Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009 785

Dyadic Electromagnetic Greens Function for a Graphene Bilayer

Norman J. Morgenstern Horing
1
and S. Y. Liu
2
1
Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
2
Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiaotong University
1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 20030, China
Abstract The obvious promise of single and multiple Graphene sheets for new and improved
electronic devices mandates a serious exploration of their electromagnetic properties. In this
paper, we employ techniques that we recently used to develop an exact explicit analytical ex-
pression for the dyadic electromagnetic Greens function of a thin excitonic layer (in a study
of inhomogeneous radiative exciton polariton modes corresponding to the complex poles of the
matrix Greens function). Here, we further extend this technique to determine the structure of
the dyadic electromagnetic Greens functions for a bilayer, and apply it to examine Graphene
bilayer electromagnetics.
1. INTRODUCTION
Graphene, a single-atom-thick two-dimensional planar layer of Carbon atoms in a hexagonal honey-
combed lattice composed of two superposed triangular sub-lattices, has been receiving a great deal
of attention, both experimental and theoretical, since the rst report in 2004 of its unusual device-
friendly material properties [1, 2]. These properties include: high mobility at elevated tempera-
ture [3], reaching 200,000 cm
2
/Vs (over two orders of magnitude higher than that of silicon-based
materials, over twenty times that of GaAs, over twice that of InSb); high electron density, about
10
13
cm
2
in a single subband; long carrier mean-free-path, L 400 nm at room temperature, open-
ing the possibility of Graphene-based ballistic devices; stability to high temperatures, 3000 K;
quantum Hall eect occurs at room temperature in Graphene; the planar form of Graphene gener-
ally allows for highly-developed top-down CMOS compatible process ows, a substantial advantage
over Carbon nanotubes that are dicult to integrate into electronic devices and are dicult to
produce in consistent sizes and electronic properties. All of these properties make Graphene an
extremely promising material for future nanoelectronic devices. Such applications of Graphene
are already in progress, including: Graphene sensors [4] that can detect minute concentrations (1
part per billion) of various active gasses; a Graphene spin valve [5]; a Graphene electromechanical
resonator [6] can actuate an electromechanical resonator by an rf-gate-voltage superposed on a dc-
voltage applied to the Graphene sheet, or by optical actuation using a laser focused on the sheet; a
Graphene eld eect transistor [7, 8] has already been produced; a Graphene quantum interference
device was built to manipulate electron wave interference eects.
Bilayers of Graphene are similarly of great interest at this time and their charge transport
and electromagnetics are also under investigation. In this paper we determine the electromagnetic
dyadic Greens function for such a bilayer taking the separation a of the constituent Graphene
layers to be suciently large that tunneling between them can be neglected. In this analysis,
we employ the same techniques used in our earlier derivation [9] of the exact, explicit analytic
expression for the dyadic electromagnetic Greens function of a thin 2D planar excitonic layer. To
start, we note that the Levine-Schwinger [10] dyadic Greens function for a spatially homogeneous
and isotropic host medium of dielectric constant
h
can be written as (

I is the 3 3 unit dyadic)

G
3D
(z, z

, k

, ) =
1
2k
z

I
c
2

h
[k

+k
z
sign(z z

)(k

e
z
+e
z
k

) +e
z
e
z
(k
2
z
2k
z
(z z

))]
_
exp(k
z
|z z

|), (1)
Here, we have Fourier transformed in the x-y plane of spatial translational invariance, (r

) =
(x x

, y y

) k

, and in time, t t

, and
k
z
=
_
(
2
/c
2
)
h
k
2

. (2)
786 PIERS Proceedings, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009
The sign before the radical has been chosen in such a way that the eld in the host medium satises
the radiation condition for k

<
1/2
h
/c and the evanescent eld condition for k

>
1/2
h
/c. When
calculating

G
3D
(0, 0, k

; ) in Eq. (1), we approximate the Dirac delta-function, (0), by the inverse

of the excitonic layer thickness, 1/d. Moreover, since sign(0) = 0, we have

G
3D
(0, 0, k

; ) =
1
2k
z
_

I
c
2

h
[k

+e
z
e
z
(k
2
z
2k
z
/d)]
_
. (3)
In general we will suppress the explicit appearance of k

and below.
2. BILAYER DYADIC EM GREENS FUNCTION
The integral equation for the electromagnetic Greens function for a medium with conductivity
(r, r

)
2D
(r, r

) here is given by (take

h
1)

G(r, r

) =

G
3D
(r, r

)
4i
c
2
_
d
3
r

_
d
3
r

G
3D
(r, r

)
2D
(r

, r

G(r

, r

). (4)
In the case at hand of a planar homogeneous bilayer, we have

2D
(r

, r

) =

I
2D
()
(2)
(r

)[(z

a/2)(z

a/2) + (z

+ a/2)(z

+ a/2)], (5)
where the two layers have conductivity
2D
() and they are situated at z = a/2. Employing
Eq. (5), the integral Eq. (4) reduces to (Fourier transform r

and suppress it)

G(z, z

) =

G
3D
(z, z

)
4i
c
2

2D
()

G
3D
(z, a/2)

G(a/2, z

). (6)
To solve, we require

G(a/2, z

) on the right of Eq. (6), so we set z =

a/2 throughout it:

G(

a/2; z

) =

G
3D
(

a/2; z

)
4i
c
2

2D
()

G
3D
(

a/2, a/2)

G(a/2, z

). (7)
This 22 matrix equation arising from the multiplicity of (

, ) values is readily solved (carefully

noting the order of dyadics) as: [since

G
3D
(z, z

) =

G
3D
(z z

), we write

G
3D
(a/2, a/2) =

G
3D
(0) and

G
3D
(a/2, a/2) =

G
3D
(a); and also use the notation

G(a/2, z

) =

G

, and

G
3D
(a/2, z

) =

G
3D
, etc.].

G
3D

C

G
3D
(a)(1 +

C

G
3D
(0))
1

G
3D
_
. (8)
Here,

C =
4i
c
2

2D
()

I, and

=

I +

C

G
3D
(0)

C

G
3D
(a)(

I +

C

G
3D
(0))
1

C

G
3D
(a). (9)
Eqs. (6)(10) provide all the information needed to determine the double-layer dyadic EM Greens
function.
3. GRAPHENE BI-LAYER EM DISPERSION RELATION
We choose the coordinate system such that k

is along the x axis and k

y
0. From Eq. (3) it
follows that (

I +

C

G
3D
(0))
1
is diagonal:
_

I +

C

G
3D
(0)
_
1
=
x
e
x
e
x
+
y
e
y
e
y
+
z
e
z
e
z
, (10)
with

x
=
_
1 +
2
2D
k
z
c
2
_
1
k
2

c
2

h
__
1
,
y
=
_
1 +
2
2D
k
z
c
2
_
1
,
z
=
_
1
2
2D
k
z

h
(k
2
z
2ik
z
/d)
_
1
.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009 787
Furthermore,

G
3D
(a) can be written as

G
3D
(a) =
1
2ik
z
_

I
c
2

h
_
k
2

e
x
e
x
k

k
z
(e
x
e
z
+e
z
e
x
) + k
2
z
e
z
e
z
_
_
exp(ik
z
a). (11)
Using Eqs. (10) and (3),

can be written as

= M
xx
e
x
e
x
+ M
yy
e
y
e
y
+ M
zz
e
z
e
z
M
xz
e
x
e
z
M
zx
e
z
e
x
, (12)
with
M
xx,zz
=
1
x,z
+
_
i
2D
k
2
z
c
2
_
2
e
2ik
z
a
_
_
_
1
k
2
,z
c
2

h
_
2

2
x,z

_
k

k
z
c
2

h
_
2

z,x
_
_
,
M
yy
=
1
y
+
_
i
2D
k
2
z
c
2
_
2

y
e
2ik
z
a
,
and
M
xz,zx
=
1

h
_
i
2D
k
2
z
c
_
2
k

k
z
e
2ik
z
a
__
1
k
2
z,
c
2

h
_

x,z

_
1
k
2
,z
c
2

h
_

z,x
_
.
Here, M
xx,zz
refers to M
xx
or M
zz
; and M
xz,zx
refers to M
xz
or M
zx
. The symbols
x,z
and
z,x
refers to
x
or
z
and
z
or
x
, respectively, in accordance with the rst M subscript before or
after the comma.
The electromagnetic dispersion relations for a bilayer are determined by the vanishing of det

,
or
M
xx
M
zz
M
zx
M
xz
= 0 and M
yy
= 0. (13)
The signicant dierences between the electromagnetic modes of Graphene and those of more
traditional two dimensional materials arise from its conductivity expressed in terms of the Graphene
polarizability as given in Refs. [1115]. Even the low wavenumber Graphene plasmon makes a
distinctive contribution because of its unusual dependence on 2D density, n
1/4
2D
, as opposed to the
usual n
1/2
2D
for traditional materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SYL gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation of China (grant 10804073),
and from the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University.
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