Stem
First, approximate dimensions are chosen for the retaining wall. Then, stability of wall is checked for these dimensions dimensions. Section is changed if its undesirable from the stability or economy point of view.
Toe
Heel
0.3 m min
0.3 m min
Pa (Rankine)
Pa (Coulomb)
1 Ph = K h H 2 2
1 Pv = K v H 2 2
Terzaghi and Peck have produced semi-empirical charts for Kh and Kv for different types of soils as listed in the table below diff tt f il li t d i th t bl b l
10
11
12
Excessive SETTLEMENT may occur if weak soil y layer is located below the foundation within 1.5 times foundation width.
13
For back fill with its slope less than 10, the critical sliding surface may be assumed to pass through heel of the retaining wall.
14
15
M FOS = M
FOS =
R O
( P + W ) .x = M M M M x= P + W
av i R R O av i
In the design of cantilever retaining wall it is preferred that the stem center is right above the location of resultant force at the base (resultant of soil reaction).
16
F FOS = F
FS = Pah
R S
1.75
FR = R.tan b + cb B + PP
In most cases passive earth pressure is ignored while calculating FOS against sliding Base friction and adhesion may be taken by the following assumption
2 1 b = to .2 3 2 2 1 cb = to .c2 3 2
17
Use a Dead man anchor at the stem to transfer a part of sliding force to it. Increase the width of base slab ( f bl on h l side) l b (preferably heel id )
18
( Pav + Wi ) + ( Pah PP )
2 R O av i
M M CE = x = P + W
Eccentricity:
qmax qmin
Q 6e ( Pav + Wi ) 6e = 1 + = 1 + B B B B
B e= x 2
Q 6e ( Pav + Wi ) 6e = 1 = 1 B B B B
For e > B/6 qmin becomes negative B/6, negative, i.e. tensile force. This is not desirable and re-proportioning is required
19
B = B 2e
Wall Joints
Construction Joints: Vertical or horizontal joints are placed between two
successive pour of concrete. To increase shear resistance at the joints, keys may used as shown in the figure below below.
Wall Joints
Expansion Joint: These vertical joints are provided in large retaining
walls to allow for the expansion of concrete due to temperature changes and they are usually extended from top to bottom of the wall. These joints may be filled with flexible joint fillers. Horizontal reinforcing steel bars running across the stem are continuous through all joints. However, joints However the current thinking is that the large resistance to expansion/contraction on the back face of wall from lateral pressure + the friction resistance of the base, these joints are practically useless base useless.
22
Wall Drainage g
Accumulation of rain water in the back fill results in its saturation, and thus a considerable increase in the earth pressure acting on the wall. This Thi may eventually lead to unstable conditions. Two of the options to t ll l d t t bl diti T f th ti t take care of this problem are the following:
Provision of weep holes w/o geo-textile on the back-face of wall Perforated pipe draining system with filter
Weep hole
Filter material
23
Wall Drainage g
Weep Holes: They should have a minimum
diameter of 10 cm and be adequately spaced depending on th b kfill material. G d di the backfill t i l Geotextile material or a thin layer of some other filter may be used on the back face of wall for the full height in order to avoid the back fill material entering the weep holes and eventually clogging them.
Combination of inclined and horizontal drain for cohesive soils
Vertical drains
Inclined drains
24
Wall Drainage g
Perforated Pipes: These are provided horizontally along the back face of
wall at the bottom of stem The filter material around the perforated pipe stem. should satisfy the following requirements. The soil to be protected should note wash into the filter
<5
Excessive hydraulic pressure head is not created in the soil due to low permeability.
>4
25
Wall Settlements
Settlement of soil below the wall
Immediate settlement in granular soil soil. Consolidation settlement in cohesive soil.
Differential settlement
Heel settlement is larger when there is substantial increase in backfill Toe settlements are produced by lateral earth pressure. To minimize toe settlements, ground may be strengthened using sand piles, piles rock columns grouting, or structural piles columns, grouting piles. Differential settlements along the length of wall may produce cracks in the wall. This can be watched during construction itself and preemptive action may b t k such as ensuring proper d ti ti be taken h i compaction of the ground.
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