakjstan h

sjd

io rtuire

s@y.

E E

Th.rc

no fr.dom of inJomation A.t in Prkisla!. Th.

on

l9t cclat

I!,

fr
KI

gov.m@r dEft.d
.mwlercd
a

allowing

frle acc6s to ptblic ilfomrtion. This

Act
lhc

gEt dc.l of Bislan@ &on ilE rpvtucd (.!d i! p.rticuld ton

a E} o
EI

ISI, lh. speial

sflies

ofthe

Ady, ad tb. Fodgn otr

e). 'nr. Acl previded fq th.

lll

ta!

ddi

for oyone in P.kislr! to have accc$ io

ey

adminislrativ. files, exepl those

at

o
E
E}

pdbinins b Mlional

suit
tel

or

dfoe - a

rcsdl of the

my

lad foFicl| om@'s

7 d!ys, al

s e q

eistrle-.

TtF

dni.idariw infodrli@

hrd ro b. Fovidd
th public

stthi!

il|

@n

6 o o

o E g
@

of the photaopying. If n
dclay,

noE thd ? dsF,

ofrer bid
days,

io justify

th.
nw

ed

in

oy cs. it couldnl b. noF ihs

a 1olal

of

14

Howe.. dt

o 6 n o a o 5

I B

govcmot
for rhe b.co
a

<tld

@1G@ilh.law, or ev.n ri.d io uei'd

to Dli@at

it E$n wilh tb Blriclion

&l wuld obviNly bav.

@lt s FnaininS

sauiry

or

deftre

this

Mjor pbgEs in inctsin8 Ferydncy.

of

Elinh.tior

Middl.E.n

onuuoa8annonoHo0nffinouaorlmfl fl nE!HI6nHm

ooommson[oo

Sl,.l <U.tr.ztry

b4 8iv.. rise ro a slup of niddledd o' rooicB qio acl s a vital link b.twM thc bdbe md rn. trib@.r! IE big tutoFri!tr 16 of rhc ttdtoping mdd @ irudatcd with the
conFio
ha b.c!m. r 0osilhjq ildsry b elqy &lrlopiIg

e.-.^6c nnsoooosoonoooT
siery. ftir

shady

chatrrm wto s

g.ndM

bbbes h.v. dore

er;t dm. b

tbe moEt

ctnare

ig iJ

n a o

of 66irioDd

$iet6.
Peopls?

L 23. a

Wlo @ the*
Wlat

egMr

of

di.ry

do

it\.y cme

tob?

WFt

is ihen duc4ion

&d family bactereud?

wiiy baw dEyadopr.d l[is Ef&ioBpref*io!?

10

h it lrcnlivc .mugh

m.ke ihen !r!y in ii for iheir enie

wo*ilg ti&?

An dlpincal study. ,l)sMine

rh*

qEnios wdd b.

! grd @.rribudon to rh.

@mralive *iolog, of $ *rging nalitu. Bul bfofti&tcly su.h t sldy ba not

b6 do@

a td. Lik odB aspeB

k dsircd

E o
&I

o o ilj o o til F g Il, o a R! 6 o tal

'tl

of @ftuptid, iDfor@tion abour rh. rcle of

nidddo

ton obev.tio& gNip, &d glEsM& tte sEdve, ed

they

llas

is

thlr

md of

lhen dalinSs skjlltully

disguis.d ald

rcrk

behind a ephisri.akd md

f'triqt d &t

d.

ofwirl, politicil &<l hBilB &tivid6.

in

A t ?ic.t roots is a

o
E 6t

n o o o 0 o

I@

wilh

Imily co@ction

hid

pbceq bn he

hi@lf hB
or lolli@t
hc

@irha the

iaje nd th.

edBrrion io -hiere

ey pFfsioMl l@pctcm
nor a

slru b @lc & hor6l

o 6

living, He iq holwd

dullad. Fon hb b@ing ha de gjtt of

sppffi !uve, ilicuignt, wlt

.nd olbn

&B.d

and cohpdo@blc, Hc

the eab

sial 9t86 e
c.mbde:

lblr

"' H.6rld'89!9bo&0td&!-&dc9!eoEo!t!@rE[9b!C,
Hato5.d

unireEiy pr@ 1973 pp 1a-149

nf,ffinon[[n
popl. @ convimd ofhis E$6latlili1y,

.slij <l{rb.'...y

snooooofrE000006n o o g
b
6
the

e.-.r.6
n.t6

sue tine

v.ry fon lo

la

o q
!q

n E! g *idc @ta.t $l'ich h. 6 qploir e g Somc te6 agq t Pakieei N.$FF publishd a slory ofr gqbelv@ *ttich
n h knoM lo inleEsiod p6dis ihat he is
efr.cdve

dd

depndlble

irnMdal wiih

tt?iliB $c

behavior of his kjnd in

Ifuy

ilj

d.vloPin8 socieiiB. Ihis in lividu.i

profesior

rplEMtly

io th. ioQorl

ad qpon bairea!, bu hjl etual

io

0!e

p6w
tle

of

p: F:

Iti

s s o

his

polilic.l @!@lio6 o! civn

sds

io g.t

fMaue d.isi6 ton

pcpEd to ply hih a

lbd

suld
wilh

q 6 6 6 e e o e EI o o
tr t 6

gel

.onli&ls dd

lic46

for p@ple *do

\@

olmisbr

s o tj!
'r!l

Ei

t}
'll

gF.r pbfdional still arrl &M@ lF

Mged dterlrinl@l
ro th.n

parti.s at which poieotiil

'r5ln

6m9i.6 !d

lhe

oft{r

could

sirliz. tEly

nmd ltlv&t g..

tNy
ro

rcFtl3 on @nptior in th. derelopilg sicties,

middLn
h wlD

ihs! @ llll@N Gf.@6

tl o r[ o 6t
l'i
I'I lcl lll

douag @mplio4
the

fot pasnal gain. In

fa.! bcaue ofils grovi.g

6
E

populeity,

dd etrectiv.M,

wiq

of th.

middldd

r.gldly bought io
Guy

6 o lj o o n
E

cirM!.
om.n13
that

tu16 ald p@plc gnviade roqrds

aboul

tbd art@rricdly.
the

Amld @ti!g

Nigqia sid, " sde mrnd .st for

or

n6t

<|rasti.

FlElii6: oihd drrE

or ren

omplion in ore fom

eihd is ednic

to

$ciety, lbnl

'd!$'

pdal dle

tlj ll[

o E! o n

E n

otr or p.yn

ff

ro

nidd.
tu

is

dnon dc tb, is should be Egarded

dE

a
E
EI

tr 6 n

o@Eyt wrof li&. lt

my

b.li.f tlA th. morl of niddLno or ar l4st Bnicdry

tEir &nvni6 by law

and

$cial

p6sw

wiu

Edw

the iociden@ of comflion

to

s c g
"'!tr!*!b,
Dairy Ndmbor 2, 1e44.p.1

nf, 5{!0aacffi otrlElofi toooEloo60{loffi

b c !l;

s a o 6 g
6 e o tg 6 o

St/ Q{"r-'ery go000mmoommn g

Legislative Control
In

e.-a.6

ononndonooo&ffa ocl o o o o o
lM
aI blwhs of

t E

sod

adqFed $icries, Pa.li@t d@ir6 @nnol

E E
r+

8ovem.d.

B.sids its law n.idng

pow. prliddt s(9.*is th. gdal @doct of

slaie office

s o
til p H l.) H E
til

b:

the Exculive. It nals and

udok6

dd govemdl depaftnota i.g o'r of

thir

@ntrol

s s s s tr s e

th.n

fllal6, r*r qu.di@ co|rdirg

rb. caE

d{i.s! dd d.bd6

e F!

TIe dcDdtMts inlrF.l @d ofoM

bs, ad if thcy nisint

rpEl a $anlt..
wish6 of rb.

g E u g e o G g 6 g o g o g g d
E

LeislalE @ almts d.nd n.rd

pcople. n'e hsh legislalive

b.t ii tre
@ t6p

i! @&mity eith th.

pow @

@mpelthe public addinisfalor ro i<Lndry ihc .dnioi3..tioo

$.

6 s

will of the p.oplc. I} lcSisl.rw

@tauc

ftlugh ils

pok6

of inv.stig.tion dd.pprc!.ia6@.

o ll g o o p
FI

s o

gislaiw @ hold the administratio a@el'ble in

ard duli6 of

*vdl wrs.
aeoul

Ir lpecifies th.

l"

po*6
nodiry

qy

govMt

d.!.rrn@r

What the

l.gislai@ b.s giwo, n

of End h.

d Evok if lhe dninistaior de

not Sive pnper

hs d@g

Thc adminjshlor

mln har c61&dy in oi.d tk posibilig ihd, if lh. D.pofte.i

to

ondEts

irs

aftiE th,r ldg. ombd of cilid @ Fonp,r.d

cdplaiD io th. tl@bes

o E 6

of lhe national and the povirciii senblis, th legislatue may undertak io Elise ot

end

lbe

Ac! cutsil hn pd,qs, d

*o

apal

0F siatu

If rlF legirLnE

@c

n o &I o n n n o o o o 0 o

to

b.lio *t'erhl or rct th. bcli.f is wI

in.fi*tive,
or

fourdd rhar thc admini$ation

h eek

@mpi, 6e lceklatue @ dd nay cl@e tle orgrriati@

Sh/ q{ito'.1.y

e.^*..6

gensd policy. tf il

dG

@! lik a Delaftncn!
10 cur

pog'"F! or & adtrinistalor, n

i5

lh.

n
ril |!t
(it

6ia

thing

rh.

Mld

doM or lh iD& aloned. TIc aigni6@ is rhlr lh

avoid &1io!5r wl'jch

adnbisiard oun of
rh legislanre

lEsity

m lil.ly

io

elago!}! !|mbds of

m*Mily.

!t

llJ

fte

leeislatM k slofible mr o'ly for prcvidine feds

for 1he oF6iior of lhe vsioB d@artnois bul ior

g*ral

sureilaDe of ihes

tr

o o o d o d 5 n rd

deponbans io dElc
the

@ ltd lE @ey
by

appoF'iald

to

smies EqdEd

Lw @ !rcvidd.

Ite leSislatr

ilE h pro!.nt sFnr .d 6at h6, ns disposl, . nmbq of

loob lh.t @

@nrlly.trctivc,

o g o c o o 6 o 6 n E n n o c e o n d o 6 6

(a)'IfF nmb6 of

the leeislat'ft hrre m opportuily lo qwnion th

Ep@ntatiB of ruh

depo.tnols a!ou1 0!e aclivitiB of thei !g@y

olhr

!l

dE ti@ of bodet berings .rd .t

lim c lh.n psac

@y

be

equired;
of th.

O) dy l@ive tguleR?ois fiom lhc atdiii.g

(c) rlE

fi@i.l @dr

of lhe depelncnt:

dcF.tnoc

Equ.s.d lo flc durXy E?orc {idt tlg'rd !o aei6.d

pl|B of

The

9T.s of

@mjtl6

in lhe legisbhft

tuy

be

oa$l.d

wilh rspoNibilitie

ro qfoe .dninissliE suntabitity LrgstaliE comitln arFoFialim

@rnnn@s, and spcial $ope ard debn ofde?aitnental a.tiviiid ard lr?icrlly Fviw ot

m.idils d.

slalut6 lblr audddze th

oFdlioN

T1F lcgbhtiv.

6@itt6
ctmin6

nus
wiu

exmin ad,ninist"rir

lerfoffi

al Egul&

b!sb. ftc apprcFi.li6

Bnooffi Efirnfl nEHanutrIffi oo$oquo

000gmooonffi
mrkc

.slil <l{itr-.t.!'

3.-^io

oo60nooonofionnost u o p
@tuins
@y @tc

tuid
to

dccisim on mrla6 of alprcpd*ioo Thc speial

sw./s
o\ldr

of th. felt

ed.

of tle Fopl ard of 6E public

inr.rsl sd @y crMile th.

deEFds of1h. lublic_

*iich administdiw decision-malirS @ifom

1o Ihe

o o o o rd o
E

EI

Pdde

ofple

sho'Id b giv.n io

rEliig noe
of ihc

etrediv Lgistahft! sup.dsion

of

al
t5J

rh. public adniniftarioL TlE

should be Eade

ndba!

ud@t &d th. previei.t asmbli6

pupoely ss@iarcd with thc wrk of $ gore@.nr rhe thc! m now

to

@y

be

*onlNtile

!*e e

rI lat F
ItJ ni!

tl

of ilBiigarory

@min6

ard

otr6

of

!I

t*15

shoud be rquired ro app@ bfoE thor.

fi
til
p:

fri

o o 5 tat
E

o 61
fri

o o
o

St'/ <l{dr'.r.y

J.^*on onoomnosodffiooE
E

EI

o
Peter Blau in his inquiry of

rso govem.t agercies in Amedc.

concluded

lhal

s a
|I p
pl tn

ilJ

@duptron

ce

b6

Edlced dsidcEbly rhmwh infom.l pd. grcup cl@ly ltared ihd

rhe

r{!ss.

Hc

foud

ihlt dtlbugh
lo

the law

calg

of b{ibcry should be im.disrely Epotud

$pdior anrhorili.s.

Dsitico

code of.rhics

donS

lh

@nbe6 dehmd.d of$m

lhn

s
i.l

rcl lo

& e. Iho* of 0h *to

The

epon d rh. rorr..s@ of

@I6gs Ee
in drling

db&izrd.

offi6

of lhe asercy

ihmehB &rd s judg6 dd juies

with bdbry and e6ft,

opinion

{d

dccided stbut

puisnmol if a p@n ws foud suilty. ln his

e o u iir
tit g

gI

fr

tht irfodul undGt&ding rnoog

om6

of lh.

*! m EnetllL suc6
d.m
(hey

in pmmodng hiehs dicrl studqds

Sone

i!

bl@@dric bebavior ot lhe t*o agwie.r'6

is ci]led

rin s $is lind of goup

6B|M

spimr. de.or!6-Wtich

nou6 ofa particdd

rhiDl

a* r

clrs ofoffeB h!re d.vloped erIlin

v.lB

*uch

d. inpo dt

for thck public inEge, It

deod6 irraEj scial @rols ir

10

o e $l o o o n I'l g o 6I p g 6 !u o 0 tt o E o
EI EI

cl U

tu

orgdiz,rio4 *,nich prerd rhoF who @

qF*d

rh. d.ng6 dd hprarioB of

R.drciDg govrrnent's dircct iDvolvcnert iD roroDic activiti.s

As in n@y devloping
bcen prominent in

@ulri6, lh.

rcle of itrc Srab in 1[.

@tuny ba

toDC

Prltra.

(hence, lhc

govemdl ofZuttits Ali

Bhuno (197t-197?)

s H
til
EHeloOGEOnffi OEXOf, ETAOOO0dU|EKItrEHcKHO{|OOOOOOUOd

!!J

Strl

<U,r'-arv

e.-.a.'.
ed flm.iat
iutitutions and .grc-prcce$ing

halionrlisd lege-scale indusFies, ba*s

o
o p a o o L.t 5 o
FI
IU

i5

Fouoving

a wld-*ide mw iowlds @e libcdlisatioq tbe p.|<isidi

1990/91 ro 1995,

gov.mnl h6latly @b6td in a pmgrd oI privatisa,rior Frcn

rapid progess has

uft. ft. .liv6ity of lhe sio6 @lcmed d.moBir.tes how nuch dir4l inflle@ fi. Si.t bld ir rh.
bed nade ir $lling snall industrial
indsEial seclo.: autonobil. ptu pbd@lion plads, enginc*ir8, ricc, nespa!6,
cem.nt, chcmieh, erc.. Pmg6s

Mri privarisrion wa ihercfoF quir

ilE moE

salisfabry

(!MF

1997).

Hovcvq, from

1995,

@brtq l!s! ofprilltjsi,B

pubtjc

udtilie
O

n |ll u FI 6 tat
t5
EI

&l

h6

slowed

doM Oe p@.ss, td

1997, the rotat emplorrenl

rhe

of ihc ,mailing
OOO.

ffi |lt

public

stor

edelpns6 (doM EtrD over 200 in

edly l99G) wd 620

I'l

A srccesstul pnEtisrion of
thcse

th*

potic utitiiics muld

be a etntion ro harc
I.be

aletprjses oby to the hsrkel rul6, dd gehid of some folm of @mplion,

privatietion.

cmnrly fDrcq is stilt on Ue

aeen<ta

-md activ.ly

advocated by

o s o EI o a
E

Ig

iircdErio.al fl1futu1 iNlirudoN. But ln@ is a ne.d b pul in pl@

regulatory

apropriate

fM*ork

for rhaq

il8t pnvatisrion do4 noi lad

10 o1h6

fods of

misnaegemnl. And the p.ivarisarion pMe$

nlsl

b fair

ed rruped.
up

Ac@rding poIenlinl

to th. EIU 099),"The privadetion

Fogllme js noi pickilg

one

p@.

i.v.slors @nplain ot l&k of tE4pdey. L

qdplq

lhc

$[{ff

of slai.-oMed

II p o o o o o KI o o o

EI

x' pdd s5ru rhe phqrs or suHrcEe a slud @Mmd Agee6 chEqo

or

hE@,sd

RoEiom

rN

ooffi fl Dffi 06160of, n6H00068dfl EloblnHq6|ntSGlHntit

.slrd <l{d!.'.r.y

3.r.h4.
o r.l
itr

Habib

Bdk b6 b..n
10

delayed

elarcdly. Th. d@dlin s for qpBsions of inlcrcsr

hav

b6 pNhcd bEl

@lunodate doD.siic

i.c61s
a

o
E[

Fioamirl iDstitutioN.!d lo![3 defsutts: L@

defaulG

m.d for rcrior

relt @m@ld
individuats is a

tit

IlJ

fion lo@ eturd

ro potitic.lty

najor xplaralior for the difticdrie of th. bdring saror. The palistdis bading ecror nreds t\t b irodalcd
inidative h6 ben

u rt t6I
i5
ttr t0

t)

tun

poljricat

intrfffice. Duins lhe ecdt

past,

e
Do

ct

|jko

lo 6nLot this fom of 6dp1ion. Unds

ri.

1997

c@lald

govemnt, a
individurl could

ftv

prevision

intrcduc.d

il

lh. eleclonl law, staliDg tlBl

conresr

in el.crion if hc
or

sd

convicicd for codprion, .t faulrer on banl

his pubtic bank

o a o a |.t

lod

or

lxility

biU

los,

if rheE

t ey vid.m. rh,l tre njs$<t

pok Ar
d.fautrs,

o
o p p o o o o E n
til

0t

odirc m

sle prepar.d

NlloqinS fte

ftsl

FI
and

scitue ofgoods of

wii! dE puuinon ofa list ofrhc b&t defaultcs, whi.h hdd iDmcdisr dov.ring of no.cy, Howvd,
rhe following lcrcd

rsutis in ihc

Sovmd! djd

nor

tut

rhis

odime.

in foEe for rhe 199?eletioB.

To day, de only &tion in rhis rcCaids is the publicadon, by rhe Siate

Ae* of
1ltsr

Patiirn" of a Esule Epon (every thE montu) of tne rm* of th b&k

povided

lo8

tl s o
nt

tuw dehulid. Publicjjilg it my b. a way to

such

sis .wffis

of

nish@geme in

bdke,

bu1 rhc

@h

qustion of how io recovtr the noney,

ir

ffi oEMo{tdg60dooEffi [ooooriloo{irEl

oooor&ooqossffi

.9".t Q{"r-,.oy

e.r*@

w
boM
to be

Y*r*rH
r.gubtioD
in

A timid efrorl to inpmvirg pubtic proco.eDco.!

Clw

gu'detins for comFoUve

pMwne

@ovc

.lisrior of public E
at

oflcials. In Palisrri. compdon is

Fdsiv
public

hish lg ldels of rhe sr{e has bcen laely me.tiadzd. Ard ede v*, @srty Fojecrs ni* H susliciom abour dE Eat notives |ijar l.d b th.n adoplion (th. g sErd rslmabad LshoE highmy, rbe Gw .jrpon in K,ful,t). I
&d purchsing of
soods and

siq.

go@.fi onr.s.lirs H
vc.y

coruFiu h

p|\,cl@nr

sm. ert is doe btnrd $. br*uinbs of bribiDs .omp.nis Bur $. cumr perc.pr,h is rh'r LtE cxisrirs p'ocdes e alE3aj) adequd. ,nd rhor * o-0,* u* , ihprmmrarion.
is cmndy in the ddnirg sLg.,

A ncw law on publi.

pncehml

E!

ed

Ch.!g. ln Thc Mor.t CtiD.r.

or

Seidy.
a gR.r {ieal

$ E E
E

E B .thcd in polirics ed adnmisua on woutd fslllpon Lh. people LhmsetLes 'ecUMe E wides?Ead @dproo u a sdy Dm lhal rher e @nndjve etdflb in 6e E ecial bchlvior of lh. nr,g. *trich suDpon @n tion. lnijvjduat cdpnb rc.d ro b E pmished svdally. bur th .lom wilt nor @, our comprioD. cnft bnb.ry. depod3m E ed f.voritis e sial pmbt@3. and for . s@astu nghl a8!iE $.tr! , E r.Ioma$ve mov.mdt is ne<ledb chege th. no@ vd6 ed cu.totu which od b B E
IlI

t[. n&d.rd of publK morahy in a soci.rr. No mans ho$ M sEirc b mate sctuFt rnd iNituronal &o.*o* *iorific.rd 6tio&le. in lhe t.sr,oatFir rh. oE or
b
do w,rh

sqEtenviome0Ls ed cuhhl chtracredks h,ve

regog60@Gt

c t5

ooEffiooffinffi
ln.
p@plc

Srd <l{rrx'.t.,

lit E fK brierde stlich cd* irto etiotr aR.r rh. fi( b+ *tulny n&r.d. Tn wis.g E
ob @mpt p@rt.
Ar

**o**goffi
3.-,,,o,6
e
EeEd
do6

p't$nt lss reens @mrdon

.ow

wodd belo attoptmtus

thar rhe

fir

notsianalall. jn a
or list 4
bur io

B
H
rit

It is a bater ot @mon
ethos

k@wle<lsc

ilEl all prisatic s@i.ti.s h.ve cert

nor only

edich uder

@ @poEry oditioro
!o

.se

do

sr.at <l@]of

hm

updshuls. hoGdy.nd pbbity b public

lirc

*i.ty. An E ex@sive fixalion io tinship ti6, ihc sd.rity of *te statificntiotr ed th. domi@t ffi rcle or Gmilial sfili ion iD Lhe irdivdu.l s lfe m uqEsLionably outrnoded in r.be I envnomB sderlred b, tb el.d.d lsnpo of clrtrge in a $dfe n!l4 *ti.h E
Non-Etiondt b.hlvior is

imporiEr .h@cristic or a taditiool

tls deed
authority lo

dlc poqd oftbe srar.

lotilici$ &d.dei!is!!ro6 hrc rt1@doN E

dbFm

favo6 md ihe bafiling nultiplicity of

la*

wiltr th.n inh@1

inoNisledcies dd contradictions provide additional opportuity for lhe

hil$

oftben

disEtionary
ncd !o for

pow6,

Undd

the circlmtrrcB
i5 to

thc old

fabilid 6tl rrib.l loyaltiB

b. ch&g.d if th.

siet'
is

gurd irs.lf !gd$t v6dy inc63.d opportoiii6

onpriod in

a modcm

state. Il will ncd

! conprchsive preem ofcdualing

lhe

m6es. HoEsty,

aftr

.ll

atitule ! qlality of $e hl)lrm mind, 6d |n.r is m

the incidd@

ason why thtuugh popd edu.ation

The very purpo$ of
dishones! lhey

ofcomFior ould rct

ch@gc anibrlcs,

be

redued.

..lu..rio! is lost if ir c,mt

be

If

p@ple

cniinly ce

iaghr to b. hon6i In msr

c,s

n *ould lecd tLe

days

isnaailg of lhe enti ed!@tonal systcm,

th.l chil&! nsht

ton shool

Str/ q{lrrrrlry

e.i.t ,.

be

idrctcd iflo

-r'""s.d clinal. in whch hon61y, noEt itrr.Sity, jueice ed fair

for eood

play

laught

a qurlitid

c.I!6_

Spirit ofPatriotism
Th. hislory ofElion

lis

lDvid6 dpt. l6timon, rbit O.

shosrh ofpubtic

spirir

ofpariorih t9
E!
rat

foniry tbe

ns*s noElly.

The

o;hor d.Fnds

on the pairiolic

fro.

of rhe

Fopl.. Cout Cavor, rhe ehn.ct

of rhc ufialion of Ir.ly duinS lhe

dnctcnIh @iury, @ncludcd thd

patriotic spint,

ud*

dF

llrlss

in

ga.nl inbib. m i!r.e

ti

ed udeBlrnd

narionalisn

d a scutd

etiSion, the lael of inrelligen@

od

Dorality in

siety E@iF loe.

He sys rhar

l[c inleleruat life of lhc @'Don

a v.ry lidilrd cirl of idc6. And digioa ih. @ieprr whjch 'n a*lteo in th.m a deep eBe of qpoBibitig @ parjoris and mtonatism.Irt tr is dgud thal

peopB moves

if

ordinary

cirizN

sv@ of rh. isu6, *dicn @

eiijal

for |hc
paih

welliue of lhe natioA ih@ is a checc dDt pubtic

ofidab mutd EMin oi r\e

of

Btitud..

In orha

mdr & ntidrd.d

life.
An

public opiniotr

@ &r s

b6r. o! hodl

lawlessnes

ir

public

indot. &d indilfffit

pubtic is a positivc hap to

d
In

uethic.l ofrcd who is d.t miftd lo

his oficiat posjlion fo! pnvak

.dvd.gc.

Palisi4

d@ to the

boctwrdD* of rle Foptq rhcir

let

of Gdeaiior ald cleDic

poveny. public opinior

a safety vslve

ogaid conptior of officiats is alnost nonofnatonatistr! vhich

cx

nt. Paftiorish &d

rhar

daurls spi

i.slie

warn d

h@rt !o slrive for Brional glory ed individu.l &hidchqt

e.l$ tu.

Evo if
n $

Euoe@ N ll-C-tp c.nury A perm.nEp a..ty5E ot ch.nc ad anr,mn olerred., ruope Nmdenh -*.,r!a*au",!r4*4ju,.n

coifid Nsyoa,196i.D t.r

nosoffilEr

SteJ 9{1s,11,

e.-*...
tlrya
@mt nobiliz
public opbion

sdf,t5f,fcion5on69 tcl o
o
s a coutdvajlins E
si.ry

qudified ladeFhip is aEilabte ii

foee aeainst

sial

md potiticat vits. rlE poretrcy ofprblic opinion in swh

r,h. lhirtdtr8 of

is

Flohtid i5 domi!.ad by E rligiou or nysiicd idals, trdich brcd lalllilD md a tue of BigElion. Bs6eld,
th. htlk of tne

fi[thq viriaLd

bd.E

fi
$

fi.shore @ mi vcry EliSioE, lh.y Epo$ @ixcd f.irh i! luc,t srd e rElucra ro o!d* d .lrlrthing! by hllh etrorrs. Ar avmge b.ti.q ihinh rtai..oDjy 0E i dotion of God witl Glnin rhe mad tury of wfuls, srauilh a few hoomts of ordd ad pr.dictalilitt, d $ st up tb @ndi{o6 undr which sl|cc*tut Glfortl beom.
fiDds

,nexm'nins 6ecthNotd

tktid@muiry.

lhll atrhou8r pspl. on

H
g|

I E E

posibte.rrt Some sholas, isrircd by EuoDeq Hisrory,

d.wl@ing

har

corcLd.d

d*

E ardrude E na.ds to b dwelopcd mong rhe p6pl ofd. developing eci.1is. Th.ir Feni inra E nccds to bc di+.1t.4 dd l!.y nLd b. nadc !9e of rhBedrys,,Ilbugh ieLvisioa
a lopic for debat6

|hey @ @& e intettenDl dd moEl clim& snich would e r@,*munor*r o po,ui6 &d odninktrario!. Mqr hislditu se@ il,t tr e wcatm eci.lies cheged dr.ir anitudB alour public li& lnq l[. qirings of Votr.ire, Rol[gq &d Monilsquim duiry rhe second hlrofrle eishtenrb ahry. Thy a$kded mons the mocs Epusmce asaiftr g@ty, dd xptoiilrion, I Ed thbush id.ab of libeny ard hul@ riaht\ oarleth. noRt richsof si.ty. Dopuk @tlm md mrt:kly
& Ag.
ofEnli8hctun.nr, befoE

sicti6

will lurc ro p!!s rhmugh

fi
E fi g g E $
O

&d d!$usion dong

hqdtul of phit@phc6. A simils

E|

g
'trEddC
Anh.td, Th

M.dA$

or

B**E.o Sc.to,

t{yqr

Th.

Fep.*

ffioEEFOOOOOE

.sld <Udd'.r.y
g a a g g o Itr 6 s o o ilt o a 6 s o a g e o d e n 6 g o n o o s 5 o o o 6 s e s H 6 s o o o g q 6
E

3.-*.ens of cpomibiliry @ be.'ke@d

participotiotr

rEdio,

&d lne rBt of $e

thrcu3h 1hei.

lre

mdia. a

in

lhm, od

vigilee, ed &tiv.

si.1i6 @

aulin bjghd

siandlrds ofpublic norality.r D

FI

tll
t-t
EI

Islm a a etigiou docrrir. h6 qg.d a @n{anr

@@ption. Hon*iy is tisi,.d

aeaiGt

.ll folm of
lif

iI
EI

orc ofue pdncipte vinEs ,hich civ.s

huru
polluGs

i$

E
td

inh@ni

richca, t6rer &d diiry. It is dplEsi2cd $at disho8ry

sid
a

EI

life. degenerde poliris md o@prs adninistmlion. hs

betut

efre.t cm desiloy

cvd'lh'ng bur

rhe

idpa.t is ponicut&ly dimN if 0E dtbocn

Fen {@pi6

position of&thorily in th state.

Aeodilg

to Islm, @mption h a sb fo, which th.rc

n no atonedDr. TlE Qu& in wisr.kablc

indDlgc

I.m hs pojnr.i

oul thal all thoe who

@nption witl b. sulierd lo cteml

es

chstisot.
nor otra n

Codplim is
Says:

imoral adivity, which.tcal

uivesat condemton. IrE Holy Book

"Nor ro @Eme ach olLq's

*qlth @j6dy,

b jndg6

a bdbe,

thal with then aid you DiShl

siz!

orher nen's propny dishorcjdy "'10

Ar dothdpltu it is slaLd;

"And dcfilud nor lhc sbslare

eanh-m.hng

ofdy p6d., ed

@ mr

@mpry D oe

mishii

And euard you selfagaiBr the

puishned ofcod fd all sonj

cfjdF

MTd#*ao4-r!r!!ua!Ero!!4!r!!&!a
1BB

tr 'g 6

'1rh ou6n r/

'Tn.ouM)atvt

13d1A3

ono600uuon0uno6ffi oGfi [ffi 6nHgtaffi &rdsnoHp

.slid <ll.b.'.I.y

e.6*0.o
E[

sinil' v@

in the

eu8

turrha .dds:

"Bur

thc abode of rh. Hreanr in rhat

$tich Altsh bart givd the ad

rr Altlh taih ben tjnd b ihc

negl@t ror thy portior of

wrld, qd

be thou kind

ad

o u o g o o g

dd

cL

mr @@p'riotr in lh. anh to;

AI.I

lovlrh lor

@dprc6-r2 d by rle sr.m

'!J

'Irte

Ql@ic itrjDcliois lgaist o@ption

wre supplmdt

i} o p
ti5

wing

of tbe lloly Pbphd

(P.e

b. uFn hjn) $tb

lFrrqty i,

his syings

p6*d

upon tte Muslins

fi.

need for

honl @rirude in eery field of hMd

inr.glity

acriviry. In his

politicd lnd .dDinisllliv. geGst

erhical

rcfodi ho@q &d

of

Bw

ponray.d

lh.

db.ltiehMr

met

@nducr in

sei.ty,

Ofr6

of$e

nale w@

o
a 0 o o p n bt 6 o o o p o o o
t31

o
E[

disolloftd to bN. d',thing bcyond tlen ddics md e@pt n@ of 8ins in &y shaF
or fom

sfictly forbidd.n.

nr

pnphct

(p@ b. upon hin) ore sid, .o

for

you
a

t@l

Who

da

of you is apDojDr.d to

wrk

and thcn @@als tioD

evq

nedlc tl@ lion or vbar is abovc ir,

allocali.g

is a

rwt @u I@.i!

He

ret

speist

in

oftes of

rhe sral. A trrdilion ha! be6

@ared by Burnsi tom Hu6t

Hlmi6

in

*iich

Ihe Prclhcr poinred out thsl

lhe

if positioE of

Fw

reE givo

ro

umnhy pMD th.t huld !!t@

ed of thb world.rr! U.
Holy prophcr weE $ricrly

TIE Fincipld ofhor61y ouciared by

obwcd
rbe $aG,

to by his fou

sq.96 ir

or8&izing ard adnidsr.ring

$c aflaiu of
of

Althou8h historical evideDe is nage but wh,l!v.r is pG$N.d

rhe officiat

oGpotrde@ of rh. Piou C.jiplE is e.toq@r l6ti@.y of l[e

'2 Th o!6n /.xv t 77

f..! $d ho!.s1,

o g o o o o p
E

Ei &I

"

u IJ o o o Dnffi Efr n6@fr OGtOnfl nnonf, n666trnES[UOhrKr 6d

Fet
KEnm

'

t-Hdi., Cr!n5: 5.hots p.l.,Uio

wkq

1939. p627

ooffinoffiso6cffi

nnodffion eoooffioGI !! o 6 g M raled mong lh. cardindl f.lhres of th sral ||l o ElIrmbcr.d of thGir duty ro God and (l)c pople, o o tlishoBt m pronpdy rprimandcd puished. o a
and

Sr./ q{..tr.'.t.y

9.6*0.o

Ume I, urdd rLom tb. ciry-drL of M.di@! foud.d by rh. Holy pDpt r

bte.. v.'l upie,

wly Isldic

ccated v..y etrediv.

dd emciot mehiFry

of

gov.tm.d in

EI

til

history, The org6i?ri@ of adoini$r.rio!

sinptc, btt he s.t very

&l

FI

hish sthic.l srndards for public

*Fdrs ofth.

srde.

rf;

omr
17.

foud suilry, of

Eonl t!+iMe

w gib u qdltary

phisblMr In

AH UDu I disnned

Kh2lid bin Walid a lDpErfrt lbljricat

bnb.ry, In his

disissl onls,

figu ed a downcd sa.rrl, on cb{ge of he @$ rhal @ftupnoo in ey fod B a mled

govhor ot rjFPl, 0E Cjtiph hadc
he hld

t,Imy.':r

In

&olh..ld.r

to U!D@bin-Ar, rh.

senous inqunies about

0F ways

ed

n.8

by

siicb

@Mulared qedrh

od

proFrty *hich

hG

did nor poiBs hefoE Ns lppoidncntre

t, &

ofliciat circute

addrcscd to th govcmo$ he @mplerly forbadc the

4epi!r@ of gjns.

Hlzd Ati, rhc ltrl

Isldic

of tlE piou Aniph

ts

|.n

ibFisb.btc i6F.r ws kroM

o i!.

thousht. Anong lhe compdion ofthe Hoty ?rcph.t he

fo. @urage,

foesight &d Furtc@. Hc nncd duing

oft

of ihe 6osl slomy pdiods of

sly Isthic

hjeory, b!1 the nonl cliDate of hir !.rhinilrltion E@i!.d ubloi3hcd. Even in O.

nidsl of grcwina Fliticit

Edcsn6 il lh.

kjrgdon, h. mainrain d vdy bigl c(hjcal

Lfl a.tuL $v* 1e66.}te. bh ., HiEr umr) 1'5e e8r ^-lul,Y. ir@ 'PocreEry[l!{lais!4ldqddlodt6r *,ilJ3d!!"LH,$r"'
^
r

'{ on$

F6frr lb! ramfra M p6tE Mo ptu b

.shJ q{"&'...y

EOnooooomoga8o s g 5 sianda.d.. A letrd qiuen by th C.liph lo rh. govemor ofE&pt ha bo 6nsid.Ed n a

by

e.^.r... ffa|oflon6000ffionu

o o o o rt

s o
d a n E g o s o o
tll

hisroritu rle hishcst

wi.@sk oflhiet idajs

of rslm in public life. He sysj

il 6
EI

'Thd

con

ollcs

of you 9l!re. you must supcryie lrci| wort. TLey musr b

alpoinl.d .n4r

a @nn sliny of rh.n sFbititics ed ch&cieE. ,It*

ey
kind of favontm
and Di$ul

o o a
|n

appoili,ndt5 nurt b. m.de ongirdly on poblri@ wilhour

beilg shoM or

!'

6
iT

illlume

bing

aepld,

Oiltuis, g1my, 6dprioi,

otr ss, Lt

wil Eig! in ]ou srr!.,

homrable

\4,bitc etccting yow

ro

sLd *pdioq. ed
rstm dEine ir.

pM6,

mbqs of Espelbl

fmili6 *ho

had seNcd

.rdy d.'s,
Sreety

b.e

rhcre

usurlty of @bt. chdcre6.Dd good EpuG. Iney

not

&d c@ot bc.aily @mpr.d, Iley mostly b.vc bcfor rheb utim.lre Esult of

dEn thoughts
temptd io
sratc which

ed tlt ir deds. fcp 6on als s[

paid,

s itx

dEy

my mr b.

lowr th.ir sllrdsds of ndality aid my noi nispr,rcpriare 0F cdh of 0E

rh.y hold in rheir rtusq ald e@ if ane, being paid hddlomly dey prev

dishonest, then you will b righi io puish

noDest

ttrm-you My ds appoi,l tru.t&nhy th.e

arxl

nd b wtch ow

0E

erivitG

of

offi6.

Thc

rtuvt.dgc $d ih.y @

beinS Mlcbed

scFtly will kep fien tod dishonery Eisnjl. n.lp@lice ed

9@nizing

tb

$bjer' Ftoter you sov.l1mfi Am dilron.{ o6$."r?t

Onm-ibn-Heef
drc

In m o1hq lctr.r addesd ro

govmi

of

Bd., Hurat

Ali cond@ed iho*

offi6

stro

had

th. h.bit of a&ndhg Frdcs an"oge<t i,

@nccmd

fi.t

honor by thc inlerst d fFsom. Thc

officr

ws Fprindded s folows;

,]l{yl!:q: ale or Pnnl6,',"1-dnd eyi,Es or Her.ra,,..rE6ded by M. a J.flr.y, *g Kachr Asw 253

D

Strf R{rtorarr

n60nt[

3.-.teo moomoo0ognf,o osl u g

Be
inviled you lo

"lbn<-tlacf I h!v. ed tou imcdhtely

thft, fndr v&i.rie

reeivcd ido@tion thd . peMn of

ac@pred

. ditur

o o
EI

de inviration. And very smptuoN bqts

kE seed
ofr@
away

E
E}
PJ

F
I!,

of

vi&d!

lft

ptr..d bcfoc

'ouJ oev.r rTatld ilEt you would eept th inviraljon of p.eB

&d rich popl. od frDn who$
door p@plc

u eiy ro h.u rhe ncrt

who invjt! big

o
tu
EI r.t

ud

tunAry p!uD6

Md

a n n s g 5 g

g 6 g g o o g e

'nE odespondoe i! Ellte wirh iNtar.6, whch cldly indicai. thar tE

PioB C.liphs @aidcred @@prion t[c bjegd disg@ of

hum

cha@ra &d r@k

n t) u It o
l'.r

spcial paitu

lo exdi@ ary fom of ir wilh nqimu

golh@ni
morcy is a vcry

lhomuSles.

tt

MiepFopriation of

public o6cigb, In a sLr.|@r

6mo! ed uivdsd wc.t&$ of tbzd Ati $id, *8. it kroh lo you rhrl $e petutr
seh houts md
hs

Itr

wbo nisapFopriales rlE pooF lte tun4 who fiUs his s1otuh wirh

qho a@ his eligioD

ed

injB

6@i.@ *il[

su.b d..ds wix bc

puilhld od
G rh.

dhgred in this vortd s wll s tlE

of

m( Ti. h61 fo@ of dishoneeiy

bl@h
is the

E!*

of rhe public i4ds &d th tlesliqbl.

*mple of mat{dmhisranon

Ihe

(Rula) sltodd rolaatc su.h fom ofdiih@6ry.'a

In shon thc poliical

ed ldniniststivc sysleo oflhc piou Crliphai.lajd doM

v.ry elid fould.rios ofrbc.ihic5l id.as ehch @uld bc us.d a

thc coDraign against

losrfut Blapou ir
!o

o o o 6 o o o 6 o o tlJ a o d

c c c E

@dprjoo, On oe a@ion

hc

ei4 .By cod! I pFfs

!s
ri'

my

nighr

ow th.

sharp

rhoN of the Sadd re nrh{ rhd ro mei cod dd

or

0!e Holv

''

l|rqur Baragr: 'The @'rd bnoG MFiar.n

Hd,,

Alr O

EnsEbd by D,

M At,

Srl Q{lrzrv ffigof,f,6e60nnd5

Pmphr on thc Day of

3n*o-

EO60nOUoou tEo GrelTI

a a qtulwno hs pasuo ey Fetr
howcr
politiB ard admidstrarion fliled

JudSdefi

usurFr wno hN laker rh. goods md propmy of orho."rr0

o o p g g o
!i.I

In th. l.tter hinory of Islanr

FI

manained the moral ideals sei by 0E dly Caliphs

dd njtes

in

vriou

pans of lne

fi i}
p
ig
ti.'

;!i

Mclin yorld

&ind loMds

ibpuitiE

and

iDFrf@dos snich Foduc.d cvits tite

is, no ddubi, $m

ig

bribery, g6fi, nepotish and paFonag_

nr.F

oles
of rhe

who in their

tg

6ndet
but rhey

&!d philoelhy rried (o coutar th. spirir

ofde

6ly F4

n*

of Istarq
Ihe

w@ rd ad their pe.iod oI rule costildcd only a small puctuation in

s &t
.tal

bns nory of th. de dd fall of KingdoB ad dyD,slic wh@ foundldoG

by

wE

.rodert

comption. Th

mviFMots
had

ch&ged. cNroru
the

od

v.l@s .he8.d blr 0E jdeds of

th tif

Fobity dd honatry *tlich

the Holy PDphel md

ben er by

eu@ dd \N@ highlieried i! piou Cdiphs

of

p@rietl

on a ldge by ihe

|!mii.d wldSed.
roor it our

Comlbn

in e9s4c is a

nohl .iln@r, $dfoF it wod.t b. pnr(idt to

n a I'l s o
0
EI

{ll

u g a q

l,lrough moEl

mdis, dd in hhd civitjalion, li@ is ,o oihd Bwon of

In Etigiou ideology, comption

noBlity

$ a rligious. no

ed

exploiration
and

always

|!l

rcpebald &d

@ h.rk@.d lowrds.Btdiry &d pujry,

evcn legal

thos BtD .tiebey

de subjeld to

wid dd in em. ces

saciioc.

pakislln is suFerirs

ftom dmoralized

t!.

of @dlplion; n j5 @

mirilg

for rh. prenisd day

*no ii

6 s g a bt rI
EI

would aulon.tically pbac out. Th. leadB of patisr.h nusr

rlk ftI

support from

c
tll

a It
E:

s o
ll l,,Y;,,i'Jl*".

""*

,,u,

"

,,.

e g
EO{56IU60
lll

.she q{dr'.t.y

2.-*o,"
thd b

EN8o$noeHegedcretcr
liSioN nd 006l philoeplE6 .v.ilaue lo
layiag rhc etbicd

&!rdati@ ofa

eci.ly, whi.h du.lo

sirl

dd

@,dic

chrng* is in a srlE of fm ador,

cs0nf, 6GHfl fr 0a60nuffi Hofi noldmoo

.9e/ Q{aorery

o 6 g tr n 6 g g g g 6 d o H o 6 !a 6 E o E 5
E g

Itrs.irufiotr.l Me'tr.
Com-pilo 6
bad for

Forcontrot

e.-*@ NTEE!5E6WEI 5 n c o

E !!t

inluse E peddlilg tubezzl@ot ed oihe abws of po*r fo! DEenal or @w grow gain, fr
d\elopftnr. teaving sid. lhc horalit) of brib ratue.
comprion impedes invcaldEd dd

gruh &d *rc.rbG poqy

tud

&quatiry.
r{h
lhe

F:

;!l

Hlllm
dd

beines

@ pore io

slt*kins

b.havior vhsl coBrninLl idividual

.nds

behavior $
6E

I nofu {d iinihnioR ComFion cs rcvd b. cohpl.r.ly or FnMdtly elihi.ared. E itr IrE qEeior b. how @ ir b @ntrDlld? How @ ouEy Eov. fron s sinDriotr *,1,@ E g @mpud my b. rbe lxm io a snudotr *Ift oEuplio ts hoEry ilbr@bL ,$ H
hehrvio.ry

makes n

Ntrrod wilh teg.r.oll(DE

mlud6 rr. tr$s thlr

or

re.

s g

g g e o o o o o c o 6 n EI o o o o o o o
,d

io in@t6. mr moral lppsb, 06@ hold.rs ktt Dl lbsriD tlh coErsrio Els it D lmee appers in rh.u ilE:rdt n bdsK @frFly. To onElt @mrpror rb. qF-Ed
be

Ei&bic @r[Fion c@|oi

@nrllqd wiih

md

cnN.d6, p6Dte Esrotr l

E E e g E fr o g

th e\Tc'.d @gs of nergine r mption.siich 4 low or h in e adatuely orn4l rE qiery.frd b..baMicdty itrcrsc<t. public oflici.ts hr FMrv. a $DMbd nsk m 6 lhd rfthey engase in ompr conducr: rhcy wjtl toe lh.ir om6. forfen beal) equircd E 0 qealul dd wn so lhe prhon. Kl n. g Inplmen|ms s(h saioB leaiM comprion EquiFs e iNinn,onrt Fee*o,t ro
breftosr
rario for

&

indiyidual

offie holdd of obcying

trE ra*

N$

be

hisha th&

p.i

conftl compxon Bd erdmic comp{on

with
a

is

sysrcm

dijee fia c&

6 6 6
e

s,5.hic cm. s ensl ineiturjo.

*h s e qu@mptbn

cMlroled E @mision. wi! d E

onry be

t'l

E g
afleffixaoercE!

St./ q{"b.'r..y
do. Er*riw
owd.Dpilg
a!.1 dE&lc

e.-*G.
ard

@n$i@ @tol ilqrnE Edtiplc, ido.ling,

@npd@ i5

iilrilliB

of

scor&!.litit Ald sns!

di.6iq te
61

irritdi@

n@d !o be of

difl!@t ldnd*

Th. pitury ia{inlriffi of r@ur.bili9

thc t

q dj@dFion h.dic{

mbutns! otre, .drdlisdiE

cotrr3,

Fflic adir3, civil tih<ri.s h!!.4

edO

E
E

E
TIF l.w nLlr Flbibil

dl 6tu of hribdy, i.Eori!!

lcgiCdioo

&.1

oisr

of pbtic fr!&.

C@prdtuiElnlicomdi@
Eftcdrc corwtioE
civil

ii

Bsry

h|l

in5fici.d

dtol

Eqlitls Od bigb-Lvd .tcd.d ofEciaj!, potitic.t qpoinEcs.

ser!,

biliiiry offi6s i|d Dolh. otrc..s dct ! tb.t .s.r3 lpon |.tils ofre
ald *l@vc.

ard cvay

yd t .qnd,

rs|s cbns.

lhtllgh . mjd slc d n

0E dtico@dion

d |li$.dioE.
To

hr rs 'tlR .L.hndoa rlbuld bc flcd Fuicty *it!

in

9@ rigri6@! dc6rd

@uisioi.

c|re

dE owdrppir,s

alw of

v.tic.l

@ofde i! lb F6--{rd &citiuL gobllbiliry-dcs. d.dqnis Dur b. sid.ty

pblic

.EiLbl., idt llytlDush F|uicdiod i! ri*!p6Fa

r|lliompfro! Eodra
TIF

sood iBdnnio

of

coEtlulity

b r body cbrgcd witr

sdrizilg t*

@rd[d or

plbli. otrci.L ud .ssing th.n ns.t d.ebndc. thi! body Dun b. cls.g.d ml ool,
with

@ivbs hI

rlso mnitorin8

rld wi&iig
of

0E

Blc dal.i.rio6

of 0E Feridclq

Fitu Fioir..,
lcgislalors,

DiDi3l6!,

6db.6
d

Frlida!
pablic

3tdc

d Fovilci.l gotqDrq !r!r.

TbG

an odE cLct

dd lFoincd

otrci.b,

c/66i<iod eud .tso

6ooffi60dooodf,noo
E E e E q

.9,r

Q{.rr.'ary

e.-*oE
@
a

66UOOOOnOOOObpOct
E

s e s

tbare th. r1a1l

b invdrigar

mu[y,

@rbn

hasis,

se

sigliftur ponid

of

rh*

c g
n
i!;
IlJ HI ni:

i!;

Net dcl@iiom ard,

on a stsreDanc b&sis, ihe dctararioN of L\c oui.y,s highcsl

o g o s 6 6 o c o o o

Sa|rint mln
qdiblc, Thii
ways, tbal

be

obpr.htuivc ifir
a lor of

is lo

b. effotiE !n<l

ifth. rhrel ofddarion

is !o in

b.

equi6

Eews: @ours

invenigaloB, and
ba.ke<t up by

ta*y6 rlilcd

$.

ili

u
EI s e

rerllh is 6oved @mulaled ed hidde!.

addiljoq

t+

@nplna speioti$s
ro poy

ril

ed otEr sutton e.fr. I!

mugh
to d.rer

&tiompijon

{--kqi@

n4dr

it

sarl

redptaton od 6rsStish e.spdt d.

is nol enolgh.

o4s.

scruliny,

hower,

IfcEdible e!id.n@ of mngdoinS cmrg6, th@ nust

lhe slspsLd otrader and

be dE insitutioial

n@s lo Ey

inpoe pbishnai

on lhe

glry.

Tne mod

ct)mor ad dilptiog

0aw in rlE srst @s th,l @n ot @rtpdoo is

i@bilily !o

qlfoe

thjs tu&rior Aee

tun inrfefte

by rhe high61 lercls of idcpode,ty plceuic

omci.t,
rhc
th

9i
at
EI

g g p l* E o s g

Sovejlmnt. 'nE dn@mprion @Imisiou slDutd

b abtc ro

o6ci.! $ho bave violdcd clhie la$. Crirjq roy arsu

oulsid. rb. @mal judicial
powr !o

rhar tryirg pubtic

p@6 u.demiEs

rhc

lrlrc of law. Ald in. dmoc@y

shoutd bc

q |ll 5 E! p 5
H lll

ddy sE@ft,s ft.edom $reugh imprisolllMt

dc@iFd only by

jldjciary. Bul it E 16 5.M ro e@}l. m dridipiion i!$itution lo iryo* civil

Fraines,

iftldibg forfdine of ofi@ sld

G able to do

lsers___{trowh

dE ptlEs

m if rh.

judhial lysren

lhb 6

wL
haw i.siotcd

EDprcriry

the

Oobu.|lro

Th. erdinicard
Eview

eiai6

otr6

of odnini$lrirc

ditj6 $t!o
c&

ad, ifned &i*s, fiticize adninisrdrive edon.

Mosl obviouly, pakisla

u o o g o |li o g E o E p 6
E

nonffi oo006ffi 6000ugGEaooiioq

$
I

HKtrE
r* m. ,r* ***
ida. Hie@hj.
or

Str/

Q{erDery

ffinenooeolele
,*sturr qFffir.d wi.n rhis E dotlM is c@iMr wid pffiaLins I
H

@u'ia

which n.vc

*'is

wi6 in rhe adniniedive

*o* "ntic ot publc atuini${io 6 lEly o)ffh hims.lf with vs} ** ,*,. H. dy rcr h. p.mirEd ro qiticiz th. dao'nna rr $ '* " S **."a-"* - *t,cn |!e &rioo s6 bs*. rh. rb of bo6 @rd od previftial ombubm6. $! ,o".*t om.i"l" *, b bswh withjr th. eh of rh. ombu&m6. Ei eovel:rl@t omcials my *. eni@s ot $ *en t qric should b Dade auilabl. to suppod rhc E oE@nclsion u[r oDplsi s should b. g.n@Bly @i!d. rhe ex&trEl ditic should Dor I S * -.p.u"a ro .r on *{y @mplaid didEd to bn He sbd!4 hor*r, hlw o",". *, t** *v's dr oEpr.ir sr.r ifhisM lrour adEjlisrlri* $ ,or* t*' *"" **a u, o,os m"*. !o ab6@ $

$ ""*ur'r,.-^. *

E
H

E B it & B
E

E
fr!

ff

Powr

o'ced

in

r[.

ofr

@mptaid

B**o* * $
$
$

r.r * *""*

ur

u.

exlmal cnric chi.fly io inquE

inb problm ors.rqrl

publrc

H E

6""** $r-inirjlcd il*tienions and pe*D,r irspcrio*, rhe E o.o** .o * *uiFd ro wiry 016 ard Esur.ii6 preDug..d by $c
"ri"* ",tlo,i*.
't'c He my be @poBqld lo .xMim off:oal 6Ls. dd sl|l'Wn

F'sB

E E E

dnidsndw H E! :t"** * -"- ** bDdly di$'.ri@ry rh., m' b.. H slEid ronic'lsly Ei E
rrFy 6ne
ro l@t sirioly !r
ox

fr $

fif ",.-,",..n-**wu@anod.xdd'c*sio*. fr *" o'o*** tuy @Edq m . challsged

be allovrd ro

only q'tErhe'

"4.,"1'*,i*

*u""

**'.

",Uee.r.

bu! als whcdd ir is ujud. opplxne. o'jue

plain

clN b d uvnarq

fi

Mo*'"'*#

.9"r <!{r*ety

g.^.to.. n5ffiSmEbonnno o6:

i5i

c tE

xdinc deckions ihat @ eiihe uljlMdbh or orhflis cl@ly in @nflict with fair

a d 6!
F g
llj

E g

e o 5

adninbtativ. pBdi@.
$4ai har

He

@t

$8h

his

he& ofla
my

DrrGr

a gD

N he

disv6

thal

ber

done is in

a@rdl@ viih

law: hc

be

EqliFd

10 go

tuda

&d salbt

E q

hjnelflhlr

dE hw itsc[is 6ir

.djNa

s g
IT

o c o 6 n EI e 6 E g
E e g g c g g

Th. exlcdal dids vqtvtd ess61

dj[nlmt'

lo

ovfu

but&q{ic

til
|!j
ta!

|l

.igidily, 'Il'n cm be do& i! Pab$ar. Irr Ombudem my

be

e@@g.d io

Lk a

g
ItJ

inldl in lbe hul]d cotrequenes

shotdd hlvc

ofe
the

adniniltEtiv .leci,sior The Onbud!@

give

t',l

clos @rdination wilh

ofrcial

p6s to

hq

publicily to filrdings thai

b

It

t'J

rflct
of

on

a ujln

a.t

fts
m

[e c.r isohrc poinl orl

ltrdtioN;

sugeEst

bend

M]s

@ning.gc.t

ndti and h.

{pplicdi@ of FeuoEly *apnd

ln hb
dbposition of

Ell krcM sy

On Lihdry', John Srlan Mjll had pointed @r thar thc

g o 16 g a d 6
B D E

hd*in4 rtEIhq d ru16

o! E f.llow citizns, io
i5 so

iD!@

$ o 0 o o s o E} o o

then opinions

s fat
fii

ard incliElioos
bcsr,

a a nn of@duct o! othds,
io

h.gelically supported by eoDe

lhal it is b&dly
b'.n

ofth.

ed em. of*orsl felines inodai

by

hum n!nF,
poE

ds

tc.pt u,!dq
a

$inini

sllhirg

b[1

wnlofpoE
w14

Ard
be

ir @r d.cliritrg;

goqirg u"lds
mun
is

a a o o o

I o
o o o o o n E

siongd b.nia ofnoBl @viciid @

lh

ai!.d.gri.n

tt

mj$hi.i w
of

qFcr, in

pc$ cirulsd.e
whedE

of th.

io

s n in.!!e.
is

ftjs,
'@y
th

olG,
aert

b,ppdinS

it

n6t couti.s

like it or nol.

ltE fa.r
Hc

tblt

in

@utrid th. citian f13

bis
and

hinslf opprs$d

by $

bul!4@y.

f..h @mFlLd

to

i8hr.

nte

prcbld is d.!F ino a ffi sur6a.oBid.Elid of

poffi

frnctios of

adninbnaiirc althoriti6. Its elnii@ li6 parfy in ih. off@

ofodhdsn

Slr/ Q{erD&y oofficEt6c0onD65q

3.-A4. ffiEf,mof,ooBffiog

w
The shottcomings of th

plffit

sys.m

i! el.li6

to airniniqt tirc

jlsrie

wid.ly knoh 6d

FogliEd FfihmoE,

th. cidzn $ho

*k EdB by otur n4

o
E
H

B fr adm'sfa1ion. Ibe datleF oI policy @ .6ily b placed o$sid. thc onbudsml fr PI juisdidiolL beas, for thN @t16, lhe govemqt nust be elcly Gporuible io S rarlideii Neltnlcl6 dificdtjuisdicdon daisi@ do iob ribe 10 tirc have !o be E &de r rh ombudlrus othe. TbG retu ofth. od ou:str4soEMy8lv.Mm8 O audmrityto exai@ rhc dechios of nini51ds. E given discFlion io rne 10 ntert in a @nplainr ifh The onbudsd My h I @Bide6 it to b. &ivolos, ldati6 dd ml nad. in good 6itL IE sm. atDli6 itihe E @bplaintdl la hlrt ltu*ld8e of rbe Eatcrof his mdairr for ll@ lhat a 16 bfoE E o the orDrdnl is pEent d. E q *Enblic sysr.m envisee, dul 0E cmplainr md b in qiring ad E accodpdied b) a sjven fe. fhe pmftdd for inestgarron my * o inrornar s $ a posible. lnde4 a @'sdr suo$ dould b. m!d. i! pzdid b pnvar th. d*.lopiq E or bld dd fasr tu16 ot FEd@ rh @in objal b.i.g Sar lhr @dddd sho'id be E invc$i8ard acordins ro i$ ndils &d irs slbdde. conr&ls wnh sovmql fr deDdlrents and diooonos bodi6 Doy delibosely b.lcpr on e infodal b5is wilh B

a oew s@h for ombudsma beins 6id on, h all juisdicti@ in Pskislar mng ihe leC pbfesior ad lbc administ6to6, i! rtE ujvdirics md arromnou d.Frtn rrc. Th. mh purpoe of lbe ofre of ohbudsM is to iNqrigd. &y deision or No'lrendalion mad. or dy a.t do@ or omin {t rplai4 r a una of public
h6littte p$pd ofhlving

adminiin$v. decisior cbnged. OE finds, rh@foft.

fl
H

Sue Q{,,tr'.&y

e.-*.*
of ihe

ih. objet ot aidng

Eddning

ar

ttr lrdn

Mtte &d

or

tE

we

dme, of

suirg ad
dying th.

ih. @ddot ..oFrElior of

my
give tul

d.p.rrIndral official

in tu

g
The onbulsma
be

loqs

to

slllmn

and

.'Mift Fmng o!
fl6
ard

EI

t5t

oath

if

n@sery,
s

dd

a compLte dght of

&B
!o

of depafinotal 60r& md lo

rt t.l

rn

o.gdi2dion

ptcmis
dght of

Tle d.!&ti@ts slDuld b. qlne witling io pr!d@ lben

pdFu, Tle
depsrnnenl

iBp.did

sndnd

qrat
minutc!

.wry Fl.@r pr@ of

pq!r rh.

h6, ircluding the "lnten

!d tut6. fte rule N$dizinS th.

ofpublic

wi$lDlding ofd@umiis ofinfomalid

io

on ihc gDutrd

iri.t

should
rh3t

mt @ply

ey iN.digolid

by the mbudstrEA

Dd6

ihc

atofty eEool @nifi6

TrE

diselosr

nishr involve the dclib.dtios of lh

qbi!.t

obbulsa @y hin*lf lit b

my

o o o a o n n &t n o o

6i

minlrin w@y u sFcial

Th

Ns,
rhe

onbdls]@ is mt dpeld io @dn loo alof fDn

ninisL6.

have tbe dght lo

c@!tt a Min$er
by

at

&y tibe,

.d
ha
a

mud do

in &y

cG vi@

o
by

adminjstrdliw a minisier minjsler

&t! evi.*!d

ilr onbudrM

b@ing o! lhc dir*lioN

gi6

b $.

admidirative official.

Ih. ombudM @y FquiEd to snd to thc

@mqldari@
he

o)I]mcd !
or

@py of my Epott or

my

tul.

sil1 Gfe@@

b a dcpdflnfl

dtomtru bodt

Th. onbulll@ my

de

dFwild cs

to

di*

th t

m !d

cordiiiN of

eri@ ofapnblic dploy.e. H.

on

shodd rct only pwnr

dlption

fron i*ine ils hold

th. adrninisftlior but sbodd als

of

rhar

ofm,l{dminj$ration, ift6ciercy

dd

nistllmat

pee@l @

rdeqnrtely FiiL6cd

on00rHdogg0000dnmdnnn!ffi effi oElooSK[oo

Sut,l

nb*att

e.^tdo

ofrcs @med. TlF

should

b. a g.!ml ngli of qinini<rdrc in9edion

s 6
He

I]u
It

rt Ei o

tuy

be

mphsiz.d lhn iL oobudgm qodd ml

hio*rqce
ro ihc

or cb.n8e

adsininndve .le.ision,
@mpl&ircd lgaiNt, h.

If

his
go

@medlrion is
rhe

dol {cepLd by lh

drhdit

e'nd

l\ibc

Mininer

ed rho *tich

peliu@r

my b..mpow.d

!o gjve tull pubticity to hi. a.rion,

q b irer w. s a
Epon

The onbu{kns
adminbtrtive

6EIy ts tti$Eli6 io girc d advm

io hih

if dr
sd

dsilid.ppaF

b b. @ntary

10

le, bjuq w!9 Elt@Ebl,

bsic equty

opFsirc, d ibprbFrly djsrimielor. Hi! abitit b .,cni& rb.

ju$im of
the

liws

&d.@t!ot\

lhould bc

Mll r.ogniz.d. Ihe ohbudllM cmot

rhe

alrsvtr. @mplaint widsll sali5fring hi@ltthll

hlve 0E poM Fovi.Ld th.!

laq
ro

istf is 6n&d jus! H. slDutd

lh. leeblanft, Il my ale
be

L @tuMd q.ndheds ii lsm

di$!di6 ir

*lE & ldbid$lriw

*herhr
on
Lhe

b.iDg

in

srigd.4 0F

mhds@

ruy

coNider

discFion hE

b6 q@isd for e
in

impDFr plrp6e, on
shodd

iElcver go'lds
have

if,ElMi @sidaaiio6, d *tFtlF

ey cse t!@B

b.d gim

for th. decision,

Hlvine @plcred bjs irrcsrigdim ed hlving IoB.d

opinid th. @budllM

lhar rle

my @ormnd $aI th. @tt4 b. Ff@.d

for

frlitd @didddior

mr

be

.shl <ll"b-.t.r

e.^*o.o

edincd, thlr

the decision be be

BeBd

or

cdel.4

thai my

petie l!kd.

on which th. dcision

bad tuy

@uid.e4

or $a1

ey othd

st ps be

Ee

my ihd
a

,tPorr his

g
llj

s g
e

opinion

&.odii8ly ed

requ$ th.

dldoai @D.m.d
io

to noti& to hi5

hio eiihi!

A.cificd

t s

dmc oftlE

{cF, if&X tbt n FopG6lo trt!

giw etrat

opiniol

If m

rtion is

c q
tg

n,

th4
to

hd my
the

repoir io 6e Prio. Minidd

dd

thn !o

tE

prdi@t

Hc

my

bc

e o c! o 6 o
EI

quid

infom

orFlaiMr of6. Bult

b

of hie iNsliSati@.

Th. odbuls|m my

EquiEd io

mlk

mud

Fport

10

llF prlimmi
10

oo

0E

cxwie

of hb nDdioro. ge roy have auibdty to

mlc

pdiodic st tondts
is

ihe

p6.

o o G} a 6I n t:t
o o o E o g
H
ffi

tl

o E
E
E

Gaftl b,l.,

publicitr for the

e
ard

of ib om@ of

ohbutlsM
its

Mtiat

and

etur

roy b.

E * o*u ..
E| $ $
6 $ $

by plblic

.ddB

o&s ,le$, to hing

or@ &d nmdoa cldly b.foE

,,

*,'*-****r.

$pmer. n.,r,",,ra *nri.i,rr b d ome orpslte -a "* whcb' pelimot pl* a

He

"*"* *t rh. o6e of mbudstu wutd b. d aid ad -. a hinde @

druld aplEidy b. o ome or peuomr.ry

Esrainins finsd upoo

eniDg

adhiri$d'on or
hjr

ais a whirg bhd io n. Th.

ind.peid.ne of
both

H
H

..0** *, **ri'"

o.

t.wed b

"l'd;,ai"i*.

the ou H e 6 to he lble !o build a tldni@ of sagrh ald inpturl E

p.rtl

cft

diltlitus

fi
E I

.ii.i*ot*uu.t-t*'do.ttreoFhrdandofrbercdeotp@pk3g'i.titB H wto d. cospluls N h*ly hsrd deply @Bl&td. rnd of th. odEr. It ts only E
sFd,lyEromcd ttd $e rtrnd Equrmentofftedom @uld
b

fr 6E

eoulrsrrrurn r

counrs

aEined.

H H

St,/ ql"t*.|.r

e.-.t.,o
p 6 o o o |5l

Tm djniet Fncrlls of tlE dforirg ldninif.tiv 8@e|,bility bM oag.d

in lh

wnm sieti* h dtinod Eurpen wiiix

eMpl, spci.l adninisiDtive coutu
Th stst m

wilh

ft!@ Fn F d.
a@utabh io

ouhtandioS

k@p the adminjstratid

lle public.

ir belcd @

Ib

tMinS

dtd pudic otrciob @ @i ordiey

ti EI
fiI tll
EI EI

citim ad Cpuld

hav. tDih

ac.ltioul FB6 dd sDei.l Gtrisio6 ni. Anglq

th

Am.ri@ prdctie h6 ben to hold public offcilb a@ut blc in dd

by rlE

me

ourrs of lsw

me rul4 a dE.lpliebL
with rhe
the

!o

priv c ciliz6.
publjc erd@_

Thc Frnch stsleb ElL.ts a

sdr.r @I|ch

.tr .1iv!lB ofth.

Ir FftM

slsten of sdministraiivc colns eithip ih

bu.M@y

is

Bi.d

wilh

speial rqoNibiuty fo. @loFirg

b@!!!lic a@uraliliry

ro ihc p@ple

dd

to rhc

bw

6 deled

by ihe legislatuE,

Tt r$lt

be b6n th.l a<tnjrienirc tlw is id..tfi.d

*ith

o o o E o EI g g o

ffi tq

Adrninistniv

ou.$ d.d
of

wirh litigdioa disinS

h.r@
*ing

dF

citih !d

plblic

al'boiri6 one@@i

rdninisnrire

&ti@.tr-tle aciria's iighr rE

abe
by

tuElion

pot ct of th. citizn agaird

obs6d

th administiriw

rha public bodi.s have

$.

law ,nd

po..d@

ale tb. adminigatirc

ir FiaipL,

propriery

rropdly. 'nE

civmncnt

of

P.Iis& ha .lt6dy

&ql!4

rt d

fq tlF.s.ll'shtuni

It would be advieu. io
pan

inilitte mbudllM mt d e ilol.ted ilsituti@

brn

of$c oE-aJ pogtu ofdE irtrodEtioi ofldninisradE he in P.Li!b. Und*

tE &l,ninhtltion
is

administativc law,
a

alo*rd ! smth

snd

nE fow of adiviti.s with

arbiiE

gl|'@i*

to lLe

citid

ag.i.st

d indit

&d biS!

bqddis o

of

sE|ondndffi6ffi o

.9r/

<ll.drr.r.y

E\a4
H $ $ $
eowd

n.diE

@nc!F of
Judiciat

r.tMiMiv

law
's

be&d M dle

epdion

of

tFrudci.ry

t"t**,

,t.

**,ri*. *'*

fimi6 G disind dd should.lw's Fnfu $parad

rn

m. ,a,linjs*liw fuEdos.
ror rh.
10

F|iE. .dninj$adw

ourts hsvc @oniox.d a

ldy

v6
.iI

g
E:
FJ

I.I

ofo|aDd
nulale.
ttibunr&
rbe

of adsinisdire law. Ir provids

val@bt.

E S fr B

erFdcia fd rakistsi

*** p.i'* ati*

n" "4"**"v.

my b.

eslllusbd

d 6uls

!o Eelvc disui.!

.s &i -o
"g lrt p

rn

&d

pudic hrvc

!doi!i*.ri6
hd !
hav

Sraie

offcials

my

be su.d

dxl _

rquca r. p.y a*rg.! ir hcy

ddisiob. tlE admirtralive

Fiwr

otr!

by a hutry

adrusrnur

.e
-ffi

E $ fr

courts

my

oieinaljuisdictioo

ajude in

omon trt$

FI

r"* i" ar di$lld

sisins

o', of sdDiiisinriv. a.{@ Ih.

@!r1s

o
E E fi $

:.*"u-.-t**'Ac,rsof

o :E o Aaiirt foGistrs or iitanrtional adhritj3, FiBle FeB not dftising public o s ddDdty, elioi of leSblatir! NDbli6 ed @s tEt @ suljudie in jdicial @un. g o n .a.. *"* -* wilt d sbsi . $.ir &dsioN fd $oq of th. !dbi.ismi@. o
l}e$!r..' nEjEbdicrid@y.t$h.h6in<titrcc
a

my tur hlE '6

o
E g I $

ltt ,t t*y *y * .npoked b do wutd b. !o detaE s .sd ard 6id

adnini$aire d@isioi ch.llcnged in the adninisbrlive coud. lt rculd adDiiistltioi
io h
10

ttu

bn to lre

iat eoH

&.bion

in lhe

rur.r d

to

ordr

'o l''l ,n H
.g ,0
n &t o q 6
I!

llte lcrion

t'ins n in

dnfomity *ib law. nE judse.rs of rdtunkrevc @Eis my b. ..fo'rd li! My

o
E E S

.*- **
The

t *;ttci.l

/g : couts. An rrion for cffipr tuy b. nld asainn rhN ,G o

i!
Focccdings against dE
ar

who do not @nply with ii.

adlbl$rarw 6uts wil mt n& $. inid,riE

.a. r*,i"',i

*"ra

"

b. in

ddrpow

ro

inaniga&

cls

rlrir{)Mdi$..rior

'E .o

&"r"a"""*nffi Effi

"nudoonoonn*psfl

H060 ann

Str/ Q{r'-rv
6
E g $ fr e
$ I $ E I E $ $

e.-.h.@

Tn ombudm win b!rc

s@h

dsaetioo. Th. ldninistrative @ut will

be enritld io

try

ih. cag blouch b.foE tbd by rh.

citi6 r

public

lder'

Ary admirisralvc

*,;* *o*", ,o ..uo my h. ih. lo*rid omcilL or a .*nry ,o rh. Eo*d *, o. *,"4 *,* * couns. Ihe p.rnior witl be Equd b Plllar th. mplur
within

o
|.t ril
F:
EI E}

w*

tudhs aoe the srinaM

posiblc snd. hw'"s

sisr.@

ms. PFceediiss @uld bc s infomdl 5 v@ld mr bc mrds) in trEy cas. Nor only will
i!'aiigali6:
rh.r

lg iit

* **

-* ** s6siw powof
or juidical

willde

Fovidc rh.

sH'ld 8rl,l"l1B
out
ad *codlr

p@dw.

The iuidical pmed@ will

d

sr

lhc

omdtunm b suid.s:he@ di$N ercry d@Mor$bdn

hc is

rs

$e adminis@\e

o o fal 6 |n o
E

t. &.id.d tggE td rh. cdtt's d.irior t***ar*6daleofaitlintu!{iv.poK*ouldbctlFdieiAon

miU.d F tlow
be

E E $ o
E $ $ S E

or

mnelainr. Us.liry wuld

sm a sd. rc'p@ri6

by th. adninisrarve

@uri

rh. Nitotoi of ldbinisfrri\. @uni dvisge

rhooush

@nhl or d'{fuoMry

"a.rm* -"*
$'rcd
ro a

For

iNtoce ot*{v!Ic! of e@. s@d pdrcipls pdrriculaly

scb

o g o c o 6 0 &t o o
E

dem1tu

*i.iy

rlE prirciple or

dEal iurie mutd b. iieald

suld
bc rhc principl uEr

.Kn if'lEy

lm

nor

qpGslr slEd

by

hq

OrF ofrhes

m
no

I"n,e*-t

on ddiMdud libstie \ould b. oderd dceF by rhc law:

dd

ra-i^*"o* o*rr'*
invoht! ha bd .llo*d

or
1o

qid"-ercE euld b. bdebto b.f@ rh. pq$n

o
E

.LG.rl bb

@i

dxl

ttR

wd<t b. t@y otbd srh nn6.

Imllj.
"po"

0F costs wolld mcesw y in!al'd!r.

admiosr"riK d..kion ,f ir 6 beed

E g '3

irr.irr-.,r,aio

Eoa"""*a"oonaffi onfi cffi

E'onooomEEoo

Sl/ Q{rt'.r

e.r*o6

illeC aupcBid odd,

public

tc,

th. paiient who h6 sufrEd Eom, misalageMr in lh

r.!

ho+iLl, !o a citia qlb ha sutrd.d

e eid.dr d dlblge

fij@ ey pluic

corsfudis, .!c, L&ge sms my b.

vdio6 d&Ega sEtained.

paid our 10 Fovi.le adequarc c@lE@tion for rhe

o o lilt
F)

6i ril

6
o
appelaL cout io

tit

A Co@il of Srri. my b. @nsdnncd B

aeainn itE

dlqoi!

appsls

d*isios of thc adninistnriv. courts, Il my

h6re ongi.d

ed

fnal

jutdiclion i! eri.b aecif.d

h'r6s Cls

lgairr Mbers of t fcdftt

The

ki6

my b. c&tr d dirEr

10

rh.

Cowil of Sr.r!-

Cowil of Sid. slbdd haw 30

/ PriDe Minisr*, 'IrE

memhqs, len of whon should b nomin led by the PEsid.nt

!!@inilg

20

Dmbc ard.I l!.

judg6 of.dDinisrEriE @urt my b. etuir.d by

of

mtu

of

cmpdriye

.IeiErion dd ng@c rlbing drdding ovd a p.do<t

ts!

yeds adninisteed by a Scb@l of Adninjshiliotr proposed !o be establbhcd for this

wiN gFs of adninjstalive d@isim iNolvire rc6d @iddts, @Mlithior of holdinss, m i"-.s , ta{i Ltm and @ndiioN of wie of lDblic s|wts in rnrid su! s
Bolh thc

CMc

of Sb& &d the adninisr

iE 6uts hay

adjudi@i. oo

pensions. Ecruitnn!

prcnoiiou, lesfds, nedicl larc, d.p'naiioA dilciplitr,

olha

$!osior'.

ofiiciol,

Bidae, mual ilcmnts, tiv.ling .!d

alo9!tB,

0nnoogontrnffi offi ffi sun0$fi t!&[t

St"/ 9{ll.retry

3.-ao..

injuFd

citia

to obi.ir lhc

@ullMl

of

e
!o

&1 wilh a

mininm 6f

iMnhim

rld

a
!e

cxpoe givine a liltl. otrene s lbsible

E{irlitio4

lh. administltior.

nr

Coucil ofsiat , in

lg
i5

wil

play

ed imlqr&t ol. a

p.dlmnr .omision for lddini$rative

It exii.@ of tE
offcirl5 io

adniniit riv. lap

dd i6 dfo@mil
ed eiw

6mue!

thc

o o o o

Ad,niristrltiE Tribuasb aid the

@m

of St t bay inbibe a d.sirc in

ar

sownt
is

MiG

{DDughly

admini3t{ive dcisiotr

. corel imp.dial

debi@. Any dcbion tat6 orhNi* .!d chsll.ne.d b.foE

lik.ly
!o be

d adoirist{iE @n

Mul|d.

Th.

f6rofdlDs6 b.irs.Mdedr@y op<!& s r n!lh6

r*.i

parliculdly in th.

cx6is

of di$rtiouly powcrs. A5 a chek oo th. adniniltlltive

dhcrelion rnd leSatiiy of actioa lb

admiltratv.
adbinisllrion.

@urls

my

indiEctly cub

@l4ti@

ed rElPtelie

in th.

govmlal

Thc Audilor Gcocr.l towrrd! rore ctT.ciivetrN

'nr AGt

Ofiicc

ws cEted

by

$.

Conslitutio4 *hich

!qdB

audii

of

qpendfter ch6g.d
Eon dimisal

lda

Federdl fiDds. ConnirurioEl

pbvisioB PIot d th. AC

ir

rh.

sle wy a a judgc of th. Supme Cout. Bu! thc ind.peddd@

im
,icas. The

oiihe onlce is losdrd by

Exeuriv. appoinB n. lB bud8d ha sill

ro

b.

9,2 Q{,o-.tty
6*6

3.-{,''.
t6
th. ninistiy of

arpbvcd by

it

which

hin opdrionrlly d.lcnddt

itr

Fitlld
!ogc, EI

- c[ @uliloc of *togtt]bord cur

bdgd

by rb.

MinilEy of

Fil4..

C\|@l dcrclopoEl3 btE Fn lb. AO's Otre

whjch

.d adit

i3sB

d c6t

hw

bcn nosrly in
for

tbc

Fip[6y fd !E, y.{8,

of tN. A'idibr

FI
It 3lo'ild

ew l.gi5Llio

l[. Otre

G@d n b.in8 F!9.Gd.

EI o

h.E posilirc cfcB for

wilh s@ moio powB

tt

d@glh of lh. AG's ofrc!,

it to

puticda by p@idilg it

(.lldios

up by

n$lfary .3!., i! . ti@ly

'!

t!|ffi).
ha
slov,

HMrcr,

lhc

FogB

of lbc dhnio8

of

ri! Atdil &d

A@ut!

Act ha

.d I doe!'t
$F6tion
Th.

addB rh! i35B ofrhc i.d.p6dcE of$. otr, m!

s@utiog fr!f,riNrrr.

rt i!* of$.

of lh. auditinS drd of

i..nd.dior

Plrxa
(i!
rbc

A wodd

86r

fiDdcd Fljccr

@ur

or UsD 37.lrn)

d impffit3
tbc

in

fi@ial Epodig ed .!ditin8 eFRA)

is l.rSairg lbc

orqt d of

fij@irl

rcponing 3y3rdts, includi!8 th. intodudon of

..tNdi eoutilg

(cot! ..coutrtilg)

.yst th.

to bntrg iog.lba

!!

go@lio8 iDf@rio! i6 .ocb FoviM, 'nj! inprec

a!.1 .llow3 for

nargcfmt

of

AovMt !suB,

lrdn b b. cdnBld

on

.
i!

@F l*1,

UEoby inpoving

!@bnbility .id oaap.@cy. Iridiiv .le irclu&

crbluLrisi.e

!@ulilg

sFl@s (de hirs! iogett r ilol.I.d

.@

of

!@utiDg

orc Fol). 11* pojer

ds.i'r!

d 3rqgth6ils sov@.ot.!di

by

d4lopils U.

tu S.pr.d6 ol Adonrha $d tudid.rt Funcdd a hsq . mh F@ p b!BLtb.. lE tudhd G.q.t. oilc.. urrdr !F pF@@ d.iqt.to of cdptllL Gd.rc .nd aJdlb. G..1, h- hi.to.t llt d1ddlrl6. bo$ .rrdlt'|e d @ntino tuidior... Inb .'l 6@ b . nqo. .ndi.o.d|rt s-!||l . -@ .Lh ol hbE!.
ri.rn! tm

"' Ih. as

or

thr!

Sh/ q{,r-'...v
e
H $ $

e.r&@
,*o*. *o
u

-*'o
.aa**,

fo, onpftFbaed
o'"

audir 6mB IN I OSAI

"*a

ro*iph*
bas

"-,

,*

reuce!

n@sd'l
3lEMi4
rh. tine las in th. pErF!.rid

c c s q
p!
i!,'

t.o-r...no,n *"
A

n.rfotuhg oftbc Ac'! duti

E I $

roF

bEtlhDugh

Gu'Ed

in

ad $bdsioi

of .!dn E?orts io

Pldirmrl. Cum{y tim lrg

l*ls G ar 9 tu r$

a
Igi

fr E
t{

it .ierin*t inpmmd Aon rh. ppio6 l*ls of 2 to 6 y6. Th. "rU' " *d*uo" to,,ti, U*Ltuouch in shotuing th. me las !6dhg b rlE Aud:lor

lD E!

o*.t **,r, * "*

Co^io*
ct"..a
Gpon

's.

poriric.l wir of

rlr

publ'c thc

Atud co,*ft*.
Ndio.d AsDbly's Public Ac@wt5
ed by rh. Audito.

E $ fi

Th! lin].se of0F AG's

Otr wih

lreC;,

r *tigt.

-a t " sulpon of lh. PAC ro the aG is Ptw

n.wwr. pndicdly

rhb @llabo6rio! ie rcr |har asy.

Ih. Ao

e;

n 6 D o tt o o

E I $ fi e E I fr S

i, nBl pcsqted

ro ihe Nalioml Asshbly and tb.n ro tb. PAC. A rrip!.riL

di$u3ioi b ila

hld monC the Excuriv.,lhc PAC

ud

th AG,

*heE

th

volkinss

a a p

kl

.r o"

C"*--, *
Asbly,

rviewd.
rhc iaec

h it! cuMt

fom, this ripanite m@ting

oo rhe

&, &t

o o o E g o g
(I
G

t.n*u* ,o*. Othlvc NatioDrl

0E

d.m!flrr or tim.

bmbcts of dc PAc r$ho

al thc

PAC and @is1itu6t

d!ti6

to

addB all

sc

titu),

da6

of

wicw cnsiN i6u6ci6r

.r* -bnined lo Pdlidd 'n s nh.lj mdd .dbl. rimcly &d 'n.-, *rro*u* *tio0. Howe\er. rhe wo'rorde Ac or6e 6$,u l&'n8 major
^"au
@6udnE. !i6r. rhe Ac is stilt

c tg
lll

g
E

E [ 6 E

sppendaS.

of rhe Lxdu$ve. wid

ill

rhe

-"ir"a.

s*C .t.a"t a audiL opp'@hc$ ald a limired budgr. oDllrli!

rlF

',sti AG!

E g

o o g

"g oo"Ets

Str i{"tolry
offie !.dviriq.
able
10

The AG's

offia

is

ulrbL

to

@q

rte

*dol. gDut ofaudiis, lnd only

@nd@l ksr audirs.

Th Public Accourts Connittee:

o o EI o n
FI

strorger connitment to redrce

ts #t

EI

in
Tt'. PAC of th. Nalion l Alsbbly of P|kiela! is @t chrircd by
th. OpFsiti@. 'fte cl)@l PAC,
a

mmbd of

s
E

*tic[

b @mpos.d of

12

t]mb.6,

witb 2

fmb.6

ooly coming fton the Oppositioh, Tlis

my

raise questiotu about

tu

faimss of the

o o tat

pIM$, bul i5 al$ dplaimd bt lle *idc 23 @jdity ot th. Frty b powr, dr
composition of lhe

comilc

beiDg

pblortio.rJy ba*d on rhc @oposirior of

tho

Thc PAC

hs

lalely shom

. detminalion b prfom ill duti.s.

Il.
liitcd widt
aied

cwnr

PAC hB mel

mE neqully fie i!

lbe ps1'31,

ed ha

bcn ablc

lo rcvjcw the audit rporB of th. AG in

thc

! nor
s

timely

lfu*
thcir

lb8 bf@. This

s g g 6 o o o o o o o o o m
E 6 o o t'l o D o o o o o
E

frt

is

ilf6ing.ifici@cy
rcrl avaibbili9 ofia

of orc AG

{ort. Ho*va, q61iotr b.v. ben

F.fom

about the

nobd

to

s*.

r?

Nombr ol

nc.liigs

htd by ,16

PAcl
3
31

199G93
Jut1997-0*1993
rsorr

(M. Nrw Sharirs 1' Phe) lM6. B.ndn Ahdb. 2ft Ph.*l
(Mr.

Mr ,Sdrl X1.l'q, Joir

Nsw Shddl3 2- Ph.*) S*Ebry Publ A@nil

Comm'li.o,

st tlt

rt

ff*** E so
I

Sti/ <lldr....y

qdg9
or

3n*oa

Prosrsrhn fteonils ud folm-lp

rhe mlk of PAc in dr.

s,,.s Ei
E

E S

fr ed F S i,' ,rr. r.A. Ho*cvd. th. bdtins! or lh. PAC N nor opco.d ro tb. pubLc. which E
@at
od

\qq .cdviri6
PAc

I
E
B

h6 ale

been

6C o"derro iniom
kktiviry

bw6 dE rr.nspamcy of rh.

rhe eublic, but

plDc*'i.
$e

Thc pAC

previdB.Lbo!r.

-*E

publici*d in th pr6s

rescr or$edebaks

p6 ctc:s in my dise qu.sLios .bou, rlrc

cs ou
EC

of rbe idomation

prclided.
ba deci&d !o
pubhsh

inrenm B E pol15, which would his) igh1 impoidr @es, iBread of waiiine for the y@ly E fr $ ondratm oreport' Th. 'nGrin tDon @ widety puuicisd, *hjch shoutd be a E $ o* a""*, r.. -^*on, ard would hlp !o sElli! a.rior wo ir rhe @mposnion E OEor$. Pac, hdsed 6 6l
In oider ro iDcrca. ils efficie0cy. th. PAc

EE os
$
E

{m E ",.*". poinrs). rhr PAc meer\ ane,.v.ry z.l nonlhi ro Evis sB or Ei E '-0".-"*" lhe PAc hotG &@urabl. the om*, * s*rov esp"*'rr. r"' fr $
r,
o. ruui.s
t,uow-up

kc

r'r

*rim

is rald on ,rs tu6v6

fr
6
E

"*'-*
iollow'ne up

tle diEriE,.nd Epotu thr

!o

Lhe

PriDe MinjrEr. ThF

srscn

ir

** o-***
rhe

have beetr made. in panicure in Lh.

iF.d,neis wtr

whrh fr
E

$rr*r*r.*.ror"ronoooEsiduoo6Ito*rn*tE

EE eE

(poG o,

Ac

omk @ Ev'ewed. dd in csblishins mechqisms ot

roltow.up.

ffi

Srd <l,a.b'.|.r

3.-.r..o

Howvr, slthough n ha baly ontrol @m$ion by

rbe P.A.C.

beme ilcMirgly
ha
yer

vocal,

dy hsjngfu &tion

to

be

nlcr

The Federal lrvcstigrlive Agemy (FIA):

urefrl tool for imuntrcrt

6I
FI

i5
EI

CEtd in
investigaie

1975,

$c FIA is i.Et d airh

the aurhoiry to

i.lriruc dd
rhe

c6*of

complion,Ir h al$ lhe a8ocyc rured with thejob ofhclpirg

6 o
m
RI

L-l

b.nling setor &d otha

defaulrds.

filacid inninrtioF ro lgvd

ouisidding

lo.s

aom

major

,@ of FIA foos is in ihe inv.srigadon of alt.g.rjons of

ed ill.gal gratificliion by civil sedts lrd lucrioMia of

nalpBclic., comptioa

goltrrmnls (isluding br!b).

complaint

ft.

FIA

iN6iiearc nd.pddcndt o. l4on rh.

of charss of @mprior

or bribery agaiNr

officq. rloevd. irt

juisdictio. d@$'1 covc. prcvincial Cove|Iwnr'

Ii h6
tbe

acc.ss 10 all Ecords

of th! Lw.

ed

d(trllhrs

n..ded lo @ndui irs invstigalioB

thc

udo

i!@m*

Th. FIA fans und.r

juisdiclion oi the Mirtiry of Indior,

dd a

such, is

esweabl. &d &@ut ble to ['is padicutd Minjitry. Ev.n though r[e FIA slaff

clai$

rhal

i! tc@

of

oFirio.rl tuldic, th. Minini

condu.rd by thc FIA, lhe

of

hlllio. do6 rcr inarfae

c

in the inv.niSatiod is

pue3ss

p@n

ofpolirical appoinreB

sid lo b. @mor. FunhftoE,

ro

inc@

lhe agency emcicncy,

tbe

ed il'. nMbr

of sp@iali*d

vM gmnl *atr - piiMilt belN

nllw

of @@Dic

6in6

Fq!i@ sFcialistl (or xpert! in tben om 6.lds, e.s., beting, audiing, curront

ri

rt b jnrem.rly

allegedly innibir

jGffii:d by drr oto inhmrss.ibndism in rhe pB ThasuH nmbE of 'l. PAC io di.lc. iiioindid tr.t @utd .frsrr"(rs b6 tE

ooffi fr nof, 600no0p60nn0ffi sofl fl onootr|l0610

6ffi60nffi66060n 6
s @
6 6
g
I!' g
*htrh eo belond $e police wolk. lhe

.slil <Uibr.t.t

e.r*o..
ll4
is

onoomo00mooer gFl lu o
Ei
allos.d lo @nu(t ftom cilit rNice ro

tlt
fa!

$ $

.* -a *de public imeresr The frr lhd ths sEf s brcushr n on 'o *p'",i". ,na chos by lb. rotuor may d$ i4 qusoa a Fs.rds ,rs
,*"s,r'." ,"
Tt'. FIA

dc

mr publish

d'

stltisris

or

rhe

nllw ad

typ

of

clg

$
$

i"*.,ie""a.

it tii E! c e
a
til
EI

e s ri

*
y6.

.,o

o*"lop.d

inro a hishly et&crve and pornr iNhturior oler rhe

El .tu-r ro see*r "'d cce poLocst opporenb or crvit seddr! $ar $ec pee^ed E E lo b disloyol !o rlE pdty in powcr. such o abe ofrh. in ritdiotr hls ouidrably $ *"n ned * .*ou'ry ad &bmmr or thc nA.

utrroM'cty. hoevei veiou

eovtuG r

pokr

h,ve usd

tlr

Fra

tu

6 p
EI

1|!

s g
I

Th Elctiotr
n

Conni$ior: io-built shorrconiDgs

rire.t..ro61 Dr@s in pahd..

f! 6 B $ o
E E $ E [!

--0.*o ".,,o *

onn

Miar.d

with r,autl

ald fauo anecado* A @hper,r\e dd u$pamr elturai

p@$,s

v'ra rhrcugi

'.n-r*1.* "r-"*[ins
@mp'b0 E
ro

@npnor Orcof

ln

n6r @md mdv6 fdFLr@t

m6

uF @mpaicn
in

@ ch.s

n..dd for

E.l6on

Bd

abit,rv @

o t p a n s n g o EI p o p o o o
|'l

t:I

*rr"." r"*

'lowourdr

woElotrods

onevil'l

ne4
iltlo

for@dajnins @@prion. And $e most

"t--r'tm

otd d:tad

[F el6blal praq

uiDs tuy

llfu

!o

o o
EI

win eledioB rhcludinc bulng nor ody \ores bu ole eteroEt ofiici.ts) bq6e

8-n

.*n o r "*" r -'*uins

n r6po,r6d by h md,a.

po$e,.

ra@6@biLu6bb.@]$deUfu6,of

c g o c

OJ

wo|mgouooo

tu tg

ffino60ffiffio
.@ulabiliiy is
neded

.9r/ letrrery

e.-A.6
e
indepeior eleioEt

ooc|oof,cntodE!3o081 g
@@ision. Illn
lor of

in ilE fofr of

o EI |!.l s
o o p t'l g a
FI

itulinllion dre nerds

@@s [ud!

kcbdc.l, dd

a@ial ind

rai.ing.

fte .loti@ @mision ii

el@tion. It hss beo

rhc instituriotr t bo<ty

nd

Fspocibl. fd &e &d fan

cst

d anr

fie

oflhe martiat l6v, in t9Ej. The ovddl legal

h'daort

which

govffi

Ihe Eletion

Comisim iEtud6 sFeific Clsrituliotrd

o
EI

r]

povhioN (anicles 62 &d 63) dd Elctoral

L!s.

nE ht@io! Comi$ioD's @a of
is

F[

ctotr
Tbe

is

howlg 6trfn

d ro lgisl.dre

eledoN - *ti.h

obviostt

slott@biDg -.
1h.

th@ dea of intercsi for osuing

rspdt

md fair eleciioN

cedi.lar's

stahg, llc &c@cy of thc eleroEl bls, ed sutrciot efegur&

S.ru.hg
ol rhc @odldrid

in tn. @nduct

of

Requi@mls for rhe qurlifielion or Dodves for dislulificariotr of

.andidralq

Ihe

to be found

ir

the Constiturion ofp.ldstar lrticls 62

od 6i, Howvd,

llt.n g@enli9 deFiv6

sag&iou, rightou

ihd of&y p,".ticd udtity (for iEbre, {ricle 62, (D he is

mn-ttu0igale

dd

dd

honest

dd dd) ed is subj.d

ro

panidity. Noi srprisirSly, 0E Eledon

@misior sr.f l@g.isr

this stoi4oming,

dd

admits that
!o

in my

ce,

and alrbugh

ir is thc trtudal! of

the El..rios

Comjsio6

cbat

mmiuri@s, n ir mr DGsibtc tur lb.o to do e, giva thc

g o H o EI o o QT o

g E a E

u tlt o tg g s o o o o o o g

t".)

lsge nMbei of @didai6 pd elecrion,

Ho*Er,
h.ve

for thc

t9?

lcgistatiE

.Lcri6

(rhc

ldd

10

d5.),

ptovisiou

ba

pui in pla.. fo. s.Gnine our thc cedi&t

by the followirg

! (ordime of lhc cftlakr

rc1

eovctual, rot @rcd

govtuenr AGFfoE

ir fo@ elmoE}

tsl./ cudnr...r

e.i*G.
luding

lnn[rlln|onormoo o
E
a 'd..ldtion ed
oath'

Eeh crndidale m[n

ill .

nor

spei&ing lhai rcitbd h.

d dy
liabil
be

l@ d.fdrlkr,

o. ha cEded

i.xes'ra. A

slal@. of
null als

fl

e, !o ffijul

.lepndot childr.n

od

0 o o o o o o n
tfl tit

deFnd@l paMts

nclosd,

llEs
Unfor$ercly,

pDvi3ios
lhcse

well-d6igD.d

@dpt

cedidlrs.
by rbe

rit

st tdcnrs &d dc.le.rions hrve mt acrualty

bdr v.d6.d

ComGsior ard

wr

e@r.d

q,hd

tit.d. NomiMrion p.p6 @ submin d

In pierice,
rhe

ihe

Electios Comi$iotr for safe

codidate

cubdy.

o{y upo! equ.st f@o mother

@mi$iotr hs . di$Elio.Ery
.e@ui*ty inkEstedi, eIher

th. noninatioff foms wd. A.d

po@ of mling lhac

erdr

avanabb lo

dr

p.e$

roan obrain.d nEm 4y Dnx, fi.afri.t in.tturir, 6{pe.tiw !.o.ty d body, in hi: oM n.@ or h 016 Ere of hb .po$ or depeo<teit .ttitdcn d d.p.nd.nt psEnE or b$im.. @n6n mainly drFd by tr6 ,to6sid, HaiN unp.it tor moE lna. a

'r 1 'D

dpd.L

- to suoh lo. w3 Minn olf - 16'lhd hn or aly ol tD 6lo@id h. mdo .^y d6hu,r in msln6 or in paym6nt ol Gd.mmFt du4 and uftllv

o@n*.'

p6yMr

ol

br6s ld

Mr s'r

Sr,i/ <l{dx'.ry

o o E 6 o EI 6 o

E E

ldf,etmffiFnatrrffic e c H
g
ndully ir
rhc

e.^.t..o

Upd.rilg .!d reuncy of rnc

.hiorrl d&
1986/198? ieprcsning

ExistinS electordl rolls wde pEpded

56.0m

s EI
EI
i..i

vor6. rm mdhsnil6

sed

!o

udd

5 tI t} g
'r?:

l)
pla6

'
in their respelivc polling

P.rpdu.l Phcedurc Voc6 d.IoqEd

ro re8is1d

on a @ndruoB b.sis. RcqliEmdls irctude

nln8 ofappliclrior\ e$ablishing

poofof idcntity, rcsidc.e md ciijenship.

ig
t!.'

2)

Atru.l Rdilio!
10

of

Eteront RoI! - A sysl@lic cmpaign @ftlud.d

all votes who hdv bo lcft ou! which ircludo

by rhe
E

El*tioN Comission

@h

e ta

E lrl

large

publkity dd educadonal cdpdign.

Actnowledsed dilficdics in fiis regld

s t-!
e:
m
Ig
EI

l) 2)

ftc o1Medcor orlw

nam* sereEt d fioD cbnrituos Esisrstion (alowed

nE existeme ofnulripL .nrics, ehich rc.d ro b. mininicd, hopefulty wirh

c E o o

Sr,.l q{il!...t.r

nneffi
kld

J.-*o.o

ffisf,mmeooffi
thir volds or

idntity. Polli!8 .gdrs @ qF.r.d ro

6Ndr@ 5 in th.n
hddty pG3ibl.. and

P8rticulr pollirg ua, i.e. apprcxi@tely 1,500 vo&s, stich

@istitute
d

ffi

major shonconiq in lh pbce$,

iq
hde!..dc
public
,

tn

@dc aldits of F{blic

!@uls @ .

higbly spci.li2.d 6etd

of

odDilistdtiotr X is mt mugh siDlly

l<r

NDilor lhe F@@l a@urs of prbtic

# q It q
tlt
l
EI

ii,

omcials. A &@, ovedappios qstqn of a.coubbiliry al$ lFqui6 th.l all-@jot gov@nts b@u, .gdci* dd minjsti* haw rh.n @outs Gguldly audited. To ondud Ince clEk,

o g

dh Mjd aaercy or b@u should haE its oM auditing otr@

&d iDryelor 8@rd. nimly de

go@t

shodd

b.r d offe

of the &dilor

g*6t

vin lle arnlodg io @.dud qirMl

my aemy Bt!.n

&dirs on a Fiodic

d tudob bos4 ald aMiring

o o o o llr

$d

widE

ofwonedoing.

fi s !u

Ibe

ftdicill SylLb
It is inLgml lo lhe
concpt of

amlnalilily ttar dr ouEy

bllt@nr
dust be

rhould

F$6

viCposad i'dcFntledjudici,ry.
ard bM.h of

TIE

ru

able

ir th.

@urts for

tolr

Mt&r
nusr b.
do

in

in s@

fashior

rhe

@mon

IIn IE
of

powB

rhar a

b@ralha

e d@i$d

thal tlEy tullil

rlt obviN c!fu

cse
applis

tl@Mbl*s.
govmed

Ihe pirciplc thai

to

tM

shal b. judse in his

s wll

10

dy othq iNtiiution

in the

@eoy.

Public arlhjnist?iim

i!

srb.,@i io

th. tulc of law in Fog6ive

*idiq.

Ite

dx*iE ofdlt! virs,

for

drnplc, Fovid.. . b.sir fdjl{icial

ctq d rhc groEd $ar

o o o o o 6 o g o FI o 0 0 EI o o o g e 6 o

.9r/
siw

Q{rtrretry

e. *o..

Judicial

ei.guddr indivi{tEl .ignts of pded dd proFry dd is c6idsld a

the expaEion of public
n is

efin

devie for Glicling

be

lovtr. Litc

rhe

o$o !sEics, rhe

judicidy nust

ind.!..d@i if

b b. efcctirc i! @tDllidg mulrion. Anadelriw

pD@utes,

o a
ld
L.l

judicial systen rquirc!

wll tlired, ep.ble judgos, cldk,

to a

dd

dfeqe

fl

.tmey s - ad @ugh of thd b tcp .s.l.rq

juri@ ,nd d@
infomalion
instituiiotu.

ldel 66irtdt

wirh

vigNu

o,

pr..*. TtF

slatr
bas

nd

rhc $ppon

of law libr&i.s, @Dluraied

ebmls, &d judicial t"ntne

o
t
t2

s,stdr prof*iotr l

Miarios, le

A! hdQ.rd.nt Me M.dit
Rldio

dd l.ldisior! tui.ly oM.d

Fny, Sl!1! TV G LFd
to

rnd op.6t d by the

govmo! gdaaly
Bn

fasu tn!

nrling

@d.N itc oppcition.

n4spa!6

Ihe Palistdi pr$ ha played

a rclc

i,

inc&aine

awn$

of a.@hbbility

ud taspemy i$rc. fte

Englisbndg@g.

prs

in p.rticul& is cotuideEd

ouspokc! by Soulh .A!im $ardalds. Drily

Dessrire
th

@s?.FB

6nl of anicld .bout the

@ns.qu.M of @EuFi@. Ard th.E

of th. discrtio.ary pow.E of the for

h.

spoildic

!\r!ds

i!

ihe

pEs of

a!86

8ovcm.ni

in Crating favous,

Hokva,
Eporting

th@ is

a @ed

fidrq

foUos-up or invsri8aiioo on prcs rcports.

a n@

&d douciation of @nplio!

posibility of
ns

@nlribule Io th.

cyli.is

of tbe srLBhip in

dy

slt.*tu1 uij@npliotr mp!i8n.

6
ir hs a Fpuratid for

And the ndia ha slill io impore

cedibility.

sstiotulis

dd wlnmb ity io b.ing boqlt

Srr/

doffin
b. r.noved,

e.r*&6

onooffinoffirffiori FI
o
EI

s o

6 o o 6 E o E 6 E a e n g s 6o o

Bu1lo Eally allow Ihe ncdia to nnfil ils ole ofMr.hdog, all delftDrs on ihe

rt o
GI

fre.doD of the media should

well

d dy

uid@ political pEsue.

tu

Ho*ver,

oD

dr* tm poinb, P.lislani @rd.

@ quite lo*.

|lI
&i

5. Ohtacles to r froe prerg

The PrEs h

a t] tI
tlt
lcrls of pow. of rhe

6 fre a

tu

be, @6id.dtrg rhe

rhE

r*
iB

o fJ!
tgt

&!!!4fb!94l9sF!:

only rcrspa!F

e licosd
thd

to impon

d*pnnt

ebich

o s n

is obt ind only lhrough r\e Sovemeni TIE golem.nl in

newspaFB by ollowing thD lo impon moF lhen neds,

tm

conFoniss

al

&d ihftby allowins

r.J

6 6 c u e d' o c

lh.D

to bake

poft ir slling

to

th. blek malt l.

6 tq o o I.I

E
P.id AdvcrriFp..r - IlE pnvat sctor suppli.s o.ly 10-15% of the advcniendL
AII
the

o
E
E!

0lh6 @nc fton p$lic stor b6ed

instiMiors, whicb cDtdie advcnisinS

thtuud lhe Ceni.6l Comision within the MiDsfy of Infomation. niis Co@ision lhd adldris
in

Coftl
b

nspapeE tllr

sybpa6.tic"

10

th

gov.mdt.
the

Sqq!4!s!-49n!!9!!.-esj!!!94!--E!di!.
wine.
on, which

The only "ind.p.nd.nr" pre$

obviouly Blricis

it5

cov@8..

6. Government.l rctioD! to trme the prss

Sine
1998, ln

go@m.nt enbdked

on a sysiemlic

.dPaig! of

hesmrt
1998

b putn nes

oryuietiom thr,r chalteryed rh. admini$ration. Hdcc, the

Sul %e-,aty
@Fign .8.i!$ ihc Jdg Cnup of N.sp.tHs,
prblishi.g

Pakist

!!

Idg6t nespa!r

66p.!y. Tlc J&g ctuup

but rh. rc@nt

rc

oor

knoM fo. its patriculd qiricis oflhe

govelme4

dcv.lopnot id lh. kkisrdis nedia, chddt ried by $me

a

noF @opetition,
grcup

led

hin to adopt

noc aggrsiv

p a tal
iii
HI ItJ

stard. Comequently, th

Jog

6 *d.d

wittt m Rs 2 btr

olGrltelmr of cirul.tio.

id bill b.cluf of .Iegd llx dsion dd fig@. For y6, |l*FFrs h!v. be su.pred of
th*
have
is a

eddslating circdation figus to dade rlxcs, ahoug!

one

b..n f.w cas of

nsspaper singl.d out in

s

offcial pobe, tlrc ,arg cde

el.ciive lpplialion

o o g o o g
i5

of

Pslisla

la$, noroDoNly

*erl. b

muzzl. ile

prs
cdito! of (hc EnsDita

|l u
v!l@lir.
scoi

or

May 8th. v.tctu joubalsr Najm S.tbi

foudi.d
eirhom

lmeug wakly Mpoper Friday Tins,

rhe rbird Pakisrdi

M !Gi.d

m
a

o g o

jomalisl anend uda sNpiciou circmsrees ia ts th&

rek.

A BBC tel.vieion

ftw

ppding a Eporr on hiClldel ofiiciat comption io

all th@ m.D

Patistan lor lhe

pogm "Corspoldcat' hld inrdviwd

b.for

then

AD idepadnt

rc 6di. b ttFfoG,
ed ptualidic pF$,

@lhn ruial driiy of vqtic.l

e@dtalnlity. Trlsp@ncy. virtlally by d.finition requis A@ ard o!.n flos of

irfodltid
@mp!@

Without
a

te

rspaq.t
dd

is

mt posibL. ConrlUine
pnss that h.s the

cqui6

F*

$d

is

fie

nom ifiimi.ladd

n$dn!.

'sug
rs

to ilv.stig.lion

lrmln s6iF .rd

GvidqE of @mptiol! ad !

pB

rh.r

hs

Najan sehi wss d.r.lned 25 days, and hs. bn

4bFct

ro

dttr@r kind! ot pEBsu6 rer

St,/ <l{d{..r.v bffiffindodonffino

th

aadf,nffioffiffio6[t H

3.^.1.8

n!f.i x !d Fofsionalilo to ei.* @eri@lis clsg6 b6d @ ey whisFr of mll..!,e. Tbis poi.l EqujEe dphlds bcl@ if ih. Fris ir @sr!trdy
naluity,

aruing
For

wiihout @dibl. cvideM ir will dcveloping

disdii irll ud

t[e qwst for rc@ulabiliq.

the

o n o o o o o o o
H
EI

ti)
Ft

IMy

&d resiti@ @@mi! n witt tale Imy yc6 !o d.v.lop

nd.d

F6s plu6lis4 rip.ity, ard 6!o6ibiliq,

.@oRing

.M

if

cliotle for

t!.dd disi.

Iw6lta1irc

dqDiB rliniog lDd

!!$l!g

thd few

e{u!6Fs !d !ug&i6

o o o o o It
tll

ril

o u u o E o

oootrru

St,/ <l{d'.'.t.y
G.v@htrl Org.li' r.oo

3.-.t"rt
i!
civil

No.

c t!;
wi.ty
buildinS

A@D|abihy abo equi6 no!-rovelmdllt o4miz!1ioE

n*

pmcties of gmd

govmcc, A v&i.ty

of civic

ls@iario.Fbd alsiariom,
modtoriag grenps
to

F 3l rt g

woma\ orgdizatioB, studnr greuF,

rligioB bodi4. letio!

# g
E[

hme

nghrs SrotrpFhay

fom

coalition

lo lobby for coslirutio.al chd8.s

inprore

govhae,

whil also workjr8lo nonilor th. @trducl of public omciats.

Co.sfaids

on rhe fredom ofassociatior

lil p E

FI

In P!*jsta, despi& a libqal tcgjstalio.. &tios

fonation, or b
ro

tar
ir

b.en

irlcn io

,Bdr

NCOS

ban exislinS NGOS . TtE comtitutive

pmes fo,

NCOS rcqdes

6d

Ei q o a
l9l
uu tlri

cgister , ihe onty srcud for dcarirs

csjsrlrid

if tr

obje.rivc of

t.

NcO is

o e

'againsl public inte@st',

rhich

should be

d.,

but the lagungs of rhe iems aUoR

abus

-,

di$loe

rheir

@nslirliv. ac!

and previd a pubtic

a.@uling ofrh.n fundjng

u g

ed

reporrs. Tnee requi@menis have onen not beirg inplmored, hieh

$u

benfirins

10

s p
o
E E tit
E

sD.

lacl

public omcials who

9@ liE b c@rc

NCOS io

pbnolc itEir

ou

intercst.

Blt

they

ne clqen{y

used

b h@s

NCOS considered

loo ch.tllenging for

rh pbja!

$c poF. Hene,

i.

Pmjab, new NC'oS

ci

doied E8irt alio., wnne

NGOS.

govemeni h.3 btued evqal hu.trcds of .thsedty ..fate"

g H o o
t'J

c o
o
E
G
EI
EI

00nd{roffiiroooaooHugldofr

Ig

Sl,J <l{d'....,y ooe5a

ea60cFe[ffirem60

e.-.td.

rt
EI

Connin.sr36 Pddtet. rhe eorcmdq with rhc .elabrbhmmi of fie Knidmt comineq ha
A chsllnge to itrdpedert NCO8: th Ktidnat

o o
E
fri

leaguq Nawu Shaif

-nE

psrrs B dd iltegal hoveDcnq od s a vay ofrakins w ihc nDctioN ofFdly ind.pddor i{ fr 'Od Apdl t3rb, tc98,.be ptune Milinq d@@ '.d rhc f(l@rion ot KhidDll ';l F comirlas: o,d tooo p@N piedom@dy betolgi!8 b pML,r.n 1r*r*, ,usliD $
in

o'gd*d

de eaor of flvil

*irv

*rEr is d6dib.d by

irs oppormts

Ncos.

cblpl

- or s,rnlatheric

loq.r& il
,trrr

wc

in luct d

d*t&.d objetik

ro

"en or @drtior

noc tbd orc .*io4

is abour

Ex prime

*"*.

lin.

to

chds. th 'ourdd.d ad fta*dr adninirlrivc systen.

ir
a

""*

b * ,*rr'** rtp..led hir B.rrc rt t ir 6

The

s mhbqs. H S tlE siclv " o'

rrelast

d ro

'Nid

Evolutior'
b.vc be' orsdis.d ar Tchsir

comirlees fi g

B E

rr* @mjrs
@tion

'- ^
t6i for CEd. 176? tcv.t

E
H

Dtr3onkv.rrh'ushou,p.ki$dl**."*.*111,"#:,iT.J
lsrin$
the

E tFa.iie of.dnini5rrdo!

up to

cErt

sE

olov.. they

lbte io

tqr{r@ad ,pp,!F!le Edo! b rh. I

-ed.Ercovrmd

,nd

I
H

E=-E
* RdE

I Panie. ft.y baE al.scd trar rlE prtist n M6[E LelgE .p\'ll, rM H **.w.wo* r,.* r".. ,*jEd b vicrDe pubtrc sqe MoE dpoi&dy. $
on o,. papr

T\. sblishhflr sbrishhflr

of

rr.* rh.* @mirlc

h6 evor.d shllp cnu<,s &om lh. sh!4

OppGirion g E H E

dm6nd

ns,tu!!.,s,.m.bd

bv

[E uNDp pmr&Eco D64behst c.n

Erort

.et

E **ginrrrr*rusomuou&{trunutttu*rur*r*t*u*r,

H E

.Sli/ <l{itr.r.l.y

3.-*e.
@trnict

T***"H
*ith qistins las. Fq dldpte
ie

the KhidNr

C@nin6

in

|n*
lhe

comtues bsw th. DDwi to ater dy pl@, *nich

viotarive of thc Cod of

CiiniMl

Plcnu..

Simildly, th.

poq

of

eco@ding sulp.nsid

of

dy otrciat ir agaiisl

o o o o o |in
frl
FI
{i.l

E
tg

lpirir oI dc Civil

Sddts

Aci. Thu, lhen conrovffial

ed partitu qigi6

hav

uldnrtely c@premis.d thcn position ,o eficrivcly

otol

@nuFion," (Kltftbt)

Cotrst.airb or NGOS rcrioru

As we ew, dE Pakistan Srae

hs ih. n s3

to piaent

son Nco3

u o EI o o
of

ro

iDdion.

But it h6 dso wid.ly ued the label 'NGG' to pmnote ils

oM id@srs,

or thos

weUemcclcd bdividuds (Fliricaly or buMu@licatly) FullhclnoE,

ir ha uy

islitntd wys

ro

chek

6. adiviri6 ofNco' Pcquicod.3

10

obhjn 6sd! &on

public agercy or <lclsnmenr include a previlion ro d.relop .nd iDpt

roSether

ncit plog,tm6

with ih. govcmenr, Tltis GFicrion obviouly affcrs the i.ttep4ddce of lhe

NCOS.

ft.

NCO agcnd4

too a pwly d.v.topMral

difrqlti.s
for rheir

agenda

ha @6dy

volvd

towd isEs

of citizcship, Bur

M* e
beitrg

t@y,

shoM by th

experidce of lhe local chlpler of

TmpaMcy Incmariomt.

R.tusing ro Ec.iv

govmenl

mo@y, which

Muld pEvent him &oe

dly

ildepod.n! n b6

l,ro d ossBiE ndd

bul its la.k of fiDds

do.s'i slow

it ro .b

!eh.

6ffiO60ffiffinCI
ThcG

Sle/ q{dx'.t

e.a*.to soooodoooo6noouE n
se$fu erio againsl cosuprion by oredied
ituple
of the Citim
poli@

e $m

c,mpt6 of

s s E!
E
EI

od

@nmined citizN, Bul,

dmo.strarcd by the

Fl

Liai$n Comitlee, ii Equi6 vcry Fn!@ld prcr.quisiies.

ili

p
{iI
F: &: &i

e nn
ig Iti

s {at
E

o
EI

s g o o g
to

lcJ

o o EI e g o e a u

t!, pl ttj

s s o
E

nt

EHOOn06offi

0 GI o

Sl'/ qld{r...y
g g

e.-,'"

6 g e 6 o ta 6 g g o EI 6 s e o g o 6 @ 6

Chapter I

II

Th.oreticrl CotrclusioB ir a spinl. O&e rh. fourdarioB ofhoEsry ed inicgriy

Clomptior works

rc

eroded. rcither laws nor inslitutions

srop

it nom b.coning e
lorS

self,Frp.tulins
n polery

o
FI

phtuDenon. All reD.dial

ndws wil

til
tga

Enain ictraturt

s thft

of Dorals in public lifc, Thm

sc outlss ifuta4, etich @

show dEl rhc laM

pded io clinimle @mptiol; thDelvs bc.oDe

baue $c .thjcel con*ieoce ot
comption app.a6, n

$.

major

solM of

@mprion

ht ti) t!;
tlJ

0r

soci.ty B @nldniMled. As no ha e, wher bul n is in the

h.v @ughl tn

a 6 o 6t

"lwats ddloping $cietis thrr sciat viccs

lends

b podue dil @req@eq lik

bdb.ry, gnn

ad nepolbb

tu c o |:I

a s c e E o
o

halor havoc, ThEfoE, otr is nol surpd$d thal

s@i.ty show deep co.ccm &d

$hole ad

srai6 men in .very

pror!@ Iu3l

scehing for caNs which

rend !o

fld

gEd mo4
h6

th

p6pl., Il na ben

notced rhd desirc to lesd a

tif. of ry tutt tquy

a

fi ffi
E E g
EI

NM.d epidoi. pbpoliions

&d

in the d.v.loping

scidi6. tt hd b.cd

mcnhl

addirion.

e infaiios sial .li*e_ IteE

is a Ctuwing rottcncy monS people

lo be@ne dcn ovcmighl. Ever incGsing

nwb.6

of p@le &c living beyond rhen

o o o
ff o
&t
tlu

E ltt

ned.

In .lery developing $cieiy, potiricians

b6nEss.n ed lh. bl@rcEis de

involvd in a cunlmat compedrion !o richs.

od -dind.e tuh orhd in th &cuulation of

Ih.y all *en io

be dcvot6

of n1lmon th. .vil s!in! which

engcndes

tu

jfrrioDd

od ilmoEl lln

for qliltb. This terd is sltagrhend by the @Ddt

mtridisD in lhe world roday. Be@w of ilE daline ot sDirinEl id.ats. mllrialism
hG be@me the seutd rcligion of no<lm

l@. A polnjcie sFnds

Dost of hs tinc

i.

nfrnnoooooo0

ffinffi s
o E n d a E e g ts 6 o e
E

SbJ <l{ir' '...t

e.-th...

s g

mipulating ad.xploiting every sitrurion ilEi

@ms in nis way fo! hateiial gaiu, a

is trying

bu@D6t is bEy in gctting brib6, ad I bsin6sJ@

smuggliog

I' nulliply

his

slith ir
rba!

blek-IMt

ring

pDiieeilg

snd

hodi.g. S@ctinc ir is .rglrd

ir

dcvelopilg ecity, @mpiioo is

*jd.spFd

b..ie

popl

poor, bln vry few

is low.

s rl
f.I
EI PI EI
|5t

F:

ca6

of co@t1ion shov thai malfso.e is conmined

b6au* p.ople ! incone

I o

It is ofi.n lound dal thos who

@DvicLd for ilLgnl erarifcadon wca

y trying ro

sisft
Ifa

thn

ilsdirble etlcd.

tr

e o

dev.loping eci.1y is to h

seastul b

irs

oli@mption 6npaign, n Eust nln

@nLol lhe biegest is

p E g
6t

with ihe puifiqtion of ils politi6. In a

bodh *iety politicids

ffi
mcr

tat

Ei

ddon

of powr, &.1

il

is

ir

lnc @idoB of

poE tblr l[. nonl gourd

dipp.ry. Powr

ba inhffil cmll'li.g pDpositid, *bich in th.

vicious

h.rds of

e
rhe

o o o

scrupubu politicim b6one nor

polithim, dd

dd

.lestuctiE. Thc poveny of

let

of orsdizotion in th. wofing of lhe politicd paiti6, filrIha

10

lggd$l th siruation. This FrdlB in rhlE a t mtsdion

gdb mney,

and

cmug.s buir.smetr ro bclide

conliderable tine in finding

thal norcy
wE

6 wrt

nirules, .nd thy

spend

hoaly

k$ots of the politicids

!d

thc buMerdts,

Th.y lty

10

kDw lheir hobbi$, then redr dd the la!66 of tbir ch@ter ed lhe.
or a

m.cy d a v.ry anncriw bait A buin.lstm sdo wDa lo bib. . politi.id

bGaucnt dts $v.Fl qudtios to luxuier

lif?

hiNlt

Is l[e politici& @nemed fond of

Dcs

hc lolc io play brids. or bet oo hora.s? Do6 he saftry his eeo by

listni4

lo the

lpplae

of th. m$d? Do6 hc lilc his

the

eN

erd Ehrivs

10

bem.
all

bsircs pah6? In

.lse,

Im di.ry

of tbe

buillsd

is !o

dplc

oonmo0e6so0nef, oormdfl ofr mM00offi Esnrm

Sri/ <l{ibslt

IO[[II

e.r*...
ed
rhe

lcotoooudoonin
vdity of
rhc poliricio!,

@D6

of

tlc ea.d, cxpet

tion

&d ifhc tuds hii\

disbo&'l

ed Uadpuloa

hjr

grds|

efton woutd be to rra! hin. Th.

bBin6"-""

les
sEn,

the

sue skilb with rle buHl@i, sonc olficeB @ irh4lrly comp! ed dy

problem widr
his

h d@s not have

lhd.

He

ale racKe

d ofiicq

who is not
a

dishon sl bul is

paped lo kill

@trFioc.

throuSh

F6@aliarion. Ccn.rrlly,

low

paid om@r salisfi.s

hiNll

by $yitrg lhr! a
ro

sldl

bn of norey fron rhc

bsillcssl'lF5

ill-goten
lhe

fonlm b a l.girinai. ntu

happem 10

disFl his @d!di!g fbdci.t vod6. lf on

his

odq hod m ofli.d

b. hid-dking dd wtl paid, he con$tes

rhal and worldne so hdd on mrionat

norally
be

injftd

coNcimce by

ilinriry

Fobtdi

d*ps eE. modiM

of

mfott ad luury.
grewrh

Tho$

eio

w i! such nef&iou
bsitFsd
nor

a@gDd|l strptom of mn@i.

who is lhriving
evade

iorally mistald, Th.

o. favos fiom

lhe

politicid

or rhc

bl@ucd! will hoE oft.n thd

laxs, pracric. ho&ding, chat rh. govcmdt of ils limited forcign .xch&ges

eminss ard build caftcls dnd no@polia. SEh d@r.ricil

&iic, ro m!nc' uldq whai

ro

tno.srk oft tuy judgc rhm, e

boed

sill

gov.m.

.ffons for

If the politicim.nd bGiftsren ne.d to bc

pnicultuly the for @Eupriotr

aubjcted to

vigildcc, th. bueaucnls

mcrho& th.y mptoy !o

sior

ons

ds Gd

ro be w.rchcd

cetully. fte il ir

rcmctjme

sultL

and clcwr tblr

tli6c'

*r.h

$em ed-

h{d.d-

IE

hinId money

flos

i!1o th.n poctct

briber

indiErlt

tbrcWh th invkiblc

medialion of thei. subordim0et,

nr

rld

the b.ib.e

@ seldon in diGt @nla.l

with @h other. Th. r.sult is tnal eoior ofiicdB

very Ercty puish.d. Jt is often

oogEcHrs

agffimrnnw-H
St"l Q{r-'ery
$ne b@crdls udrlilg,
who is crudc

e.-*c'o
by E plac$, at higb E
.i
Ef

his Eethods of @@plion, is r"ppd

is, however, comprion
thc p@pte.

mticomption ag@cy. anvicted

wnich is a viru! oI qtrage

ed seked. IT

ed b@ds h.lplesfts dong

Il i!, dr@forc!

lg
EI F:
E}

thk l.rcl dEt th. najor rhDsr otrtE Efomadvc

h letd.d to dilu rh. Iot of

rod. 066

sholld h. diE t rL An etron

havc

poq

rhc

bp of

d\e

pyEni4 ald positiotu oftow lhlr

*,lD @

rt
ti! tJ
FI
F:

d$diody

ethonry slbuld bc gi@ b

nlat!4

ard

*hG

no$l inlg.ity h ut irr.d.

A@tho adninislrative mdaie, $bich prcd|B @m!rio4

i!

0 ta!
rhe ra|demy

dory

of rhe sdior ofUes to rhin

Bpouibilily

ro

ihe! subodi@tes.

S@h

d aitiMc

is not only profesionally inxcusble, bul alro subordinate

moEly wng. A cnty ed schcDin8

0 E o
t-'

ctu elsily

d*iw

hb enior dd

hG

t@. dd
sietis

Eurhoriry for

illicil

Ei

8ms.

Il ir eendlly poi .d

out rhar ia rbe ddetopi,g tbey

*ul
ued

io ndwc rh. in 0Eir

odprion in rhen ldmirisrr.iion,

buEucEtlc

hun

ur<len

tc Mtt @ging cteg6

fircnrB, ed ovdhrul rchaic p$dlG *tdch

&et @mprion,

subL.tuga

u 6 EI o o o o
E E u E
|n

by ofiicirls to hide

It

E is, howdd, whch

slos

tbal D@

cheg.

of sLu.tures

ud pbc.dB

woutd nor be

$ficior

!o

i!!od@

mo.at rerirude

ir

administration.

E
urno61

A ph.mnMon of the

signififfie in pakjnd is

rh

tek of b6taG

political policy.makirg insritlniod &d

blelmric

poti.y

inpld.rting

srEtG, Ih.
ro bc
ro

Elaliw rEtrEs of Fliii@t otgrs

rpp[oprid.4 in @BidauDlc

n.d
lt

ihal

rl* potitidt fr!rcrio rdds

@ur.,

by

bEuars IlF qFrs

Efd, th.Efor,

n o u c o d

St
the dcsinbiliry of

ql,^t ...t v

e.-.t.8
ur!r rfich

nffio5oGroffiEffieoo o E o
'M-t&an@ric

Minine

the @ndirioN
ro

low mLF
,rogu

EI

epau. of $bje.rins blltluEte

Tn

djsiflce of a cffi

'@uubitiiy btlleE y h pariiaD

flouirh in

p.ri{&.

!' o F'
E

widlour coftslondi.s

io lh. Fliricd iE9IirurioN d.6 tul

Vithotn fim poliri.at suidaM,
They cnd ro

segity
haw

lad b adnjnisrdire .trarivlB.

to

5 r:

bllfuds

9gt i@ftiq

lrovid. g6d wi@.

in lhe

a u
&l
FI

ihn

.trstive oDirel b dobinar powd positioN

c6rd

aid

d.

povircial *Etariats by keping od hdbqs of no!_hll@qaric piindily

cls,

.ney

i!c6L!

in sfeguadirg dEn qpedimr

a @lp6

b@w6tic inr.Gsrstarc,

qidily

|n i5

dr6, Aine b.EfirsJ buildins

of f.vorir.s basd noE on @Niddatio of tordty

0e oaperfomce,
tbe

dE

ndr

to

@tuFioo .nd

ft

ngh io viorar. ofEcial

md.

H.ncc

bl@lt@y rcl
rh tray

onty fails ro @onplish lh adninisrFrve goars

9t

for n bu also

slads in

ofpotirit gb*rh
lb tedmcy of

IIE qetrss of inr.Esl gnu' assialios i, patisur ard

b@rcrErs

o s o
o o o g 6
|lJ

u o ri tll o

t9

o to

co.trol whar Asociarions do xisr deltiE lh.

*,.ty

or

. mjor sole of

indepnd.nr

id4

for poticy &d for qiriqrc of lh. bwsn@ys pednmeu, Lr

ir is in the bu@e6rh ialr6r io n6@ge
ir is

facdonins

dd.ey
urt*

*c6s

of 0E ioieresl

gbuF

tc'

dr legist.iws. b p&islan,
the goqrs

olio agai!$

ihe

b@k6rs

s s
g o n o rr
fr
&!

mlr6t td! such a Thus

Iieien to @cu

@ secwly

undd
io

but!4Eric @nr!1,

tar

$.

posibility ofinrerlr grclF to A mjoi soue of

oI fonnalis,

diliciu p.rfodde
of

ninihq{.

wrkGs

lerislanc

in

pati$6 hs hn $e phtumoo.
nfoEer! by rhe

ws on thc

iarule boots

wE oRa @r wlt

b@ae@y.
weE able

Tte

pBdae

oI

cmptio

B 6 irdex of rh. *icnr ro vhih b@usrs

5 g o

oGHAO&iEelffi

s !t

1:1

Srr Q{"r,-.rry dra\

Boffiffimoooomn
6
$ E
-a *'rr.e
'o

e.-** noDEnoomooooofr
kE er\d
io

de'r@rmn.prro@
t",'*.*
. E&9arv rtioD povids

hd* offiriats eedom l!tu dud6 q *ho serine u(lts ad Fm$ 6 wu s b 'o ""r* *
@nnihljon

ros

or ro pe@r rheir qot.ijon. Bribq

w
t.b
ro

E
H

H g

. .

l rb6ry r
tq

Lhe

.dvs..ed

owi6 6@6 th.,

beblvior

ctrdive

lhc con Dt of

blE@dc
dnr

ald

6
H
ffi

ff
H El E

r. *r.g ,w"-bl"
"

sld Bpoajvc

Fopl.. ft !pFa6

rn

dFry *qrs
br rc

ont),

udr

spe,at c@dirim

lid !d dr

tonn l @don or

^* '. E emvidid .snbtr @r be rohaGd

r.siri@y
ro

*6

{
l

.re|cd

ebly

tIfu

so ro.e

b,@lcrdt rur. pEdhiDr*. dF nario.,l o,

rr*

dE adniaisrzrio.

H poriricjrpo@. o. p.rit"l, @uEi.s rh. corc play s lG, ol. in h.ling keep ft "a@e.l H
rn ro

or bur n hrt rcr b. Fmin.d !o dai* Lh. ebdlM or

adduon

ae

ctuch io

rjv. $me

cotor

E
H H

g g

b@rcht

r*ulllh
i"

!o

dr

p@pre rhc
rn

outls sEe$tuI) Fsrrain bleu@6

supdo, @qrrs carD our rhis

.u't-"'r

o."".

.r ddr poer

pahjel

fibm fr

a<rminisrrarive ffi

Effi w6ofrnouo

epoNjble. co6 hAe play.d 'lE E ffi ddechivcporilic2rore. g F o.*.".' . s,on8 bu*kaq jn parjsld r4rd, ro inhjb the srcvr or E ". F srons potitical par6. tesBtanhx voruEry smanoB. @d oro poliftat insriruroB H E essd.l b qabh do*mrc sovemor sohe qpds E rhid( ttar @btors ov.r rE H bJMu&) e w.,{st in p.ritu tud $c rur or i,xi.fioE hlM(!ruic poq E # donlll,ees@'cJ rr pdrisrtu sutrd.m d.viq ftr porric,r g @!!or do @ exis !o E

r," n
cd&r

"r:."
,8noE

"aoiu r" rh.ir arplrar juicdkron oh c,",

ta.r dE. by hetpins

*.*

*, *.

b tep

bw(mb

Strr <U'rt-ary

e.-.Lo.o

nngf,nodoonson6
to mintmi%

8iE lignjfcril di@{on

to dE

bl@lqey dd

th. tiktihoo<t of

buolmdc

doDjl],e st{lc Fnini.g $brdd.l

The

porticiporim ta

Ftriel aa*iemtilg.
is a

domimt politicrt pow positior of the bultlllmy

ponou!d rhral ,o

balecd lolnical d.retopDmt in patisro.

Itis tlust

is litely io b alsmi,s

if

o u
i5

derlopmar is b b. in dE direrid of Eptlgratiw &mo.Ey_

Ir

pa&isa!

s@t

difrc'nly is

*Fi.trc.d in Egicrire buult@y to e i.srua d oL. If

is to bc en@un8e4 a seporatioo of pohical and adminisirarivc

Maiabiliry

ols

is

requind; aDd this

lb

for

d.lih.Fr. srF io linir ln. poE of bl@c@y. ft wuld bc

posible tur tlc gd|:rtMr to arl.in ihjs @d by

shin in

iko&ds

l[e poliri..l q/dor

of ed@iioa
a1l

6on e@n@h b political dd

d6ign d

sial

@lm, $d

Bsive prcgm

in

pan

b Ede

th. aurhuiV of blmumy fo.

goal sdring

at

eoal

impldablion. -ft. b|@t@B

ey mi b lloeed
of b(ulun y

io .ppDpri.re lb.

Fliicjt fibdio.
othr
itE

A surey of

the posrr pGirior

i!
for

plbJl.a
rh.

vis-a_vis

Dotiiic.j
the

i.rtiluriom which exdli$ @nnol ovd polidcil pdti6,

b@*@y sh s

l.gislrG,

q!t'

Fiqls 6!r lh6c ilcinlii@

!'dt

oforjrg @utrbility

e vsr
dur ih.

jn @ndar

10

tlE sbug@nilg gm$,ttr, of br@u@.y. Od rtle

shpii@

inposition of consitutionrl @nrot

be

oq

the

bwdu@y muld b. a ditrcutt ,.sk, ii my

*onl$l!il. io t@tm.!|d
ad
!o atablish

rhat d.librar.

xDNion

'B@

io t

Ia

io cuiait bulrEraic

saaci6

for lbc

cof@nr

of a@@i.biliry.

In rhe snuzrion oblaining

b pajds&4 denocBdc institurioN fo. ecourabiliry dd

contDl

.mdee ody

eld

lb.y @ inposd fom

oorolt.d

,bow nD dtre6
bc

of

bl@l{@y

dDr is io .dquat ty

rsl. ltr , @

Fdu.d

by rryine io

.9 ql,at6..t v nf,ffios56dln5
nrle
lbe

3.r,,.E
rlc pcqle

bulllcey

moe

@r.blc

to

":_-*-E
!{
boih

Tlc

cmprid

nhd

aisis in rlE

b|@!.i.y @crs

$.I

t9

tud
Ur.

Lg. deisim
hibe da1
rbc

Ill ili

ad jnvolB pllPonioBi.ly hitur dd mjor rt$o@s. It iftlud$

otrci.ls dper

mal

iil
ilt
Er EI

iaJ

ir dcl&8.

for ".xpdning.
a

deision @ b.h.tf of d

cirja;

oploymot slb

for domesic

wie

nmbq of 'l}on!3@", "Maitd!, orddns ald driv6

rh.

g e o
ir!|

e
l

Fid fbn lb. SitL rstuy:

gu.st5

nise

of omcid

ruponj 6c orisimqi of

p6on

oftcili e@ut th. ilctiMtion

o{ oppointing r,uthoriii.s to d6de

Equi&irsb oftudit.rd oib6 qulificiri@ in G!6r of cirdi<Lrd rlD

Aiddi d eladv6; e4 ih. dnpGilion
*do
do not

eihr

o p
F'

E
tll
F'
EI

,o

wirc advre mnfid.nrirt Fports ag.iNt ihoe

subsib lo thc't

viM.
de!
mors

o
i! p.kind b.c!E
be

IE
p@s
h.E

@mfl of !..ou.ra!ility 6utd rcr r.k

the

n swuded by iod meh s..my. Thc pubtic ini.r6-t woold

ber..

sd

FI
FI

grd @ob1of op.""s,

in

I1

is lig|r tine ib.l ctrorrs @ @rl to g.t rid of

@esry sey
bu.auey
not

lhk @unny,

Wil[ i.dcpdd.nca devcloF@t iisl6 dph4izd by p.rj{d EquiFd

linply d.di@bd to minbiring bw
and

ords ed @llcciiig

Bdu

bur

eFlh

of adhi.i{.tiog d.reloPodtt

Foero .!d alsinS

pubtic Fnicipadoo

Fs

o o o o o o o o p s

adminisiralors hlrl th. tchical stills

nees.ry io padicitale in d.vlolneit turk. Their

did mt aEo'rag.
is

s c a
o o o a

peind.pddalc. oL

B.loof@ of&rlo.iry

@!n!fi @tkbortion

bteq

admioirhzlor, poliiiciu

od citia. Th. @Dptailt

$i[ tead ihd ih.

wi

t'J

m lurhdilario ed @!|sarivc ir

rh.n oul@k Potirici$ snel of rh.

E d for

E E

o 5

.sh.l qld..'.t.y

3.6*0,"
d\*lopn.tf pros*.

6 E n g e E E g
E

elicating public

coqmdo

attd pubtic nrhsi"m for

brn

@bplrin lbat

bw!@r dsnld 6l!6i.s

&d hll rhc idtidi$ of @y .

ep6lre

H H

OMoudy, tb. ehdouship of qo@nbitiry

*ithir ib. buae@y

derelophdr in Senenl

i!

viral. nris

ne$ rbt qy @Niou prcgm tur thc

to hdDiDisrdjrc .harg.. Win

ofot!.tMlof &.ouli.biliry blsr lsy gHr.rcrrio

,d@t
of rhe .leo@Elic

-g
ro

io potiii.rl

u g
6I

ih.
for

Cor@cit,

slroDg

F6sibititia hav. @rged in

Lgisrar@n e@utabte

p{kisr

o o a td o

r.t

bliLCinS

heolhy pdty

sr!r.r! MpoEive
@ public
rh

dd B!D6ibl.

hll!4Bi6
in PaHltatr
bhavioB,

ed .ficqiE nsrai,E

.d6ri!d iL
!o

Fbm a dcmooatic

ste@int

ftd

linil th. pow of bljtlMn

y is gEai

st@ i.dig@B hla|ers @ u|s|om.d

$ey har &velopcd

u.qr.ined
of

gotlt'ft

al

rnft

toMdj

th. Foptc a

5w

gudi.$hiA

at bs1'

and disdliDfin

$prionty, .r

*mt
To

fonowilg indFn t rcq ihe onty srucl@ wirh

dy

stqtgdr

sa lb. bt@utEy.

.!doe

tij

stu r@ eirh th. @jo. rlsporsibitity to scl

s@iery's goals is

cdajn !o inpede 0F devlopnor of hrtitulioE D@1 io hou ihc

blllall@y a@qi$le. Thd is vny dE bmERE

to

jatoos, ,lricioos, ,trd

hoiit.

tle intrdedoa io $c oms of Ombsts@ ,!d rlE 6@it of sta&_ yd I m

rhat eirhod

rtuEbly coi.nde

tuh sd

efron, dE Fob6bitity of andning d.I|jo@ric

@ficuatmwuldberqylsid..d. 1r4of @w,rtPr@t3adil@rhdbln

be

6nton

d by

rh.

ddo@ti.

covdnor
ia

E@ toda, dE bu@Esy

plkillar @rnitrB

ro

nDnopolia mon

pcili@ of

poR. ed pr61igc. the bll!@qatic h@lotiadon of cxFrre dpri6 rhc Doti{cd

5OOfl nfl O6UUffidSO060oilro&ru

E'N FrHH00qosoHrffi
t5

agtroffi g00dsn0ognon

0 o o ts g g o a El o o p EI g EI o 6 o g u o 6 o o

L.da of i.dFd.nt w
judghar
of rhe blt

of infomalioo
!o

ad o,k6 lh. d.psd6t

on rle

qFn
cs

!!@y

. desE tut posibte el*whd. of

Keling $.

dpsi@

tL
w

last

tsb deadc
tE

j! viw,

a qu6lion thar

Iledbly

be

aslcd

is HN b<t @

bold

irninislio @ul!bl.
tr iMiiiviry
of
?

!y inquiinS

fairly end hondily inio dsdred omciat inptupri.ty

Ilt. predoniEltty
blw givd ri$
nol

lav .&l ordd

diondo ed thc iicquitablc disiibdiu

si6

ody i0 rme@ @mFion and dbirnrbes but also to

Mthin lhe

! nmbe of socid injEijq

of lh.

t"amrk

of puuic admiDjsatid, Sde

ldrrs.d @uui6

srld
wih

s Llt

hav. previded efretivc this problm

aljffi
hug.

io

siDik imd.qwi6. ftcy rcflet @lur.

rhat of

copine

E g

o g o m 6 E o
EI
nit

*lich m colteDpo8ry go\md{ ifttuding

pakjsllr, @ atrold io

isnoE

wnno intrirg
Although it

16

to rh.

sli.lsiry

of iE

adniri*lriol

0 g E s N'
E g

ha

sued

gigetic popodioB

ir k

ys b p*isld,
CDutd rcw

lhe

pbbld it*lf

fn tob bdi.s

bd

tqhly dir@lqd tr

b. dE

mjd

g
E g

Ei

ill

on@m of a govem.nt thlt

Evry

dpi6

io be rcogiizd

s,,modd'drd

"cnlightened.,

ill

el

reli@ of rlc

go@r

is mw

dpcr.d lo di

!i!

cha@ts 6mug[ wtich

r*
di
&l
EI EI

@plajnts dow qd plblic adrninidEton @ nad. BF6iv to pubtic inirGt It is

defniLly ihe objonrc of a go\Efundr lb,l id.nds b pbboa good oder in th.

sicg,

tuw uivasaly Gognj4d Uul blmucnls

@ b. i@nFr.d dd

bt

rngetul insr@d of sie, lnu.s iNkad of vigobu, dret iNtdd of updsht. ftal is d cl *ny nrl6 haw bcn Elrcr.at ro 6.6& @rdroled disrlri@ i! bl@,*"y. A o o d q g io rh. p@ple &d to @Er irs fif.gu.dila ciIi4 .gritrs lh. o ao4gogoooffs006ffi ...tt -'e 'r.p..q,tb 116.

g s g o B E g G u o E a B 0

D g

.sha q{dr.r.t.y

3.-.r.."
giwn lop pnoniy
be the

*ru
s
o,
H
!-l "g
Ei

idi6yn<

6EJ

of adhinisraroE is Dow

8olmots ed $e h.ad!

fi.

States

in theit

pbgt"r

of adminiltr*iv

6fom panicutrly if $ey have dsirc 10

oppl6m. Ud*, th. n!6 d.ci& io igllG b@umtic dBpotism, &ey c@oq in a d.nrl)@y, aflord b dislEM qiih e lnnitutio.ali4d syst m for 6e edB of F.plds gi*eB, GjB@. pm.dws @
@rojd@d

i!s@ lh.ir @ur'rDd ssrjtst

I9

it ia
|ll

n!

Miid
eqt

ir {kdo@i6 *,lEe po@ ir wid.ly

<tm$d and tn. edmmy

bctw

the ir

of th. ruld ard the oled is th@rdcalty

indiwjbla

Everyore,

g tcl a u
&I
EI

vhcthq holdins lowd r.Dpority or

pMtt, shc
ard

a $iorifi inteEsr in

pbnoling efferive taw of public ldminisbiidq lh. g0rm6 sd rlE Sovdnd alite
b.nent

ton dvi6

rhat

6@l govftne.tal nisr.k*

poF|

pEvd hn @l!m@.

An admini3lradon itEr adt@s io

srand{its of adnjnisadv. judgmenr

and

o o E} g o in o g o o 6 El o o o o E o
E
ffi

sl

ed etrdEt

n@ily

i@ryou16

a srs-teo io

pE@i dissiprion of lubtjc noey

mhw of powd. Wlen tuncdodng al luiaw

Redl dcjd6 tav. seo inr.Eifed *@I rh.mly6 hctpls

.giciercy. the itutitrxions of

.dmin;iraive cour6 &d Odbudg@ cmrit@ srug bulstu .gainsl impopdetiq,

for

cha! dxi as,

Dtu

io tea,

plblic adnioisr*ion @owlabl to ihe p6pl. The p6ple b the pst dighi hale
$ouetn

lo Bisr

qfail]B

d th. hd& of

$. bl@kBrs

Bur now

t'e @nnituli@ of Ddy autriB allow rhcn to.nd.Dse dsporic deisj@ ittroud elaboEte grievoe prcedw, Ihe cohplaimts @ rh;by giv.n the opris 10 carry

c a
{l g g
tg

sih a f* i.ddq of griev@ hording n*heis, *tich @ $ggesr wrs rb ootuor of pdlislaD
th.y impticjre. I harc

sna.I6 bcro fic ofli.ial FMs

be

fti&t

ltj

veu advised

ro rake.

ooooso0000ffi ofl onoooffi offi oonnf, fi fr trHacH6

o 6 g

offinnnnffinoffin

oooGtucl o o o b DuinS the pdod ofnitirr,y dictoioBhip ir 6 o both t poliliel &d r.dbioilr.riE f&d6 h o rl mtu fo. ihen nrdd.ntation so ihlt the enqgne of qu!,b@almlic iGritu$on l KI p u fd the @rt$t of buEEtuy lw c@idaul re6sary_ ft. bo,a@lic.lire 'r4 EI p tound it onv@iftr to have qawv.
e5y acc.s
rc,

.shl q{i|'.'..ry

e.r*.-nor noom ffi

rlF chif

sho ws

mftted by.
and

cliq@ ofxeptionslty

porstut brw&qat, It I

et diftcutr fd rhd b inile@

in

io

pB.il

upon rlE chief

deutiE i! [Ei.

sruggl

ad

d.te@iiarion

ABtllie

adDinistltiv

Efom. Tt* Il4b.6

of UE ruting bl|I.lF@y N.d ihen

ar<t

pokr

io

6h-r
lbsE
I. dilg

dEir

om raXlr p$dg., suiry

c@fort

Thc

@Gql&lB

9w

rh.

ol &@blabiliry, peqiou ereptrcuship .rd vdy tinid $lolship. all

io irlibn ll!. potirit {teEtop|Ml of

si.ly.

wl|.rlFr

or nol a

b@uey h
rc1

be subjdld

io &@ut bitity b. jstituliolal

trfu

d.pcnttj e@

mq

oi

rhe

srsgl|

of rb.

dr! b|E@itic
d.

goops, hd

0F avolrd

eEoti6 ad gpod*il

of rlE

PEsid.nt .nd fie Pbvbcial

covem6.

Cl@ly

irE@ei.g

bL

of

h!qur&, m@l s &.g.o!

b. eqErad

*ftt d@drdc
onty

dev.lopnd
a

in Pa*i!t!n.

rhq, &m<Mdc Doftical devlopment for dE

oc.s

ifE

tind

bulledy

itlcBirlgty a@@tauq

inptemr{io

of policie

fomulalcd by
D6orn4

isiirudor odrid.

thc b@ucr.cy. In ihis

of public

!!M,

polirical deElopmc

Filt

srmDrmE wiih &ourabihy

oficialr
a

Yer tn re is do

Easlo 4!im

dlar

flll.

offi.ials wiu wilingly adopr

sr:lm of

@btability- b e fu B
Imvid.

lhey Gx@j*
lby

auondoN pok, rh.y E@b

Equicd
ro

rlet !r ro

!!eB

fo. ih.

adim

ratc.

Wld fRt

@.ptrh. Nriddul rh.y

.'t,|l q{d'.'.r.y 0d66tdffio6drds

e
rwoNibl.
!o rhe

3.^.1... n&moonoo0E0000 g
*N
of 16 dd

t5

F
lEplc su! officials fct !

dp

r!6.

Thcymy,

tlr@foE, ei0!6

st

to pFmt

rir ris of dgdiz.ti@

simil& ro th.e of $e

n o o o o g
ttl
m

OnbudM
duli* oI

of nay Dale etrorts to bring rh. @ftefl ido die.puL by sigDire the

Onbldsl@ to

. lrllt@tsr Fm

lhis poid of

viw it
the

is possible

tEt

suErEi ditr@Crarion

@uld rs}

pke ody fodndinicaly, i!

sis. t\!r ptuibed

iieiolioc

for loliiicd

rol Dish b. dlbri6t'.d bln be @rbL ro

q@is cftcriw

6 u o o
&I

tii

The first

8Mr rc.d ofno<t m pltj$an h ad.qud.ty lo orgdid

rhe

insituioB of

adminisFativ courh md the ODbudsnb. 'nF

retnss oflhe p@dr sysian, dd @e

of 0E @l rooB of its irEporEibitity, is ihlr lh.

govlmein

is

irflEE

d by d!.

advc*
!o

aniDd. !o

dR

inditutioA of

e@lmlitiry. Oc lt. hlaEr&y

ilsdtunoB dr public wil
be in a

i5 @r

ltowd
ro

6is1

the indodwtion of rh Foposed

e GI tl 0 s 0 o o o o p

Dositid

tann
The

in debil ard in priocipl., rhe purpN rhe ddmocolic

covme ha in vi.w
of

OmhrkDa dd th. ldminiirarirc dbbds wil

fm 6 nulu

dpqri* o difeHr

6pets of addjnisrllion, {,hic! witl c.qr!

d tuFiaE
of
a

of tEporuibitity aloui
rh. hotdi4 of a

goturrl&t5.
p$lic neailg,
but they .lo nol

A
aL

l.!q

ro a

@sFF,

rh.

Fbtic.lio

p!4bL!

wnl

nellods of vddtadlg Iriev@s asai!51 th. adninisrliior.

duiy io Espon4 ihai noral nad to

n@esily .voke ihit otrcial

dplaia

d lle mi of BpoBible @iior plonoi.d by Ih ribuDts ad ih. Omhltsra Tbc plee of iBiin)rion l nreG of @un!l ir' r.iN lh. hG&1tjr Bposibility
\l'icL
to

lbG *io rh3b6 hul .LF

bis

*in.

Effi lelgnof, nooomElGffi 00sil60{tp

.St

nnnfloooooEE6f,
lr
ad^Ciiion !o the

<U{b.....!

at.-^@
ofre
Ombrdtu! it nuy

lnaoffigffiof,n06
of
be desnrbb ro

iatinrr

Adninisairc Comisiodi glned

adminjrcEd

!o thc

Fovidi.l

High CoiEts

safd .rd

to 6joy t[e

@trfd.e of sov.man ad gola*d It wu]d b. a

Dod@ @mof
wirh

qui9 qatiry

!d.rtcing

n .drrls of adoiristrdik tuddiry, ,m.d

rjl
Ei
&t

po*E

of inresriSari@ e'd of gEming cforive

tuedid.

rt

No adninisfttio Admidislativc Pocedw Act

ro

m Fmin tully rccoutable io ih peopl with out e

!.loption of

I!

sh e
dt

Act

wuld &quiF

rh deDdrnents

publiciz dEn $ructw od qseizrrion, muld

pDpos.d polici6 to itrlGred

rh@ io sjrc advaM infodrion

Fsnr suld .Uow wh F$B to pcsr irfodnfi@ ald deuMrs and wdd p<mn c[.na io Epr6. 6.n 6 dloue! rbc @uns.l. Thc Ad would nol eoblc tt .dninj$!ro6 !o viollr dE plt]{s of law dd
of
suld .@uge
The Act

ihen io gire intdEsld

p.nis &d !d.qu.te nwi.g.

deisioB. 'Ihe

@ povitle

for bedcr judiciat cview of adsiristatve

courtr

My

@pov@d to olqnm ad,ninirbrtiv. judgddir

points of Lw, or

wh.n lhe administaloB nirinlerFeted tlc law or dr.y hav. ba unfdr.

Ar

. $pple@t 10 the insinniod

Ibe pdtury
tb

p6j6r.d rhorc, lhe PEsiddt My fnd n

@tu1b prlouleaie & qeuivc ddd cFdirg dE P6i.!.nti.l Coodlins .nd .{clid

Comisioi

pupcc of ln.

omarid truld
the

b io

dFdiL ldie

on

ohplaina @ived by
of ih.

o6e

of d'e

pcidot .gliat

I)I,IE

in $4icb the

omci.ls

d*utiv. d.pat'@rs

1r@ Frfotuing 0E dutica otDg.d to

fla

by

Lw -ft.

nrexoEHofieffio6rnn

.strl q{rlr.'...y

cl)mi$i@ my mke .fforls to nake rh.

w*"*ffi
sovdlenrsieneBFBircrod.
H

Ir

stecific t

fts,

ft

Comision @y b. adiorial !o @iv., p@s &d

6
FI
EI I!.l

evaluate @mplainti m6y .onduct by

it$lf oi

c.e

olher appoprisr

d.Frrers b
for

ondrcl pElimiNry f&t-finding iNe$iglris of sNh cmplains; my 6fer

eiion io

til H

$c deFnndt

@M.d 6y @d'irt e
n should bc rbe

rhlr jusrica
10

my

tlE cffici.fr

obsed Fudld
on ihe

ddy of th.

Comisio

kp rh. P6idcnt i,!:omd

o o o o

inplmddion
trcie@y of

of

govml !!@6
th.

.Lsigned to inplov

tr

public

sie
b

&d

the

go!.m6t p.M@!.
qcdive be&h
of

Al oms ed dcpttden6 udd

th.

go\lleir my

djoin4 by P6id6ti.l onki, ro qr.nd 6rll Comision ed th.

had

lsl|fu
b

and
10

@{Fdlion io tlE
rcniml. e
official

of elEry deFitndt

tuy

Equied

who sbould @{dinare deplrrnfltsl &liviti.s wirh the @mbsion. TIF

shodd b. di@dy u!d.. ed Gpocible $lely b rlE

@mision

P6ideft
to

ArtoE d'*tEG h PaHid

or a

slFuld

hlw f&iliri6

oqlrin $.int & official

dp&tuat Qulift
had

d @dDbi@ts slbuld iftlude

{ho

prcble$ lo

i* rp with eownment

FMa in dftiB d in ncd o dd dplotB who h.d @mphnrts

tMil dy

lgailsl 6n suFrior

but

6uld ml obtaia eli!tuto.y GdEs.

a

Anonynou cmpbinh! if c.nyin8

sbl&e

of

b. out d rhmtgh a
the

tt*@h ard invddrrtion e[ for disrel inv6lig.tion or slreill'@. wlrw

inve*igation
may be built

ld

to thc linding thal

tD donynoE Fidon

b$d on

fa.t!

the

cs

!p dd &cd upor

e.6.tc6 ooeoaffioa0ooo0rr gl o u o Ihc ql.sion.nd Efinencr of pqtiddra.y @tuml, oor po\b ro 6. 11 o omc. ofombdm&, de d.blsnhdr ofadniDisr.adv. trib@ats, q
thc appoinoDe.i

St'J q{do'.t.y

of

Admirisrradve
Righ6

@6nisio6, Adminisadiv. @|Elors, Comision6 of Hltl@

rhe

i.,t

ed ?sple s Wod6 Clmisionels, od

Dem of.ebining

Ill D

dkbpsror of pubtic law kutd

all be valuable

lhe ecourabitiry

ofddnioisrllos io socieiy, Thee

fl u
EI

EI

de the i4ponlnt

ne6

by which the people of pal(hran cm b prol@rld

fiod

b@ucnlic d6poris.

Thk daj* @ !deq@ to

efod! for
rh

!l!

trI

elrsrc closiblr

In rh. ddelopitrs
n<ded iflhc erhic.l In

si.9

no6t Efomation of Oe wi.ty

pcsr

dly S.ltoping

odFio,

is lo be miiimized, tt h,rs

b a

g.nml

EuiseF s

6at all spcts of heEr behryior @ miludced by ir. Refoms

been

o H o tal 6

s o

o |iI

pon(s mut b. aconpani.d wilh noral uplin or $. .dninisbalion. Ir hd

notied lhat

ir a gole@dl

agacy when m

oflier idrxge in 6nupdoo,

of rhe indrvduat

he has

ev6al @nsidfrtioB in

mind_

IiE! h. rbiDls

@Ilecd.

Doca rh.

nEns @rcm a Fwertul ard

SMDd .onsid.nlion @uld bc,
deision

in{unijal individuat

and ro *dom is he ctared.

ir rir. Feen eno j, seting farcB rlst\.d lo

d@s rhe silution show tnal rhe

tlE
rhc

rDka hio*lt I!id,

l[e

otrer ha!

prcsp.cls of baking naterial gaiB for

hihel?

In Bsoce, cotupflon

n adrninhrriion

sl@

out of

itrterplay of

rlr.e f&tos, i{,, powd, intiney &d bdeiiis_ Ior th.

su@s or a nohl rcfom in adDjnist arioA it wuld be eiioriat ro tud saf.ge{i agai l tbe .vil pop.Niri* ofitr* fado6.

o&uor45&ruoffi)Ecuiq

Str/ .l{ls*y

e.^.1@

S@ial rnd and

nord refomrion of $ciely

alory

is

ssoriat to cEate

s clinat of prebily

hoBry

tro doubr, but

*iih Ibn c d.velopilg sicty lil. p.tisia! mte mri @Nplion

rccdr lo

msw .ffecrive. h h3s b@D ncntioncd rbar l[. sprld ot @mlnion bs produccd a ds of..nidt[e ne. who like pret*sional @rcthakm e ltways slrivinS ro bring rhc bribr &d rhe
lot of a llw other matr.rs which Muld

o 6t
ri u p
FI FI

bribe bg.lha. Thcy chqgc @Mj$ion or dry

lr|erion.

Th.y @ articd.le,

tg

F)

dy@ic rnd .d@lqd dd

vdy skiltn in mipuladon a sirutio4 *,hich

ofa ,ni.bte tn!r'
is to

ls

o o
I'l

poleniial for @@ption. Tt Nual methld

itmw

lavish

pani6

al nhich prcsFctiv.
deals, In

'hoe

aadeB'

jnvir.d lo s@i.tia and

sLil| th.n n hliou

th. hirlory ofcoEupliotr in Amcrica, a ,ni.tCte

Eo' M on6 cjled a .6xa,,

but

lald on $ch ! p.Mn lDvsilg eund Walhi.gron

b@ica es cr[ed .tiv.

s!@6stut,

percenl'.

l.

Pakistor, th6e edw.icd thugs iodutge in $phisti@led ihiev,] undd all

kind. of

lhs.
sdo6

If thc

dd

@mprjon

tas

Soing ro bc

0h gov.md

nur

put

ubs on the &(vitis ofth. ,mi.!dte mm'.

Anothq Eairq, Ebich

socitiei is that law

i!

of

tial @n.d

fo.lhc rfol]l@ in ihe d.wlopiig

mo.g ob6e@

Ih* is a geddi @sens ard &DiFi5 dDr rh. AnislDE rr 6!r e ftr.d our ro rb ,eu5.d
.follmdt
ina.hirely is v.ry de&ciirc.

olfice6 ac imdequte. Eitho th. law is dencidr, or th pr6edws 8lifty

laboriou

dD1

rlF

oifiG grdpl.

ortolnDilics

to

rresfa wiIb th..vid.n e &d

qfti* i te@
lh pani6

over thc wi[r6sB, Thc inrligatiod and bials

@e

long

dnM thil

6nla.d l@

inr.rBt in r[e c!5., lDd

nor

wi!6c

fdsct rh. &<*, Ir llE ad slD&v6

faith of

$cces is a.liwed h

@m.iluDre with rhe gnvity of rh otr.N, nE

th.

.'t,l q{dx'.r.v of,or!ffitdf,oonn|d

poplc

e.-4.*
*
js

h rL adninilr{i@

is stEtr.rd r'tEn dEy

ihor th. @d!p{

otr4 e

mr

being pbjshed by dE thal

gor@r

llen @n6.h@

firtt . &mg.d *rEn lhcy mti@

ad muzt.
ihc

otrcd i6ide

1h.

sii@mFim dFrrMr

r.i(c bribs
even

.vid.@. h is

not

u@mon in !h d*loping wity io find

being

sior otr6

of

&ti@prion

agwi6

eu$d

of

n l-pEti6.
vcry

||t Itl |lt

The d.velopilg

sictiB e
the

.Lncidi b rlc urilizdi@ of

's

pubtic opilioo,

o o

I'l g

ed lhis sioBly

hdpd

.limirdlior of codptio!. It

obcr.d rh.t buMl@rs,

no @tler bow powcrtul they activins. Ior @@pi

@y

be,

scarcd

of ih. public ciiticism of rhen

public opinion is a heting pubtic

polidcis ed adDiiisihto6,
lhe

!dv;

nidtn@- ThfoE, f6
opiniotr is a very

6onl

hedrh of s

si.ty, a Feetnl dd cducd.d

a

ihpon&t If the *icry ftals a @mp1 offer s

eci.t

outcrsle, a

tjnd of Friah, th@ b .rcry

lten

to b|i.rc rhat

sh e

anintde will v.stty impbve

ihe eLhical clirutc of ihc gove@oi. In ecielica

wt

a pornl dtidote aeainst

@tupIb4 th.y

nal

NppLn@t lceal &tion wih

sial

@riotr. lrw

..follmdr

ofi6
ces

bave

oio

@mplaind tb!.

pllerio! ad deretion of @d9riotr n hind.rEd

s.ldm
pret!.st againn paftndy

by th. @n

.@F6rion of rld

public. P@plc

hou

of compion io public

lif. dd
be

would very

lely

prcvide tiinely

ed rcl@l

iD{omatio..

This.d.qucy.d

rDedicd ard

6ly if th. mes

nbu.d with spiis

.4 of comFim dut c@6 to thcn node. Co@ption is a @rspiE y of g!d, ed ed fa.

of

patiotis, hiv sial

.sErffi

*illirg lo Epon Plonpdy &y

The rich

goanlly

have iNaliable aprEtir.s, in

sd

thcir gred @nst@rly goads

tho

to

ecept bnbe

6lcgitih.t instMot

ecMuLtirg @rc @n.y,

altd if em legsl or

ShJ <l{d!.'..,y

nn0fFooffi6n
uy.
thcy

9.r.h...

pocedual impedincnb bloct tlcn

lhe

udily spar a porlion

ot rh.n w.alrh fo,

pah-g@ing of tho* s,lb c&

mer

hlp ih.m. Th. p@r heome

@dpr

be

thy

cml

o E o o n
tll

evd

rh

ninimm of

then ne.dr in

lif., H.uld by si@iion dd

hlplcsn$, ttey.rc pqndcnrlt dimed thicdly to Esist lapi.rioN lh,t @mc in

lhen way. Nanfally

c E
*61

peren who cs@l k.@ lhe

mlf
lhird

aw.y ftob rhe .t@, will grsb

elding

with ohich h!

sdisfy his &G.

IE

ndbq

of thc @rs?i@y G

fl &l g
til
rit
IE

,!r)

fd, which is uivc'sauy rcsardcd

sd
of

elem.ir which.rcdes morat @ugs. in

hMe
lh.

cb@G. panicul&ly if it

is

ir .xce

pEsslB vo *h6

he is @nvircd rb!1

dqmds
good.

to qhich

h. is being lubjard @ wenabte, iDmoral dd .s.iisr pubtic

rhould be

lt

is

ihdfoE .sdtial ttEl ged, &.d &d f@

swudcd

by

nonl

fonificarioa.
slrenSih of

Io

d.hiev

tLt qd,

a $cicty wilt

h.E,lo culrira& eong its

p@plc

cb{cl{

&d noral couage.

o o n 0 o o o n p o o g n n 6 o o o o o d

E[

60500sdffi sffi 0orFduo60uooldo

Ste/ <l{rro/&y

BIBILIOGRAPHY
AdE Abdd Hznrl i^"l" l:rld r. tV:i A. AdnhkhdE 9rfi On.i., t96l),

-Vrrr

Of A.tnhtaiddr tn

p*bn

Ath.d,

M, {lne "Roh

Or{ SdEr oi P:&o.,, lx:nd!: Oddd Unnr6,t

hE,

196+),

Ar'med

^hmd ^ll. ltunt, " Ih. Ovil

of HbhdcM 9Mnu

tit
EI IlJ

ln

patiun'.1D@: NlpA t9a!).

:

5.fl.6 Ott:tdun', (tOrd

6rd

UniEEty

Ar., l96t).

All shq&g "ch:n3ln8

|

Peft Of 3dr$ Adrihtedon In p*kr tud Indtr: A Stud, In BUteE k Aun!&4, (16 A.SLr, Kdf(htr, Untstry ot Sd|hm Cj!tohh, 965, UnqDtrhed D6d*! Dkrdddr

i5

o Adrs, R-W. (CdnpLte Enpby* A H&dboo( tor kmnndAppEk l,. flmdr. p!bd. o AdmhBfidw Se6lcet. o s "AffirtordF tutbofr Cdmiddr naar ot dE sody Ra d p.nobd s alfnhlfrdoo (Pe|5md ptrmti& sEfihr ot public 54@ und.rotdrs And peMnd mDgeno0". Nd D.6L tt n4.r Of puHkrdd!, 196t. 6 o E " ftr'g@ rfPB-qmqll r4o.r d pdsls NGw h.rt o MaE E OtAlbliodo6, I9a9, ^dnrird6,. o q ApDkby tupd! 'tuHlc Adnhteiton tn tndr,. t Aulhf- M.G lebl Pjy<nolostet pol.? c.nupdon". o "A Appoch To fte tody g Unpunuo.d Tithhae fiortdr Sou Untudtd. o 8lau,P.cJ Ti. DrMi6 g oI &Ekr*F . tody ot InEp.BnrI t.l|.,oilhtpd h Tm ", aMm|Md orpnbdonr', Unbedry Of Okrso p6, 961. o
Oa Papr.
|

s p
E
EI

fr F

o tri |lr

o E[ n FI a o
rn

B!*.r!

DyMkr Ot A, Int ffl AfttE DMj|on Ot A pole D.!.ftMf.,oftn,rrCotk3!Of crrnlDuB&e l97l.

tnnc& W. aTrE

t*, tiHfti,.ilfl.,
8iner,

i$frlon

ft

saroro$,

or codp&.,.

sodorosrol

3.lg.r, He6.rr, "'The InwrtSadon And ptuaudon or pole Coflp&n,. J@mj or Crinh.l L{ .nd Othtnotory, 197a.

nrtu

ad lullan t, teb<L .Ar llFrk Typolory In Orya.hrdmt D{vt.ne. Spdt{fet4 t, I9Z,r,

Crr

CmDdo.:"

Sody

8fis, ll'ffi'Pr.btn AE Ir Rqrdr

ficdryr td&Arir,

On pooc Coirrdd.. pr9.r Olin ArEr,cn Sockry Ot Crtlhohiy, chtoro, ti7a.

ftscd

Ar

f, {Tlr ci, 9flk of

p:hon ln sdrh.m Adadc cluzrdt,,

.sl,/ qld'.'...y

e.^.tc*
EI

u
GI

Vot,LVl ,No,2.5pRtNG,959,

rdn4
srunc

iJ
E!

f,, o1 F.r-n3 gen " -.!'"rdol er,|lhnMr dvdd. p!b& rdnffirdon e;(h;; tHrnrba* olrM dvtln, ^dnhbirv. t967),
tDdhn Clvt

5 e

L si,,th.

Sfrke,' {L6dq: l9!7}.

In Tlx Ur.ne,, No, I , 974

Buta,
lc.'TtE

Ovjt 5

{a l. p.t&r

s p
2tr S.prdbs,

3e4

c. -Th.

cMn orL Ott td!i..,.

In

(Ldldcr. |,6a1.

p #I u
EI
F.:

3nd|r ndrli&4"tNhs CMr gnnB

AEkn

Sod.r,.

lc!lo.!.c I e4r.

lalodj, 1. !. OdEu, a(C.ir'|ds , AduD,

Ob,4 | %Sl.

&MrL N & Kd, S.t, ald a.rrtB tL!. tM,, "DrD,rt!

I'au'

To

s.n4.6In IndL,,

rh,

D.lht,

orl6r

ldxtu,

ornrqF-y-.
or
t.

(chbsor l9s5).
Revr'd

ig ig

tl
E ii:

PtJ;T1?'?:5:

&BEq'

&rddr (chbsD: ud\qrv or

.-wffi*fiilffi,gffi,*ffi#ffi
Sd|d Ardoi {rdroij: re65l
Ch.ldhry

crnpb.tl Cr-.-rh. Ovr

s6,t

&f,

EI

M,rr,ln.

Ctir S.nte tn
Chlf,

p:lirb". (De! Nb. l96j)

(Land: l95l )

o o o n

&!

crlitkyr
cohen,

lr,trr
a

S.n&e today,,

c
t;
|

Y;

.MiljT.

ot*,,1E1d;jJnp*
O'rouL &2h,.D!ft$tr

^F^rrUmir,95tt
Of

thi

-c_frni or
In

th. !ftd1

chdt

s.nk

/6. I ere," (London

EI

pcdd arfrhrdd". lrd yar H4E a'd

t950).

EI

CdnFC. (ld|dqr
h.d..
Ot

E
rn

Ghi[,

M:urke

w'r'nKr

o*".Y!]*.9_:gqpj9l rld rl.o p*tFn prE),

{|etmn.
Of

pqdrd l,izEs.6!- (Lddor | %s]. H.do& Druo,..puDrr a.r, n&r,iror

Ur,larl, pB,.

a
6! ftt
EI EI

D&kl

lhds, lll. Arr.rb

P'6D.c. h LdL. (D.d

6t

E.lo.roodm*o.s'f, o'nexu'Etrtsc*Hodtrt*rr"rrrE

Slrd <l{d!.r.&y

e"-.h4"

E&C

|3
E;
fa! iEi

LD..liN

h undnidd h& & 6n&hnd s "p.@ddB" n. nudr r.con !h$ Ery dory the dDhst pLced d Dubtk o(k. by ho htsh Enktng
rh.

ors

n u n
EI

Drk, H,L

uf6trPrw
& Ol

"Iie posd Ad prbbls

t943t.

Of Htho

Chl

541c.," (Lddm: Odbd

owErrd-,l-.n
E

t*

Htha CM S.nk? h t,!d:."

u,

Mn@o

prunr

. J, Arhilt!.ddr Ar! O6trtosrd. tn tqAyj:: Lsbdo.rl &*tE h A 5..tery,'(tmA(J\N.y, CoEt unisjry pr6) | 972
@ndt.h6,, In midn Mr6eB {cd). publk dEka Wlr,bird 4<.

t7
EI c

ri!

Frunk Thnenbrum, "The ln'Iue@ of njr@rton tn dadoptB

rdj

Fts, H."Ilt nEy An 6:d.. Of itortdn

^o

tg

CciE1" trd4

{Lddoc t95a).

i-!

fllgo.

Edirn

!d

@prry,

"Prtn<btsd
I

966t,

p?srd M&:Srtur"
tlafuddu

(2id .d,

t&, ydt Hcrfl Ht

S.tn6,

H
pi

Io

GI

Fer?F,,ldl.,'CM 5.nlc
Gbddm.gN."rhe

5Fh"

Of AdhhbadE

swle or

0{qE4r,"

(sopl6, r 956).

G
|!;
ta!

fi

cednw, H.F..ln. cMt ssvte of p:tdra," tNdHe@, t96..,.

GjbL. w.Rkhrd. "tnfodudd_To_Db( Adnt tado piq.<1, I unhqjly of sodm l'll|llfu^ll:ndt, t96jr_ chddo, E,N.'cMr snt . sofi &i.dq,, (t_ondft winl.m rio&E ad (d | 968).

fii

s |i!
tn

ta1

"'tuJ** #;ff ffit J*"ffi Jhs#hffi SJHtrifEi: :il%ffi ktr ffi ,,ii ,H;.ffiJffi ,,ffiJ Hr
,

ffi

Gq

ol P-rrllur,,"Itr R.!.n of rtr

tMnor,

offitm

of

prllun

fto/hdj t a|IzErh. Cdtr

pB

,9621,

c.."

t962

pn t.

u E p u
1.I

i5 H

KI EI

Govfur
Gdtlllmr

of,PiliEn,"t p.(_Of Th. pruddl Admkadw Comkdon 1160," rMEd: at)vtlmtu of prdq pB tt6ol.
or,p.td!.n.

o
rJt

|ffi"ff ;ffi,#ffi H $*
,?i

"hple|lm.bn of Ad'htrndk Rlfffi ,uEl,

"fl

ffi

n 3ub.tds,

#i

tlj

r.j

fa!

6
i5
LA

oQegge|s|in5 orl

#,#ffi#gw***H
Su/ nlaco.tny

c G 6 c o
g o E e q o 6 o o o e o g
fr o o
E

G'd

5.ldDn.

c 6

EI

Or r@d In Advarctur" In l"lnim Krlerbr&oD.CttpD,rdG8,. Coul&.r, Al,ln,'P:@ft Ot IndBdd !u@qr&r," Nd yo|t Ory FRe pr.$.
G64...A.Gr.lDm:

cbdhr

ReDoE .n.

t"8@&o.q

AId Dddor

Md'r-

Vtewd F6n A

p:ht

pKten!

R.k

E g H
i5

H@g.nbM, Ari. 'Spotkmen tud Reto@: OVt teffi. Rdm And p!b{. M6ntin,. Hd&nh.rw, Ardd 1., Ed. pofitut cotuprtoc Rodh!! r" cdpandv4 Aurylb! NR yqrtc HoE rheh.n ind wls;, t97o;ppr7;.
Hatd.r,S.t"Adnhlfrdt
J..cu.r E

fr
x
E
H

t .rrrbzdo. h p*rar.

oab:

ldd4

srh r@,

tru).

"l't?s|fut

cr R.eddnt,," (T.vrrod,

t956),
pE.

Ikn4 Mrfi..l t., .Persct K.!rdr,

H.

Maqtu{
tn tn

fi
L!1.
H
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