UTTAR PRADESH RAJYA VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LIMITED. PARICHHA THERMEL POWER PLANT JHANSI(U.P.

Duration-: From 6 June to 17 July SUBMITTED TO-: SUBMITTED BY-:

ExNiraj Kumar Tiwari Er.Akhileshkumar Manish Yadav B.Tech 4th year ElectricalEngg. Roll No. 09ee25 I.E.T M.J.P.R.U BAREILLY(U.P.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful & indebted to the numerous UPVUNL Engineers, who provided vital information about the functioning of their respective department thus helping me to gain an overall idea about the working of organization. I am highly thankful for the support& guidance of each of them. I am highly indebted to my project guide, Mr. AKHILESH KUMAR (AE), Mr. ASHUTOSH PATHAK (JE) for giving me his valuable time and helping me to grasp the variousconcepts of switchyard equipments and their control instruments and their testing. Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents & all my fellow trainees who have been a constant source of encouragement & inspiration during my studies & have always provided me support in every walk of my life.

MANISH YADAV B.TECH FINAL YEAR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I.E.T. M.J.P.R.U. BAREILLY (UP)

PREFACE
A thermal power plant uses energy liberated from the combustion of coal and uses it to water into steam. This steam is used to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The steam is used to rotate the turbine which is connected to generator which produced uniform electric field, the flux linked with it changes, thereby producing e.m.f of varying voltage. Thus an ac power is generated. In a thermal power plant an electronic control is required for controlling the plant. In practical situation we have to check whether ignition of coal taking place properly or not, because at a particular time, only fixed amount of coal needs to be present in the boiler. Suppose the ignition of coal taking place properly, then the amount of coal that accumulates goes on increasing and at particular instant can use a blast. Hence electronic control in required. Similarly in pressure sensors are required to measure the pressure on the wall boiler due to steam and the amount of pressure handling capacity. Thus if the temperature of steam increase or amount of pressure steam increase, then the pressure exerted on the wall may exceed safety level.So again electronic control is required.

INTRODUCTION
Almost all coal,nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas plant are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbine as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power plant burning coal, oil, or natural gas are often referred to collectively as fossilfuel power plants. Some bio mass fueled thermal power plant, which do not use co- generation are sometimes referred to as conventional power plants. Commercial electric utility power station are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plant typically three phase or individual-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (ac) electric power at a frequency 50 hz to 60 hz, (which is an ac sine wave per second ) depending on its location of world. Other large companies or institutions may have only there own usually smaller power plant to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if heat or steam is created anyway for other purpose. Such shipboard power plants are general lower plant capacity than full-size electric company plants , but otherwise have many similarities except that typically the main steam turbines mechanically turn the propulsion propellers, either through reduction gears or directly by same shaft. The steam power plant in such ships also providesteam to separate smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity in the ship. In some industrial, large institutional facilities, or other populated areas, there are combined heat and power (CHP) plants, often called co-generation plant, which produce both power and heat for facility or districe9 heating or industrial applications. AC electrical power can be stepped up to very high voltage for long distance transmission with minimum power loss of power. Steam and hot power loss energy when pipe over substantial distance, so carrying heat energy by steam or hot water is often only worthwhile within a local area of facility., such as steam distribution for a ship or industrial facility or hot water in a local municipality.

HISTORY OF INDUSRTY
The name of power plant is PARICHHA THERMAL POWER PLANT, its foundation was laid in 1979 and it started producing electricity in 1983. It is a state owed, semi-government project. It has six units which are generating electricity. Two of 110 MW, two of 210 MW and two of 250 MW.So total installed capacity is 1140 MW. Presently it is 3rd ranking project of U.P.

This project is thermal based power project, in which combustion of coal is used to convert water to steam and then steam is used to rotate the turbine. The rotation drives a AC generator, thereby producing AC power. All thermal power project need continuous supply of water thus they are built near the river. A dam has been constructed for this purpose of collection of water, by the name of PARICHHA DAM. It is situated on bank of BENTWA river. Coal is also required for the project and it is supplied from mines of Bihar. The plant is spread in an area of 500 acres of land. The turbine, boiler and their associated auxiliaries have been manufactured and supplied by M/s BHEL. All protecting instruments have been supplied by M/s KOTA COMPANY. The steel is supplied by SAIL & TISCO.

GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

Following equipment are used in power plant-: 1)Cooling tower 8)Surface condensor 2)Cooling water pump 9) Intermediate pressure turbine 3)Transmission line 10)Steam control valve 4)Step-up transformer 11)High pressure turbine 5)Electrical generator 12)Deaerater 6)Low pressure steam turbine 13)Feed water heater 7)Condensate pump 14)Coal conveyer 16)Coalpulverizer 23)Economizer 17)Boiler steam drum24)Air preheater 18)Bottom ash hooper25)Precipitator 19)Superheater26) Induced draft fan 20)Forced draft fan27)Flue gas stack 21)Reheater 22)Combustion air intake

STEAM GENERATOR AND AUXILIARY SYSTEM

Steam generator is a device which convert water into steam. It is not just like heating device which we used for domestic purpose. The steam generator of unit producesuper heated steam at almost constant temperature of 810 k (kelvine). To get such a high temperature water and air heated in multistage process and more ever for an efficient steam generator design is little bit more complex in order to get high thermal efficiency. Basically it require three thing, and they are air, water and fuel. The basic auxiliary are as follow-:

PRIMARY AIR FAN-:

They are used to insert the fresh air (primary air) from the environment into the air pre-heater. The pressure at the out let is less than the pressure at the inlet to maximize the flow of fresh air. As during peak hours more steam is required than the average, so with the help of these we get the desired flow rate. No. of PD fan 2 Supplier: BHEL

AIR PREHEATER-:
The air pre heater warm the incoming air from primary air by fan by transferring the heat from the out going flue gas which increase the efficiency of the boiler by reducing the usefull heat loss in the flue gas. Even in the winter the temperature of the top of the boiler house around 30*C , so in this way we make good use of hot air that would otherwise wasted.

DRAFT SYSTEM-:
The air is used for combustion in boiler and the product produce in the boiler is released in atmosphere by draft system. These are two type: 1) Forced draft system 2) Induced draft system

FORCED DRAFT SYSTEM-:

These fans are used to draw air from the air pre-heater into the boiler. The pressure at the outlet is less than the pressure at the inlet to maximize the flow of air. The motor is used in the fan is 3 phase induction motor which rotate at very high speed approximately 1440 rpm. No. of FD fan:2 Supplier:BHEL

INDUCED DRAFT FAN-:

To maintain the flow of waste gas at appropriate rate we installed induced draft fan in between electro precipitator and the chimney. It act as the suction fan which suck the waste gas from the electrostatic precipitator. It is designed with

the ductwork, economizer, air preheater and air pollution control equipment under all operating conditions. No. of ID fan-: 3 Supplier: BHEL

BUNKER-:
They are the large drum shaped structure body used to collect crshed coal from the conveyer belt. They have cone shaped structure at there bottom used to transformer the coal under the effect of gravity into feeder. In bunkers any unwanted material such as stone are removed from the coal before being transfer to feeder.

FEEDER-:
They are used to feed the mills. They are just bellow the bunkers and received the crushed coal from them and transfer it to mills at desired rate. They decide that, how much quantity of coal should be delivered to mills.

MILLS-:
Ball mill, a type of grinder, is a cylindrical devise used in grinding of crushed coal received from feeders. In the mills coal is grinded to a fine powder from which we called as pulverized coal. We pulverized the coal to increase the efficiency of coal, because efficiency of coal in finely powdered is higher than its crushed from. Power plants mills can operate continuously, fed at one end and discharged at other end

ECONOMISER-:
It is nothing but a heat exchanger. In boiler economizers are the heat exchange device that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. Economizer are so named because they can make use of enthalpy in fluid stream that are hot, therefore increasing the boiler efficiency. They are a device fitted to the boiler which save energy by using the exhaust gas from the boiler to preheat the cold water used to fill it.

DEAERATOR-:
It is a device that is used for the removal of air and other dissolved gas from the feed water to steam-generating boiler. In particular, dissolved oxygen in boiler feed water will cause serious corrosion damage in steam system attaching to the wall of the metal piping and other metallic equipment and from oxide(rust). Water also combine with the dissolved carbonic acid that cause further corrosion.

In unit the deaerator is designed to remove oxygen down to level 6ppb by weight. Unit havesprey type deaerator which serve as both deaeration section as wll as boiler feed water storage tank.

No. of deaerator :1

type: sprey type

Supplier:BHEL

FURNACE-:
It is large rectangular shaped structure used as the place to burn pulverized coal. It transfer energy to the water by chemical reaction of burning pulverized coal. The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection process pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam drum. Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down the down comers to the lower inlet water wall headers. From the inlet headers the water rises through the water walls and is eventually turned into steam due to the heat being generated by the burners located on the front and rear water walls. As the water is turned into steam/ vapor is passed through a series of steam and water separators and then dryers inside the steam drum. The steam separator and dryers removes water droplet from the steam and the cycle through the water walls is repeated. This process is known as natural convection.

STEAM DRUM-:
It is a standard feature of water tube boiler. It is a reservoir of water/ steam at the top end of the water tubes. The drum store the steam generated in the water tubes and act as the phase separator for the steam mixture. The difference in the densities between hot and cold water helps in the accumulation of the hotter water and saturated steam into the steam drum. It is generally made from high carbon steel with high tensile strength and its working temperature around 400*C and pressure well above 350 psi(2.4 MPa). The separated steam is taken out from the top section of the drum for the upper heating purpose. The watyer which

sseparated out from the steam is collected at the bottom of the steam drum flow down through the down comer pipes to header and water drum.

SUPER HEATER-:
The unit have super heater section in the steam generating furnace (boiler). It is a device used to covert saturated steam into dry steam of temperature around 537*C and pressure of around 600 psi. super heated increases the efficiency of steam turbine. Type : Radiant type super heater

REHEATER :
As its name indicate, it is a equipment that is used to reheat the steam. After losing some temperature and pressure in the high pressure turbine steam is return back to re-heater section of the boiler where it regain some temperature and pressure. Reheater increase the efficiency of the steam turbine.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR-:
Due to burning of pulverized coal we get bottom ash and fly ash as the by product. Bottom ash as its name indicate at the bottom of the boil and removed time to time. But flue ash come along with the waste gases we use electrostatic precipitator. It remove particle from a flowing gas using the force of induced electrostatic charge. ESP are highly efficient device that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particle matter. It remove up to 99.5% flue ashes from the waste gases.

FLUE GAS STACK-:

It is tall vertical, almost cylindrical structure used to deliver waste gases at such height so that they can not create pollution. No. of chiney:1 height:150 m

SOOT BLOWER:
Continuous or frequent on line cleaning of furnace, boiler, air preheater, economizer heating surface is necessary to maintain the performance and efficiency. Here soot blower is steam operated.

TURBINE AND AUXILLIARY SYSTEM

The steam turbine haveauxilliary systems enabling them to work satisfactorily and safely. The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has a heavy, large diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be kept in the position while running. To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft rotates , are lined with a low friction material

like Babbit metal. Oil lubrication is provide to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing surface and to limit the heat generated.

STEAM TURBINE-:
It is mechanical device that extract thermal energy from the pressurized steam, and convert it into rotary motion. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that drives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multi stage in the expansion of the steam, which result in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process. There are three turbines used in power plant-:

Steam turbine 1) High pressure steam turbine (impulse type) 2) Intermediate pressure steam turbine (impulse type) 3) Low pressure turbine (reaction type)

Systematic flow of fluid impulse and reaction turbine In extract type steam turbine, we extract some amount of steam at particular temperature to perform some other work. In this unit we extract some steam from low, intermediate and high pressure turbine to heat the condensate which again feed to the boiler. No. of low pressure heater:3 No. of high pressure heater:4 Some steam is also extract from high pressure turbine to run boiler feed pump known as turbine drive boiler pump.

RATING-:
MW-210 RPM-3000 Main steam pressure - 150 kg/cm2 No. of low pressure turbine - 1 No. of high pressure turbine - 1 No of intermediate pressure turbine-1 Main steam temperature - 537*c Insulation class - F Gas pressure - 4 bar(G) Type - THR1108/44 Spec. -IEC:34

THREE PHAES GENERATOR(TURBO GENERATOR)-:

An electric generator is a device that convert mechanical energy (rotational energy of shaft) into electrical energy. It work on the principle of electromagnetic induction and generate electricity according to the fairadeys law. The shaft of the generator is rigidly coupled with the shaft of the steam turbine. When the shaft of steam turbine rotate, the shaft of the generator is also rotate, since this shaft is placed in magnetic field created by three phase winding at the stator, hence three phase electricity is generated. RATING-: KW 250000 P.F. .85 LAG KVA 294100 VOLTS 16500 STATOR AMPS 10291 VOLTS 299 ROTER AMPS 2497 RPM 3000 FREQUENCY (hz) 50 PHASE 3 CONNECTION YY COOLANT HYDROGEN

EXCITER-:
An electric generator that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets will require a current flow to be present in the field for the device to be able to work. If the field coils are not powered, the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electric energy. To excite the coil of stator winding we have a separate arrangement known as exciter. It provide current to the stator winding which create magnetic field inside the generator.

CONDENSER-:
the primary purpose of a condenser and circulating water is to remove the latent heat from the stem exhausted from the exhaust end of the turbine and to transfer the latent heat so removed to the circulating water which is the medium for dissipating this heat to the atmosphere. A secondary purpose is to recover the condensate resulting from the phase change in the exhaust steam and recirculate

it as the working fluid in the cycle. This purpose is accomplished in to steps. In the first step, the condenser is supplied with circulating water which serves as a medium for absorbing the latent heat in the condensing exhaust steam. Here the source of this circulating water is pochampad dam. In the second step, the heated circulating water is rejected to the natural body of water or recirculatedsource which .in turn, transfer the heat to the atmosphere, principally by evaporative cooling effect.

COOLING TOWER-:
These tower is used to extract heat from the circulating water by the phenomena of evaporation. Hot circulating water from the tubes of the condenser is transferred to the cooling tower with the help of pipes and tunnels. Cooling tower pump are erected nearer to the cooling tower to uplift the hot circulating water to the top of the tower. In an induced draft mechanical cooling tower, atmospheric air enters the louvers at the bottom perimeter of the tower, flows up throws the fill, usually counter flow to the falling water droplets. And is ejected to the atmosphere in saturated condition thus carrying off the operating load of heat picked up in the condenser. In convectional tower about 75% of the cooling takes place be evaporation and the remainder by heat conduction; the ratio depends on the humidity of the entering air and various factor.

COOLING WATER MAKE UP:

Make must be continuously added to the tower collecting basin to replace water lost by evaporation and drift. Here the makeup water must be softened to prevent scaling of heat transfer surfaces; this will be accomplished by means of

cold lime softening. Also the circulating water is treated with bi-oxides and inhibitors while in use to kill algae, preserve the fill , and prevent metal corrosion and fouling. Algae control is accomplished by means of chlorine injection acid and phosphate feeds are used for pH control and to keep that surfaces clean.

ASH HANDLING SYSTEM

There are two types of ash are produced in the combustion of fuel-: 1) Bottom ash 2) Fly ash

BOTTOM ASH-:
Bottom ash refers to the non-combustible constitution of coal with traces of combustible embedded in forming clinkers and sticking to hot side walls of a coalburning furnace during its operation. The clinker lumps get crushed to small sizes by clinker grinders mounted under water and fall down into through from where a water ejector takes them out to a sump. From there it is pumped out by suitable rotary pumps to dumping yard for away.

FLY ASH-:
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of the coal. Fly ash is generally captured from the chimney of coal fired power plant, and is one of two types of ash that jointly are known as coal ash the other bottom ash is removed from the bottom of the coal furnace. Depending upon the source and makeup of coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial of silicon oxide (SiO2) and calcium oxide (CaO), both being endemic ingredients in many coal bearing rock strata.

FLY ASH CLLECTION AND DISPOSAL-:

Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electronic precipitator or fabric bag filters located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag filters. Generally, the fly ash us pneumatically transported to storage silos for subsequent transport by trucks or railroad cars.

BOTTOM ASH COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL-:

At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash. This hopper is always filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Some arrangements is included to crush the clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site.

OTHER SYSTEMS

1.MONITERING, CONTROL AND ALRM SYSTEM:

Most of the power plant operational control are automatic. However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from their normal range. In unit we have a control unit at the floor where turbine- generator is located. That control unit have connection from all over the plant. In that control unit we have technician as well as supervisor to supervise the smooth running of the plant. If any thing is going wrong, or not working, they get information about that fault in their system. And then some person will go that section or to replace tat section.

2. BATTERY SUPPLIED, COMMUNICATION-:

EMERGENCY

LIGHT

AND

A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed to essential items such as the power plants control systems, communication systems, damage free shut down of the units in an emergency situation.

3.BUS DUCT-:
At the turbo generator, the electricity which produced is of very high current. To carry this high current electricity to step-up transformer we used bus duct. Bus duct are special type of transmission equipment capable to handle very high value of current (bus duct transmit electricity of 16200 amps).

PROJECT REPORT ON SWITCH YARD

1. INTRODUCTION-:
A switchyard is essentially a hub for electrical power sources. For instance a switchyard will exist at a generating station to coordinate the exchange of power between the generators and the transmission lines in the area. A switchyard will also exist when high voltage lines need to be converted to lower voltage for to consumers.From switch yard power is distributed to the variousdepartment of power plant and supplied to grid.Switchyard consists of the airinsulated aluminium bus type and of highvoltage SF6 insulated dead tank circuitbreakers arranged in a ring bus configuration.Each circuit breaker are equipped with a noload breaker, air insulated switch on eachside.An isolating disconnect switchare installed in eachgenerator transformerconnection to the bus.Inswitchyard, a power transformer is used to step up or step down the voltage.Current voltage transformers are located at points within the switch yard to provide for metering and relaying. Control,protection and monitoring for the switch yard will be located in the switch yard relay room of electrical building. Interface with SCADA system are provided. The communication between the facility switch yard and the control building facilitated.

ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF 400KV SWITCH YARD

ABOUT-:
Switchyard is located 30 meters east of the main power house building.400 kV switchyard is having two numbers of double main and one transfer bus system. It consist of 8 bay which contains two interconnecting transformer (ICT), isolator, circuit breaker, earth switches, wave trap, current transformer, capacitor voltage transformer etc. 400 kV is designed to limit the switching surge over voltage to 2.5 p.u. and sustain surge over voltage to 1.5 p.u. The symmetrical fault current is 40 kA (rms). The basic insulation level (BIL) is 1425 kV. The switching surge is 1050 kV. Each bus comprise of three phase strung buses with two sub conductors per phase. ACSR MOOSE conductors are used for stringing on the gentries of the switchyard. It is tied up with double tension string assembly in twin bundles with 100mm sub conductor spacing. For connecting the breaker with isolator 4 IPS aluminum tubular buses in each bay are used. Two connect the main bus 1 to main bus 2 with bus coupler which is stable on bay 5. But there are no 400 kV line so the power is transmitted to 220 kV line to various area. 1)The three line of 220 kV is transmitted to BANDA. 2)The two line of 132 kV is transmitted to MAINPURI.

SWITCHYARD TYPE-:
(i)Conventional Air Insulated Type (ii)Gas Insulated Type (iii)Hybrid Type

(I)Conventional Air Insulated Type-:

In Air Insulated Switchyard busbars and connectors are visible. In this switchyardCircuit Breakers and Isolators, Transformers, Current Transformers Potential Transformers etc. are installed in the outdoor. Busbars are supported on the post Insulators or Strain Insulators. Substations have galvanized steel structures for supporting the equipment, insulators and incoming and outgoing

lines are the primary criteria for these switchyard andoccupy a large area for installation.

(II)Gas Insulated Type-:

In Gas Insulated switchyard variousequipments like Circuit Breakers, Current Transformers, Voltage Transformers, Busbars, Earth Switches, Surge Arrestor Isolators etc are in the form of metal enclosed SF6 gas modules. The modules are assembled in accordance with the required Configuration. The various live parts are enclosed in the metal enclosures (modules) containing SF6 gas at high pressure. Thus the size of Power Substation reduces to 8% to 10% of the air insulated power substation.

(III)Hybrid Type-:
Hybridswitchyard are the combination of both conventional and Gas insulated substation. Some bays in a switchyard are Gas Insulated Type and some are air insulated type. The design is based on convenience, Local Conditions available, area available and Cost.

DISCUSSIONS OF SWITCHYARD SCHEMES-:

SCHEME 1-:
Main and Transfer Bus Scheme

SCHEME 2-:
Sectionalised double main and transfer bus

SCHEME 3-:
One and half breaker scheme

EQUIPMENT USED IN SWITCHYARD-:

1)POWER TARNSFORMER

2)BUS BAR 3)ISOLATOR 4)EARTH SWITCH 5)CIRCUIT BREAKER 6)LIGHTENING ARRESTOR 7)CURRENT TRANSFORMER 8)CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRASFORMER 9)WAVE TRAP 10)PROTECTIVE RELAYS 11) CORONA RING 12)SCADA SYSTEM

1.POWER TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static equipment, which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. There are two power transformer used for generating and transmission of power supply one which generating transformer and another is interconnecting transformer.

GENERATING TRANSFORMER-:
The power delivered from the turbo-generator is step up by generating transformer to high voltage. The star-delta connection is used . The voltage are step up from 16.5Kv to 400kv.

RATINGS-:
Types of cooling Rated power (MVA) Rated voltage ONAN HV 189 400 ONAF IV 252 OFAF LV 315 16.5

(KV) Type Vector group Frequency (HZ) No of phase Auto transformer YNd11 50 3

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION-: CORE-:

Core is manufactured from lamination of solid grain oriented silicon steel, which gives very low specific loss at operating flux densities. joints of the lamination are designed such that the electromagnetic flux is always in the direction of grain orientation. The core clamping structure is designed such that it take cares of all the forces produced in the winding in the event of any short circuit.

WINDING-:
1)Windings are made from paper insulated copper conductors which are transposed at regular intervals throughout the winding for ensuring equal flux linkage and current distribution between strands. 2)interleaved or shielded construction is adopted for the high voltage windngs to ensures uniform distribution of impulse voltage. Insulation spacers in the winding are arranged such that oil is directed through the entire windings for ensuring proper cooling.

COOLING-:
For ONAN/ONAF cooling, oil flows through winding and external cooler unit attached to the tank by thermo-syphonic effect. For OF AF/OD AF/OF WF cooling, the oil is directed through the winding by oil pumps provide in the external cooling unit. External cooler units consists of pressed steel sheet radiators mounted directly on the tank or separate cooler banks for air cooled transformers and oil to water heat exchangers for water cooler transformers.

CONSERVATOR-:
Conservator are provided to take care of the expansion and contraction of transformer oil, which takes place during normal operation of the transformer. Wherever specified flexible separators or air cell if provided in the conservator can prevent direct contact of air with the transformer oil. A smaller oil expansion vessel is provided for the Off Load Tap Changer. Magnetic oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservator which can give alarm /trip in the event of the oil level falling below the pre-set levels due to any reason.

PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE-:

A device for avoiding high oil pressure build inside the transformer during fault conditions is fitted on the top of the tank. The pressure relief device allows rapid release of excessive pressure that may be generated in the event of serious fault. This device is fitted with an alarm/trip switch. A bright colour coded mechanical indicator pin in the cover moves with the valve disc during the operation of the pressure relief device and is held in position by an O ring in the pin bushing .The indicator may be reset manually by pushing it downward until it reset on the valve disc.

GAS & OIL ACTUATED (BUCCHOLZ) RELAY-:

Gas and oil actuated relay is fitted in the feed pipe from the transformer tank to the expansion vessel for collection of gas. If generated in the oil. The relay operates on the fact that almost every type of the fault in an oil immersed transformer gives rise to generation of gas. This gas is collected in the body of the relay, and is used to closed the alarm switch. In the event of any severe fault, the sudden increase in oil pressure causes an oil surges towards the expansion vessel and this is used to closed the trip contacts. This oil surges will impinge on the flap fitted to trip element causing it to rotate about its axis and thus bringing the mercury switch to the closed circuit position, which in turn operates the tripping device.

In the event of serious oil loss from the transformer, both alarm and trip elements operate in turn in the manner previously described for gas collection. Two brass petcocks are fitted at the top of the relay body, the outlets of which are threaded to take a bleed pipe if required for collection of gas samples.

SILICAGEL BREATHER-:
Expansion and contraction of oil cause breathing action. The silicageldehydrating breather absorbs any humidity in the air breathed. An oil seal in the air intake prevents external moisture being absorbed when no breathing occurs. The breather container is filled with silica gel crystals. It is arranged such that the air breathed must pass through it. The desiccant contains blue and white crystals. When the silica gel is fully active, the blue crystals will have a deep blue colour and changes to pink as it absorbs moisture. When saturated with moisture and the charge contained should be replaced. The gel removed from the breather may be arranged for regeneration and preserved for future use.

WINDING TEMERATURE INDICATORS-:

The winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer and operates the alarm, trip and cooler control contacts. This instrument operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not an actual measurement. Winding temperature indicator consists of a sensor bulb in oil filled pocket in the transformer tank cover. The bulb is connected the instrument housing by means of two flexible capillaries tubes. One capillary is connected to the measuring bellow of the instrument and the other to a compensation bellow. The measuring system is filled with a liquid, which changes its volume with rising temperature.

OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR-:

The oil temperature indicator consist of a sensor bulb, capillary tube and a dial thermometer, the sensor bulb is fitted at the location of hottest oil. The sensor bullb and capillary tube are fitted with an evaporation liquid. The vopour pressure varies with temperature and is transmitted to a bourden tube inside the dial

thermometer, which moves in accordance with the change in pressure, which is proportional to the temperature.

BUSHING-:
The high voltage connections pass from the windings to terminal bushing. Terminal bushing upto 36 kv class, 3150 amperes, are normally of plain porcielain and oil communicating type. the oil inside the condenser bushing will not be communicating with the oil inside transformer. While connecting the overhead transmission line conductor to the bushing terminal, ensure that the line pull is limited to the cantilever strength of the bushing. The cantilever strength of bushing as per IS: 2099 for various types of bushing are as shown below. Rated (kv) voltage Cantilever strength(kg.)

<800 (amps) <52 72.5&123 145&245 420 102 102 127 254

1000~1600 (amps) 127 127 163 254

2000~2500 (amps) 204 204 254 320

>3150 (amps)

320 408 408 510

TAP CHANGER-:
The modern power transformer used in large generating stations, OFF- LOAD tap changing is provided as the voltage regulation is taken care of by the AVR whereas in the receiving station are normally provided with ON-LOAD tap changing equipment.

Tap changers of power transformer are specifically of two types1.On Load Tap Changer 2.Off Load tap Changer

OFF LOAD TAP CHANGER-:

In the case of off load tap changer, tap changing takes only when the transformer is de-energized. The equipment consists of an operating handle, pointer, a non corrosive indicator plate and a latch. Taps can be changed by lifting the latch and turning the handle. The latch will drop into place on the indicator plate when the new position is reached. A flat and pin that fills into a slotted sleeve on the drive shaft connects the external mechanism with the internal tap changer. A stuffing box seals against oil leakage around the operating handle shaft. A pair of heavy copper bars supported from the operating shaft from the moving contacts. The stationary contacts are mounted on a bakelite panel with tap leads connected to them. The Generating Transformer is OFF-LOAD tap changer.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER-:

ON-LOAD tap changer is the device for changing the tapping connection of a winding. Whilest the transformer is on load. The on load tap changer will be a self-contained unit housed in the main transformer tank. Since some amount of arcing takes place during the switching operations from one tap to other, the oil inside the tap selector will deteriorated faster. Hence, this oil cannot be allowed to mix with the oil in the main transformer. On load tap changer is provided with a separate conservator and oil surge relay. The tap changer is operated by a motor operated driving mechanism by local are remote control and a handle is fitted for manual operation emergency. The tap changer can be designed for changing the taps. 1. Manually 2. Automatically 3. From remote

INTECONNECTING TRANSFORMER-:
It receives the power from the generating transformer at high voltage. It also an auto-transformer and has delta-star connection. It has three terminal HV, IV and

LV. HV side is 400kv, IV side is 220kv and IV side is 33kv. The construction are going to same as generating transformer.

RATINGS-:
Types of cooling Rated power (MVA) Rated voltage (KV) Rated current (A) 364.16 Type Vector group Frequency (HZ) Insulation level (KV) 662.11 ONAN HV 189 63 400 273.12 1471.36 455.20 827.64 Auto transformer YNd11 50 SI1050 LI950 LI1300 AC 38 AC 38 AC 95 3 1,30,000 70,000 77,000 2,77,000 86,500 tap oil *c 55 AVG WDG. 55 MAX 50 55 NORM 55 MIN 1839.20 ONAF IV 252 84 220 496.59 OFAF LV 315 105 33 1103.52

LI950

No of phase Core & coil mass (kg) Tank & fitting mass Mass of oil Total mass Volume of oil Max. temperature rise over an ambient of 50 *C

There are some other transformer are used to drive equipment stabled in power plant. These transformer are listed below-: 1) Unit auxiliary transformer 2) Station auxiliary transformer

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER-:

This is step down transformer with transformation ratio of generator terminal to unit auxiliary voltage (16.5/6.6kv) with an ON-LOAD tap changer.

STATION AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER-:

This is a step down transformer with transformation ratio of grid voltage to the station auxiliary supply level (220/6.6kv) with ON-LOAD tap changer.

2.BUS BAR-:
In the event distribution for a large installation is at higher than generator voltage, e.g. 34.5 kV, or in the event an interconnection with a local utility is necessary, a switchyard will be required. The switching structure will be erected to support the insulators, disconnecting switches, potential and current transformer, and the terminations for the generator step-up transformer and transmission line. Structure of galvanized steel or aluminum are most often used. Where the switch yard is located close to ocean, the salt laden atmosphere may be extremely corrosive to aluminum requiring the use of galvanized steel. Either copper or aluminum, tubular buses will be employed depending upon the atmosphere, with aluminum generally begins less expensive. Copper bus economics will be bolted; aluminum connection must be welded. For isolated or overseas establishment, only copper buses should be used. A corrosive atmosphere will preclude the use of aluminum.

3.ISOLATOR-:
In electrical engineering , a disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintainence . such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial application where machinery must haveits source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High voltage insulation switch are used in electrical switchyard toallow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breaker and transformer and transmission line for maintainence. In switchyard following type isolator are used-:

1)Sequential L isolator 2)Pantograph isolator

SEQUENTIAL ISOLATOR-:
The sequential isolators two post type in which the moving contacts moves through 90* on its axis.

PANTOGRAPH ISOLATOR-:
The pantograph isolator has two moving contact arms designed in scissor like fashion, which move only 20* on its axis. While closing, the linkages of pantograph are brought nearer by rotating the insulator column. In closed position the upper two arms of the pantograph closed on the overhead station bus bar giving a grip. The current is carried by upper bus bar to lower bus bar through the conducting arms of the pantograph. While opening, the rotating insulator

column is rotated about its axis. Thereby the pantograph blades collapse in in vertical plane and vertical isolation is obtained between line terminal and pantograph upper terminal. Pantograph isolators cover less floor area. Each pole can be located at a suitable point and the three poles need not be one line, can be located in a one line at desired angle with the bus axis.

RATING-: Type voltage (kv) BIL (kv) Switching IMP (kv) Pf (kv) PG 420 1425 1050 520/610

Weight (kg) STC KA/SEC (IK/TK) Frequency (hz) Current (A) Type of drive Control voltage (DC) Weight of drive (kg) Motor voltage (v)

470 40KA/ 1SEC 50 NA R.G. BOM 220 kv 130 415

4.EARTH SWITCH-:
Earth switches are devices which are normally used to earth a particular system to avoid any accident which may happen due to induction on account on live adjoining circuit. These do not handle any appreciable current. RATING-: Type voltage (kv) BIL (kv) Switching IMP (kv) Pf (kv) Weight (kg) STC KA/SEC (IK/TK) Frequency (hz) Current (A) Type of drive Control voltage (DC) Weight of drive (kg) HCB 420 1425 1050/1145 520/610 780 40KA/ 1SEC 50 NA R.G. BOM 220 kv 40

5.CIRCUIT BREAKER-:
A circuit breaker is automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damaged caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect the fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically)to resume normal operation. Circuit breaker are made in varying sizes, from small device that protect an household appliance up to large switch gear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit, some mechanicallystored energy contain within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. small circuit breaker may be manually operated, larger units have solenoids to the trip mechanism, and electric motor to restore energy of the springs. The circuit breaker contacts must carry the lad currents without excessive heating, and must also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting the circuit. Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other materials. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc may be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so

that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breaker is use vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the medium in which the arc forms.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BRAEKER-:

High voltage breaker are nearly always solenoid operated, with the current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers. High voltage breaker are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc. 1) Bulk oil 2) Minimum oil 3) Ail blast 4) Vacuum 5) Sf6 In switchyard only sf6 circuit breaker is used. The breaker uses sf6 (sulpher-hexa fluoride) for extinction purpose. The gas has an excellent current interrupting and insulating properties, chemically, it is one of the most stable compound in the pure state and under normal condition it is physically inert, non-flammable, non-toxic and odor less and there is no danger. Sf6 breaker called as maintenance free breaker, has simple construction with few moving parts:

The fission products created during breaking and not fully recombined are, either precipitated as metallic fluoride or absorbed by a static filter which also absorbs the residual moisture. Since no gas is exhausted from the breaker and very little compressed air is required for operation. Since sf6 gas is inert and stable at normal temperature, contacts do not settler from oxidization or other chemical reaction, where in oil or air type breakers oxidation of contacts would cause high temperature rise. During the arcing period sf6 is blown axially along the arc. The gas removes the heat from the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result, the arc diameter reduces during the decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and the arc extinguished. Due to its electro negativity, and low arc time constant, the sf6 gas regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the rate of rise of dielectric strength is very high and the time constant is very small.

RATING OF SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER-:

Company name Type Rated voltage (KV) Normal current (A) Frequency (HZ) to earth (KV rms) Switching surge withstand v (KVp) First pole to clear factor Short time withstand current (KA) Duration of short circuit (S) Short circuit breaking current Symmetrical Asymmetrical (KA) (KA) - 49 40 AREVA GL 316 420 2000 50 610 520 1425 1050 1.3 40 01

Voltage across openContact (KV rms) Lightening impulse with Stand v (KVp) -

Short circuit making current (KVAp) Out of phase breaking current (KArms) Operating sequence Line charging breaking current (A) Sf6 has pressure at 20*c , 1013hpa (MPa)

-100 -10 - 0-0.3 S - W 3 min - W - 600 - 0 8.5

6.LIGHTENING ARRESTOR-:
High voltage power system experiences overvoltage that arise due to natural lightening or the inevitable switching operation. Under these overvoltage conditions, the insulation of the power system equipment are subjected to electrical stress which may lead to catastrophic failure.

Broadly, three type of over-voltages occure in power system : 1) Temporary over-voltage 2) Switching over-voltage 3) Lightening over-voltage The duration of three over-voltages vary in the range of microseconds to sec depending upon the type and nature of over-voltages. Conventionally, the over-voltageprotection is obtain by the use of lightening/ surge arrestors. Under normal operating voltages, the impedance of lightening arrestor, placed in the parallel to the equipment to be protected, is very high and allow the equipment to perform its respective function. Whenever the over voltage appears across the terminals, the impedance of the arrestor collapses in such a way that the power system equipment would not experiences the over-voltage. As soon the overvoltage disappears, the arrestor recovers its impedance back. Thus the arrestor protects the equipment from the over-voltage.

7.CURRENT TRANSFORMER-:
Current transformer (CT) are instrument transformer that are used to supply a reduced of current to meters, protective relays, and other instruments. CTs provide isolation from high voltage primary, permit grounding to the secondary for safety, and step-down the magnitude of the measured current to a value that can be safely handled by the instruments.

TYPE-:
1)The CTs shall be of ring type or window type. 2)The secondary leads shall be terminated within with copper rose contact terminals with arrange for sealing purpose. 3)Polarity (both for primary and secondary lead) shall be marked. 4)The CT shall be varnished, fiberglass tape insulated or cast resin, air cooled type. only super enameled electrolytic grade copper wires shall be used.

TECHNICAL DETAIL-:
1 2 3 4 5 6 Higher system voltage KV Short time current KA Frequency HZ Insulation level KV/KVp Class of accuracy Supply system 245 40 for 3 sec 50 460/1050 0.5 3ph solidly grounded neutral system

8.CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER-:

In high and extra high voltage transmission system, capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs) are used to provide potential outputs to metering instruments and protective relays. In addition, when equipped with carrier accessories, CVT can used for power line carrier (PLC) coupling. A capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power system to step down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In the most basic form the device consists three main part : Two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, and inductive element is used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step down the voltage for instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high voltage terminals for connection of high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single phase device used for measuring voltage in excess of on hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitor connected in series. This result a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

INSULATING SYSTEM-:
The external insulation is provided by the porcielain housing and co-ordinated with the capacitor stack, consisting of virtually identical so that the axial voltage distribution from the line terminal to the ground is essentially uniform. The capacitor elements have a mixed dielectric material consisting of alternative layer of propylene film and kraft paper. The electromagnetic unit is housed in an oilfilled tank at the base of capacitor stack. Mineral oil is used as the insulating medium instead of air because of its superior insulating and heat transfer properties. The use of an oil-filled base tank remove the need for space heater in the secondary terminal. This result more reliable and cost effective design.

INSULATIG OIL-:
We use insulating oil with excellent dielectric strength, aging, and gas absorbing properties. The synthetic oil is used for the capacitor units possesses superior gas absorption properties resulting in exceptionally low partial discharge with high inception voltage ratings. The oil is used for EMU is premium naphthenic mineral oil. The oil is filtered, vacuum dried and degassed within house processing. It contains no PCB.

CAPACITOR STACK-:
The capacitor stack is a voltage divider which provides a reduced voltage at the intermediate voltage bushing for a given voltage applied at the primary terminal. the capacitor stack is a multi-capacitor unit assembly. Each unit is housed in an individual insulator and is fitted with an aluminum. A cast aluminum covers in the top of the upper capacitor assembly and is fitted with an aluminum terminal. an adapter for mounting a line trap on the top of the CVT can be provide with an optional HV terminal. the capacitor units are mechanically coupled together by means of stain less steel hardware passing through the corrosion resistant cast aluminum housing. The mechanical connection also establishes the electrical connection between capacitor units. There are some part of capacitor voltage transformer-: 1)Primary terminal 11) Ferro-resonance subpression device

2)Cats aluminum bellow housing 3)Stainless steel expansion bellow 4)Compression spring 5)Insulated voltage connection 6)Capacitor elements 7)Insulator 8)Voltage divider tap connection 9)Cast epoxy bushing 10)HF terminal connection

12)Secondry terminals 13) Oil level sight glass 14)Aluminum terminal box 15)Immediate transformer 16)Oil/air block 17) Oil sampling device 18)Compansating reactor 19)Aluminum cover plate

1)High voltage terminal 2)Compensation reactor 3)Intermediate voltage transformer 4)Ground terminal 5)Ferro resonance subpression device 6)Damping resistor 7)Carrier terminal 8)Over voltage protective device 9)Secondry terminals 10)Link

9.WAVE TRAP-:
Line trap also known as wave trap.What it does is trapping the high frequency communicationsignals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleportation panel in the switchyard control room(through coupling capacitor and LMU).This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)systems for communication among various switchyard without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals areprimarilly teleportation signal and in addtion,voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation busbars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

CONSTRUCTION-: MAIN COIL-:

The main coil winding are encapsulated by winding continuous filament fiberglass. That has been impregnated with a specially selected epoxy resinharden system. Theepoxy resinfiberglass composite is then curve according to a programmed temperature schedule.

TUNING PACK-:
Tuning pack is connected in parallel with the main coil to provide a highimpedance to the desired carrier frequency.

LIGHTENING ARRESTORS-:
The line traps are protected by a lighting arrestors against high voltage surgescaused by atmospheric effects or switching operations.

CKT DIAGRAM OF WAVETRAP-:

RESPONSE OFF WAVETRAP-:

10.PROTECTIVE RELAYS-:
Protective relaying is one of the several features of power system design. Every part of the power system is protected. The protecting relaying is used to give an alarm or to cause prompt removal of any element from power system from service when that elements behave abnormally. The relays are compact and self-contained devices which can sense abnormal conditions. Whenever abnormal condition occur, the relay contacts get closed this is turn closes the trip circuit of circuit breaker. For switchyard protection following types relays are used-: 1) Overcurrent relay 2) Earth fault relay 3)REF relay 4) Differential relay

5) Directional relay 6) Over flux relay 7) Buchholz relay 8) IDMT relay

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY-:

The REF protection method is a type of "unit protection" applied to transformers or generators andis more sensitive than the method known as differential protection. An REF relay works by measuring the actual current flowing to earth from the frame of the unit. If that current exceeds a certain preset maximum value of milliamps (mA) then the relay will trip tocut off the power supply to the unit.

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY-:
Differential protection can also be used to protect the windings of a transformer by comparing thecurrent in the power supply's neutral wire with the current in the phase wire. If the currents areequal then the differential protection relay will not operate. If there is a current imbalance then thedifferential protection relay operates. REF protection is applied on transformers in order to detect ground faults on a given winding moresensitively than differential protection.

DIRECTIONAL RELAY-:
Directional relays have protection zones that include all of the power system situated in only onedirection from the relay location. (This is in contrast to magnitude relays which are not directional, i.e., they trip based simply on the magnitude of the relay.

IDMT RELAY-:
The IDMT relay work on the induction principle, where an aluminum or copper disc rotatesbetween the poles of electromagnet and damping magnet. The fluxes

induce eddy current in thedisc which interact and produce rotational torque. The disc rotates to a point where it operates apair of contact that breaks the circuit and removes the fault condition.

11.CORONA RING-:
A corona ring, also called anti-corona ring, is a toroid of (typically) conductive material located inthe vicinity of a terminal of a high voltage device. It is electrically insulated. Stacks of more spacedrings are often used. The role of the corona ring is to distribute the electric field gradient and lower its maximum values below the corona threshold, preventing the corona dischargeCorona rings are typically installed on very high voltage power line insulators. Manufacturerssuggest a corona ring on the line end of the insulator for above 230 kV and on both ends for above500 kV. Corona rings prolong lifetime of insulator surfaces by suppressing the effects of coronadischarge.

CORONA RING

12.SCADA SYSTEM OF UPRVUNL-:

In SCADA system measured values, i.e. analogue (measured value) data (MW, MVAR, V, HZ Transformer Tap Position), and open/closed status information, i.e. digital data (circuit breaker/isolator position i.e. on/off status), are transmitted through telecommunication channels to respective sub-LCDs. For this purpose remote terminal units at 400kv and 220kv have been installed. System values

&status information below132 KV have not been picked up for data transmission, except for 33KV Bus isolator position andLV side of generators. Secondary side of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential transformer(PT) are connected with 'Transducers'. The output of transducers is available in dc current form (inthe range of 4mA to 20mA). Analogue to digital converter converts this current into binary pulses. Different inputs are interleaved in a sequential form and are fed into the CPU of the RTU. The output of RTU, containing information in the form of digital pulses, is sent to subLDC through communication links. Depending upon the type of communication link, the output of RTU is connected, directely or through modem, with the communication equipment. At subLDC end, data received from RTU is fed into the data servers. In general, a SCADA system consists of a database, displays and supporting programmes.In UPRVUNL,subLDCs use all major functional areas of SCADA except the 'Supervisory Control/Command' function. The brief overview of major'functional areas' of SCADA system is as below:

1. COMMUNICATION-:
Sub LCDs computer communities with all RTU station under its control, through a communication system. RTU polling, message formatting, polynomialchecking and message retransmission on failure are the activities of 'Communications' functional area.

2) DATA PROCESSING-:
After receipt of data through communication system it is processed . Data process function has three sub-functions i.e. i) Measurements ii) Counters iii) Indications i)'Measurements retrieved from a RTU are converted to engineering units and linearized, if necessary. The measurement are then placed in database and are checked against variouslimits which if exceeded generate high or low limit alarms.

ii)T h e s y s te m ha s be e n s e t - u p t o co l l e ct ' Co u nte r s ' a t r eg ul a r i n ter v a l s : ty pi c a l l y 5 o r 10 minutes. At the end of the hour the units is transferred into appropriate hour slot in a 24-hour archive/history. iii) Indications' are associated with status changes and protection. For those statuses that arenot classified as 'alarms', logs the change on the appropriate printer and also enter it into acyclic event list. For those statuses, which are defined as an 'alarms' and the indicationgoes into alarm, an entry is made into the appropriate alarm list, as well as in the event list. For those statuses, which are defined as an 'alarms' and the indicationgoes into alarm, an entry is made into the appropriate alarm list, as well as in the event listand anaudible alarm is generated in the sub-LDC.

ALARM/EVENT LOGGING-:
The alarm and event logging facilities are used by SCADA dataprocessing system. Alarms are grouped into different categories and are given differentpriorities. Quality codes are assigned to the recently received data for any 'limit violation'and 'status changes'. Alarms are acknowledged from single line diagram (or alarm lists) ondisplay terminal in LDCs

MANUAL ENTRY-:
There is a provision of manual entry of measured values, counters andindications for the important sub-station/powerhouse, which are uncovered by an RTU or some problem is going on in its RTU, equipment, communication path, etc.

AVERAGE OF MEASURED VALUES-:

As an option, the SCADA system supports averaging of all analogue measurements. Typically, the averaging of measured values over a period of 15 minutes is stored to provide 24 hours trend.

HISTORICAL DATA STORAGE (HDR)-:

The HDR, i.e. 'archive', subsystem maintains a historyof selected system parameters over a period of time. These are sampled at a pre-selectedinterval and are placed in historical database. At the end of the day, the data is saved for later analysis and for report generation.

INTERACTIVE DATA GRNERATION-:

Facilities have been provided in such a way that an off-l i n e c o p y o f t he S CA D A da ta b a s e c a n b e mo d i f i ed a l l o w i ng t he a d d i t i o n o f new R T U s , pickup points and communication channels.

SUPERVISORY CONTROL/REMOTE COMMAND-:

This function enables the issue of remote control commands to the switchyard equipment e.g. circuit breaker command.

FAIL-OVER -:
A 'Fail-over' subsystem is also provided to secure and maintain a database ofdevices and their backups. The state of the device is maintained indicating whether it is 'on-line' or 'failed'. There is a 'backup' system, which maintains database on a backup computer and the system is duplicated.