CHAPTER NO.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1

GENERAL

Analysis and design of buildings with computer aid techniques emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as an ideal solution to the technologically advanced techniques.
1.2

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the project is to analyze and design a G+4 multi storey building having a basement.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Analysis and design of sub-structure and super-structure for gravity and seismic loads. For computational assistance the software used are ETABS and SAFE. The building design is based on ACI 318-02 and UBC-97. The structural elements, beams and columns are designed by ETABS and slabs are designed by SAFE.

1.3.1 LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONS

Analysis and design of lift core. Analysis and design of stairs. Analysis and design of ramps. Analysis and design of Block A

1.4 ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DETAILS 1.4.1 ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

Name of building Location : Kulsoom Institute Of Medical Sciences : At the junction of Islamabad and Rawal-Pindi

No of stories: Block B Block C Typical floor height : G+4 : G+1 & 1 Basement : 14 ft

Individual floor covered areas: Block B Block C Total Covered area Building height: Block B Block C : 70 ft : 42 ft : 56089 sq ft : 33372 sq ft : 120304 sq ft

1.4.2

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

The building is of concrete, multistory building consist of two blocks separated by expansion joints. The block B is based on flat plate slab system and block C is based on Flat slab system.

1.5

METHODOLOGY STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

The Study comprises of getting a clear idea of type of building and its architectural and structural requirements.

STRUCTURAL FRAMING OF THE BUILDING

Preliminary structural framing is carried out with the help of architectural drawings that is locating columns, beams and shear walls to support gravity loads and seismic loads.

PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Preliminary dimensions of columns, beams and slabs are fixed by considering the loads, span and height requirements.

MODELLING OF STRUCTURE IN ETABS

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A 3-D building frame is modeled in ETABS software using the preliminary dimensions. Gravity loads are specified in the design criteria. (Refer Section 3.4.1)

MODELLING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING OF FLOORS IN SAFE

Modeling of floors is done by exporting floors from the ETABS. The floors are then analyzed and designed using SAFE.

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

After completion of structural analysis for gravity and lateral loads, structural elements (except those stated in 1.3.1 of this chapter) are designed.

CHAPTER NO.2 CODES AND SOFTWARES

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2.1 CODES
A building code is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety in constructed objects such as buildings and non-building structures. The main purpose of the building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate authority. The building analysis and design is based on, Uniform Building Code of 1997 (UBC-97) and American Concrete Institute Code 2002, (ACI 318-02).

2.2 SOFTWARES 2.2.1 ETABS 2.2.1.1 INTRODUTION

This chapter includes important features of ETABS V9.2.0 which have been used in the process of modeling, analysis and design of the building. EATBS stands for "EXTENDED THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING SYSTEM".ETABS is a sophisticated special purpose analysis and design program developed specially for building systems. It can also handle the largest and most complex building models, making it the tool of choice for most structural engineers in the building industry. ETABS offers the widest variety of analysis and design tools available for the structural engineer working on building structures. The following list represents just a portion of the types of systems and analyses that ETABS can handle easily: Multi-story commercial, government and health care facilities. Buildings with steel, concrete, composite or joist floor framing. Buildings based on multiple rectangular and cylindrical grid systems. Flat and waffle slab concrete buildings

Buildings subjected to any number of vertical and lateral load cases and combinations, including automated wind and seismic loads. P-Delta analysis with static or dynamic analysis. Large displacement analysis. Automated vertical live load reductions.

2.2.1.2 CODES SUPPORTED BY ETABS

The software is design to support a wide variety of the latest national and international building design codes for the design of building systems.

2.2.1.3 FEATURES OF ETABS 2.2.1.3.1 ETABS INTEGRATED APPROACH

ETAB is completely integrated system Embedded beneath the simple user interface, powerful numerical methods, design procedures and international design codes, all working from a single comprehensive database. This integration means that you create only one model of the floor systems and the vertical and lateral framing systems to analyze and design the entire building. The integrated modules include; Drafting module for model generation. Seismic and wind load generation module. Steel frame design module (column, beam and brace). Concrete frame design module (column and beam). Steel joist design module Shear wall design module.

2.2.1.3.2 ETABS MODELING FEATURES

The ETABS building is idealized as an assemblage of area, line and point objects. Those objects are used to represent wall, floor, column, beam, and brace and link/spring physical members.

The column, beam and brace elements may be non-prismatic, and partial fixity at their end connections.

they may have

The buildings may be unsymmetrical and non-rectangular in plan. Torsional behavior of the floors and intermediate stories compatibility of the floors are accurately reflected in the results.

2.2.1.3.3 ETABS ANALYSIS FEATURES

Static analyses for user specified vertical and lateral floor or story loads are possible. The program can automatically generate lateral wind and seismic load patterns to meet the requirements of various building codes. P-Delta effects may be included with static or dynamic analysis. Response spectrum analysis, linear time history analysis, nonlinear time history analysis, and static nonlinear (pushover) analysis are all possible. Results from the various static load cases may be combined with each other or with the results from the dynamic response spectrum or time history analyses.

2.2.1.3.4 MODELLING PROCESS

To create a typical model following steps are required Setting up the units. Starting model by selecting one of the file initialization methods. Defining grid system. Defining storey levels. Defining frame section properties, wall, slab, and deck section properties. Defining load cases including static or lateral load. Assigning masses, moment releases partial fixity etc.

Meshing the area objects.

2.2.1.3.5 ADVANTAGES
Some of the advantages of preferring ETABS over the other software are: Horizontal floor lines and vertical column lines define a simple grid system, which can establish simple geometry of a building with horizontal beams and vertical columns with least amount of effort.

There are number of floor levels in buildings which are typical. This fact not recognized by most of the general programs. As a result of which many of the internal calculation for typical regions of the structure may be unnecessarily duplicated.

2.2.1.3.6 LIMITATIONS
Some of the limitations are:

Only frame structures can be analyze and design. It can not accurately work on models other than prismatic building models.
It considers beam-column connection as rigid.

2.2.2 SAFE 2.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

SAFE is a reinforced concrete slab and basement analysis and design program based on the finite element method. SAFE is an easy to use, yet extremely powerful, special purpose program. SAFE couples powerful object-based modeling tools with an intuitive graphical interface, allowing the user to quickly and efficiently model slabs of regular or arbitrary geometry with openings, drop panels, ribs, edge beams, and slip joints supported by columns, walls or soil. Design is seamlessly integrated with modeling and analysis, and provides comprehensive reporting of the required reinforcing calculated by the program based on the users.

2.2.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF SAFE

Slab systems are a very special class of structures. They are characterized by their simplicity in geometry and loading. They are typically horizontal plates supported vertically by beams, columns or walls. The loading in general is comprised of vertical point, line and surface loads.

2.2.2.3 APPLICATIONS
SAFE can handle easily:

Flat slabs Flat slabs with perimeter beams Basements Two-way slabs Waffle slabs Ribbed slabs Rectangular or circular slabs T-beam effects Spread footings Combined footings Slabs subjected to any number of vertical load cases and combinations Pattern live loads Foundation uplift Deflections calculated using cracked section analysis Wall supports with out-of-plane bending stiffness Slab reinforcing calculated based on user-defined design strips Flexural and shear design of beams Punching shear ratios Design for twisting moments Automatic transfer of geometry, loading and slab distortions from ETABS.

2.2.2.4 MODELLING PROCESS

A model developed using this program is different from models produced in many other structural analysis programs for two main reasons:

The program is optimized for modeling slab systems because the modeling procedures and design capabilities are all tailored to concrete slabs and beams. The programs models are object-based and consist of point, line and area objects to which assignments are made to define structural members, such as slabs, beams, columns, and supports, as well as to define loads.

In its simplest form, developing a model requires three basic steps: Define slab and beam properties (sections and materials) and supports using the Define menu options. Draw a series of point, line and area objects that represent your slab using the various drawing tools available within the graphical interface. Assign structural properties, supports and loads to objects using the Assign menu options. Note that the assignment of structural properties and supports may be completed concurrently with the drawing of the object using the Properties of Object form that appears when a Draw command is used.

When the model is complete, the analysis may be run. At that time, the program automatically converts the object-based model into an element based model that is used for the analysis; this is known as the analysis model.

2.2.2.5 PROPERTIES
Properties are assigned to each object to define the structural behavior of that object in the model. A named property has no effect on the model unless it is assigned to an object.

2.2.2.6 SUPPORTS
Supports may be assigned to point, line and area objects, and similar to properties, they are named entities that must be specified before being assigned. The three types of supports are as follows: Column supports for assignment to point objects. Wall supports for assignment to line objects. Soil supports for assignment to area objects.

On the basis of the object type and the associated support properties, the program generates spring elements at each location.

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2.2.2.7 STATIC LOAD CASES

Static loads represent actions upon pressure, and support displacement. Structure is called a load case. After defining a static load case name, you must assign specific load values to the objects as part of the load case.

2.2.2.8 VERTICAL LOADS

Some typical vertical load cases used for slabs might include: Dead load Superimposed dead load Live load

2.2.2.9 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load combinations combine the results of previously defined load cases in an additive manner. Design is always based on load combinations, not directly on load cases.

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CHAPTER NO.3 BUILDING DISCRIPTION 3.1 MULTISTOREY BUILDING

Building can be defined as any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy. Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. A multi-storey building is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the building. Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases, money (depending on material used and land prices in the area).

3.2 STRUCTURAL LOADS 3.2.1 GRAVITY LOADS

Gravity loads are act vertically downward on a structure. These include dead loads and live loads. When the structure for a multi storey building is designed for gravity loads, it is very likely that the structure can carry most of the; lateral loads. In general, this is not so for highrise building because resistance to over turning moment and lateral deflection will almost always require additional material over and above that required for gravity load alone.

3.2.1.1 SELF WEIGHT

Self weight is the weight of all structural elements like beams, columns, slabs and shear walls.

3.2.1.2 SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOADS

These include the finishes and partition loads.

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3.2.1.3 SUPERIMPOSED LIVE LOADS

Live loads are the loads which may or may not be present at a point in time of consideration. They are also varying in nature in terms of magnitude and position.

3.2.2 LATERAL LOADS

Most lateral loads are live loads. Typical lateral loads include wind load against a facade, seismic loads, Earth pressure underground water pressure etc. Most lateral loads vary in intensity depending on the buildings geographic location, structural materials, height and shape.

3.2.2.1 SEISMIC / EATHQUAKE LOADS

Earthquake loads are lateral live loads. They are very complex, uncertain, and potentially more damaging than wind loads. It is quite fortunate that they do not occur frequently. The earthquake creates ground movements that can be categorized as a shake, rattle and a roll. Every structure in an Earthquake zone must be able to withstand all three of these loadings of different intensities. Although the ground under a structure may shift in any direction, only the horizontal component of this movement are usually considered critical in structural analysis. It is assumed that a load bearing structure which supports properly calculated design loads for vertical dead and live loads are adequate for the vertical component of the earthquake.

3.2.2.2 BUILDING RESPONSE TO SEISMIC LOADS

The behavior of the building during an earthquake is a vibration problem. The seismic motions of the ground do not damage a building by impact or by externally applied pressure such as wind, but by internally generated inertial forces caused by the vibration of a building mass. An increase in mass has two undesirable effects on an Earthquake design. 1) It results in an increase in force. 2) It can cause buckling and crushing of columns and walls when the mass pushes down on a member bent or moved out of plumb by the lateral forces.

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3.2.2.3 INLUENCE OF SOIL

Seismic ground motion can be amplified by the site geology and soil characteristics. A building can experience the greater structural damage if they are located on soils having long period of motion. Building can be prevented from the greater damages if provide damping.

3.3 SEISMIC ANALYSIS

Seismic Analysis is a part of structural analysis and it is the calculation of the response of a building (or no building) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, Earthquake or structural assessment. Seismic loads are actually generated by the dead weight of the building construction. In visualizing the application of seismic forces, we look at each part of the building and consider its weight as a horizontal force. The weight of the horizontal structure actually distributed throughout its plane, may usually be dealt in a manner similar to the edge loading caused by wind. For determination of the seismic load, it is necessary to consider all elements that are permanently attached to the structure. Ductwork, lighting and plumbing fixtures, supported equipments, signs, and so on, will add to the total dead weight for the seismic load. In building such as storage warehouses and parking garages it is also advisable to add some load for the building contents. In UBC-97, two procedures, static procedure and dynamic procedure, are prescribed to be used to calculate design seismic forces based on the requirements of the particular structure. Limitations, scope and methodology of both of these procedures are given in chapter 16 of UBC-97.

3.3.1 STATIC PROCEDURE 3.3.1.1 DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V

According to UBC 97, the strength level design base shear is given by the formula. V = (Cv * I/ R * T) W Where T = Fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration. I = Seismic important factor.
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[sec.1630.2.1, UBC97]

Cv = A numerical coefficient depend on the soil conditions at the site and the seismicity of the region. (UBC Table 16 R) W = Seismic dead load R = A factor that accounts for the ductility and over strength of the structural system. (UBC Table 16 N) Z = seismic zone factor (UBC Table 16-1). Note that Z does not directly appear in the base shear formula. It however, affects the seismic coefficients CA and Cv The base shear as specified in the above equation is subject to following limits: 1. The design base shear not exceed V = (2.5Ca * I)/R) W 2. It cannot be less than V = 0.11 * Ca * I * W [sec.1630.2.1, UBC97] [sec.1630.2.1, UBC97]

Where Ca is a seismic coefficient dependent on soil conditions at the site and on regional seismicity. The above limits are only for Zone 1, 2A, 2B and 3.

3.3.1.2 BUILDING PERIOD T

The building period T may be determined by analysis or by using empirical formulas. It is denoted by TA if determined by empirical formulas, and TB if determined by analysis. The following single empirical formula may be used for all framing system. TA = Ct hn Where Ct = (0.0853) for steel moment resisting frames. Ct = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment frames and eccentrically braced frames. Ct = 0.020 (0.0488) for all buildings. [sec.1630.2.1, UBC97]

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If fundamental period certain limitations, the value of TB shall not exceed a value 40 percent greater than the value of T obtained by equation 3.2 in seismic zone 1, 2 and 3.

3.3.1.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF STORY FORCE

According to UBC 97, the total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with mentioned formulas in the absence of more rigorous procedure. V = Ft + formula: Ft = 0.07 T V [sec.1630.5, UBC97] The value of T used for the purpose of calculating Ft shall be the period that corresponds with the design base shear as computed using the equation 3.1. Ft need not to exceed 0.25V and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7 second or less. The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including Level n, according to the following formula. Fx = (V-Ft) * Wx * Hx / R [sec.1630.5, UBC97] At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in accordance with the mass distribution at the level. Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the appropriate levels above the base.
3.4

[sec.1630.5, UBC97]

The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is an addition to F n shall be determined from

STRUCTURAL DESIGN BRIEF

3.4.1 DESIGN CRITERIA 3.4.1.1 REINFORCING STEEL

Reinforcing steel shall meet the requirements of ASTM A615 Grade-60, BS 4449, or BS 4461. Welded wire fabric for concrete will conform to ASTM A185. Cement Cement used in all concrete mixes shall be Ordinary Portland Cement requirements of BS12. meeting the

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Aggregates Fine aggregates will be clean natural sand. Coarse aggregates will be crushed gravel or stone. All aggregates shall meet the requirements of ASTM C33.

3.4.1.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

a) CYLINDER STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, F' Columns, Structural Walls Beams, Slabs & other RC members
C

4 ksi 4 ksi

(Note: 10 ksi concrete will be used for lower shear walls and columns primarily to satisfy the strength requirements as well as to minimize column sizes for lower floors. b) Density of reinforced concrete, Wc c) Steel Reinforcement, fy 150 pcf 60 ksi

3.4.2 SPECIFICATIONS 3.4.2.1 SERVICE LOADS VERTICAL LOADS

The following superimposed live and dead loads (in addition to self weight of members) will be adopted for the design of various floors.

SUPERIMPOSED LIVE LOADS

Offices Store/Stationary/Workshop Record/Central Record Mechanical/Electrical Room Stairs/Ramp/Lift Lobby Lab/Drivers Room/Employees facilities Officers dining/Staff Dining/Lounge Pantry/Kitchen/Toilet Telephone Exchange/Xerox/Dispatch/ Telefax Waiting Areas/Prayer Hall
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50 psf 100 psf 150 psf 150 psf 100 psf 50 psf 100 psf 50 psf 50 psf 100 psf

Health Centre Training Institute Auditorium: Fixed Seating Stage Library: Reading Room Stack Room Corridors Accessible roof Non-accessible roof Lift Motor Room, Machine Room, Generator Room Hospitals (Wards/Rooms)

50 psf 50 psf 100 psf 125 psf 60 psf 125 psf 100 psf 30 psf 15 psf 150 psf 40 psf

LIVE LOAD REDUCTION

As per UBC-97, Section 1607.5

SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOADS FLOOR FINISHES

Offices Store/Stationary/Workshop Record/Central Record Mechanical/Electrical Room Stairs/Ramp/Lift Lobby Lab/Drivers Room/Employees facilities Executive Dining/Staff Dining/Lounge Pantry/Kitchen/Toilet Telephone Exchange/Xerox/Dispatch/ Tele fax Waiting Areas/Prayer Hall Health Centre Training Institute
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25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf

Auditorium: Stage

Fixed Seating 25

25 25 psf 25 25 36 36 25 25 06 10

psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf psf

Library: Reading Room Stack Room Lobby Accessible roof Non-accessible roof Car park/Driveway Lift Motor Room, Machine Room, Generator Room Ceiling Plaster False Ceiling + Ducting

SOLID BLOCK WALLS:

8 thick including Plaster (3/4 each face) 6 thick including Plaster (3/4 each face) 4 thick including Plaster (3/4 each face) Basement Retaining Walls 114 psf (vertical face area) 90 psf (vertical face area) 66 psf (vertical face area) 200 psf (surcharge load on adjacent ground)

3.5 SEISMIC LOADS

As per UBC-97

3.5.1 SEISMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS

Seismic Zone = 2B Seismic Zone Factor Z=0.2 Soil Profile Type Occupancy Category Importance Factor Over-strength Factor Seismic Coefficient, Ca Seismic Coefficient, Cv Table 16I Table 16J Table 16K Table 16-K Table 16N Table 16Q Table 16R

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3.5.2 Story Drift Limitations

STRUCTURE S NATURAL PERIOD UBC-97 PROVISIONS

CALCULATED STORY DRIFT USING

T < 0.7 sec T 0.7 sec

M M 0.025h M 0.020h

Section 1630.10. 2

Where M = 0.7R S

3.6 CRACKED-SECTION PROPERTIES ASSUMED FOR DESIGN

Modulus of Elasticity: Ec = wc1.5 33fc' (psi) Cracked Moments of Inertia: Beams Columns Walls Slabs Area 0.35 Ig 0.70 Ig 0.35/0.70 Ig 0.25 Ig 1.0 Ag (UBC-97 Section 1908.5.1) (UBC-97 Section 1910.11.1)

The above values may be modified as per design conditions.

LOAD COMBINATIONS
At a minimum, all the applicable Code prescribed load combinations will be considered.

3.6.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

For reinforced concrete structures using the strength method, the load factors and load combinations will be in accordance with UBC 97 Section 1909 and 1612.2.1. The required strength (U) shall be at least equal to the following. U = 1.4 Dead +1.7 Live U = 0.75 (1.4 Dead +1.7 Live +1.7 Wind) U = 0.9 Dead +1.3 Wind

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U = 1.32 Dead +0.55 Live +1.1 Seismic) U = 0.99 Dead +1.10 Seismic U = 1.4 Dead +1.7 Live +1.7 Earth Pressure U = 0.9 Dead +1.7 Earth Pressure

3.7 DURABILITY
Minimum concrete cover to the nearest reinforcement (including links) shall be as follows: RC Slabs RC Beams Columns Walls (other than basement retaining walls): Basement Retaining Walls: Exterior Face Interior Face Piles Raft Foundation Pile Raft / Pile Cap: Bottom Top & Sides 2 in 1 in 3 in 2 in 4 in 2 in 1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in

3.9

SLAB SYSTEM

3.9.1 FLAT SLAB

We can define a Flat slab system in which two-way slab is not supported by beams; the loads are transferred directly to the supporting columns. Because of the absence of the supporting beams, the columns tend to punch through the slab, causing punching shear in the slab and inclined crack around the column. To prevent such type of failure, the thickness of slab around the column may be increased by: i. ii. iii. Using a Drop Panel Using a Column Capital. Providing both Drop Panel and Column Capital.

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3.9.1.1 BENEFITS OF FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION

For spans from 5 to 9 m, thin flat slabs are the preferred solution for the construction of in-situ concrete frame buildings where a square or near-square grid is used. Flat-slab systems exhibit several advantages such as:

1) ARCHITECTURAL FLEXIBILITY
Flat slab construction offers considerable flexibility to the occupier who can easily alter internal layouts to accommodate changes in the use of the structure. This flexibility results from the use of a square or near-square grid and the absence of beams, down stands or drops that complicate the routing of services and location of partitions.

2) SHORTER CONSTRUCTION TIME

Flat slabs can be built faster because formwork is simplified and minimized.

3) REDUCED SERVICES AND CLADDING COSTS

Flat slab construction places no restrictions on the positioning of horizontal services and partitions and can minimize floor-to-floor heights when there is no requirement for a deep false ceiling. This can give benefits in terms of lower building height, reduced cladding costs.

3.9.2

FLAT PLATE

Flat plate slab system is widely adopted by engineers as it provides many advantages. In this slab system the slab directly rest on columns. This system can reduce the height of the building, provide more flexible spatial planning due to no beams present, and further reduce the material cost. However, the main problem in practice is the brittle failure of flat plate slab under punching shear.

3.10 EXPANSION JOINTS

An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced expansion and contraction of various construction materials, to absorb vibration, or to allow movement due to

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ground settlement or earthquakes. They are commonly found between sections of sidewalks, bridges, railway tracks, piping systems, and other structures.

3.10.1 NEED OF EXPANSION JOINTS

Expansion joint introduced by the designer to avoid the effect of large lateral displacements, are relied upon to limits the internal stresses caused by the expansion as well as contraction joint and the actual movement of building elements, permits relative motion of the building members without disturbing functional continuity, and affect a complete structural separation without disturbing structural integrity. Experience indicates that appropriate use of expansion joints presents a rather complex design problem and requires thorough understanding of those factors that dictate their need. The design, location, and performance of Expansion joints can be influenced by such factors as building form, function and economics; construction techniques; the varying characteristics of the different materials employed, changes of these characteristics under varying environmental condition, and the ability to withstand stresses resulting from dimensional changes. In the designing of this building structure, the building is separated into three (3) different parts by the expansion joint into Block A, Block B and Block C. These three buildings have different geometry and different store

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CHAPTER NO.4 ANALYSIS OF BUILDING 4.1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

The initial step was the meticulous study of the architectural drawing and getting information regarding load limitation, typical floor height, location of column, span criteria and architectural criteria. There is no rectification and any alteration has been done in the drawing. Architectural drawings are the same as provided by the firm.

4.2 FRAMING PLAN

Preliminary structural framing of the structure is carried out with the help of architectural drawings that is locating columns, beams and shear walls to support gravity loads. Shear walls are provided around lift cores and stair walls primarily to resist lateral loads. Refer Appendix B for framing plans of the floors.

4.3 PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

COLUMN DIMENSHIONING

Loads are calculated by Tributary area method and minimum area is estimated from 318-02. Section 10.3.6 equation (10-2)

SLAB DIMENSHIONING

Slab thicknesses are calculated from ACI 318-02.Section 9.5.2.1 Table 9.5(c).

4.4 MODELING OF STRUCTURE IN ETABS

A 3-D Building frame is modeled in ETABS software using the preliminary dimensions obtained by manual calculation methods. Gravity loads are applied as specify in the design criteria. (Refer Figure 4.1(a) - 4.1(f))

4.5 GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS

The building is then analyzed on EATABS for gravity loads and then the floors were exported on SAFE for the analysis and design of floors. The model of all floors having varying dimensions or load will be analyzed and design on SAFE.
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4.6 SEISMIC ANALYSIS 4.6.1 Computation of Design Base Shear 4.6.1.1 Static Procedure
Computation of design base shear is same as defined in chapter 3. The following seismic loads cases have been used to determine the seismic forces. The first six cases are of the static procedure and last two cases are of the dynamic procedure.

EQX for earthquake forces in global X- direction. EQY for earthquake forces in global Y- direction. EQX for earthquake forces in global Y- direction. EQY for earthquake forces in global X- direction

AUTO SEISMIC UBC97 Case: EQX AUTO SEISMIC INPUT DATA Direction: X Typical Eccentricity = 5% Eccentricity Overrides: No Period Calculation: Program Calculated Ct = 0.03 (in feet units) Top Story: STORY2 R = 5.5 I=1 hn = 504.000 (Building Height) Soil Profile Type = SC Ca = 0.2400 Z = 0.2 Cv = 0.3200
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Bottom Story: GROUND

AUTO SEISMIC CALCULATION FORMULAS Ta = Ct (hn^(3/4)) V = (Cv I W) / (R T) V <= 2.5 Ca I W / R V >= 0.11 Ca I W If T <= 0.7 sec, then Ft = 0 If T > 0.7 sec, then Ft = 0.07 T V <= 0.25 V (Eqn. 1) (Eqn. 2) (Eqn. 3)

AUTO SEISMIC CALCULATION RESULTS Ta = 0.4949 sec T Used = 0.6929 sec W Used = 14520.28 V (Eqn 1) = 0.0840W V (Eqn 2) = 0.1091W V (Eqn 3) = 0.0264W V (Eqn 4) = 0.0465W V Used = 0.0840W = 1219.20 Ft Used = 0.00 AUTO SEISMIC UBC97 Case: EQY AUTO SEISMIC INPUT DATA Direction: Y Typical Eccentricity = 5%
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Eccentricity Overrides: No Period Calculation: Program Calculated Ct = 0.03 (in feet units) Top Story: STORY2 R = 5.5 I=1 hn = 504.000 (Building Height) Soil Profile Type = SC Ca = 0.2400 Z = 0.2 Cv = 0.3200 Bottom Story: GROUND

AUTO SEISMIC CALCULATION FORMULAS Ta = Ct (hn^(3/4)) V = (Cv I W) / (R T) V <= 2.5 Ca I W / R V >= 0.11 Ca I W If T <= 0.7 sec, then Ft = 0 If T > 0.7 sec, then Ft = 0.07 T V <= 0.25 V AUTO SEISMIC CALCULATION RESULTS Ta = 0.4949 sec T Used = 0.6929 sec W Used = 14520.28 V (Eqn 1) = 0.0840W V (Eqn 2) = 0.1091W
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(Eqn. 1) (Eqn. 2) (Eqn. 3)

V (Eqn 3) = 0.0264W V (Eqn 4) = 0.0465W V Used = 0.0840W = 1219.20

4.6.2 Story Drift Check

Story drift limitations are described in section 3.5.2 of this chapter. Allowable story drift, s = (M) / (0.7 x R) R = 5.5 and M = 0.020 * h or M / h = 0.020 Where h = Story height Therefore Maximum Allowable Story Drift ratio = s/h = 0.020 / (0.7 x R) = 0.00519 The story drift ratios calculated using ETABS are tabulated in table 4.1 and 4.5. All Drifts are within allowable limits.

4.7 MANUAL VALIDATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD Pu ON COLUMN CATCHMENT AREA METHOD

COLUMN ID COLUMN SIZE SECTION NAME = C20 = 21 X 21 = COLUMN21

LOADS ON COLUMN FROM GROUND FLOOR

SLAB = 9 * 150 * 26 * 27 = 78.97 kips 12 1000 DROP PANEL = 6 * 150 * 9 * 9 = 6.075 kips 12 1000 SUPERIMPOSED = 41 * 26*27 = 28.78 kips 1000 WALL = 120 * 6 * 56.6 * 3 = 44.148 kips 1000 12
28

COLUMN SELF WEIGHT = 21 * 21 * 14 *150 = 6.43 kips 144 1000 LIVE LOAD = 100 * 26 * 27 = 70.2 kips 1000 Total dead Load Total ultimate dead Load Total ultimate live Load = 164.402kips = 1.2 * 64.402 = 97.28 kips = 1.6 * 70.2 =12.32 kips

Total Load from ground floor = 310.12 kips

LOADS ON COLUMN FROM FIRST FLOOR

SLAB = 9 * 150 * 26 * 27 = 78.97 kips 13 1000 DROP PANEL = 6 * 150 * 9 * 9 = 6.075 kips 12 1000 SUPERIMPOSED = 41 * 26*27 = 28.78 kips 1000 WALL = 120 * 6 * 135.13 *13 = 105.4 kips 1000 12 COLUMN SELF WEIGHT = 21 * 21 * 14 *150 = 6.43 kips 144 1000 LIVE LOAD = 57.6 kips Total dead Load Total ultimate dead Load Total ultimate live Load = 255.4 kips = 1.2 * 255.4 = 306.47 kips = 1.6 * 57.6 = 92.15 kips

Total Load from First floor = 398.62 kips

LOADS ON COLUMN FROM ROOF FLOOR

SLAB = 9 * 150 * 26 * 27 = 78.97 kips 14 1000 DROP PANEL = 6 * 150 * 9 * 9 = 6.075 kips 12 1000

29

COLUMN SELF WEIGHT = 21 * 21 * 14 *150 = 6.43 kips 144 1000 LIVE LOAD = 21.225 kips Total dead Load Total ultimate dead Load Total ultimate live Load = 120.255 kips = 1.2 * 20.055 = 144.306 kips = 1.6 * 21.225 = 33.696 kips

Total Load from roof floor = 178 kips Total load on column (from manually) =310.12+398.62+165.04 = 873.8 kips Total load on column (From ETABS) = 868.9 kips

DESGIN FORCES OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS:

The design forces of beams and columns are shown from table 4.3- 4.4.

30

BLOCK B
Table 4.1 MAXIMUM STORY DRIFT RATIOS Ht (in) Resultant Inelastic Inelastic Allow Drift Drift story able Check ratio Ratio drift Drift(in) 0.00049 3.9E-05 0.00069 0.00069 0.00049 1.5E-05 5E-06 0.00072 0.00051 1.9E-05 6E-06 0.0007 0.00047 2.2E-05 0.00064 0.00064 0.00036 1.2E-05 0.0005 0.00192 0.32211 3.36 OK 0.0014 0.23479 3.36 OK 0.00246 0.41266 3.36 OK 0.00181 0.30464 3.36 OK 0.0007 0.00271 0.45535 3.36 OK 0.00196 0.32922 3.36 OK 0.00072 0.00276 0.4644 3.36 OK 0.0019 0.31887 3.36 OK 0.00267 0.44823 3.36 OK 0.00187 0.3137 3.36 OK

Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR

Load EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY

Drift X

Drift Y

168 0.00049 168 168 1.9E-05 168 168 0.00049 168 168 168 168 0.00051 168 168 168 168 0.00047 168 168 1.3E-05 168 168 0.00036 168 168 1.9E-05

31

1ST FLOOR

EQY 168

0.0005 8.4E-05 1E-06 1E-06 8.5E-05 8.5E-05 0.00033 0.05498 3.36 OK 0.00032 0.05433 3.36 OK

GROUND EQX 168 8.4E-05 GROUND EQX 168 GROUND EQY 168 GROUND EQY 168

32

STORY SHEAR VALUES Table 4.2(a) LOAD CASE EQX Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR GROUND GROUND Load EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX Story Shear Vx (kips) -416.22 -586.74 -1325.57 -1406.79 -2149.07 -2214.05 -2842.64 -2891.37 -3373.01 -3405.49 -3668.65 -3706.77

Table 4.2(b) LOAD CASE EQX Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR GROUND GROUND Load EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX Story Shear Vy (kips) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

33

Table 4.2(c) LOAD CASE EQY Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR GROUND GROUND Load EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY Story Shear Vy(kips) -416.22 -586.74 -1325.57 -1406.79 -2149.07 -2214.05 -2842.64 -2891.37 -3373.01 -3405.49 -3668.65 -3706.77

Table 4.2(d) LOAD CASE EQY Story Shear Vx(kips) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR GROUND GROUND

Load EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY

34

BEAM ANALYSIS RESULTS

Note: The first number in the beam section ID indicates width while second number indicates total depth of the section Table 4.3(a) DESIGN FORCES FOR BEAM SECTION B10 24 Story 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR Beam B1426 B1426 B1426 Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE Loc (ft) 0.625 2.28 Inplane Shear V (kips) -24.96 -22.91 4.96 Inplane Moment M (kip-ft) -113.236 -73.634 59.243

ULTIMATE 11.802

Table 4.3(b) DESIGN FORCES FOR BEAM SECTION B 8 24 Story GROUND GROUND GROUND Beam B161 B161 B161 Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE Loc (ft) 0 13.04 22.785 Inplane Shear V (kips) -39.1 0.37 51.37 Inplane Moment M (kip-ft) -152.236 119.024 -171.337

Table 4.3(c) DESIGN FORCES FOR BEAM SECTION B 8 24 Loc (ft) 0.75 10.25 19.25 Inplane Shear V(kips) -39.92 -1.31 31.66 Inplane Moment M (kip-ft)
-100.408 80.741 -111.663

Story 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR

Beam

Combo

B1326 ULTIMATE B1326 ULTIMATE B1326 ULTIMATE

35

COLUMN ANALYSIS RESULTS

Table 4.4(a) ULTIMATE LOAD REACTIONS OF C31 FROM ETABS Story 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR GROUND GROUND GROUND Column C31 C31 C31 C31 C31 C31 C31 C31 C31 Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE Loc (ft) 0 6 12 0 6 12 0 7 14 Pu (kips) -249.88 -247.45 -245.02 -494.11 -491.68 -489.25 -770.49 -767.66 -764.82

Table 4.4(b) ULTIMATE LOAD REACTIONS OF C117 FROM ETABS Story ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 1ST FLOOR GROUND GROUND GROUND Column C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 C117 Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE Loc (ft) 0 6 12 0 6 12 0 6 12 0 6 12 0 7 14 Pu (kips) -74.12 -71.69 -69.26 174.01 171.58 169.15 386.11 383.68 381.25 579.13 -576.7 574.27 826.09 823.25 820.42

36

Table 4.4(c) ULTIMATE LOAD REACTIONS OF C37 FROM ETABS Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF ROOF 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 2ND FLOOR Column C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 C37 Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE Loc (ft) 0 6 12 0 6 12 0 6 12 0 6 12 Pu (kips) -34.96 -33.28 -31.59 -72.52 -70.83 -69.15 -117.96 -116.27 -114.58 -165.56 -163.87 -162.19

BLOCK C
37

Table 4.5 MAXIMUM STORY DRIFT RATIOS Ht (in) Drift X Resultant Inelastic Inelastic Drift Drift story ratio Ratio drift 0.000509 0.000412 0.000699 0.00269 0.4521 3.36 OK 0.00196 0.3292 Allow able Drift (in) 3.36

Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF ROOF ROOF STORY 1 STORY 1 STORY 1 STORY 1 GROU ND GROU ND GROU ND GROU ND

Load

Drift Y

Check OK

EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY EQY EQX EQX EQY EQY

168 0.000509 168 168 0.000232 168 0.000699 168 0.003869 168 0.001241 168 0.000724 168 0.000876 168 0.004068 168 168 0.000621 168 168 0.000127 168 168 0.000004 168 0.00007 0.00001 0.000913 0.001307

0.003869 0.000876

0.0149 0.00337

2.5024 0.5665

3.36 3.36 3.36

OK OK OK

0.004068

0.01566

2.6311

0.000913

0.00352

0.5905

3.36

OK

0.000127

0.00049

0.0821

3.36

OK

0.00007

0.00027

0.0452

3.36

OK

38

STORY SHEAR VALUES Table 4.6(a) LOAD CASE EQX Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF STORY1 STORY1 GROUND GROUND Table 4.6(b) LOAD CASE EQX Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF STORY1 STORY1 GROUND GROUND Table 4.6(c) LOAD CASE EQY Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF STORY1 STORY1 GROUND GROUND Load EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY Story Shear Vy (kips) -21.13 -53.57 -913.37 -934.99 -1623 -1633.8 -1633.8 -1633.8 Load EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX Story Shear Vy (kips) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Load EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX EQX Story Shear Vx (kips) -16.26 -41.23 -703.01 -719.65 -1249.2 -1257.5 -1257.5 -1257.5

39

Table 4.6(d) LOAD CASE EQY Story UPPER ROOF UPPER ROOF ROOF ROOF STORY1 STORY1 GROUND GROUND Load EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY EQY Story Shear Vx (kips) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

40

BEAM ANALYSIS RESULTS

Note: The first number in the beam section ID indicates width while second number indicates total depth of the section.

Table 4.7(a) DESIGN FORCES FOR BEAM SECTION B10X30 Loc (ft) Inplane Shear V (kips) 60.85 -53.19 -2.06 Inplane Moment
M (kip-ft)

Story STORY1 STORY1 STORY1

Beam B169 B169 B169

Combo

ULTIMATE 313.5 ULTIMATE 10.5

-2254.99 -2140.39 1483.89

ULTIMATE 145.5

Table 4.7(b) DESIGN FORCES FOR BEAM SECTION B10X30 Loc (ft) Inplane Shear V (kips) 108.98 -61.78 -1.37 Inplane Moment
M (kip-ft)

Story STORY1 STORY1 STORY1

Beam B24 B24 B24

Combo

ULTIMATE 313.5 ULTIMATE 10.5

-2709.5 -2709.5 1616.6

ULTIMATE 145.5

41

Table 4.7 COLUMN ANALYSIS RESULTS Story ROOF ROOF ROOF STORY1 STORY1 STORY1 GROUND GROUND GROUND Column C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE Loc 0 84 168 0 84 168 0 84 168 Pu (kips) -180.9 -177.04 -173.18 -535.53 -531.67 -527.82 -868.95 -865.09 -861.23

Table 4.8 ULTIMATE LOAD REACTION OF C20 FROM ETABS

42

Fig 4.1 (a) 3-D VIEW OF BUILDING (BLOCK B)

43

Figure 4.1(b) 3-D FRONT VIEW OF BUILDING (BLOCK B)

44

Fig 4.1(c) 3-D RARE VIEW OF BUILDING (BLOCK B)

45

Figure 4.1(d) 3-D VIEW OF BUILDING (BLOCK C)

46

Figure 4.1(f

Figure 4.1 (e) 3-D FRONT VIEW OF BUILDING (BLOCK C)

47

Figure 4.1(f) 3-D RARE VIEW OF BUILDING (BLOCK C)

48

Figure 4.2(a) STRUCTURAL MODELING OF GROUND FLOOR ON ETABS

49

Figure 4.2(b) STRUCTURAL MODELING OF FIRST FLOOR ON ETABS

50

Figure 4.2(c) STRUCTURAL MODELING OF ROOF ON ETAB

51

Figure 4.2(d) STRUCTURAL MODELING OF UPPER ROOF ON ETABS

52

Figure 4.3 (a) DEFLECTION CONTOURS OF SLAB OF GROUND FLOOR ON SAFE

53

Figure 4.3 (b) DEFLECTION CONTOURS OF SLAB OF FIRST FLOOR ON SAFE

54

Figure 4.3 (c) DEFLECTION CONTOURS OF SLAB OF ROOF ON SAFE

55

Figure 4.3 (d) DEFLECTION CONTOURS OF SLAB OF UPPER ROOF ON SAFE

CHAPTER NO.5 DESIGN

56

Next stride is the actual design of all structural elements required to resist the combined loading, both vertical loads as well as lateral loads. Designing of beams, columns and shear wall piers is done by ETABS while SAFE is utilized for the designing of slab.

5.1 BEAM DESIGN 5.1.1 BEAM DESIGN SUMMARY

Beam design summary of different section of beam is provided from Table 5.1(a) - 5.1(c) Note that the summary of only those members, of a particular section, is given which have the maximum area of steel requirement at any location in the building.

5.1.2

MANUAL VALIDATION OF AREA OF STEEL OF BEAM

The purpose of validation is to check whether the steel is given by the ETABS is adequate and according to the design load requirements. For this purpose beam 12 X 30 is selected. The
57

necessary calculations are shown below, Beam section ID = B10 X 30 Beam ID Story = B169 = 1st

Beam width = b = 12 in Beam effective depth = 30 -3.5 = 26.5 in fc' = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi Maximum Moment at the support Maximum Moment at mid span = -2254.9 k-in = 1483.8 k-in (Refer Table 4.7 (a)) (Refer Table 4.7 (a))

Using ACI equations for flexural member design and arranging the equations as follows; ( y2) As2 - y As + Mu = 0 (1.7 c b) Where Mu is in kip- in Substituting the values of moment in the above equation we get, AsTop at support AsBottom at mid - span The results from ETABS are: AsTop at support AsBottom at mid - span Beam section ID = B10 X 30 Beam ID Story = B24 = 1st = 1.55 in2 = 0.67 in2 (Refer Table 5.1 (c)) (Refer Table 5.1 (c)) = 1.512 in2 = 0.72 in2

Beam width = b = 12 in Beam effective depth = 30 -3.5 = 26.5 in fc' = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi Maximum Moment at the support Maximum Moment at mid span = -2709.5 k-in (Refer Table 4.7 (b)) = 1616.6 k-in (Refer Table 4.7 (b))

Using ACI equations for flexural member design and arranging the equations as follows;
58

( y2) As2 - y As + Mu = 0 (1.7 c b) Where Mu is in kip- in Substituting the values of moment in the above equation we get, AsTop at support AsBottom at mid - span The results from ETABS are: AsTop at support AsBottom at mid - span = 1.885 in2 = 0.809 in2 = 1.83 in2 = 0.72 in2

5.1.3 DETAILING OF BEAMS

The detailing of the beam is done using the design results shown from Table 5.1(a)-5.1(c) using the ACI Detailing Manual 2004. For detailed drawings of beams Refer Appendix C

5.2 COLUMN DESIGN 5.2.1 COLUMN DESIGN SUMMARY

Column design summary of the different sections of column used in the building is provided in Table 5.2 in this chapter. Note that the summary of only those members, of a particular section, is given which have the maximum area of steel requirement at any location in the building.

5.2.2 MANUAL VALIDATION OF COLUMN DESIGN RESULTS

Validation of design results of columns C2121 is done and necessary calculations are shown below; Validation of Design Results of Column C2121 Column section = C21 21 Column ID = C20 Grid intersection = 4B Load combo = ULTIMATE Ultimate load on column (from manual calculation) = Pu = Pn = 873.8 kips (Refer section 4.7 chapter - 4 for manual calculations) Using the ACI equation for design of axial tied column:
59

 Pn = [0.70.8 {0.85 c (Ag As) + Asy)}] Ag = 21 21 = 441 in2 c = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi = 0.7 (for tied columns). By substituting the values in the above equation we get, Area of steel from manual method Ast = 4.41 in2 Area of steel from ETABS Ast = 4.65 in2 (Refer Table 5.2)

5.2.3 Cross Sectional Detailing Of Column

For detailed drawing of column cross sections refer to Appendix C.

5.3 SHEAR WALL DESIGN

The pier designing of shear wall is done in ETABS using UBC97.For pier design summaries after Appendix F. For the detailed drawings of some of the piers.

5.4 SLAB DESIGN

Slab designing of some of the typical floors is done by using SAFE. Strips are user defined and as per code.

5.4.1. MANUAL VALIDATION OF SLAB DESIGN RESULTS

Ground Floor is designed manually using direct design method. ACI 318-02 is used for this purpose. Necessary calculations are shown below, Load combinations = ULTIMATE Grid intersection = E, F and 6, 7 Floors = Ground Floor Panel dimension = 26 ft 27ft interior panel (flat slab system). Slab thickness (average for load calculation) = 9 in Effective thickness of slab at mid span = 9-1.5 = 7.5 in Effective thickness of slab at supports (columns) = 15-1.5 = 13.5 in (Refer Figure 4.2(a) for location)

60

CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE LOADS

Superimposed = 41psf Live load = 100psf Wu = (41 + 9 + 15 0.15) X 1.2 + 1.6 (100) 1000 12 12 1000 Wu = 0.5692ksf

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION LONGER SPAN

l2 = 26 ft Mu = Wu l2 ln2/8 Mu = 0.5692 26 25.252 8 Mu = 704.5 k-ft l1 = 27 ft ln = 27 1.75 = 25.25 ft

LONGITUDANL DISTRIBUTION
Negative moment = 0.65 1179.42 Positive moment = 0.35 1179.42 = 766.62 k-ft = 412.8 k-ft

TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION
Column strip = 13ft Middle strip Bl = 13ft = 10ft Bs = 14ft

Column strip moment Negative moment = 0.75 766.6 2 = 574.96k-ft Positive moment = 0.6 412.8 Middle strip moment Negative moment = 0.25 766.6 2 =191.65k-ft Positive moment = 0.4 412.8 =165.12 k-ft = 247.68k-ft

DESIGN
1. Area of steel at mid span / Middle strips For - Mu = 191.655k-ft
61

Area of steel required at top = Ast Top = 2.52in2 For + Mu = 165.12 k-ft Area of steel required at bottom = AstBot = 2.52in2 As provided at top from SAFE = 2.62 in2

As provided at bottom from SAFE = 2.62 in2 2. Area of steel at supports / column strips For - Mu = 574.9 k-ft Area of steel required at top = AstTop = 9.1in2 For + Mu = 247.68 k-ft Area of steel required at bottom = AstBot = 2.67in2 As provided at top from SAFE = 9.4 in2

As provided at bottom from SAFE = 2.9 in2 Asmin = 0.0018bh = 0.001812810 = 2.52in2 (All the areas of steel are greater than minimum required) For shorter direction, same amount of steel will be sufficient to meet the requirement.

5.5.3 DETAILING OF SLAB

Detailing of the slab of typical plan of building Block C.For detailed drawings, Refer Appendix D.

5.6 DESIGNING OF BASEMENT WALL (BLOCK C)

The basement wall is design by considering the following specifications and data. Bearing capacity of soil = 1.5 tons/ ft2 = 33 = 0.5 Surcharge = 200 lb/ ft2 Active pressure coefficient = Ko = 1 sin = 0.455

soil = 120 lb/ ft3

62

CALCULATIONS OF PRESSURE ACTING ON BASEMENT WALL

Pressure due to surcharge = Ps = Wko = 0.091 K/ ft2 Pressure due to soil Pressure due to water NEGATIVE MOMENT -VE MOMENT = [-1 (Po + Pw) h2 1 (Ps h2)] 15 8 = -6.857 k-ft = -10.971 k-ft (Factored moment) MINIMUM THICKNESS OF WALL = L = 6in 20 Ru = y (1 - y) (1.7 c) =0.9 0.01 60 (1- 0.01 60) (1.7 4) = 0.49 And from this: Effective depth = d = Mu (Rub) = 4.7 in Total thickness = 4.7 + 1.75 = 6.48 in Take thickness of wall = 8 in And from this d = 8 1.75 = 6.25 in = Po = koh = 0.546 K/ ft2 = Pw = wh = 0.312 K/ ft2

CALCULATION OF AREA OF STEEL FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

( y2) As2 - y As + Mu = 0 (1.7 c b) Area of steel = 0.41 in2 Providing # 4 @ 5 1 c/c 2

63

SHEAR VALUES Shear at point A VA = 1 (0.312 + 0.546) 10 2 + 0.091 5 + 6.857 2 3 10 VA = 4 kips Shear at point B VB = 1 (0.312 + 0.546) 10 + 0.091 5 - 6.857 2 3 10 VB = 1.2 kips POINT OF ZERO SHEAR V = 1.2 - 0.5 (0.312 +0.546) X 0.091X 10 X = 4.333 ft

CALCULATION FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

= 1.2X (0.312+0.546) X3 20 3 SUBSITUTING X = 4.33 +M (max) = 3.18 k-ft = 5.088 k- ft (factored Moment)

CALCULATION OF AREA OF STEEL FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

Area of steel = 0.185 in2 Providing # 3 @ 7 c/c

AREA OF STEEL FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

=0.002 12 8 = 0.192 in2 Providing # 3 @ 13 1 c/c where Smax = 2h = 16 2

5.7 CALCULATION OF EXPANSION JOINTS

Width of Expansion joint
64

=(Maximum Allowable Drift of block B)2 + (Maximum Allowable Drift of block C)2 = (2.6311824) 2 + (0.4644)2 =2.66 in

Table 5.1(a) - 5.1(c) BEAM DESIGN SUMMARY Table 5.1(a) Beam Design Summary of Beam Section B8X24

GROUND Section ID
BEAM 8X24 BEAM 8X24 BEAM 8X24

(BLOCK B) StnLoc
0 11.415 22.785

AsTop Combo
ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE

AsTop (in2)
0.012 0.004 0.013

Asbottom Combo
ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE

Asbottom (in2)
0.006 0.009 0.006

STORY 2 Section ID
PB-10X24 PB-10X24 PB-10X24

(BLOCK B) StnLoc
0.625 11.802 19.045

AsTop Combo
ULTIMATE ULTIMATE UDCON5

AsTop (in2)
0.008 0.003 0.005

Asbottom Combo
UDCON6 ULTIMATE UDCON5

Asbottom (in2)
0.005 0.005 0.002

STORY 1 Section ID StnLoc AsTop

65

(BLOCK C) AsTop Asbottom Asbottom

BEAM12X30 BEAM12X30 BEAM12X30

10.5 313.5 168.375

Combo ULTIMATE ULTIMATE ULTIMATE

(in2) 1.466 1.545 0.398

Combo ULTIMATE 0.668 ULTIMATE

(in2) 0.634 0.668 1.12

Table 5.2 COLUMN DESIGN SUMMARY

Story GROUND GROUND 2ND FLOOR

Column C20 C117 C37

Section ID

Combo

As Min (in2) 4.41 0.023 0.016

COLUMNS21 ULTIMATE COL-18X18 ULTIMATE PC-15X15 ULTIMATE

As Actual (in2) 4.656 0.071 0.046

66

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