Self Healing Concrete and Asphalt

Erik Schlangen and many colleagues in the Microlab Section Materials & Environment Microlab Civil Engineering & Geosciences Delft University of Technology E-mail: h.e.j.g.schlangen@tudelft.nl Blogs: www.selfhealingasphalt.blogspot.com www.selfhealingconcrete.blogspot.com

Outline
Background RILEM TC 221 - Self Healing Concrete Some examples Different Self-Healing projects at Delft University Conclusions and Future Research

Mixing concrete
The sim ple version

Solid parts:

Liquid part:

Cement

Sand Water

Gravel
According to: Mario de Rooij
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Creating materials with better performance and longer service life

Recycled aggregates Water Air entrainer Cement Sand Gravel

Super plasticizer

Retarder Slag Fly ash Silica fume

Stabilizer

Accelerator

Water entrainer

Polymer fibers Steel Fibers

Fillers
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According to: Mario de Rooij

Creating materials with better performance and longer service life

Performance

original Improved grade

Time

Damage in concrete structures

Self Healing ambitions (single event)

Performance

Self healing material Existing materials

Time
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Existing materials

Self healing ambitions (multiple healing)

Performance Multiple self healing

original improvement

Time

Cost of repair versus healing

Cost - Performance

B High quality material A Normal 1st repair B High quality A Normal 2nd repair

Cost - Performance

Self Healing Material Self repair

Required strength

Required strength

Time

Time

Lessons from nature

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RILEM TC 221 Self Healing Concrete

Dr. Oguzhan COPUROGLU Prof. Nele DE BELIE Dr. Mario DE ROOIJ Dr. Carola EDVARDSEN Prof. Mette GEIKER Prof. Dr Ningxu HAN Mr Chengwei HAO Prof. R. Doug HOOTON Mr. Haoliang HUANG Dr. Antony D. JEFFERSON Prof. Konstantin KOVLER Dr. Jianzhong LAI Prof. Robert LARK Prof. Victor C. LI Dr. Ahmed LOUKILI Prof. Dr.-Ing. Viktor MECHTCHERINE Prof. Hirozo MIHASHI Prof. Lars-olof NILSSON Mr. Tomoya NISHIWAKI Shunzhi QIAN Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans W. REINHARDT Dr Erik SCHLANGEN Mr. Yeqing SHEN Mr Luguang SONG Dr Pavel TRTIK Prof. Dr. Ir. Klaas VAN BREUGEL Mrs Kim VAN TITTELBOOM Prof. Jason WEISS Dr. Guang YE Mrs Xiongzhou YUAN

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International Conferences on Self Healing

1st Int. Conf on Self Healing Materials, Noordwijk (NL), van der Zwaag et al., 2007 2nd Int. Conf on Self Healing Materials, Chicago (USA), White et al. 2009 3rd Int. Conf on Self Healing Materials, Bath (UK), Bond et al. 2011 4th Int. Conf on Self Healing Materials, Ghent (BE),

de Belie et al. 2013

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Text books on self healing materials

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Self Healing of: Polymers Coatings Metals Composites Concrete / Asphalt

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S.R.White et.al University of Illinois, Nature, 2001

Why Self-Healing of Concrete?

Durability Functionality Leakage (feeling of) Structural safety Aesthetics

Regaining mechanical properties Blocking the path

Cracked w ater retaining concrete slab

Some Possible Mechanisms for Self-Healing: a) b) c) d) Formation of CaCO3 of Ca(OH)2 in crack Loose parts blocking the crack path Ongoing hydration in the crack Swelling of cement matrix

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Requirements for Self-Healing Given in Literature: a) b) c) d) Water should be present Crack width < 0.2 mm Water pressure not too large Liquid may not lead to a leaching or dissolution reaction e) Stable crack

Carola Edvardsen (COWI) Hans Reinhardt (Stuttgart)

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ECC, Victor Li Univ. Michigan

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C. Joseph & T. Jefferson, Cardiff Univ, UK

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Embedded glass tubes

A A - A:

Steel reinforcement

(a)

Coupled glass tubes

(b)

Clamping plate Sample 60mmx60mmx220mm

Pressure plate

LVDT

Van Tittelboom & de Belie, Ghent, Belgium

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Additives and expansive agents for self healing

Kishi et.al Tokyo

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`Mihashi, Nishiwaki, Japan

Active Self-Healing System

Self-healing using selective heating around generated crack
Sensing function Processing function Actuating function

Selective heating around the crack melts the pipe

Supply of

Repair agent Current

Organic film pipe Strain monitoring sensor as Heating device

Partial increasing of resistance of heating device
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Released repair agent fill and harden in the crack

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An optimal self healing material

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Self Healing Concrete

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Goal: development of concrete with high self-crack-healing capacity using bacteria as self-healing agent

Jonkers, , Schlangen. Microlab TUDelft

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+
Bacteria Calcium lactate (=food)

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lactate + O2

bacteria

acetate + CaCO3 + CO2

Concrete carbonation
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

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Henk explains the project

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Self Healing The natural laboratory: Extremophilic bacteria

Endospores

Mono Lake USA: Alkaliphilic bacteria Bacillus pseudofirmus pH 11.5

Endospores:
- Specialized cells, metabolically inactive - Resist high temperatures and mechanical forces, - Viable for 50-200 years
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Bacteria

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'Bio-minerals'

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'Bio-minerals'

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Measuring permeability

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Self Healing Concrete Pavilion (Breda)

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New tools to make self healing pill

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Self Healing Concrete BACTERIA - Stamp

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Development of Ductile Materials

Prof V.C. Li Michigan

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With .. Wood Fibres Dr. Lupita Sierra and few MSc students

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Self Healing of Fibre Concrete

Self healed specimen Before retest

Self healed specimen After retest

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Self Healing of Fibre Concrete

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Self Healing of SHCC, different approaches

Bio-concrete Ongoing hydration Addition of hollow fibres with healing agent

Addition of SAP

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Modelling of Fibre Concrete

square grid lattice node lattice beam extra node fibre beam fibre node bond beam

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Modelling Fibre Concrete

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Modelling Fibre Concrete

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Modelling Fibre Concrete (SHCC)

2500 2.00% 2000

load [N]

1500

1000

500

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

deformation [mm]

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Porous Network Concrete

context for applications
a. Porous core/layer is created and put in the concrete which later on is changed into dense layer. b. Concrete deforms, settles, shrinks, swells and cracks. c. Healing agent; e.g. epoxy-based binder, cement slurry or mortar, bacteria containing liquid will be injected. d. Healed concrete; a new approach.
Sangadji, Schlangen. Microlab TUDelft
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Porous Network Concrete

context for applications

a. Porous layer will be place between wall and slab, b. Self healing mortar will be infused after hardening, expansion and shrinkage.

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Porous Network Concrete production and features

bone-like concrete; a new hierarchical material is made in which sponge-like core is surrounded by solid concrete.
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www.selfhealingconcrete.blogspot.com

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Self Healing Asphalt

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ZOAB: zeer open asfalt beton

(very porous asphalt concrete)

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Ravelling

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Ravelling

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Alvaro explains the project:

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Induction heating approach

conductive fibers bitumen

Conductive fibre

Opening of microcracks

+
Zoom
Induction heating

Induction heating

Melted bitumen

aggregates

microcack

Crack closed

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Induction healing
1

(Healing)

-20 C

3 Induction

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Induction healing
0,16 0,14

(Healing)

100 %
0,12 0,1
Force (KN)

70 % 2 minutes healing

0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0

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And now .. On the road

Rijkswaterstaat (Dutch Government) gave us 400 meter of the A58 Highway in The Netherlands Where we made self healing asphalt with the steelwool fibres That we should heal regularly when needed and monitor for a long period Project is realized in December 2010 Material-optimization and lab-testing are part of the project and running

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Test Location

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Test Location

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The Road

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Testing

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Results
2,5E+03 Without rest periods 2,0E+03 With rest periods and heating

Flexual stiffness [MPa]

1,5E+03

1,0E+03

5,0E+02

0,0E+00 0,0E+00

5,0E+04

1,0E+05

1,5E+05

2,0E+05

2,5E+05

3,0E+05

Fatigue loading cycles

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www.selfhealingasphalt.blogspot.com

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Conclusions
Self Healing is not just a Hype! It really works! It needs input from different disciplines It can save a lot of money Less repair work Less material use Less traffic jams Good for the environment RILEM TC-221 gives insight!

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