Sampling

Sampling
Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Probability Sampling Methods

A sampling method that gives each unit in the population a known, non-zero chance of being selected is called a probability sampling method. In the analysis of the sample, weights appropriate to the probabilities are utilized to increase validity of the ndings. The most commonly used and most familiar methods are: Simple Random Sampling Stratied Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Cluster Sampling or Area Sampling Multistage Sampling

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Simple random sampling (SRS)

A simple random sample of size n is a sample of n units selected in such a way that every possible sample of the given size has the same chance of being selected. Samples of dierent sizes may have dierent chances of being selected. The SRS method can be
with replacement (WR) without replacement (WOR).

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Selection Procedure
To obtain a simple random sample of size n using a table of random numbers,
1

Assign every element in the population a number, beginning with 1 and ending with N. Go to the table and randomly select a starting point. Record the numbers as they are read from the table; one records as many digits as there are digits in N (e.g., if N is 79, record two-digit numbers), but disregard any numbers chosen that exceed the value of N.

2 3

When the sample is selected in this manner, every element in the population has an equal chance of selection, and every combination of n elements has an equal chance; i.e., a simple random sample is obtained.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Features of SRS
Good for This sampling will give good sample (better representation) if the population of interest is homogeneous with respect to the characteristic of the interest. Not good for The situations when SRS is not a good option are:
When the units of the population are heterogeneous with respect to the characteristics of study As every unit has equal chance of selection, in a large survey the units selected may be widely scattered posing great operational diculty and thus incurring high cost. Preparation of the frame (list of units for sampling) for a large population may be impossible or at least not easy, time consuming and cost-wise prohibitive.
Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Example 1

The following are the age data of 36 patients in an hospital: 52 28 45 25 28 25 65 58 31 70 22 25 62 47 25 35 29 23 45 25 32 15 75 42 53 30 30 36 75 52 17 27 40 35 30 11 Describe the method for drawing a sample size of 10 using the simple random sampling.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Results related to SRS

An unbiased estimator of the population mean Y is given by the sample mean 1 yi . y= n u s
i

The variance of y is given by

N

V ( ) = y

1 2 1 (Y) = n nN N n nN(N 1)
N

(yi Y )2 , for WR SRS,

i=1

V ( ) = y

(yi Y )2 , for WOR SRS.

i=1

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Results related to SRS (cont.)

An estimate of the variance of y is given by

v ( ) = y 1 n (yi y )2 , for WR SRS , n1 (yi y )2 , for WOR SRS. n1

ui s

v ( ) = y

N n nN

ui s

Note: It can easily be observed that the variance and estimated variances are both inversely related with the sample size n

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Relative Precision
Comparisons between two dierent sampling methods are usually made on the basis of relative precision (RP). The following Table illustrates the idea of RP: Method Estimator Variance of Raltive precision the estimator 1/V (B ) A A V (A ) = V (A ) B B V (B )
1/V (A ) V (B )

Often V (A ) and V (B ) are found to be inversely related function of sample size. Note: If the method B is SRS, then the relative precision is often known as design eect (de ).
Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Systematic random sampling

For a 1-in-k systematic sample, you order the units of the population in some way, and randomly select one of the rst k units in the ordered list. This selected unit is the rst unit to be included in the sample. You continue through the list selecting every k t h unit from then on. Advantages The advantages of the systematic sampling are:
Sample is easy and fast to select. Sample is evenly spread over the entire reference population. Sampling is possible also in situations where frame is not possible to be constructed for example in case of a hospital out-door clinic. In this situation we nd a suitable sampling interval and select patients/people accordingly.

Disadvantages If the frame or the sampling units has some hidden periodicity, which coincides with selections the results will be biased.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
Suppose we want to select a sample of size 20 from a population of 200. We rst nd the sampling interval by dividing N = 200 by n = 20 i.e. Sampling Interval = N = 200 = 10. n 20 select a number at random which may be any number between 1 and k select a number at random which may be any number between 1 and 10. Suppose 3 is selected. So item number 3 in the frame is our rst unit. The second unit will be 3 + 10=13th unit. Thus the series of 20 items that will be selected are: 3, 13,23 ..193
Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Stratied random sampling

The population under study is rst divided into homogenous groups or classes called strata. Sampling is carried out in each stratum following exactly the simple random sampling procedure. Good for It gives a better representation of population for a heterogeneous population. As a result, the variation of estimates from sample to sample i.e., sampling variation is minimized and precession increased. Not Necessary for It is not necessary for a homogeneous population because it encurs more complexity of stratifying than SRS, which was not needed.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Sampling Procedure

In this procedure of sampling, selection is done according to the following steps Dene the population Identify the strata Determine the sub-sample sizes Select items within each stratum by SRS.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Allocation of samples among the strata

In this In stratied random sampling, the units in population will be divided into L sub-populations of N1 , N2 , ..., NL units. And n1 , n2 , ..., nL units of SRS from these strata comprise the total sample size n. The sample sizes in dierent strata can be allocated in one of the dierent principles. Proportional allocation: In this allocation the sample size is h allocated by satisfying the condition Nh = N . That is, if the n n elements of a stratum comprise (for example) the 15% of the population then the 15% of the selected sample should also come from that stratum. Equal allocation: In this allocation the sample size is allocated as nh = N , i.e. the sample size from each stratum will be n equal irrespective of the size of the stratum in the population. The other allocation principles available are Neyman Allocation
Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Cluster sampling
In cluster sampling, the units of the population are grouped into cluster. One or more clusters are selected at random. If a cluster is selected, all of the units that form that cluster are included in the sample. Good for IIt gives a better representation of population for a heterogeneous population. As a result, the variation of estimates from sample to sample i.e., sampling variation is minimized and precession increased. Not Necessary for It is not necessary for a homogeneous population because it encurs more complexity of stratifying than SRS, which was not needed.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Sampling Procedure

In this procedure of sampling, selection is done according to the following steps Dene the population. Verify that elements in each cluster are similar to elements in other clusters A sample of such clusters is then selected. All the units in the selected clusters are then examined or studied.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Multistage sampling

In some cases of sampling the sample may be selected in stages according to specied method at dierent stages. This type of sampling is termed as multistage sampling. Good for It saves cost and time a perform as good as SRS if the units within cluster are homogenous and between clusters are heterogenous. Not Good for If the units are heterogenous within cluster, this method may give misleading results.

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
In this procedure of sampling, selection is done according to the following steps The population is rst divided into a number of large clusters called primary sampling units (PSU), Primary sampling units are again divided into smaller cluster called second stage units (SSU), The process is continued until the last stage (say kth stage) which the units are the elements for which the data are collected, At every stages, a number of cluster are selected within the selected clusters of previous stage. Remember that smaller the number of stages get better results of the estimates.
Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Non-probability sampling

cant use probability theory Accidental, haphazard or convenience samplingEg.

man on the street or person who volunteers

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sampling

Dierent non-probability sampling

Purposive sampling- sampling with a purpose in mind Quota sampling- sampling until a pre-assigned quota is lled Inverse sampling- Number of objects in a category pre-specied, sample size variable Non-proportional sampling - minimum number in each category Heterogeneity sampling- want a range of response and dont worry about sample size Snowball sampling- start with one who meets criteria and as to recommend other ,

Syed S. Hossain Institute of Statistical Research and Training University of Dhaka, Bangladesh