Biology Assignment Syed Abdul Rafay XB-5 35

Control And Coordination Neuron: Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system. Synapse: Synapse is a structure that permits a

neuron to pass an electric or chemical signal to another cell. Receptors: Animals recieve a variety of external information through specialized structure called sense organs or receptors. these are: Photorectors, they recieve light, Phonoreceptors: they recieve sound, OlFactor receptors they recieve smell Gustatory receptors: They recive diffrent types of taste that enter our body in the form of food such as Bitter, Sour and Sweet. Olfactor receptors: They recieve different types of smell that enter our nose. Phonoreceptors: They recieve light. Dendrite:Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Nerve Endings: The terminal structure of an Axon that does not end at Synapse. Reflex Action: A reflex action is defined as the unconcious and involuntary response of effectors to a stimulus. Sensory Neurons: A neuron collecting impulses from the brain or spinal cord. Motor Neuron: A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. Reflex Arc: The pathway of reflex action is known as

reflex arc. Central Nervous system: The complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. Cranial Nerves: Spinal Nerves: any of the 31 pairs of nerves emerging from each side of the spinal cord.Each of twelve pairs of nerves that arise from the brain, not from the spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull. Voluntary Actions: Voluntary movements are those movements which are in control of will. For example Movement of arm, leg etc. Involuntary Actions: Invountary movements are those which are not in control of will. For example, Beating of heart etc. These movements are directly controlled by the brain and are the spontaneous movement controlled by the reflexes which are directly controlled by the spinal cord. Tropic Movements: The movements of plant which are directional, Either towards the stimulus or away from the stimulus is known as tropic movement. Geotropism: The movement of a plant in response to the gravitational force is called Geotropism. Hydrotropism: The movement or the growth of a plant or a tree in search of water is known as Hydrotropism.

Chemotropism: The movement due to chemical stimulus as seen during the pollen tube growth is called chemotropism. Endocrine Hormones: The endocrine system is the system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. Goitre: In case of Iodine Deficiency we might suffer from Goitre. In which we get a swollen throat. Dwarfism: If there is less efficiency of growth hormones in childhood it leads to dwarfism. Gigantism: If there is more efficiency of growth hormones in the childhood it leads to Gigantism. Diabetes: Insulin is the hormone which is produced by pancreas and helps in regulating blood sugar level if it is not secreted properly the sugar level in the blood rises and causes many harmful effects known as Diabetes.

Give Reasons for the following:

1- Plants bend towards the direction of light. A- This is due to Phototropism Movement 2-Intake of Iodised salt is advisable. A- It cures the diesease known as Goitre 3-Diabetes are treated by giving insulin injection. A- Because Diabetes occur if their is lack of Insulin in our body hence to cure it they are injected with insulin.

4-We will withdraw our hand on touching a hot object. A- Because of Involuntary Action. 5-Reflex Arc is Absent in Vertebrates A- Because they are substituted by Involuntary and voluntary actions. List the Functions of: Dendrite: Axon: Nerve Ending: Receptors: Sensory Neurons: Motor Nerve: Cerebrum: Known as the Cerebellum: Medulla Oblongata: Plant Hormones: Auxin: Cytokinins: Abscisis acid: Gibberellins: Thyroxin:

Growth Hormones: The hormones that helps us in our growing processes is known as growth hormone. Adrenalin: Testosterone: Oestrogen: Insulin: It is the hormone that regulates the sugar in our blood stream.