Frame Relay :

-A wan where all nodes are connected through a packet switching cloud . -you pay a base price for an agreed upon CIR(Committed Information Rate),and pay additional for only bandwidth actually used.

ATM :
-Advanced packet switching network using fixed length packets(53bytes) -Provides data rates up to 622 Mbps

DSL :
-Provides high speed internet connection using standard copper telephone wires -DSL comes in different flavors: *ADSL - Asymmetric Digital subscriber Line allows POST and data to be transmitted simultaneously. *SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line can not share data transmission with POST. *VDSL Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line allows access to the maximum bandwidth available on a standard phone line (13 55 Mbps)

OSI model
7 - application = application network 6 presentation = formatting 5 session = synchronization 4 transport = packets 3 network = addressing/routing 2 data link = data frames = 1)LLC logical link control 2)MAC media access control 1 physical = hardware

TCP/IP model (DARPA)

1 network access = Ethernet , token ring 2 internet = ip , arp , icmp , igmp 3 transport = tcp , udp 4 application = http , ftp , smtp , dns , rip , snmp

TCP : Transmission Control Protocol

-one to one -connection oriented -reliable communication(must be established before data can be exchanged) *TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish this connection

UCP : User Datagram Protocol

-connectionless -unreliable communications

IP Internet Protocol
-addressing -routing ARP Address Resolution Protocol -resolves an IP address to hardware address

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

-Diagnostic and error reporting

IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol

-manages IP multicast group membership

Classful IP addressing
A class 126 Networks , 16,777,214 Hosts B class 16,284 Networks , 65,534 Hosts C class - 2,097,152 Networks, 254 Hosts *Total of 3,720,314,628 host address available **NAT can change the header information packet

Disadvantages of IPv4
-Not Enough Address -Cluttered the internet routing tables -Difficult to configure -Security is optional

IPv6 Solutions
-Plenty of addresses -Simplified the internet routing tables -Easy and automated configuration -security is required

*FTFP uses UDP port 69 (connectionless file transfer function)

*HTTPS uses SSL(Secure Sockets Layer) to authenticate the server (TCP port 443)

*NTP Network Time Protocol synchronization time (port UDP123) *SMTP simple mail transfer protocol for sending email(port 25 TCP) *DHCP (UDP ports 67&68) broadcast transmission *DNS (uses TCP port 53 for zone transfer and UDP port53 for lookups.)

*SNMP uses UDP port 161