Project Building Analysis Final Report #3

Submitted To: Dr. Steven OHalloran, ME 434 Professor

Submitted By: Cassie Kuwahara, ME 434 Student May 2, 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ Page 3 BUILDING DESCPRITION ...................................................................................... Page 4 DESIGN CONDITIONS ............................................................................................ Page 8 Inside Air Temperatures .................................................................................... Page 8 Supply Air Temperatures ................................................................................... Page 9 THERMAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... Page 10 Determination of Heating and Cooling Loads ................................................. Page 10 Determination of Building Airflows ................................................................ Page 17 Determination of Duct System......................................................................... Page 23 Determination of System Load ........................................................................ Page 29 Comparison to eQUEST Computer Modeling ................................................. Page 30 SUMMARY OF RESULTS ..................................................................................... Page 30 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... Page 33 APPENDIX I ............................................................................................................ Page 34 APPENDIX II ........................................................................................................... Page 36 APPENDIX III .......................................................................................................... Page 40 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Building Plan View ..................................................................................... Page 5 Figure 2. South Facing Wall ....................................................................................... Page 5 Figure 3. North Facing Wall ....................................................................................... Page 6 Figure 4. Ceiling and Roof Diagram........................................................................... Page 6 Figure 5. Wall Detail (Top View) ............................................................................... Page 7 Figure 6. Wall Detail (Side View) .............................................................................. Page 7 Figure 7. South Wall Detail (Side View) .................................................................... Page 7 Figure 8. Wall Representative Section...................................................................... Page 10 Figure 9. Ceiling Representative Section.................................................................. Page 11 Figure 10. Window Geometry .................................................................................. Page 13 Figure 11. Airflow Diagram ..................................................................................... Page 17 Figure 12. Wall Vertical Distance ............................................................................ Page 18 Figure 13. Supply Air Duct Routing (Top View) ..................................................... Page 23 Figure 14. Supply Air Duct Routing (West Side View) ........................................... Page 23 Figure 15. Return Air Duct Routing (Top View) ..................................................... Page 23 Figure 16. Return Air Duct Routing (West Side View)............................................ Page 24 Figure 17. Return Fan Characteristics ...................................................................... Page 28 Figure 18. Exhaust Fan Characteristics .................................................................... Page 28 Figure 19. Detailed Air-Handling Unit Diagram ...................................................... Page 29 Figure 20. Summer Thermal Loads .......................................................................... Page 31

TABLE OF TABLES Table 1. Thermal Resistances ..................................................................................... Page 8 Table 2. Heat Gain for Winter .................................................................................... Page 9 Table 3. Total Winter Thermal Loads......................................................................... Page 9 Table 4. Conductive Thermal Loads ......................................................................... Page 10 Table 5. Window Thermal Loads ............................................................................. Page 11 Table 6. Occupancy Chart......................................................................................... Page 12 Table 7. Equipment Chart ......................................................................................... Page 12 Table 8. Internal Thermal Loads ............................................................................... Page 13 Table 9. Total Summer Thermal Loads .................................................................... Page 14 Table 10. Absolute Temperatures ............................................................................. Page 15 Table 11. Average Wall Pressure Coefficient........................................................... Page 16 Table 12. Wind Pressure ............................................................................................ Page16 Table 13. Total Pressure Difference ......................................................................... Page 16 Table 14. Infiltration Flow Rates for Components ................................................... Page 16 Table 15. Infiltration Flow Rates .............................................................................. Page 17 Table 16. ASHRAE 62.1 Required Outside Airflow Rate ....................................... Page 17 Table 17. Building Required Outside Airflow Rate ................................................. Page 17 Table 18. Supply Airflow Rates................................................................................ Page 18 Table 19. Controlling Ratio ...................................................................................... Page 19 Table 20. Building Airflows ..................................................................................... Page 19 Table 21. Percentage of Supply Airflow Contributing to Infiltration ....................... Page 19 Table 22. Duct Size ................................................................................................... Page 21 Table 23. Fitting Type............................................................................................... Page 22 Table 24. Pressure Drop Values................................................................................ Page 22 Table 25. Supply Duct Pressure Drop....................................................................... Page 23 Table 26. Supply Duct Fitting Loss Coefficient ....................................................... Page 23 Table 27. Supply Duct Damper Angles .................................................................... Page 24 Table 28. Return Duct Pressure Drop ....................................................................... Page 24 Table 29. Return Duct Fitting Loss Coefficient........................................................ Page 24 Table 30. Return Duct Damper Angles..................................................................... Page 24 Table 31. Mass Flow Rates ....................................................................................... Page 26 Table 32. Total Winter Thermal Loads.................................................................... Page 27 Table 33. Infiltration Flow rates ............................................................................... Page 28 Table 34. Building Airflow Rate .............................................................................. Page 28 Table 35. Supply Duct Damper Angles .................................................................... Page 29 Table 36. Return Duct Damper Angles..................................................................... Page 29

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A thermal analysis is being conducted on a small commercial building planned for the St. Johns area in Portland, OR. The building type is a strip mall consisting of three equally sized businesses. The purpose of this progress report is to document the thermal loads, infiltration flow rates, supply flow rates, and required outside air calculated for this building. The thermal loads were calculated for each business in the winter and summer. Assuming steady state conditions during the winter the thermal loads calculated were 14,172 Btu/h for the Health Club, 12691 Btu/h for the Coffee House, and 14,172 Btu/h for the Book Store. Therefore, the total thermal load acting on the building during the winter is 41,041 Btu/h. During the summer, the thermal loads were calculated on an hour-by-hour basis. The maximum summer thermal loads calculated was 66,331 Btu/h at 6:00 PM for the Health Club, 21,756 Btu/h at 11:00 AM for the Coffee House, 30,383 Btu/h at 1:00 PM for the Book Store, and 105,775 Btu/h at 6:00 PM for the entire building. The building airflow rates were calculated for each business during the winter and summer. The infiltration flow rates calculated during the winter were 198 cfm in the Health Club, 182 cfm in the Coffee House, 270 cfm in the Book Store, and 649 cfm for the building. During the summer, the infiltration flow rates were 336 cfm in the Health Club, 312 cfm in the Coffee House, 376 cfm in the Book Store, and 1,024 cfm for the building. The outside air required was 1,000 cfm for the Health Club, 550 cfm for the Coffee House, 267 cfm for the Book Store, and 1,817 cfm for the building. The supply airflow rate was 4,545 cfm for the Health Club, 2,500 cfm for the Coffee House, 1,214 cfm for the Book Store, and 8,259 cfm for the building. The exhaust flow rate was 850 cfm for the Health Club, 400 cfm for the Coffee House, 117 cfm for the Book Store, and 1,367 cfm for the building. The recirculated airflow rate calculated was 3,545 cfm for the Health Club, 1,950 cfm for the Coffee House, 947 cfm for the Book Store, and 6,442 for the building. The return airflow rate calculated was 4,895 cfm for the Health Club, 2,350 cfm for the Coffee House, 1,064 cfm for the Book Store, and 7,809 cfm for the building. The building ductwork and fan selections were selected. The supply pressure drop from the airhandling unit to each air vent was set at 2.1138 inches of water, with dampers place next to each vent, at a flow rate of 8,259 cfm. The angle each damper needs to be placed at can be found later in the report. The return pressure drop from the return fan to each air vent was set at 0.9876 inches of water, with the dampers placed next to each vent, at a flow rate of 7,809 cfm. These angles are also shown later in the report. The return fan used is a 24-inch square centrifugal inline blower running at a speed of 977.2 RPM. The pressure drop from the return fan to the exhaust fan was 0.1869 inches of water at a flow rate of 1,367 cfm. The exhaust fan used is a 13.125-inch square centrifugal in-line blower running at a speed of 1,318 RPM. The pressure drop from the return fan to the air-handling unit was 0.6965 inches of water at a flow rate of 6,442 cfm. The system loads were calculated. During the summer the mass flow rate of the condensation produced in the air-handling unit was calculated to be 22.8 lbm/hr. The system-cooling load was calculated to be 23 tons (276,777 Btu/hr). During the winter the mass flow rate of the

condensation produced in the air-handling unit was calculated to be 10.2 lbm/hr. The systemheating load was calculated to be 19,555 Btu/hr (1.6 tons). The building was analyzed using an energy analysis computer program, called eQUEST. The energy simulation program provided the LS-D: Building Monthly Loads Summary and SS-D: Building HVAC Load Summary reports. The LS-D report provided a maximum heating laod of 8,283 Btu/hr, which is lower, then the calculated 19,555 Btu/hr. The SS-D report provided a maximum cooling load of 236,754 Btu/hr, which is slightly lower, then the calculated 276,777 Btu/hr. BUILDING DESCIPTION The commercial building type is a conventional wood frame structure built on a concrete slab. It is divided into four sections, three 1600 square foot rooms for a health club, a coffee house, and a bookstore, and a 1000 square foot machinery room. The plan view of the building is shown below, Figure 1.

Figure 1. Plan View (not to scale, doors and windows not shown) The front (south) side of the building is covered with 4 thick brick veneer to help improve appearances, as shown in Figure 2. All windows are located on the south wall and are operable but considered closed for design purposes. The type of glass used for the windows is doubleglazing airspace in an aluminum frame with a thermal break. There are also three doors located on the south wall. The door type used is insulated steel slab with a wood edge in a wood frame.

Figure 2. South Facing Wall 5

The back (north) side of the building has two doors located on either side of the machinery room, as shown in Figure 3, below. The door type used for these doors is foam insulated steel slabs with metal slab in a steel frame.

Figure 3. North Facing Wall In this report, to simplify calculations the roof is considered negligible. The roof has a continuous ridge vent located at the top, shown in Figure 4 so the air in the attic is assumed to be equivalent to the outside temperature.

Figure 4. Ceiling and Roof Detailed Diagram The exterior walls of the building are considered stud walls. The studs are spaced 16 apart from center to center and are made of southern cypress softwood, as shown on Figure 5, below. The wall contains spacers located 34 apart between the studs, as shown on Figure 6, below. The wall detail shown in Figure 6, is for the north, west, and east facing walls. The south wall detail, Figure 7 below, shows the added 4 brick veneer to the outside of the stud wall.

Figure 5. Wall Detail (top view)

Figure 6. Wall Detail (side view)

Figure 7. South Wall Detail (side view) The following are additional information needed to perform thermal calculations on the building during winter and summer. The flooring in the Health Club and Coffee House is vinyl tile, while the Book Store is carpeted. The lighting installed in each room is mounted evenly through out the ceiling. The Health Club has an even mixture of 2.0 W/m2 fluorescent and incandescent lights. The Coffee House has 1.5 W/m2 fluorescent lights and the Book Store has 3.0 W/m2 incandescent lights. The businesses have a required amount of outside air per person. The required amount of air is 50 cfm per person for the Health Club, 25 cfm per person for the Coffee House, and 10 cfm per person for the Book Store. The businesses each have a restroom with a 50 cfm exhaust fan running continuously. A list of important values needed in this analysis is provided on Table 1, Appendix I.

DESIGN CONDITIONS Inside Air Temperatures The winter thermal load calculations are based on the worse case scenario, where the outside temperature is a constant heating dry bulb design temperature, which was found on Table 4-7B in the HVAC textbook for Portland, OR, and there are no internal thermal loads. The inside temperature of the building during the winter is set at 70oF. The design temperature for this building is 22oF based on the heating dry bulb at 99.6%. The summer load calculations are based on an hour-by-hour time series. The hourly temperatures were found by where, Tdesign is the cooling dry bulb design temperature, % is the percentage of daily range, and daily range is the range of the dry bulb. The cooling dry bulb design temperature and range of the dry bulb were found on the same table as the heating dry bulb design table. The cooling dry bulb design temperature is 99oF at 0.4% and the range of dry bulb is 21.6oF. Table 7-2 in the HVAC textbook shows the percentage of daily range for each hour. The inside temperature of the building during the summer is set at 74oF. The sol air temperature, needed to calculate the conductive thermal loads of the outer shell components is calculated by ( * is

where, Ta is the outside temperature, Et is the total solar radiation incident on the surface, the surface color parameter, and is the long wave radiation term. The surface color

parameter is 0.15 for light colored surfaces and 0.30 for dark colored surfaces. The long wave radiation term is -7oF for horizontal surfaces and 0oF for vertical surfaces. To find the total solar radiation incident on the surface you must find the direct surface irradiance (ED), the diffuse irradiance (Ed), and the ground reflective irradiance (Er). The direct irradiance is calculated by for for where, EDN is the direct normal irradiance and is the a solar angle. The direct normal irradiance can be calculated using for ( )

for where, A is the apparent solar constant, B is the atmospheric extinction coefficient, CN is the clearness coefficient, and is a solar altitude. The apparent solar constant and atmospheric extinction coefficient were found on Table 7 of the 2005 ASHRAE handouts. The values used were 346 and 0.186 respectively. The clearness coefficient used was 0.99. The solar angles were calculated following Table 7-3 in the HVAC textbook.

The diffuse irradiance is calculated by for vertical surfaces ( ) for surfaces other then vertical where, C is the sky diffuse coefficient, Y is the ratio, and is the tilt angle. The sky diffuse coefficient used was 0.138, found on Table 7 of the 2005 ASHRAE handouts. The ratio is calculated by for for where, is the solar angle. The ground reflective irradiance was calculated by ( where, g is the ground reflectance. The total irradiance was then calculated by Supply Air Temperature The supply airflow rates required for the building are based on the supply air temperatures. The supply air temperature used during the winter was 140oF with low humidity and during the summer was 50oF at 85% relative humidity. The enthalpies and humidity ratios for the supply air conditions were found as follows. The equation to solve for enthalpy is where, T is the temperature, hda is the enthalpy of dry air, is the humidity ratio, and hwv is the enthalpy of water vapor. The enthalpy of dry air was found by . The enthalpy of water vapor was found by . The humidity ratio is calculated by the equation ( * . *

where, Pwv is the water vapor pressure and P is the atmospheric pressure. The water vapor pressure was calculated by the equation where, is the relative humidity and Psat(T) is the saturation pressure at temperature, T. The saturation pressure was found on Table 2-1 of the HVAC textbook. The values used are found on Table 1, Appendix I. The atmospheric pressure used in these calculations was14.696 psi. The enthalpies and humidity ratios for the room air conditions were found in the same way. The only difference in the process is a different humidity ratio equation. The room humidity ratio was found with the equation

where, supply is the supply humidity ratio, int is the internal mass flow rate, and supply is the supply mass flow rate. This equation will be used later in the report. THERMAL ANALYSIS Determination Of Heating and Cooling Loads The first step in determining thermal loads on the building is to estimate the thermal resistances of all shell components. This includes each exterior wall, ceiling, doors, and windows. The total thermal resistance was calculated following the equation: ( )

where, Rout is the air resistance of moving air, Rcomponent is the thermal resistance of a representative section of the component, and Rin is the air resistance of still air. The thermal resistance was calculated for both winter and summer based on the different air resistance values for moving air. The thermal resistance of the wall is calculated based on a detailed representative section, as shown in Figure 8 below.

Figure 8. Wall Representative Section The equation for the wall resistance is ( )

where, Rplywood is the resistance value of plywood, Rparallel is the resistance value of the middle section and Rgypsum is the resistance value of 5/8 gypsum wallboard. The vapor barrier was considered negligible in these calculations. The thermal resistance of the middle section is calculated by

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where, Atotal is the total area of the wall, Astud is the total area of the studs, Rstud is the thermal resistance of the studs, Ainsualtion is the total area of the insulation, Rinsuluation is the thermal resistance of the insulation, Aspacer is the total area of the spacers, and the Rspacer is the thermal resistance of the spacers. An example calculation is shown in Appendix II. The thermal resistance of the ceiling is found similarly to the walls. The representative section of the ceiling being analyzed is shown below, Figure 9.

Figure 9. Representative Section of the ceiling. The equation for the thermal resistance of the ceiling is as follows. ( )

where, Rinsulation is the resistance of 12 loose insulation, Rtruss is the resistance of southern cypress softwood, and Rgypsum is the resistance of 5/8 gypsum wallboard. The thermal resistances for the doors and windows are found in tables located in the HVAC textbook, based on the given building materials. A thermal resistances used in this report are presented on Table 1, Appendix I. The shell component thermal resistances calculated are shown on Table 1, below. Table 1. Thermal Resistances
Component North Wall East Wall West Wall South Wall Ceiling/Roof Windows North Doors South Doors Rsummer (ft2*h*oF/Btu) 14.6 15.5 15.5 16.8 35.9 1.5 2.7 6.3 Rwinter (ft2*h*oF/Btu) 14.5 15.4 15.4 16.7 35.8 1.5 2.7 6.3 Area (ft2) 1200 400 400 592.5 4800 572.25 40.5 60.75

The next step in determining the thermal loads is calculating the heat gain to the interior space during the winter. Assuming no sun and no internal loads, steady state analysis was used. The steady state equation for heat loss for all shell components is

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where, A is the area, T is the temperature difference between the outside and inside, and R is the thermal resistance. The slab/foundation heat loss was calculated by ( *

where, P is the perimeter, FP is the heat loss coefficient, and T is the temperature difference between the outside and inside. The total thermal loads acting on the walls, ceiling, windows, doors, and foundation/slab of are shown on Table 2 below. Table 2. Heat Gain for winter
Component North Wall East Wall West Wall South Wall Ceiling Windows North Doors South Doors Slab/Foundation Rwinter (ft2*h*oF/Btu) A (ft2) Tin (oF) 14.5 1159.5 70 15.4 400 70 15.4 400 70 16.7 592.5 70 35.8 4800 70 1.5 572.25 70 2.7 40.5 70 6.3 60.75 70 Perimeter (ft) FP (Btu/ft2*h*oF) Tin (oF) 320 0.49 70 Tout (oF) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Tout (oF) 22 Heat Loss (Btu/h) 3842 1247 1247 1700 6434 17854 719 467 Heat Loss (Btu/h) 7526

From the table above, the total thermal loads acting on each business was calculated by adding the appropriate components. These values are shown on Table 3 below. Table 3. Total Winter Thermal Loads
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Strip Mall Thermal Loads (Btu/h) 14173 12692 14173 41041

The third step in determining the thermal loads is calculating the hour-by-hour heat gain during the summer. The best way to calculate the thermal loads is to set up an excel file. The thermal loads through the walls, ceiling, and doors are calculated using conductive time series (CTS) and the windows and internal thermal loads are calculated using radiant time series (RTS). The CTS, conduction time factors are located on table 7-28 (stud wall 7) and table 7-29 (sloped frame roof 4) in the HVAC textbook. The conduction time factors were then multiplied by the corresponding heat gain calculated by ( *

where, -n represents time. The sum of each conductive thermal load per hour was calculated, which gives you the total conductive thermal load for each section. Then the total thermal loads for each section was multiplied by the total area of the component, to find the total conductive thermal load of the entire component. The calculated conductive thermal loads for the north, west, south, east, and the north and south roof are shown on Table 4. 12

Table 4. Conductive Thermal Loads calculated in Btu/h

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 North Wall -131 -562 -949 -1294 -1560 -1551 -379 635 977 1532 2522 3730 4930 5951 6675 7023 6983 6740 6607 5719 3844 2245 1204 453 East Wall -8 -44 -77 -104 -123 -101 163 516 765 879 886 812 697 709 878 1091 1251 1304 1201 886 499 249 122 45 South Wall -16 -61 -110 -146 -170 -181 -149 -72 64 303 601 894 1132 1283 1326 1258 1087 858 657 483 330 210 117 43 West Wall -8 -44 -77 -104 -123 -101 163 516 765 879 886 812 697 709 878 1091 1251 1304 1201 886 499 249 122 45 North Roof 1243 907 431 33 16 112 625 1905 3803 6000 8188 10221 11945 13195 13872 13923 13330 12120 10351 8104 5740 3824 2546 1748 South Roof 397 297 144 11 5 33 143 484 1132 2012 2980 3922 4730 5310 5596 5557 5195 4542 3666 2687 1811 1187 793 550

The RTS, representative solar values were found on table 7-31 (non-solar) and table 7-32 (solar) of the HVAC textbook, based on the flooring and window percentage. The following steps were conducted on each room rather then the entire wall. Similarly to the CTS the representative solar values were multiplied by the corresponding radiant heat gain calculated by ( *

where, Aunshaded is the area of the window not shaded, (SHGC)angle is the incidence angle value, ED is the direct irradiance, A is the area of the window, (SHGC)H is the hemispherical diffuse value, Ed is the diffuse irradiance, and Er is the reflective irradiance. The area of the window not shaded can be calculated from basic geometry, shown in Figure 10 below.

Figure 10. Geometry for finding area of the not shaded window. 13

The incidence angle and hemispherical diffuse values were found on table 7-4 in the HVAC textbook for clear glass. The sum of radiant heat gain per hour was calculated and added to the conductive heat gain calculated by ( *

where, U is the thermal transmittance, A is the area of the window, and T is the temperature difference. The thermal transmittance is found the equation . The thermal load through the window as then calculated by ( ) .

The calculated thermal loads through the window for each business is shown on Table 5 below. Table 5. Thermal Loads through the Window calculated in Btu/h
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Health Club 1117 778 510 303 164 587 1300 2203 3228 4307 5615 7262 8158 8073 7914 7505 4988 5935 4785 3699 2922 2296 1795 1414 Coffee House 1170 825 550 338 195 632 1367 2296 3347 4452 5794 7491 8410 8312 8143 7721 5186 6109 4928 3814 3018 2377 1865 1476 Book Store 470 276 129 -5 -87 777 1883 3100 4403 5653 7192 9293 9859 8886 8292 7446 4492 5045 3460 2193 1554 1117 816 615

The next step is determining the internal loads. The internal loads include the heat gain due to people, equipment and lighting. The convection heat gains created by the lights were calculated from the values given in the building description. The power of the lights was given in W/m2 so a conversion was used to calculate the power of the lights in Btu/h/ft2. This gives you the power of the light per area so the area of the room was multiplied to the power and this computed the heat gain for the room from the lights. The lights are assumed to only be on when the works are present. Table 6 and Table 7, show the occupancy and equipment tables for each business respectively.

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Table 6. The Occupancy Chart

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Health Club Workers Customers # of People # of People 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 8 2 18 2 18 2 18 2 18 2 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 Coffee House Workers Customers # of People # of People 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 15 2 20 2 20 2 15 2 10 2 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Book Store Workers Customers # of People # of People 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 3 2 0 0 0

Table 7. The Equipment Chart

Health Club Equipment Personal Computer (Btu/h) Monitor (Btu/h) Task Light (Btu/h) Laser Printer (Btu/h) Coffee Pot (Btu/h) Precor 966i Treadmills (Btu/h) Precor EFX576i Elliptical (Btu/h) Small Refrigerator (Btu/h) Equipment Dishwasher (Btu/h) Large Refrigerator (Btu/h) Oven (Btu/h) Espresso Machine (Btu/h) Equipment Personal Computer (Btu/h) Monitor (Btu/h) Cash Register (Btu/h) Laser Printer (Btu/h) Copy Machine (Btu/h) 187.55 187.55 57.97 1091.2 5660 6588.12 0 1670 Coffee House 18755 753 11935 10230 Book Store 187.55 187.55 163.68 1091.2 6138 ON/Off When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present ON/Off When Workers are Present Always On When Workers are Present When Workers are Present ON/Off When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present When Workers are Present Always on

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From the occupancy table, the thermal loads were calculated based on the heat gains per person by activity given on table 7-14 in HVAC textbook. The table gives values of total heat, sensible heat, and latent heat in Btu/h/person and the percent sensible heat in radiant. The total heat, sensible heat, and latent heat were each multiplied to the number of people present in the room for each hour. Then adding the sensible heat and latent heat you calculate the convective heat gain. The radiant heat gain was found by multiplying the percent sensible heat in radiant by the sensible radiant for each hour. The equipment thermal loads were calculated in a similar manor to the human thermal load. Most of the equipment power was found on tables 7-18 to 7-24 in the HVAC textbook, the rest were looked up online. Table 7-26 in the textbook provides possible equipment that can be split into radiant and convective parts. The sum of the radiant human and equipment loads for each hour was solved before using the RTS method to find the total radiant heat gain per hour. The total heat gain of internal loads for each business are found by . The calculated total internal loads calculated for each business is shown on table 8 below. Table 8. Internal thermal loads calculated in Btu/h.
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Health Club 2541 2396 2296 2202 2104 2033 1984 1936 1912 1910 1887 1839 1791 1743 2236 42919 51174 51847 52303 52638 45010 5109 3078 2759 Coffee House 915 265 -255 814 12193 15024 16940 17683 18812 21756 15511 16384 17222 17499 16969 13789 13697 11485 9065 6693 4777 3391 2382 915 Book Store 712 525 423 345 302 262 239 216 9963 11438 11958 12100 12475 11937 11642 11319 11288 12153 12509 12862 13218 11812 10889 1059

The last step in determining the heating and cooling loads of the building is to add the heat gain from the walls, ceiling, and windows with the internal heat load for each room. Since the conductive heat gain was calculated for the entire south, north, and roof components the values were divided by three, to find the heat gain going directly into each business. From Figure 1, find the appropriate heat gains to acting on which businesses. The calculated total heating and cooling loads in the building are shown on Table 9 below.

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Table 9. Total Summer Thermal Loads

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Health Club (Btu/h) 3838 2985 2224 1600 1189 1557 3064 5078 7220 9725 12644 15826 17999 18912 19930 60358 65639 66331 64528 62179 51825 9781 6256 4863 Coffee House (Btu/h) 1609 915 265 -255 814 16763 19594 21510 22253 23382 26326 15511 16384 17222 17499 16969 13789 13697 11485 9065 6693 4777 3391 2382 Book Store (Btu/h) 1362 612 -30 -565 -864 -24 1902 4255 16445 20598 24293 28119 30383 29920 29713 28700 25258 25746 23410 20897 18665 15304 13089 2364 Total Thermal Loads (Btu/h) 6809 4511 2458 781 1139 18295 24560 30843 45918 53706 63264 59456 64767 66053 67143 106027 104686 105775 99423 92141 77184 29861 22735 9608

DETERMINIATION OF BUILDING AIRFLOWS The building airflows are shown on Figure 11, below. The outside air and recirculated air enters the air-handling unit (AHU). The supply air exits the air-handling unit then disperses into each business. The return air divides into recirculated air and exhaust air.

Figure 11. Airflow Diagram The first step in determining the building airflow is to calculate the building infiltration. The infiltration flow rate depends on pressure difference and area of opening. The pressure difference was calculated by where, Ps is the stack pressure, Pw is the wind pressure, and Pp is the building pressurization. The stack pressure was calculated using the equation

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where, Pb is the absolute outside pressure, h is the vertical distance from the neutral pressure level, To is the outside absolute temperature, and Ti is the inside absolute temperature. The absolute outside pressure used was 14.696 psi for 1 atmosphere. The vertical distance from the neutral pressure level was found by dividing the building height into two feet increments, as shown on Figure 12, below. The neutral pressure level was at the height of 5 feet.

Figure 12. The vertical distance from the neutral pressure level The absolute temperatures used are shown on Table 10 below. Table 10. The absolute temperature
Outside Temperature Summer (oR) Winter (oR) Inside Temperature 549.67 481.67 Summer (oR) Winter (oR) 533.67 529.67

The stack pressure at each height was then calculated and added together for both summer and winter. The total stack pressure during the summer and winter was -0.005 inches of H2O and 0.017 inches of H2O respectively. The wind pressure was calculated using the equation where, Cp is the average wall pressure coefficient, is the air density, and Vw is the wind velocity. The air density was found on Table A.3 of the Engineering Fluid Mechanics textbook using the outside air temperature. The values used were 2.24*10-3 slug/ft3 and 2.56*10-3 slug/ft3 for summer and winter respectively. The wind velocity was found on the Wind Data for Portland website article. The maximum wind velocity for summer and winter were chosen to be conservative. The winter wind velocity used was 8.49 m/s and the winter wind velocity used

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was 11.06 m/s. The average wall pressure coefficient was found on chapter 16, Figure 6, of the 2005 ASHRAE fundamentals handout. The pressure coefficient is located based off of the wind angle, which can be found on the wind data chart. The average wall pressure coefficients used are shown on Table 11 below. Table 11. Average Wall Pressure Coefficient for each wall
Summer Cp (west) Cp (north) Cp (east) Cp (south) 0.1 0.4 -0.6 -0.5 Cp (east) Cp (south) Cp (west) Cp (north) Winter 0.5 -0.4 -0.1 -0.6

The wind pressure is calculated in

so a unit conversion is need to convert to inches of

H2O. The wind pressures calculated are shown on Table 12 below. Table 12. The calculated Wind Pressure
Summer Wind Pressure (in of H2O) West 0.017 North 0.067 East -0.100 South -0.084 Ceiling -0.084 East South West North Ceiling Winter Wind Pressure (in of H2O) 0.162 -0.130 -0.032 -0.194 -0.162

The building pressurization is approximately 0.001 inches of H2O because of the HVAC system used. The stack pressure, wind pressure, and building pressurization were added together for each wall component and the wind pressure and building pressurization were added together for the ceiling total. A sample calculation to find the total pressure difference can be found on Appendix II, Sample Calculation 2. Table 13 below, shows the total pressure difference for each component. Table 13. The total pressure difference
North East South West Ceiling Summer (inches of H20) 0.063 -0.104 -0.088 0.013 -0.083 Winter (inches of H20) -0.176 0.180 -0.111 -0.014 -0.161

The infiltration flow rate over area was found on figure 5-6 in the HVAC textbook using the total pressure difference found above and a leakage coefficient of 0.66 for average construction. The infiltration flow rate was then solved by multiplying by the area. The infiltration flow rates calculated are shown on Table 14. Table 14. The calculated Infiltration Flow Rates.
North East South West Ceiling Q (ft3/min) Summer Winter 48 -84 -64 88 -56 -65.2 24 -16 -208 -32.48

19

The calculated infiltration flow rates for each business and the building are shown on Table 15 below. Table 15. Infiltration Flow Rates
Heath Club Coffee House Book Store Building Summer (cfm) 336 312 376 1024 Winter (cfm) 198 182 270 649

The next step in determining the building airflows is to calculate the required outside air to maintain the indoor air quality in a building. The ASHRAE standard 62.1-2004 minimum ventilation rates are found on Table 5-9 of the HVAC textbook for different occupancy facilities. The minimum outdoor air ventilation rate was found by where, the people outdoor air rate and area outdoor air rate are found on Table 5-9. The area of each business is 1600 ft2 and the maximum amount of people is 20 for the health club, 22 for the coffee house, and 10 for the bookstore. The people outdoor air rate and area outdoor air rate were found for health club/weight room, bars/cocktail lounges, and sales. Table 16 below shows the calculated outdoor air rate for each business. Table 16. The ASHRAE 62.1 required calculated outdoor air.
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Required Outdoor Air (cfm) 496 453 267

The building also came with a required outdoor air rate for each business. The required outdoor air rate for the Health Club was 50 cfm/person, for the Coffee House 25 cfm/person, and for the Book Store 10 cfm/person. The total building outdoor air for each business is located on Table 17 below. Table 17. The building required outdoor air
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Required Outdoor Air (cfm) 1000 550 100

Since both requirements need to be met the higher value for each business is used. The entire buildings required outside air is 1817 cfm. The next step in calculating the building airflows was to calculate the supply airflow rates during the winter and summer. The energy balance equation used to solve for supply mass flow rate is ( ) where, hsupply and hroom are the enthalpies at the supply and room temperatures, int is the internal flow mass flow rate, hint is the internal enthalpy, and Q is the thermal flow rate. The enthalpies were calculated following the steps provided in the design condition section, above. The internal flow mass rate was calculated by solving the total mass water vapor for the internal components.

20

where wv is the mass water vapor. The mass water vapor during the summer was solved using the equation where, QL is the latent heat gain and hfg is the latent heat of vaporization. The latent heat gains were found on Table 7-14 for people and Table 7-18 for equipment. Both tables were located in the HVAC textbook. The latent heat of vaporization was found on Table 2-1 in the HVAC textbook under evaporative specific enthalpy at a certain temperature. The average human temperature used was 98oF and the equipment was estimated to be 200oF for the coffee maker and espresso machine and 100oF for the dishwasher. The latent heat of vaporization used was 1059.32 Btu/lb for humans and 1048.03 Btu/lb for equipment. The winter mass water vapor was calculated following the where, Q is the winter thermal flow rate and hfg is the evaporative specific enthalpy. The evaporative specific enthalpy was found on Table 2-1 in the HVAC textbook at the buildings winter room temperature. The value found was 1053.68 Btu/lb. The internal enthalpy during the summer was calculated by the equation . The latent heat of vaporization for workers and customers are the same value. During the winter the internal enthalpy is equal to the evaporative specific enthalpy at room temperature. By rearranging the energy balance equation, the supply mass flow rate is found by the equation below. ( ) The supply airflow rate was then solved using the equation where, is the density of air. The air densities were found on Table A.3 of the Engineering Fluid Mechanics textbook at the winter and summer supply temperatures. The values used were 0.00206 slug/ft3 during the summer and 0.00242 slug/ft3 during the winter. An example calculation can be found on Appendix II, Sample Calculation 3. The calculated supply airflow rate for each business is shown on Table 18, below. Table 18. Supply Airflow Rates
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Qsupply (cfm) 4016 1347 1239

After the building airflows for each business were calculated the controlling ratio was calculated by the equation below.

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The controlling ratio calculated for each business is shown on Table 19 below. Table 19. Controlling Ratio
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Building Controlling Ratio 0.25 0.41 0.22 0.28

The supply airflows were adjusted for each business, to set the controlling ratio equal for each room. The controlling ratio was set to 0.22, the lowest controlling ratio calculated. In order to prevent over ventilation the outside airflow must remain the same, so the supply airflow was adjusted. The exhaust airflow, recirculated airflow, and return airflow were the last values calculated. The exhaust airflow rate was calculated by where, the local exhaust airflow is 150 cfm from the three restroom exhaust fans. The recirculated airflow was from the following equation. The return air was calculated by the equation below.

The building airflows are shown on Table 20 below. Table 20. The Building Airflows
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Building Supply Airflow (cfm) 4545 2500 1214 8259 Outside Air Requirement (cfm) 1000 550 267 1817 Exhaust Airflow (cfm) 850 400 117 1367 Recirculated Air (cfm) 3545 1950 947 6442 Return Airflow (cfm) 4395 2350 1064 7809

The final step in calculating the building airflow rates was to compare the infiltration airflow rates to the supply airflow rates to see if infiltration plays a factor. The summer infiltration airflow was used in this comparison. The percentage of supply airflow being infiltrated is shown on Table 21 below. Table 21. Percentage of Supply Airflow contributing to Infiltration
Heath Club Coffee House Book Store Building Summer (%) 7.39 12.48 13.84 12.40

Since the percentage of supply airflow being infiltrated was smaller then 15% the infiltration airflow was neglected. However, if the percentage were higher then 15% infiltration would need to be considered in the building airflow.

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Determination Of Duct System The next step in the thermal analysis was to determine the air duct routing and fittings. The top and side view of the supply and return air ducts are show on figures 13, 14, 15, and 16, respectively. It should be noted the following figures are not to scale.

Figure 13. Top View of the Supply Air Duct Routing

Figure 14. West Side View of the Supply Air Duct Routing

Figure 15. Top View of the Return Air Duct Routing 23

Figure 16. Side View of the Return Air Duct Routing The air ducts are color-coded based on the dimensions, shown on Table 22 below. Table 22. Duct Size
Supply Duct Height (in) 12 Width (in) 44 Height (in) 10 Width (in) 37 Height (in) 8 Width (in) 22 Height (in) 9 Width (in) 33 Height (in) 7 Width (in) 18 Height (in) 6 Width (in) 18 Height (in) 5 Width (in) 5 Return Duct Height (in) 12 Width (in) 76 Height (in) 10 Width (in) 46 Height (in) 10 Width (in) 37 Height (in) 8 Width (in) 22 Height (in) 7 Width (in) 18 Height (in) 7 Width (in) 18 Height (in) 10 Width (in) 46

The duct dimensions were found Figure 9-2, in the HVAC textbook, based on the flow rates calculated above. The figure provides a target friction loss range between 0.08 to 0.6 The circular duct diameter was selected in this target range. The air duct needed in the building

24

is a rectangular duct so Table 9-1, in the HVAC textbook, was used to find the equivalent rectangular duct dimensions. The fittings used in the duct are shown on Table 23, below. The fitting information was found on Table 9-4, in the HVAC textbook, and on Chapter 21 of the 2009 AHSRAE Fundamentals Handbook. Table 23. Fitting Type
Fitting 3-1 5-35 4-2 SR5-15 5-28 6-2 Name Elbow, Smooth Radius, Without Vanes Cross, 90 degrees, Recatgular, Diverging Transition, Rectangular, two sides parallel, symmetrical Bullhead Tee Without Vanes, Diverging Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main and Tap Damper, Butterfly, Rectangular

Next, the pressure drops in the ducts were calculated. The equation used was ( ) where, is the air density at 70oF, g is gravity, h is the duct height in the building, V is the air velocity traveling through the duct, and L1-2 is the frictional losses. The velocity and friction loss was found on Figure 9-2 in the HVAC textbook based on the flow rate and the previously selected duct diameter. The frictional losses in straight pipes were found by the following equation. The frictional losses in the fittings were found by ( )

where, c is the fitting loss coefficient and V is the air velocity at the entrance of the fitting. The fitting loss coefficient were found on Table 9-4, in the HVAC textbook, and on Chapter 21 of the 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook for the specific fitting used. The needed values are shown on Table 24. Table 24. Pressure Drop Values
Supply Duct Supply Airflow (cfm) Velocity (in/s) Density (lb/in^3) Gravity (in/s^2) Diameter_C (in) Height (in) Width (in) Area (in^2) Friction Loss (in H2O/100ft) Return Duct Supply Airflow (cfm) Velocity (in/s) Density (lb/in^3) Gravity (in/s^2) Diameter_C (in) Height (in) Width (in) Area (in^2) Friction Loss (in H2O/100ft) Building 8259 520 0.0000434 386.4 24 12 44 528 0.003 Building 7809 320 0.0000434 386.40 30 12 76 912 0.00099 Health Club Coffee House 4545 1136.25 2500 625 400 200 280 160 0.0000434 0.0000434 0.0000434 0.0000434 386.4 386.4 386.4 386.4 20 14 18 12 10 8 9 7 37 22 33 18 370 176 297 126 0.0025 0.001 0.0015 0.0008 Health Club Coffee House Book Store 4395 3000 2350 1064 320 280 440 280 0.0000434 0.0000434 0.0000434 0.0000434 386.40 386.40 386.40 386.40 22 20 14 12 10 10 8 7 46 37 22 18 460 370 176 126 0.0015 0.00125 0.0045 0.00225 Book Store 1214 156.25 360 180 0.0000434 0.0000434 386.4 386.4 11 5.5 6 5 18 5 108 25 0.004 0.0027 Exhaust Recirculated 1367 6442 320 480 0.0000434 0.0000434 386.40 386.40 12 22 7 10 18 46 126 460 0.003 0.003

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The supply duct pressure drops calculated from the air-handling unit to each vent without the balancing dampers are shown on Table 25, below. Table 25. Supply Duct Pressure Drop
Health Club AHU -> 1 (in H2O) AHU -> 2 (in H2O) AHU -> 3 (in H2O) AHU -> 4 (in H2O) Coffee House AHU -> 5 (in H2O) AHU -> 6 (in H2O) AHU -> 7 (in H2O) AHU -> 8 (in H2O) Book Store AHU -> 9 (in H2O) AHU -> 10 (in H2O) AHU -> 11 (in H2O) AHU -> 12 (in H2O) 1.261 1.261 1.722 1.722 0.525 0.525 0.620 0.620 1.415 1.415 2.110 2.110

The balancing dampers were added at each air vent in order to control the amount of airflow into each room. Adding the frictional losses from the fully open damper to the largest calculated our wanted pressure drop. The fitting loss coefficient for the other dampers were calculated by ( *

where, Pneeded is the wanted pressure drop, Pcalculated is the pressure drop calculated, and V is the air velocity through the air vents. The fitting loss coefficients calculated are shown on Table 26, below. Table 26. Supply Duct Fitting Loss Coefficient
Health Club AHU -> 1 AHU -> 2 AHU -> 3 AHU -> 4 Coffee House AHU -> 5 AHU -> 6 AHU -> 7 AHU -> 8 Book Store AHU -> 9 AHU -> 10 AHU -> 11 AHU -> 12 0.994 0.994 0.080 0.080 2.859 2.859 2.688 2.688 0.982 0.982 0.451 0.451

The angle each damper should be open was found by Table 9-4 in the HVAC textbook for the damper. Some interpolation was done to find the exact angles. The damper angles calculated are shown on Table 27.

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Table 27. Supply Duct Damper Angles

Health Club AHU -> 1 AHU -> 2 AHU -> 3 AHU -> 4 Coffee House AHU -> 5 AHU -> 6 AHU -> 7 AHU -> 8 Book Store AHU -> 9 AHU -> 10 AHU -> 11 AHU -> 12 17.64 17.64 0.000 0.000 27.90 27.90 27.09 27.09 17.50 17.50 11.40 11.40

The return duct pressure drops were calculated from the return fan to each air vent, from the return fan to the exhaust fan, and from the return fan to the air-handling unit. The calculated pressure drops without balancing dampers are shown on Table 28, below. Table 28. Return Duct Pressure Drops
HC -> Return Fan (in H2O) CH -> Return Fan (in H2O) BS -> Return Fan (in H2O) Return Fan -> Exhaust Fan (in H2O) Return Fan -> AHU (in H2O) 0.3868 0.9635 0.5068 0.1869 0.6965

Following the previous steps a damper was placed next to the air vent in each store. The fitting loss coefficient and angles calculated are shown on Tables 29 and 30 respectively. Table 29. Return Duct Fitting Loss Coefficient
HC -> Return Fan CH -> Return Fan BS -> Return Fan 0.2704 0.0800 0.2826

Table 30. Return Duct Damper Angles

HC -> Return Fan CH -> Return Fan BS -> Return Fan 7.62 0.00 9.46

The next step was to select the appropriate return and exhaust fans. The fans were selected from the company Graingers website. The fans were chosen based on the previously calculated pressure drops and flow rates. The specific fan that produces the exact calculated values is highly unlikely to be found, so the fan laws were used to calculate a new flow rate and pressure drop at a lower speed. The fans selected provided higher flow rates at the calculated pressure then the calculated head loss. The return fan had a calculated flow rate of 7809 cfm and a pressure drop of 0.9876 inches of H2O. From the website a 24-inch square centrifugal in-line blower was chosen. The Grainger product number was 7H483. The specification sheet on the website provided the diameter, speed, and flow rates at a certain pressure drops. Since the fan selected has a higher flow rate needed the fan laws were used to calculate the new pressure drops and flow rates. The fan laws used are

27

( (

* ( * (

* * ( *

where, Q is the flow rate, D is the diameter, N is the speed in RPM, P is the pressure drop, and is the air density. The diameter and air density do not change. A new lower speed was originally guessed in order to calculate the new pressure and flow rate. The flow rate at the calculated pressure of 0.9876 inches of H2O was found by interpolating. Once the equations were set up in excel the new speed was varied until the desired flow rate and pressure drop were found. The fan needs to run at a speed of 977.2 RPM in order to produce 7809 cfm at a pressure drop of 0.9876 inches of H2O. The fan characteristics are shown on Figure 17, below.
2.000 Pressure Drop (in of H2O) 1.800 1.600 1.400 1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 5800 6800 7800 8800 Flowrate (CFM) 9800 Speed = 977.2 RPM Speed = 1034 RPM

Figure 17. Return Fan Characteristics The exhaust fan had a calculated flow rate of 1367 cfm and a pressure drop of 0.2158 inches of H2O. From the website a 13.125-inch square centrifugal in-line blower was chosen. The Grainger product number was 7K450. Following the similar procedures as above the exhaust fan needs to run at a speed of 1318 RPM in order to produce the needed flow rate at the calculated pressure drop. The exhaust fan characteristics are shown on Figure 18, below.
0.800 0.700 Pressure Drop (in of H2O) 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000 970 1070 1170 1270 1370 Flowrate (CFM) 1470 1570 Speed = 1366 RPM

Figure 18. Exhaust Fan Characteristics

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The air-handling unit was not chosen. This is because a custom air-handling unit will be built to meet the requirements needed to supply the appropriate amount of air to the building. The airhandling unit needs to produce a flow rate of 8259 cfm at a pressure drop of 2.1138 inches of H2O. DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM LOADS The next step in the thermal analysis was to determine the air-handling unit system loads. A detailed diagram of the air-handling unit is shown below, Figure 19.

Figure 19. Detailed Air-Handling Unit Diagram In order to calculate the system loads in the air-handling unit the mass flow rates, humidity ratio, and enthalpies were calculated. The mass flow rate was found by the following equation. The densities used were 0.072 lbm/ft3 for the outside air at 90oF and 0.074 lbm/ft3 for recirculated air at 74oF. The supply mass flow rate is equal to the outside air and recirculated air added together. The mass flow rates calculated are shown on Table 31, below. Table 31. Mass Flow Rates in lbm/hr
Outside Air Recirculated Air Supply Air Summer 7859 28755 36614 Winter 279 900 1179

The relative humidity used was 30% for the outside air, 50% for the recirculated air, and 85% for the supply air. The humidity ratio and enthalpies was calculated for both summer and winter following the steps in the Building Design section above. The recirculated humidity ratio is assumed to be the same as the room humidity ratio. The mass flow rate of the condensation was found by conducting a mass balance. The equation used was where, oa stands for the outside air, ra stands for the recirculated air, and sa stands for the supply air. The humidity ratio used during the summer was 0.009 for the outside air, 0.007 for the recirculated air, and 0.006 for the supply air. The mass flow rate of condensation calculated was 36.4 lbm/hr. The next step was to calculate the system-cooling load by conducting an energy balance. The equation used was

29

 where, is the power input to the fan, and hcondensate is the saturated liquid enthalpy at 50oF and 140oF found in Table 2-1 in the HVAC textbook. The power was found for the return fan by P=VI. On the specification sheet provided for the 7H483 square centrifugal in-line blower the voltage and current can be found. The voltage and current used was 208 V and 9.2 amps respectively. The power used is 6525 Btu/hr. During the summer the enthalpies calculated were 31.5 Btu/lbm for outside air, 25.5 Btu/lbm for recirculated air, 19.0 Btu/lbm for supply air, and 18.1 Btu/lbm for condensation. The system-cooling load calculated was 23 tons (276777 Btu/hr). The system-heating load could be calculated following the steps above, but to be conservative the winter thermal loads calculated above was used. The system-heating load was 41041 Btu/hr (3.4 tons). COMPARISON TO eQUEST COMPUTER MODELING Finally a thermal energy simulation was performed on the building. The program used for the simulation was eQUEST. The building information given through out this report was used to set up the simulation. Once the simulation was completed the LS-D: Building Month Loads Summary and the SS-D: Building HVAC Load Summary were viewed. The reports are located in Appendix III. The LS-D report only provides static loads with no ventilation and the SS-D report includes ventilation on the thermal loads. The maximum heating load provided on the LS-D report is 8,283 Btu/hr. This was compared to the system-heating load calculated, which was 41,041 Btu/hr. The value provided was significantly lower then the calculated heating load. The main reason this was found could be due to input error in the simulation program. However, the maximum cooling load, located on the SS-D report, was 236,754 Btu/hr. This value is closer to our calculated heating load, which was 276,777 Btu/hr. SUMMARY OF RESULTS The total thermal loads acting on each business as well as the building during the winter is located on Table 32, below. These values were calculated from the thermal loads calculated in Table 2 above and computed for based on what affected each business. Table 32. Total Winter Thermal Calculations
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Strip Mall Thermal Loads (Btu/h) 14173 12692 14173 41041

From the table above, the Health Club and Book Store produce the same thermal loads during the winter and this makes sense assuming steady state conditions no variables in the equation will change. These businesses will also have the higher thermal loads because they have more components affecting the room then the Coffee Shop, such as the east and west walls.

30

The total thermal loads acting on each business as well as the building during the summer is shown on Figure 20 below.
110000 90000 Heath Club Coffee House Book Store Building Total

Heat Gain (Btu/h)

70000 50000 30000 10000 -10000 0 5 10 LST 15 20 25

Figure 20. The Total Summer Thermal Loads based on a 24-hour profile. From the chart, the Health Club produces the highest heat gain. This makes sense due to the amount of equipment used during business hours. The Coffee Houses maximum heat gain is around 11:00 AM due to the business hours. This makes since because the conductive heat gain through the walls peak around mid-day and the business is open till 11:00 AM. The Book Stores heat gain curve is gradual. This makes sense because the Book Store is open from 10:00 AM 10:00 PM with a steady amount of internal thermal loads. The infiltration and building airflow rates were calculated for the building and each business. The infiltration airflow rates were calculated for both summer and winter and are shown on Table 33, below. Table 33. Infiltration Airflow Rates
Heath Club Coffee House Book Store Building Summer (cfm) 336 312 376 1024 Winter (cfm) 198 182 270 649

The summer infiltration airflows calculated are higher then the winter airflow rates. The building airflow rates are shown on Table 34, below. Table 34. Building Airflow Rates
Health Club Coffee House Book Store Building Supply Airflow (cfm) 4545 2500 1214 8259 Outside Air Requirement (cfm) 1000 550 267 1817 Exhaust Airflow (cfm) 850 400 117 1367 Recirculated Air (cfm) 3545 1950 947 6442 Return Airflow (cfm) 4395 2350 1064 7809

Based on the table above the Health Club has the highest airflow values. This makes sense due to the amount of people and equipment in the room during operating hours. The other businesses have less and equipment and people so its understandable to have smaller airflow rates. The

31

infiltration airflow rates were compared to the supply airflow rates and found to be negligible. This means infiltration does not need to be accounted for in our building airflow rates. The building ductwork and fan selections were selected. The supply pressure drop from the airhandling unit to each air vent was set at 2.1138 inches of water, with dampers place next to each vent, at a flow rate of 8,259 cfm. The angle each damper needs to be set at is shown on Table 35, below. Table 35. Supply Duct Damper Angles
Health Club AHU -> 1 AHU -> 2 AHU -> 3 AHU -> 4 Coffee House AHU -> 5 AHU -> 6 AHU -> 7 AHU -> 8 Book Store AHU -> 9 AHU -> 10 AHU -> 11 AHU -> 12 17.64 17.64 0.000 0.000 27.90 27.90 27.09 27.09 17.50 17.50 11.40 11.40

The return pressure drop from the return fan to each air vent was set at 0.9876 inches of water, with the dampers placed next to each vent, at a flow rate of 7,809 cfm. The angle each damper needs to be set at is shown on Table 36, below. Table 36. Return Duct Damper Angles
HC -> Return Fan CH -> Return Fan BS -> Return Fan 7.62 0.00 9.46

The return fan used is a 24-inch square centrifugal in-line blower running at a speed of 977.2 RPM. The pressure drop from the return fan to the exhaust fan was 0.1869 inches of water at a flow rate of 1,367 cfm. The exhaust fan used is a 13.125-inch square centrifugal in-line blower running at a speed of 1,318 RPM. The pressure drop from the return fan to the air-handling unit was 0.6965 inches of water at a flow rate of 6,442 cfm. The system loads were calculated. During the summer the mass flow rate of the condensation produced in the air-handling unit was calculated to be 22.8 lbm/hr. The system-cooling load was calculated to be 23 tons (276777 Btu/hr). The system-heating load was 41041 Btu/hr (3.4 tons) calculated in the thermal analysis. An energy analysis was generated on eQUEST to compare the generated heating and cooling loads to the calculated heating and cooling loads. The energy simulation program provided the LS-D: Building Monthly Loads Summary and SS-D: Building HVAC Load Summary reports. The LS-D report provided a maximum heating load of 8,283 Btu/hr, which is lower, then the calculated 19,555 Btu/hr. The SS-D report provided a maximum cooling load of 236,754 Btu/hr, which is slightly lower, then the calculated 276,777 Btu/hr. The generated heating and cooling

32

loads are lower then the calculated loads. This error could be due to human input error, when modeling the building. REFERENCES 2005 ASHRAE Handbook- Fundamentals Handouts 2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (SI Edition) Crowe, Clayton, Donald Elger, Barbara Williams, and John Roberson. Engineering Fluid Mechanics. 9th. Wiley, 2009. 92-97. Print. Howell, Ronald H., Harry J. Sauer, and William J. Coad. Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, 2005. Print.

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Appendix I

34

Table 1. Values Needed for Calculations Sol Air Temperature Calculations 0.15 Dark Surface 0 A (Btu/h*ft2) B C (degree) ET (min) CN g 346 0.186 0.138 20.6 -6.2 0.99 0.2 Vertical Surface Table 7 in Chapter 31 of 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals Table 7 in Chapter 31 of 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals Table 7 in Chapter 31 of 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals Table 7 in Chapter 31 of 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals Table 7 in Chapter 31 of 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals Table 10 in Chapter 31 of 2005 ASHRAE Fundamentals Table A.3 in Fluid Mechanics Textbook Table A.3 in Fluid Mechanics Textbook Table 2-1 in HVAC Textbook Table 2-1 in HVAC Textbook Table 2-1 in HVAC Textbook Table 2-1 in HVAC Textbook Table 2-1 in HVAC Textbook Table 5-15 in HVAC textbook Table 5-15 in HVAC textbook Table 5-15 in HVAC textbook Table 5-15 in HVAC textbook Table 5-12 in HVAC textbook Table 5-12 in HVAC textbook Table 5-12 in HVAC textbook Table 5-17 in HVAC textbook Table 5-17 in HVAC textbook Table 5-16 in HVAC textbook Table 5-15 in HVAC textbook Table 5-15 in HVAC textbook Table 6-18 in HVAC textbook Table 7-4 in HVAC textbook

Enthalpy Calculations air(140oF) (slug/ft3) 0.00206 air(50oF) (slug/ft3) 0.00242 Psat(140oF) (psi) 2.8926 o Psat(50 F) (psi) 0.17811 hfg(74oF) (psi) 1053.68 o hfg(98 F) (psi) 1037.81 hfg(80oF) (psi) 1048.03 Thermal Resistance Calculations Rplywood 0.62 Rgypsum 0.56 Rstud = Rspacer = Rtruss 1.1 Rwall insulation 21 Rout, winter 0.17 Rout, summer 0.25 Rin 0.68 Rnorthdoors 1.64 Rsouthdoors 6.25 Rwindows 1.54 Rbrick 0.165 Rceiling insulation 30 Winter Thermal Loads Fp 0.49 Summer Thermal Loads (SHGC)H 0.73 Conversions 1 W = 3.41 Btu/h 1 W/m2 = 0.317 Btu/h/ft2

35

Appendix II

36

Sample Calculation 1 Find: thermal resistance for the east wall Rplywood = 0.62 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Rgypsum = 0.56 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Rstud/spacer = 1.1 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Rwallinsulation = 21 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Rout,summer = 0.25 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Rout,winter = 0.17 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Rin = 0.68 (ft2*h*oF/Btu) Atotal = (40+1.5)X(16+1.5) = 726.25 in2 = 5.04 ft2 Astud = 1.5X41.5 = 62.25 in2 = 0.432 ft2 Aspacer = 1.5X14.5 = 21.75 in2 = 0.151 ft2 Ainsulation = 14.5X38.5 = 588.25 in2 = 3.877 ft2

Given:

Finding Rparallel: ( )

Finding Rwall: ( )

Finding Rtotal: ( )

37

Sample Calculation 2 Find: Total Pressure Difference Given: Pb = 14.696 psi To = 549.67 oR Ti = 533.67 oR h1 = 4 = 0.00224 slug/ft3 V = 8.49 m/s Cp = 0.1 Pp = 0.001 in of H2O Finding Ps: ( * ( *

Finding Pw: ( ( )( )( *( ) )( )( )

Finding P:

38

SAMPLE CALCULATION 3 Find: Supply Airflow Rate Given: Tsupply = 50 oF supply = 85 % = 0.00242 slug/ft3 Psat = 0.17811 psi P (1atm) = 14.696 psi Troom = 74 oF Q = 66331 Btu/hr

Finding hsupply:

Finding hroom values:

Finding : ( )

Finding Qsupply: ( )( *

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Appendix III

40

HVAC Project

DOE-2.2-47h2

5/01/2012

13:44:18

BDL RUN

REPORT- LS-D Building Monthly Loads Summary WEATHER FILE- Portland OR TMY2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- - - - - - - - C O O L I N G - - - - - - - COOLING ENERGY (MBTU) TIME OF MAX DY HR DRYBULB TEMP WETBULB TEMP MAXIMUM COOLING LOAD (KBTU/HR)

- - - - - - - - H E A T I N G - - - - - - - HEATING ENERGY (MBTU) TIME OF MAX DY HR DRYBULB TEMP WETBULB TEMP MAXIMUM HEATING LOAD (KBTU/HR)

- - - E L E C - - ELECTRICAL ENERGY (KWH) MAXIMUM ELEC LOAD (KW)

MONTH

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL MAX

19.12405 17.53141 20.14322 20.09656 22.45200 23.16181 25.21755 25.90529 24.29659 23.12724 20.72382 19.92703 --------261.707

6 20 18 20 20 25 23 14 9 6 1 2

14 16 16 15 16 15 16 16 16 15 14 21

47.F 58.F 70.F 77.F 87.F 90.F 90.F 92.F 92.F 77.F 64.F 55.F

42.F 51.F 52.F 60.F 61.F 67.F 69.F 63.F 67.F 59.F 55.F 52.F

42.865 44.040 46.821 47.724 50.274 51.861 52.437 53.684 53.867 51.237 47.909 43.385 ----------

-0.635 -0.525 -0.478 -0.341 -0.140 -0.023 0.000 0.000 -0.002 -0.065 -0.154 -0.376 ---------2.739

27 15 11 30 2 3 13 0 22 20 30 26

6 6 6 5 5 5 4 0 5 5 6 6

20.F 28.F 32.F 34.F 44.F 49.F 52.F 0.F 45.F 34.F 31.F 32.F

17.F 28.F 32.F 34.F 42.F 46.F 50.F 0.F 45.F 34.F 31.F 30.F

-8.283 -6.294 -5.464 -4.278 -2.136 -0.788 -0.037 0.000 -0.545 -1.996 -3.236 -4.229 ----------

729. 658. 729. 705. 729. 705. 729. 729. 705. 729. 705. 729. -------8581.

1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 1.349 -------

53.867

-8.283

1.349

41

HVAC Project

DOE-2.2-47h2

5/01/2012

13:44:18

BDL RUN

REPORT- SS-D Building HVAC Load Summary WEATHER FILE- Portland OR TMY2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- - - - - - - - C O O L I N G - - - - - - - COOLING ENERGY (MBTU) TIME OF MAX DY HR DRYBULB TEMP WETBULB TEMP MAXIMUM COOLING LOAD (KBTU/HR)

- - - - - - - - H E A T I N G - - - - - - - HEATING ENERGY (MBTU) TIME OF MAX DY HR DRYBULB TEMP WETBULB TEMP MAXIMUM HEATING LOAD (KBTU/HR)

- - - E L E C - - ELECTRICAL ENERGY (KWH) MAXIMUM ELEC LOAD (KW)

MONTH

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL MAX

0.55643 1.17070 6.06866 11.11841 31.70915 54.54934 72.95649 78.33167 62.64047 25.25869 3.78992 3.23061 --------351.380

18 21 19 21 21 25 23 3 9 12 1 13

15 16 16 14 14 17 17 19 16 17 14 15

56.F 60.F 70.F 73.F 76.F 92.F 90.F 83.F 91.F 71.F 63.F 61.F

51.F 48.F 55.F 64.F 63.F 67.F 69.F 68.F 68.F 62.F 56.F 58.F

39.127 63.625 104.511 192.307 180.895 222.171 236.754 221.836 227.226 172.900 113.238 123.523 ----------

-116.269 -88.218 -84.430 -73.140 -61.494 -52.241 -48.001 -42.261 -50.172 -69.073 -79.726 -102.420 ---------867.443

26 1 12 30 25 29 14 21 22 23 30 31

23 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 23

20.F 29.F 32.F 34.F 43.F 49.F 54.F 51.F 45.F 34.F 31.F 30.F

17.F 29.F 31.F 34.F 41.F 47.F 51.F 49.F 45.F 34.F 31.F 25.F

-390.024 -324.268 -302.880 -283.999 -222.872 -185.684 -163.785 -170.710 -208.670 -279.807 -305.775 -319.470 ----------

2597. 2403. 3008. 3254. 4653. 5998. 7170. 7584. 6439. 4242. 2762. 2797. -------52906.

8.003 9.368 11.050 16.521 16.334 21.484 22.005 21.414 21.588 15.133 11.482 12.017 -------

236.754 0.000 (KBTU) 0.000 (KBTU)

-390.024

22.005

MAXIMUM DAILY INTEGRATED COOLING LOAD (DES DAY ) MAXIMUM DAILY INTEGRATED COOLING LOAD (WTH FILE)

42