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Exam Task

CN II & MMMCN
Omer Rajput

Contents
1. 2. Introduction: ............................................................................................................................ 3 Network Description:............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 4. Applications ...................................................................................................................... 3 VoIP ............................................................................................................................... 3 Web browsing ............................................................................................................... 4 File transfer ................................................................................................................... 4 Components ..................................................................................................................... 4 Wireless Stations .......................................................................................................... 4 Access Point .................................................................................................................. 4 Router ........................................................................................................................... 4 Internet ......................................................................................................................... 4 Bottlenecks ....................................................................................................................... 5 At Access Point: ............................................................................................................ 5 At the Routers queue: ................................................................................................. 5 At the ISP Routers queue:............................................................................................ 5 At Wireless medium: .................................................................................................... 5 Proposed network ............................................................................................................ 6 With 1Mbps Link: .......................................................................................................... 6 With 5 Mbps link......................................................................................................... 11

Simulation Scenarios: .............................................................................................................. 5

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 14

The report evaluates the performance of a companys wireless network, which is based on IEEE802.11b as shown in the Figure 1. The task is to estimate the number of users which the network can handle, while supporting given quality of service (QoS) requirements of VoIP traffic.

1. Introduction:

Figure 1 Network Topology

In the company, there is variable number of wireless stations connected to the wireless access point through 11Mbps WLAN link. The access point is connected to a router via Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) link, which in turn is connected to the Internet using an ISP connection of 1Mbps or 5Mbps.

2. Network Description:
2.1 Applications

In this section, we try to describe the applications and components used in the network. The applications used by the employees include Web browsing (HTTP), file transfer (FTP) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).

2.1.1 VoIP

Details of the VoIP application and the QoS requirements are as follows: VoIP application uses Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over User Datagram Protocol (UDP) over Internet Protocol (IPv4). VoIP codec uses a data rate of 50 packets per second. Maximum acceptable end-to-end delay is 250ms. Acceptable loss rate is 10%. On average only one user is doing a VoIP call at any given time and the user who is using VoIP service will not use the web application at the same time.

2.1.2 Web browsing

Details of the expected web traffic: There are varying number users browsing the web. Each user requests a webpage (HTTP Response) of an exponentially distributed size. After the reception of the requested page, users waits an exponentially distributed time (reading time), before sending another request.

2.1.3 File transfer

On average only one user is uploading a very large file using FTP, which is based on TCP. The user who is uploading the file will not use the web application at the same time.

2.2 Components
Wireless Stations represent the users in the companys network using the above described applications. It provides the functionality for acquiring channel based on CSMA/CA. The Wireless Access Point is the 2nd layer device, which is based on IEEE802.11b (11Mbps). In case of downlink, it provides the functionality for acquiring channel using CSMA/CA to the incoming packets from the router.

2.2.1 Wireless Stations

2.2.2 Access Point

2.2.3 Router

Since, it is a 3rd layer device, it forwards the IP packets to appropriate routes, but in our network this is not a performance defining task, as there is only route possible each in uplink and downlink direction. Another task of router, that really will determine the performance of our network especially the QoS requirements of the VoIP, is to queue the packets. This will have a major impact whenever there is a significant difference in data rates of incoming and outgoing links. In our OMNET++ implementation, all the devices with PPP interfaces will use DropTailQueue, which drops the new incoming packets whenever the queue is full and also introduces some delay to process and forward the packet. To decrease the number of packets dropped at the queue, the queue buffer size should be increased. But, if it is increased too much, then it will cause higher queuing delays. These two actions in the queue will really have an influence on the performance of our network. Therefore, it will be important to choose an appropriate buffer size in the queue.

2.2.4 Internet

The Internet cloud is replaced by: VoIP Client representing a node sitting across the Internet, to which one of th companys employee is involved in a VoIP call. FTP Server is node to which FTP client (employee) is uploading a very large file. HTTP Server is node providing the responses to the requests sent by variable number of users. The link between ISP Router and these nodes is assigned the data rate of 45Mbps, which is a realistic value corresponding to data rate of T3 lines.

3. Simulation Scenarios:

This section describes the impact of different network parameters on the performance of the network. Some of the network parameters in this regard are as follows: Number of wireless users Size of the Queues at the router

Before we describe the simulation results of the scenarios, we would like to notify potential bottlenecks in our network.

3.1 Bottlenecks
In case of Uplink, the access point just forwards packets to the Router whenever it receives them. There will be no bottleneck since Fast Ethernet is a Full-Duplex link and AP can forward the packets at 100Mbps, while it receives packets at a lower rate of 5.9Mbps (degraded from 11Mbps due to CSMA), as only one user will be transmitting at a time. In case of downlink, there will be some losses when the AP is not able to acquire the channel.

3.1.1 At Access Point:

3.1.2 At the Routers queue:

As noted earlier, each interface of the router will have queue, which can be a cause of bottleneck whenever there is a difference in incoming and outgoing data rates. In downlink, the router forwards the packets from 1/5Mbps Link to the Ethernet (100Mbps), so the queue in this direction doesnt behave as a bottleneck. But, in uplink direction the router forwards the packets from the Ethernet (100Mbps) to 1/5Mbps, so the queue here behaves as a bottleneck.

3.1.3 At the ISP Routers queue:

In uplink direction the router forwards the packets from the 1/5Mbps link to 45Mbps (T1 3rd level link) so the queue in this direction doesnt behave as a bottleneck. But in the downlink, the ISP router forwards the packets from 45Mbps (T3 link) to the Ethernet 1/5Mbps causing a bottleneck.

3.1.4 At Wireless medium:

The mechanisms and overhead involved in the CSMA/CA reduce the effective data rate coming out of that section. The 11Mbps link results in a net rate of about only 5.9Mbps for TCP. This is important since the data rate also decides whether a given link becomes a bottleneck. In uplink, multiple users are trying to communicate to a single access point over the common channel. Hence, owing to collisions and subsequent delays, all users do not get access simultaneously and this leads to delays and sometimes losses. There is delay involved along the downlink as well, since the access point has to wait to obtain access to the same channel to forward packets back to the hosts. Also, the uplink and downlink transfers have to arbitrate for data transfer across the channel.

3.2 Proposed network


We ran the simulations for increasing number of HTTP users and tried to arrive at the maximum number of HTTP users that can be supported by the network while supporting to the QoS for VoIP application and having a parallel upload using FTP. It was noted that using the default queue size of 100 packets in the router caused a very large packet loss rate even for small number of users. So, we started to evaluate the network by changing the queue sizes at router. Following four graphs display the Percentage Packet Loss and Average Delay of the VoIP packets for various queue sizes in the Uplink and Downlink direction.

3.2.1 With 1Mbps Link:

It is evident from the above four figures that for queue size greater than 30, the VoIP call is not possible for any number of HTTP users. To understand the different behavior of VoIP in uplink and downlink, we should consider the fact that the load at downlink only includes one VoIP connection, HTTP connections and ACKs for FTP, while the load at uplink includes one VoIP connection, FTP connection and ACKs for HTTP. For very low number HTTP users, there is virtually no load in the downlink, thereby corresponding to a very small packet loss rate, but in the uplink FTP tries to acquire most of the resources being a greedy protocol, therefore affecting the VoIP performance in uplink. As we increase the number of HTTP users, there is increase VoIP losses due to increased load on the downlink, but it also improves the situation in the uplink. Actually, FTP ACKs in downlink are suffered by the increased load in the downlink, causing FTP to go into congestion avoidance mode, therefore providing better performance for VoIP in the uplink. The detailed analysis to estimate the number of users with 95% Confidence Interval is carried out with Router queue size of 20.

Above results show that we can use 12 HTTP users with given QoS requirements of VoIP and one FTP upload. The response time of the HTTP segment is also plotted for increasing number of users. The figures also include the 95% confidence interval, which provides the reliablitiy of the obtained results. 95% Confidence Interval
Users VoIP Client 1 (wireless) VoIP Client 2 (across the Internet) Percentage Loss with CI 9.39% (CI: 0.3%) 0.96% (CI: 0.032%) Average Delay with CI 98.9 ms (1.89 ms) 102.1 ms (1.14 ms)

3.2.2 With 5 Mbps link


We followed a similar approach for the 5 Mbps link and first tried to narrow down on the number of HTTP users that the network could support while still adhering to the QoS for VoIP application and having a parallel upload using FTP. It is noted in this case that Queue sizes do not have much of an impact in the simulation results for this scenario. So, the default queue size of 100 is used for the router. Following figures summarize the simulation results for 5Mbps case.

The above results show that 35 HTTP users can be supported by the network with given QoS requirements of VoIP and one FTP upload. The reliability of the results can be shown by the confidence intervals. Confidence level 95%
Users VoIP Client 1 (wireless) VoIP Client 2 (across the Internet) Percentage Loss with CI 7.72% (CI: 0.23%) 1.3% (CI: 0.04%) Average Delay with CI 49.2 ms (0.5 ms) 40.1 ms (0.6 ms)

4. Conclusion
Number of HTTP users while a parallel FTP is taking place and QoS of VoIP are still met o 12 HTTP users for the case of 1Mbps data rate o 35 HTTP users for the case of 5Mbps data rate The average delays and loss rates for VoIP users depending on the number of users o As the number of HTTP users increase, the VoIP user at the client side will experience increasing delay and loss rates. The detailed results have been presented in the simulation results section above. Analysis and suggestions regarding the nature of internet connection required o Our proposed network with appropriate queue size will provide good QoS with 1Mbps connection up to 12 HTTP users. But, for higher number of users up to 35 users, it will advisable to go for 5Mbps connection. Analysis of Bottle necks o In section 3.1, we provided the details of the potential bottlenecks present in the network, which included the wireless medium access and the queue buffers at the link between router and ISPRouter. Suggestions to improve the performance o As discussed in section 2.2.3 and 3.2, the appropriate buffer plays a vital role in the performance. It is recommended to choose a lower routers buffer size for 1Mbps connection.

Bibliography

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier [2] Omnet++ User Manual http://www.omnetpp.org/documentation [3] INET Framework Documentation http://inet.omnetpp.org/index.php?n=Main.HomePage [4] MATLAB http://www.mathworks.com

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