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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION

AC/323(HFM-090)TP/72

www.rta.nato.int

RTO TECHNICAL REPORT

TR-HFM-090

Test Methodology for Protection of Vehicle Occupants against Anti-Vehicular Landmine Effects
(Mthodologie d'essais pour la protection des occupants de vhicules contre les effets des mines terrestres anti-vhicules)

Final Report of HFM-090 Task Group 25.

Published April 2007

Distribution and Availability on Back Cover

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION

AC/323(HFM-090)TP/72

www.rta.nato.int

RTO TECHNICAL REPORT

TR-HFM-090

Test Methodology for Protection of Vehicle Occupants against Anti-Vehicular Landmine Effects
(Mthodologie d'essais pour la protection des occupants de vhicules contre les effets des mines terrestres anti-vhicules)

Final Report of HFM-090 Task Group 25.

The Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) of NATO


RTO is the single focus in NATO for Defence Research and Technology activities. Its mission is to conduct and promote co-operative research and information exchange. The objective is to support the development and effective use of national defence research and technology and to meet the military needs of the Alliance, to maintain a technological lead, and to provide advice to NATO and national decision makers. The RTO performs its mission with the support of an extensive network of national experts. It also ensures effective co-ordination with other NATO bodies involved in R&T activities. RTO reports both to the Military Committee of NATO and to the Conference of National Armament Directors. It comprises a Research and Technology Board (RTB) as the highest level of national representation and the Research and Technology Agency (RTA), a dedicated staff with its headquarters in Neuilly, near Paris, France. In order to facilitate contacts with the military users and other NATO activities, a small part of the RTA staff is located in NATO Headquarters in Brussels. The Brussels staff also co-ordinates RTOs co-operation with nations in Middle and Eastern Europe, to which RTO attaches particular importance especially as working together in the field of research is one of the more promising areas of co-operation. The total spectrum of R&T activities is covered by the following 7 bodies:

AVT HFM IST SAS SCI SET

Applied Vehicle Technology Panel Human Factors and Medicine Panel Information Systems Technology Panel System Analysis and Studies Panel Systems Concepts and Integration Panel Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel

NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group

These bodies are made up of national representatives as well as generally recognised world class scientists. They also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. RTOs scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created for specific activities and with a specific duration. Such Technical Teams can organise workshops, symposia, field trials, lecture series and training courses. An important function of these Technical Teams is to ensure the continuity of the expert networks. RTO builds upon earlier co-operation in defence research and technology as set-up under the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) and the Defence Research Group (DRG). AGARD and the DRG share common roots in that they were both established at the initiative of Dr Theodore von Krmn, a leading aerospace scientist, who early on recognised the importance of scientific support for the Allied Armed Forces. RTO is capitalising on these common roots in order to provide the Alliance and the NATO nations with a strong scientific and technological basis that will guarantee a solid base for the future. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by RTO or the authors.

Published April 2007 Copyright RTO/NATO 2007 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-0068-5 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only. The approval of the RTA Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover.

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Table of Contents
Page List of Figures List of Tables List of Symbols and Abbreviations List of Definitions Programme Committee Acknowledgements vii x xi xiv xvii xviii

Executive Summary and Synthse Chapter 1 Introduction


1.1 Background and Problem Definition 1.1.1 Background 1.1.2 Problem Definition The Objective and Approach of the HFM-090/TG-25 1.2.1 Objective 1.2.2 Approach Organization of this Report References

ES-1 1-1
1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3

1.2

1.3 1.4

Chapter 2 The Mine Detonation Process and Occupant Loading


2.1 2.2 Introduction to Mines The Effects of an Anti-Vehicle Blast Mine Detonation 2.2.1 Local Effects 2.2.2 Global Effects 2.2.3 Drop Down Effects 2.2.4 Subsequent Effects Occupant Loading References

2-1
2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-7

2.3 2.4

Chapter 3 Injury Criteria and Tolerance Levels


3.1 3.2 Injury Biomechanics Lower Leg 3.2.1 Anatomy, Loading Mechanisms and Injuries 3.2.2 Injury Risk Model 3.2.3 Conclusions Thoraco-Lumbar Spine 3.3.1 Anatomy, Loading Mechanisms and Injuries 3.3.2 Injury Risk Model 3.3.3 Conclusions

3-1
3-1 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-14
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3.3

RTO-TR-HFM-090

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7 3.8

Neck 3.4.1 Anatomy, Loading Mechanisms and Injuries to the Neck 3.4.2 Injury Criteria 3.4.3 Conclusions Head 3.5.1 Anatomy, Loading Mechanisms and Injuries 3.5.2 Injury Assessment Models 3.5.3 Conclusions Internal Organs 3.6.1 Anatomy, Loading Mechanisms and Injuries 3.6.2 Injury Risk Criteria 3.6.3 Conclusions Summary on Injury Criteria and Tolerance Levels References

3-14 3-14 3-18 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-22 3-22 3-23 3-23 3-25 3-28 3-28 3-29

Chapter 4 Test Methods and Procedures


4.1 4.2 4.3 Human Surrogates The Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) Positioning 4.3.1 The Position in the Vehicle 4.3.2 The Seating Posture 4.3.3 The Clothing of the ATD Measurements with the Hybrid III ATD 4.4.1 Certification and Calibration 4.4.2 Temperature Conditions Pressure Measurement Device 4.5.1 Pressure Measurement Device on the Chest of the ATD 4.5.2 Pressure Measurement Device at Another Position 4.5.3 Pressure Transducer Specifications Additional Measurements Summary References

4-1
4-1 4-1 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-8 4-8 4-10 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-12 4-12

4.4

4.5

4.6 4.7 4.8

Chapter 5 Conclusions Annex A Terms of Reference (TOR)


A.1 Origin A.1.1 Background A.1.2 Justification (Relevance to NATO) Objectives A.2.1 General Goals A.2.2 Expected Deliverables Resources A.3.1 Membership A.3.2 National and/or NATO Resources Needed

5-1 A-1
A-1 A-1 A-1 A-1 A-1 A-1 A-2 A-2 A-2
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A.2

A.3

iv

A.4 A.5 A.6

Security Level Participation by Partner Nations Liaison

A-3 A-3 A-3

Annex B Epidemiological Data on AV Mine Incidents


B.1 References

B-1
B-2

Annex C Information Related to AV Blast Landmine Injuries


C.1 C.2 Introduction Injury Scaling and Injury Risk Assessment C.2.1 Injury Scaling C.2.2 Injury Risk Assessment AV Blast Mine Injuries and their Consequences C.3.1 Injuries, Recovery and Impairment C.3.2 Parameters that Influence the Injury Severity C.3.3 Distance between Mine and Occupant C.3.4 Type of Vehicle C.3.5 Loading Conditions Discussion and Conclusions References

C-1
C-1 C-1 C-1 C-2 C-2 C-3 C-5 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-7 C-8

C.3

C.4 C.5

Annex D Mine Awareness for Vehicle Occupants Annex E Supplemental Information on Lower Leg Injury Assessment
E.1 E.2 Introduction Foot/Ankle Injury Risk Models for Pure Axial Loading E.2.1 Yoganandan Model E.2.2 Griffin Model E.2.3 Kuppa Model E.2.4 Seipel Model E.2.5 Funk Model E.2.6 Hirsch E.2.7 The Lower Leg Threshold (LLth) E.2.8 Summary, Analysis and Discussion Other Lower Leg Injury Models E.3.1 The Tibia Index (TI) E.3.2 Ankle Rotation Injury Risk Models Lower Leg Surrogates E.4.1 Frangible Synthetic Lower Legs Surrogates: CLL and FSL E.4.2 Post Mortem Human Subjects E.4.3 Comparison between Hybrid III Lower Leg and Thor-Lx The Effect of Boots on Lower Leg Protection Effect of Leg Positioning Conclusion References

D-1 E-1
E-1 E-1 E-1 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-5 E-7 E-9 E-10 E-12 E-13 E-13 E-14 E-15 E-16 E-16 E-17 E-19 E-20 E-20
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E.3

E.4

E.5 E.6 E.7 E.8

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Annex F Supplemental Information on Thoraco-Lumbar Spine Injury Assessment


F.1 F.2 F.3 F.4 F.5 F.6 Introduction Quasi-Static Strength Dynamic Strength Miscellaneous Summary References

F-1
F-1 F-1 F-5 F-9 F-10 F-11

Annex G Supplemental Information on Neck Injury Assessment


G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 G.5 G.6 G.7 G.8 Introduction Neck Injuries Axial Compression Injury Criterion Flexion/Extension Injury Criteria The Neck Injury Criterion (Nij) Other Neck Injury Criteria Summary References

G-1
G-1 G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7

Annex H Supplemental Information on Overpressure Injury Assessment


H.1 H.2 H.3 Introduction Overpressure Non Auditory Injury Assessment H.3.1 Bowen Model H.3.2 Stuhmiller Model H.3.3 Axelsson Model Summary References

H-1
H-1 H-1 H-3 H-3 H-4 H-6 H-10 H-10

H.4 H.5

Annex I Test Protocol for Occupant Safety Measurements and Injury Assessment
I.1 Description of the Test Set-up I.1.1 Instrumentation for Injury Assessment I.1.2 Description of the Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) Measurement I.1.3 Hybrid III Positioning I.1.4 Description of the Pressure Measurement Devices I.1.5 Data Acquisition I.1.6 Signal Processing Description of Injury Assessment I.2.1 Critical Body Parts I.2.2 Injury Criteria I.2.3 Injury Assessment References

I-1
I-1 I-1 I-1 I-5 I-7 I-9 I-10 I-11 I-11 I-12 I-15 I-18

I.2

I.3

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List of Figures
Figure Figure 1.1 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9 Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 Figure 3.13 Figure 3.14 Figure 3.15 Figure 3.16 Figure 3.17 Figure 3.18 Figure 3.19 Figure 3.20 Figure 3.21 Figure 4.1 Example of Mine Detonation under a Logistic Vehicle Time Sequence of Events during an AV Mine Detonation Experimental and Numerical Example of Severe Leg Load Situation Example of Axial Compression Force Signals in Tibia, Lumbar Spine and Neck for the More Local Effects Caused by a Mine Detonation under a Vehicle Example of Axial Compression Force Signals in Tibia, Lumbar Spine and Neck for the Global Effects Caused by a Mine Detonation under a Vehicle Loading Process in Human Body Due to Mine Detonation Three Principle Mechanisms Examples of Injury Risk Curves for Different Body Parts and Different Severities The Threat Load Injury (TLI) Model Flow Scheme to Determine Injury Tolerance Levels for Body Regions The Lower Limb Foot/Ankle Complex Anatomy Experimental Set-up for MCW Dynamic Axial Impact Tests on PMHS Lower Legs Risk of Foot/Ankle Injury as a Function of Age and Tibia Axial Force Foot/Ankle Injury Risk Curves for 25, 45 and 65 Years Old Lateral View of Vertebral Column and Lumbar Vertebra with Vertebral Body, Vertebral Arch and Facet Joints and Processes DRIz Model Spinal Injury Risk Calculated from Laboratory and Operational Data and F-4 Operational Data Valid for AIS 2+ Injuries Cervical Vertebrae Anatomical Description of Head Movement Engineering Description of Neck Loading Injury Tolerance Curves for Axial Neck Compression Force when Using a Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male ATD Anatomical Structure of the Head and Brain The Auditory System The Respiratory System The Gastrointestinal Tract Single-Chamber One-Lung Model Thor-Lx and Denton Leg Model Page 1-1 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-6 3-2 3-2 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-10 3-12 3-13 3-15 3-16 3-16 3-19 3-21 3-23 3-24 3-25 3-26 4-2

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Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.10 Figure B.1 Figure C.1 Figure C.2 Figure C.3 Figure D.1 Figure D.2 Figure E.1 Figure E.2 Figure E.3 Figure E.4 Figure E.5 Figure E.6 Figure E.7 Figure E.8 Figure E.9 Figure E.10 Figure E.11 Figure E.12 Figure E.13 Figure E.14 Figure E.15 Figure E.16 Figure E.17 Figure E.18 Figure E.19 Figure E.20

Size and Weight for 5th Percentile Female and 50th and 95th Percentile Male Hybrid III ATD and for a Dutch Population in 2000 Size and Weight for 5th Percentile Female and 50th and 95th Percentile Male Hybrid III ATD and for a Canadian Forces Population in 1997 Hybrid III ATD in a Truck before the Mine Test Straight Seating Posture Hybrid III ATD with Sensor Positions BTD and Hybrid III ATD in Blast Tunnel Example of Pressure Measurement Device on the Chest of an ATD Example of a Flat Pressure Measurement Device Example of a Cylinder for Pressure Measurements Overview of Mine Incidents AIS Coding Scheme APC Subjected to AV Blast Landmines Light-Armoured and Logistic Vehicles Subjected to Similar Mine Threat Illustration of Danger of Loose Objects Fire Extinguisher Impact on Occupants Head during a Mine Test Yoganandan Experimental Set-up Risk of Foot/Ankle Injury as a Function of Age and Tibia Axial Force Yoganandan Risk Curves for Different Subject Ages Griffin Risk Curves for a 75 kg Subject and Different Loading Rates Funk Experimental Set-up Funk Risk Curves for Different Subject Age and Weight Example of Shock-Motion Terminology Tolerance of Stiff-Legged Standing Men to Shock Motion of Short Duration The LLth Acceleration-Based Injury Tolerance Curve The LLth Force-Based Injury Tolerance Curve Comparison between Yoganandan and Funk Models Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion and Inversion/Eversion Rotation Modes Thor-Lx and Standard HIII Denton Lower Leg The Canadian Lower Leg Typical CLL Injuries The Frangible Synthetic Leg (FSLL), Without and With Gelatine Exterior and Interior View of the TROSS Set-up Comparison between Hybrid III and Thor-Lx Tibia Axial Forces (TROSS Tests) TROSS Tests on the CLL With and Without Boot Results of Laboratory Axial Tests on the CLL With and Without Boot

4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-9 4-10 4-10 4-11 B-1 C-2 C-5 C-6 D-2 D-2 E-2 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-9 E-12 E-14 E-14 E-15 E-15 E-16 E-17 E-17 E-18 E-18

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Figure E.21 Figure E.22

Example of Hybrid III Tibia Axial Force for Axial Impact Tests With and Without Boot Tracing View Using Altair Hyperworks: Crash Dummy Motion during Pure Vertical Footplate Displacement for Four Initial Positions at Two Different Loading Conditions Lower Tibia Axial Force (Fz) for MADYMO Simulation of Test db3 (Vertical Footplate Displacement) for Different Foot Positions Tolerance Curve for Vertebrae Eiband Tolerance Curve Tolerance of Seated Men to Shock Motion of Short Duration Lumbar Spine Compression Force Criterion DRIz Model Spinal Injury Risk Calculated from Laboratory and Operational Data Supplemented with F-4 Operational Data Valid for AIS 2+ Injuries Illustration of Wedge Fractures and Burst Fracture Injury Tolerance Curves for Axial Neck Compression Force when Using a Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male ATD Nij Risk Curves Neck Shear Injury Tolerance Curve for the 50 Percentile Male Hybrid III Neck Tension Injury Tolerance Curve for the 50 Percentile Male Hybrid III Typical Pressure-Time Curve for a High Explosive (Free Field) Example of Complex Overpressure Pattern inside a Vehicle Subjected to a Blast Mine Survival Curves Predicted for a 70-kg Man, Applicable to a Free-Stream Situation for Different Body Orientations with Respect to the Blast Winds Example of INJURY Program Single-Chamber One-Lung Model Examples of Hybrid III ATD in Test Vehicle Hybrid III ATD with Sensor Positions ATD Local Body Coordinate System Straight Seating Posture Example of Pressure Measurement Device on the Chest of an ATD Example of a Flat Pressure Measurement Device Example of a Cylinder for Pressure Measurements Neck Axial Compression Limit Curve Mathematical Spine Model Thorax Model Example of Defining the Maximum Duration for Two Load Levels
th th

E-19 E-19

Figure E.23 Figure F.1 Figure F.2 Figure F.3 Figure F.4 Figure F.5 Figure F.6 Figure G.1 Figure G.2 Figure G.3 Figure G.4 Figure G.5 Figure H.1 Figure H.2 Figure H.3 Figure H.4 Figure H.5 Figure I.1 Figure I.2 Figure I.3 Figure I.4 Figure I.5 Figure I.6 Figure I.7 Figure I.8 Figure I.9 Figure I.10 Figure I.11

E-20 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-7 F-8 F-9 G-2 G-3 G-5 G-6 G-6 H-2 H-2 H-3 H-6 H-7 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-6 I-8 I-8 I-9 I-13 I-13 I-14 I-16

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List of Tables
Table Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 4.1 Table A.1 Table C.1 Table C.2 Table C.3 Table C.4 Table E.1 Table E.2 Table E.3 Table E.4 Table F.1 Table F.2 Table F.3 Table H.1 Table H.2 Table H.3 Table H.4 Table H.5 Table H.6 Table H.7 Table I.1 Table I.2 The Abbreviate Injury Scale Model Parameters for a 70-kg Mammal Injury Levels with Corresponding AIS Range for Each Body Region Injury Levels with Corresponding ASII and CWVP, and Estimated AIS Levels Summary of Injury Criteria and Tolerance Levels Proposed by HFM-090/TG-25 to be Used for Vehicle Mine Protection Overview of Data that Needs to be Measured Time Schedule Lower Leg Injuries Cervical and Thoraco-Lumbar Spine Injuries Head Injuries Auditory and Non-Auditory Overpressure Injuries Specimen Characteristics Parameters Included in the Injury Risk Equations Relevant Advantages and Shortcomings of the Models Tolerance Levels for the Different Models Breaking Mass Load (mF) as well as Maximum and Minimum Tolerance Level for Acceleration (aF) Breaking Mass Load (mF) Breaking Force F and Further Properties at Different Regions of the Spine Model Parameters for a 70 kg Mammal Injury Levels and Associated AIS Levels for the Lungs Injury Levels and Associated AIS Levels for the Pharynx, Larynx and Trachea Injury Levels and Associated AIS Levels for the Gastrointestinal Tract (Gas-Filled Organs) Injury Levels and Associated AIS Levels for the Solid Abdominal Organs Injury Levels with Corresponding ASII and CWVP and Estimated AIS Levels Injury Models for Non Auditory Injury Assessment Positive Polarities for the Channels at the Required Measurement Positions Mandatory Criteria and Limit Values Page 3-3 3-27 3-27 3-28 3-29 4-12 A-2 C-3 C-4 C-4 C-4 E-10 E-11 E-11 E-11 F-2 F-3 F-3 H-7 H-8 H-8 H-9 H-9 H-9 H-10 I-4 I-12

RTO-TR-HFM-090

List of Symbols and Abbreviations


AIS AP ASII AT ATD AUS AV AVP Ax Ay Az BTD CAN CFC CHE CLL CWV(P) DAI DEU DGA DRDC DRIz DSTO EFP ET ETBS FAA FFT FRA FSL Fx Abbreviated Injury Scale Anti-Personnel Adjusted Severity of Injury Index Anti-Tank Anthropomorphic Test Device Australia Anti-Vehicular Anti-Vehicular mine Protection Translational horizontal acceleration in x-direction Translational horizontal acceleration in y-direction Translational vertical acceleration in z-direction Blast Test Device Canada Channel Frequency Class Switzerland Canadian Lower Leg (former name: Complex Lower Leg) Chest Wall Velocity (Predictor) Diffuse Axonal Injuries Germany Direction Gnrale pour lArmement Defence Research and Development Canada Dynamical Response Index for z direction Defence Science and Technology Organisation (Australia) Explosively Formed Projectile Expert Team Etablissement Technique de Bourges (France) Federal Aviation Administration Fast Fourier Transform France Frangible Synthetic Leg Force in x-direction (shear force)

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Fy Fz GBR GI HFM HIC HIII IABG IED IRCOBI ISL ISS LLth MADYMO MCW Mx My Mz NATO NISS NLD NOR PfP PMHS RTI RTO SAE STANAG SWE TACOM/TARDEC TCFC TG THOR

Force in y-direction Force in z-direction (axial force) United Kingdom GastroIntestinal Human Factors and Medicine Panel Head Injury Criterion Hybrid III crash test dummy Industrieanlagen-Betriebsgesellschaft mbH (Germany) Improvised Explosives Device International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact Institut de Saint Louis (France) Injury Severity Score Lower Leg Threshold MAthematical DYnamical MOdel Medical College of Wisconsin (USA) Bending moment around x-axes Bending moment around y-axes Bending moment around z-axes North Atlantic Treaty Organisation New Injury Severity Score The Netherlands Norway Partners for Peace Post Mortem Human Subjects Revised Tibia Index Research and Technology Organisation Society of Automotive Engineers NATO Standardization Agreement Sweden Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (U.S. Army) Tibia Compression Force Criterion Task Group Test device for Human Occupant Restraint

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TI TNO TNO-PML TOR TROSS TTCP USA WSU WTD 91

Tibia Index Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO-Prins Maurits Laboratorium (recently called TNO Defence, Security and Safety) Terms Of Reference Test Rig for Occupant Safety Systems The Technical Cooperation Program United States of America Wayne State University, Detroit, USA The Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition of the German Armed Forces

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List of Definitions
Anatomical scales Annular fibrosus Anterior Anterior vertebral body (vertebral) Articulate Atlas Axis Biofidelic response Bronchi C1-C7 Calcaneus Cerebrospinal fluid Cervical spine Coccyx Cranial direction Cuboid Cuneiforms Dens Elastic injury mechanisms Described the injury in terms of anatomical location, type of injury and relative severity A laminar set of fibrous sheets, that surrounds the intervertebral disks Front part, to the front Weight bearing part of vertebra Vertebra part for attachment of muscles C1 vertebra C2 vertebra Response resembling that of a real human Part of lower respiratory system First to seventh cervical vertebra Heel bone Fluid in the spinal chord and cerebral ventricles Neck part of the spine Tail bone In the direction of the head, the axial longitudinal z-axis Bone in the foot Mid foot bones Part of C2 vertebra Compression and tension of the body causing injury if elastic tolerances are exceeded injury can occur in case of slow deformation of the body (crushing) as well as due to high velocity impacts Forehead, part of skull Thigh-bone Calve bone Company name of crash dummy foot/ankle part Disability and societal loss scales: Rate the long-term consequences and in relation to this, the quality of life Acceleration type of loading causing tearing of internal structures due to inertia effects Physical parameter or a function of several physical parameters which correlates well with the injury severity of the body region under consideration

Facial cranium Femur Fibula GM/FTSS foot/ankle Impairment Inertial injury mechanisms Injury criterion

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Injury criterion level Injury mechanism Injury risk curves Injury scaling Intra-abdominal organs Intra-thoracic Knee clevis L1 L2 Laceration Laminar fractures Larynx Lower extremity Lumbar spine Lumbar vertebrae Metatarsals Navicular Neurocranium Occipityle Condyles Osteoarthritis Patella Pectoral Pedicle fractures Pelvis Phalanges Pharynx Phrenic nerve Physiologic scales

Magnitude of loading indicated by the threshold of the injury criterion, which produces a specific type of injury severity Mechanism involved with the cause of injury Define the injury risk for a given human body response Numerical classification of the type and severity of an injury Organs in abdomen, such as liver, spleen, intestines etc. Everything within the chest cavity Attachment part at the knee of a dummy leg First and second lumbar vertebral bodies (upper part) Tear in skin, muscle or organ Fractures in longitudinal direction of bone Part of the lower respiratory system Lower limb Part of the spine at the lower back Vertebrae of the lumbar spine Toe bones Foot bone Part of skull containing the brain Attachment point of the spine to the skull Chronic inflammation caused by damage of cartilage Knee bone At the chest Fracture of a part of a vertebra Hip area Toe bones Part of the lower respiratory system Responsible of the respiration functions Describe the physiological status of the patient based on the functional change due to injury this status may change over the duration of the injurys treatment period On the back, backwards Lower part of the spine Axial direction Extension of central nervous system in the spine Bony part of the Vertebrae

Posterior Sacrum Spinal Spinal cord Spinous process

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T1-T12 Talus Tarsals Thoraco-lumbar spine

First to twelfth thoracic vertebra Foot bone Foot bones Part of the spine between thoracic and lumbar region; mostly related to the lower part of the thoracic and the upper part of the lumbar vertebrae Part of the spine at the thorax Vertebra of the thoracic spine Chest Lower leg of a Thor crash test dummy Shin bone Magnitude of loading indicated by the threshold of the injury criterion, which produces a specific type of injury severity and risk Main airway of the respiratory system Parts of the spine Impulsive type of loading causing mechanical waves in the body, which results in internal injuries if so-called viscous tolerances are exceeded

Thoracic spine Thoracic vertebrae Thorax Thor-Lx Tibia Tolerance level Trachea Vertebrae Viscous injury mechanisms

x x z x x y z
ATD Local Body Coordinate System.

y z

y x y z x z z y y

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Programme Committee
Mr. Piet-Jan Leerdam (Chair) TNO Defence, Security and Safety P.O. Box 45 2280 AA Rijswijk THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31 15 2843463 Email: piet-jan.leerdam@tno.nl Mr. Gregory Wolfe US Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) AMSTRA-TR-R, MS 263 Warren, MI 48397-5000 USA Phone: +01 586 574 5948 Email: wolfeG@tacom.army.mil Mr. Denis Lafont DGA/DCE/ETBS Rocade Est-changeur de Guerry 18021 Bourges Cedex FRANCE Phone: +33 248 27 4334 Email: denis.lafont@dga.defense.gouv.fr Mr. Lars Svensson Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) Protection and Quality Management SE-115 88 Stockholm SWEDEN Phone: +46 8 782 6572 Email: lars.w.svensson@fmv.se Mr. Frank Dosquet WTD 91-450 P.O. Box 17 64 D-49707 Meppen GERMANY Phone: +49 5931 43 2450 Email: frankdosquet@bwb.org Ms. Marike van der Horst, Phd TNO Defence, Security and Safety P.O. Box 45 2280 AA Rijswijk THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31 15 2843329 Email: marike.vanderhorst@tno.nl Ms. Jose Manseau Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC-RDDC) Valcartier 2459 Pie XI North Qubec, QC G3J 1X5 CANADA Phone: +1 418 844 4470 Email: josee.manseau@drdc-rddc-gc.ca Mr. Ren Lemasle DGA/DCE/ETBS Rocade Est-changeur de Guerry 18021 Bourges Cedex FRANCE Phone: +33 248 27 4822 Email: rene.lemasle@dga.defense.gouv.fr Mr. Hkan Axelsson Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) Protection and Quality Management SE-115 88 Stockholm SWEDEN Phone: +46 8 778 0592 Email: h.axelsson@privat.utfors.se Dr. Jean Lapointe Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC-RDDC) Valcartier 2459 Pie XI North Qubec, QC G3J 1X5 CANADA

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Acknowledgements
The following countries participated in the HFM-090/TG-25: Germany, France, Canada, United States, The Netherlands (Chair) and Sweden as Partners for Peace (PfP). We would like to thank Jocelyn Tremblay (DRDC Valcartier, CAN) in starting this HFM Task Group on test methodology for protection of vehicle occupants against anti-vehicular landmine effects. After the first meeting a group of experts was chosen to continue the work within HFM-090/TG-25. Mr. P.J. Leerdam was chair of the group and did his work with great enthusiasm. The work of the TG-25 presented in this report was conducted from January 2003 to December 2004. Two meetings a year were held. We would like to thank following countries and their institutes for hosting the meetings of HFM-090/TG-25: First meeting Second meeting Third meeting Fourth meeting Fifth meeting France, ETBS The Netherlands, TNO-Defence, Security and Safety United States of America, US Army TACOM Germany, WTD 91 Canada, DRDC Valcartier

We also would like to acknowledge the contribution of our guests: Oliver Nies, from WTD 91, Germany Marcel Mller, from IABG, Germany Dr Wolfgang Titius, Military Hospital, Germany Dr. Armand Dancer, from Institut de Saint Louis, France

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE


1. Recipients Reference 2. Originators References 3. Further Reference 4. Security Classification of Document

RTO-TR-HFM-090 AC/323(HFM-090)TP/72
5. Originator

ISBN 978-92-837-0068-5

UNCLASSIFIED/ UNLIMITED

Research and Technology Organisation North Atlantic Treaty Organisation BP 25, F-92201 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex, France Test Methodology for Protection of Vehicle Occupants against Anti-Vehicular Landmine Effects

6. Title

7. Presented at/Sponsored by

Final Report of HFM-090 Task Group 25.


8. Author(s)/Editor(s) 9. Date

Multiple
10. Authors/Editors Address

April 2007
11. Pages

Multiple
12. Distribution Statement

176 There are no restrictions on the distribution of this document. Information about the availability of this and other RTO unclassified publications is given on the back cover. Experimental data Explosion effects Field tests Ground vehicles Human factors engineering Land mines Methodology Mine countermeasures Protection Simulators Soft-skinned vehicles Specifications Standards Survivability Trucks Vulnerability

13. Keywords/Descriptors

Antitank mines Anti-vehicular mines Armoured vehicles Blast effects Blast loads Computer modelling Damage assessment Design Dynamic response
14. Abstract

In 2001, the NATO/RTO HFM-090/TG-25 was created in response to the NATO/RTO HFM ET-007, which identified the lack of suitable information for injury assessment of the anti-vehicle mine threat. Furthermore, the Task Group was asked to help the STANAG 4569 Team of Experts to develop an injury assessment methodology for the qualification of light-armoured and logistic vehicles (blast) landmines protection systems. Injury criteria, tolerance levels and measurement methods were proposed to assess the most vulnerable body regions to a blast mine strike under a vehicle. The tolerance levels established for these body regions are considered to represent low risk of life-threatening and disabling injuries. The results, conclusions and recommendations of the HFM-090/TG-25 work are presented in the technical report.

RTO-TR-HFM-090

RTO-TR-HFM-090

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SALES AGENCIES
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Government Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) published by the National Technical Information Service Springfield Virginia 2216 UNITED STATES (also available online in the NTIS Bibliographic Database or on CD-ROM)

ISBN 978-92-837-0068-5

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