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XXXII NATIONAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NSC 2008, December 17-19, 2008

REAL TIME IMPLEMENTATION OF NUMERICAL RELAY FOR INDUCTION MOTOR


Bhavesh Bhalja, Member, IEEE, R. P. Maheshwari and Vijay Makwana

AbstractSelection of the most suitable thermal relay has to be made for better overload protection to prevent induction motor from overheating beyond design limits. A scheme for thermal overload protection of induction motor using numerical relay MICOM P220 has been implemented and results of experimental tests on a physical model are described. The performance of the proposed test set up has been investigated by a number of online tests for different overloads with varying time constants. At the end, a comparative evaluation, between the measured value from the test set up and the theoretical value from the designed parameters of induction motor, is carried out and the results are found to be encouraging. Index Termsoverload protection, digital relay, induction motor.

II.

OVERLOADING

mall motors having BHP of few tens of h.p. and rated for 415 volts can be protected by starters of various kinds having in-built thermal overload relays, no-volt release facility and so often protection for short-circuits. These can in addition, be protected by switch-fuse units. Large motors (ranging from 100 hp. to 5000 hp. or more) & in the medium voltage range (of the order of 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, etc.) are protected by comprehensive protective arrangements to achieve desired degree of security & dependability [1][3].Some of the abnormal conditions that must be dealt with are as under. (i) Stator Phase and Ground Fault (ii) Rotor Faults (iii) Overload (iv) Overspeed (v) Abnormal voltage & frequencies (vi) Stalling (vii) Single phasing (viii) Reverse phase Sequence. Since the solution to a given failure or abnormality is not the same for all failures or abnormalities, it is very important that the proper solution must be applied to correct a specific problem. In some instances tripping of the unit itself is required, in other cases reduction in load or removing some specific equipment is the proper action [4]. In this paper, abnormal conditions of motor are discussed. Only overloading phenomena are discussed here.

I. INTRODUCTION

Increase in the mechanical load of induction motor will decrease the speed and hence, slip will increase. Therefore, rotor current as well as stator current will also increase. The heat generated due to this current is equal to I2 Rt, where, t is the time for which the current is passed. However, the heat will also be dissipated by radiation due to cooling means employed or due to natural cooling. The generated heat goes on increasing the temperature of the winding and with the increase in temperature the rate of heat dissipation also increases. As the heat dissipated is proportional to td4 (td equals temperature developed minus ambient temperature), at a particular temperature, the rate of heat generation and the rate of heat dissipation are equal and the temperature settles at this value. This is known as a state of equilibrium. A similar explanation holds good for rotor circuit also [5]. Now any gesture of increasing the load (more than the rated load) will increase the slip beyond rated slip and the currents beyond the rated currents. Obviously, with reference to this current (say, stator current), the heat will be generated at a higher rate than the previous case and hence, the equilibrium temperature will be higher than the earlier case. The stator or rotor conductors will not be affected in any way due to this increment in temperature but the insulation around these conductors can certainly be affected. The insulation can get deteriorated due to temperature rise and can eventually fail due to thermal breakdown mechanism. The maximum temperature that can be withstood by an insulator without being damaged depends upon the class of insulation used. But for any insulator there is a known limit to which the temperature can rise. Hence, with reference to this temperature there will be a current beyond which a motor should not be loaded. Once the motor is overloaded, the insulation will not be in a critical state immediately. The time within which the temperature reaches to a value equal to the maximum allowable limit of an insulator for a given overload is inversely proportional to the square of the current. Thus, different allowable times can be derived for different overloads, on thermal withstand characteristic of an induction motor. One such typical characteristic is shown in Fig. 1.

Bhavesh Bhalja is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, ADIT, Gujarat, India (e-mail: brb77dee@iitr.ernet.in) R. P. Maheshwari is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667 India (e-mail: rudrafee@iitr.ernet.in) Vijay Makwana is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, GCET, Gujarat, India.

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t Time Thermal W ithstand Characteristic

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 M ultiples of Rated Current of Equipment

Fig. 1 Thermal withstand characteristics of induction motor

Hot Curve Cold Curve

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 M ultiples of Rated Current of Equipm ent

Fig. 2 Hot and Cold curve of induction motor It is observed that the time within which the temperature rises to a maximum allowable value also depends upon the datum temperature i.e. the value of the temperature at the instant of overloading. If the motor is overloaded in cold condition (i.e. from standstill), the time taken by induction motor will, naturally, be higher than in hot condition (i.e. from full load). Accordingly, there will be two parallel curves, one known as cold curve and other as hot curve as shown in Fig. 2. III.
THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION

Overload protection is always applied to motors to protect them against overheating. Small motors usually used thermal heating elements such as bimetallic strips purchased with the motor starter [3] whereas other motors use time-delay overcurrent relays. The fundamental limitation of these relays is difficulty in obtaining heating curves. Moreover, heating curves of these relays vary considerably which may damage or shorten life of insulation. Some manufacturers also use replica type thermal overload relays to protect the motor from unusual loading conditions. However, the main draw backs of these relays are that the motor thermal capability is often not known accurately and is usually not precise [6]-[8]. The long time overcurrent relay can be one of the solution and offers good protections for heavy overloads. But the main disadvantage is that it overprotects for light and medium overloads. Some researchers also suggest combination of overload and overcurrent relay characteristics for better thermal protection. But the complication in relay settings and testing weighs heavily against it and hence, rarely used [4]. Furthermore, while selecting a relay for thermal overload protection of induction motor, it is to be assured that the relay shall not operate when the motor is started. This can happen, particularly, when motors having high inertia and, in turn, long accelerating times (starting time) are started in hot condition. In such a case the relay is to be so selected that the hot characteristics of relay should not overlap with the starting characteristics of motor. In this condition, the normal practice in the filed is to inhibit the relay operating during starting of the induction motor. However, the demerit of such a facility is that the adequate protection is not provided for an unhealthy start [5], [9]. Digital relays take advantage of the ability to model the rotor and the stator mathematically and use algorithms that calculate the conductor temperature resulting from operating current, add the effect of ambient temperature, and calculate the heat transfer, and the heat decay. They are therefore responsive to the effects of multiple starts, the major disadvantage of using only current as an indication of temperature [4], [10]. In addition, the digital relays can record actual operating parameters such as ambient temperature, starting and running current and adjust the algorithms accordingly [11],[12]. IV.
THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION USING DIGITAL RELAY

Time

The numerical motor protection relay produces a thermal image of the motor from the positive and negative sequence components of the currents consumed by the motor, in such a way as to take into account the thermal effects created in the stator and in the rotor [13]. The current Ieq is calculated according to the following formula:

I eq =

( I1 + K e I 2 )

(1)

Thermal withstand capability limit of induction motor depends upon the class of insulation used. Hence, the motor should be disconnected from supply before it reaches the respective time limit for a given overload. A relay characteristics (hot & cold curves), which match closely with the thermal withstand characteristics of motor would be the best choice.

Where, Ke is a negative sequence current recognition factor. Normally, it is from 0 to 10 in steps of 1. I1 and I2 are the positive and negative sequence current respectively. Starting from this equivalent thermal current, the thermal state of the motor is calculated after every 5 cycles (every 100 ms

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for a 50 Hz system) by the relay according to the following formula:

i +1 = ( I eq I > ) 2 [1 e ( t T ) ] + i e ( t / T )

(2)

Where, I> is the thermal overload current threshold, i is the value of the thermal state calculated previously (5 cycles earlier) and T is the time constant of the motor. As a function of the operating conditions of the motor, the relay uses one of the following three thermal time constants: (i) The thermal time constant Te1 which is applied when the equivalent thermal current Ieq lies between 0 to 2I>, that is when the motor is running (load or overload conditions). (ii) The starting time constant Te2 which is applied when the equivalent thermal current Ieq is greater than 2I>, that is when the motor is in the starting phase or locked rotor condition. (iii) The cooling time constant Tr which is applied when the motor is shut down. In this case, the motor no longer consumes current and the value of the thermal state therefore decreases as time passes according to the formula given as follows:

Where, MC is a Multiplying Coefficient and Ta is an ambient temperature in 0C. For a temperature greater than or equal to 400C, the thermal threshold I> is modified by a Multiplying Coefficient of 0.75. Table I shows the relationship between temperature measurement and the thermal threshold I>. Table I Relation between ambient temperature & the thermal threshold 40 Ambient temperature (0C) 1.0 I> V. 45 0.95 50 0.90 55 0.85 60 0.80 65 0.75

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

i +1 = i e(t / T

(3)

On-line connection of voltage and current transformers on the induction motor, relay settings, hardware description and results of the proposed scheme are presented here. A. Test setup of Induction Motor The experimental setup is implemented and tested on a threephase, 50 Hz, squarel cage induction motor. The motor is coupled with three-phase, 2.5 kVA and 440V alternator. Parameters of motor-generator set are given in Appendix. The induction motor configuration and the real time digital environment are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The technique uses three line currents. The current signals are fed to the relay using 10/5 A current transformer (CT). The CT secondary is shunted by impedance to obtain an equivalent voltage signal. The output voltage signals produced from CTs are very small and also contain noise. Therefore, they are amplified and filtered using analog filters before they are fed to the data acquisition system. The sampling frequency is 800 Hz. The time interval between the successive samples is 1.25 ms.

A thermal overload signal is generated when the value of the thermal state reaches 100%. However, at this juncture, a function such as inhibit is required which inhibits thermal tripping during starting. This function permits inhibition of the thermal tripping information during the starting phase. It may be necessary to use this function for some motors with temperature rise characteristics in a starting phase very different from those in a locked rotor condition. If the user brings this function into service, this inhibition is activated as soon as the starting time delay begins. On expiry of the starting time delay, this inhibition is deactivated. When this function is activated, that is during the motor starting phase, the value of the thermal state calculated cannot exceed 90%. This means that thermal tripping cannot take place under any circumstances. At the end of the time allowed for starting, the value of the thermal state is authorized to exceed 90%. When the ambient temperature exceeds 400C, the admissible motor current diminishes in relation to its rated current. A setting of the protection parameters which is suitable under normal temperature conditions is no longer suitable when the ambient temperature rises above 400C. The numerical relay offers the possibility of taking into account this necessary derating of motors. The thermal image can be modified by the ambient temperature measurement. The rule for the ambient temperature measurement influencing the thermal image is as under. (i) For an ambient temperature lower than or equal to 400C, the thermal image is not modified. (ii) For an ambient temperature between 400C and 650C, the thermal threshold I> is modified by a Multiplying Coefficient (MC) in compliance with the following formula: (4) MC = [1 (T a 40 )]/ 100

Fig. 3 Induction motor under test

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Fig. 4 Overall schematic of the experimental setup B. Relay Settings Time constant = 30 minutes Ke = 3 I> = 0.2 Initial thermal state = 0% Temperature = 300 C VI.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Fig. 5 Relay performance during overloading condition VII.


CONCLUSION

The proposed setup of induction motor has been tested for a wide variation of percentage overload and time constants. Table II and Fig. 5 shows the relay performance at different overload conditions. It has observed from Table II that the actual time and the theoretical time are almost same. Moreover, the maximum error was less than 5% (mean=0.469%). Table II Variation in percentage error at different overloads

Implementation of a new test set up for the protection of induction motors in a laboratory environment and real time studies of induction motor are presented in this paper. Numbers of online tests for different overload conditions have been carried out on the proposed setup. The proposed comprehensive setup of induction motor numerical protection relay is capable to operate for different overload conditions along with varying time constants. APPENDIX Parameters of 3- squirrel cage induction motor coupled with 3- alternator are as under. A Induction Motor 3 H. P., 440 V, 50 Hz, 1440 rpm B Alternator 2.5 kVA, 440 V, 4 pole, 0.8 power factor

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REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] P. M. Anderson, Power System protection, New York: IEEE Press, 1999. ANSI/NFPA 70-1987, National Electrical Code, American National Standards Institute, New York, 1987. ANSI/IEEE 37.96-1988, Guide for Motor Protection, IEEE New York, 1988. S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, Taunton, Englind: Research Studies Press Ltd, 1995. M.A. Date, B.A. Oza, N.C. Nair, Power System protection, India: Bharti Prakason, 2002. J. L. Blackburn, Applied Protective Relaying, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Newark, NJ, 1973. GEC Measurements, Protective Relays Application Guide, General Electric Company , England, 1975. C. R. Mason, The art and Science of Protective Relaying, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1956. A. N. Eliasen, High-inertia drive motors and their staring characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-99, No. 4, 1980, pp. 1472-1482. K. V. H. Rao, V. Shyamala and T. Saikumar, A comprehensive protection relay for motors, In Proceedings of International conference on Power System Protection, February 20-21, 2007, pp. 168-175. S. E. Zocholl, E. O. Schweitzer and A. Aliaga-Zegerra, Thermal protection of induction motors enhanced by interactive electrical and thermal models, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus & Systems, PAS-103, No. 7, 1984, pp. 1749-1755. S. E. Zocholl, Motor analysis and thermal protection, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1990, pp. 12751280. MICOM P220 Technical Guide, Integrated Protection and Control Solutions for Motors, ALSTOM Ltd, 2005. BIOGRAPHY Bhavesh R. Bhalja received the electrical engineering and M. E. degrees in power system engineering from B.V.M. Engineering College, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India in 1999 and 2001, respectively. Dr. Bhalja obtained Ph. D from the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee in 2007. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, ADIT, Gujarat. He has published more than 40 papers in referred journals conferences at international and national levels. He is a Member of IEEE and Life Member of ISTE. Dr. Bhavesh has been awarded certificate of merit by Institution of Engineers, India. He is also on the panel of reviewers for various international journals in the area of power system and control. His research interest includes Digital Protection & Automation, Power Quality, Distributed Generation, Deregulation, System Modeling and Simulation and Artificial Intelligence.

International Journals in the area of Power System. He is involved in providing consultancies in the area of small hydro power plants. Vijay Makwana received B. E. in electrical engineering and M. E. in Power System engineering from B.V.M. Engineering College, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India respectively. He is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, GCET, Gujarat, India. His research interest includes Power System Protection and Planning.

[12] [13]

Rudra Prakash Maheshwari was born in Aligarh, India in 1960. He received his B.E. and M. Sc. (Engg.) degrees from A.M.U. Aligarh, India in 1982 and 1985 respectively in Electrical Engineering. He earned his Ph. D. from University of Roorkee in 1996 for his work on developments in protective relays. He was an academic staff member with A.M.U. Aligarh; he is presently working as Professor with Department of Electrical Engineering of IIT Roorkee, India since 1998. He has published more than seventy research papers in various International/ National Journals and conferences. His areas of interest are power system protection, developments in digital protective relay and protective relay testing. Dr. Maheshwari has been awarded merit certificates for his papers by Institution of Engineers (India) and is member of various professional societies. Dr. Maheshwari is also on the panel of reviewers for various

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