Road Crossings Design of Simply Supported Slab Length of slab Span of the slab, lx mm Breadth of the slab mm Slab

Thickness Grade of concrete N/mm2 Grade of reinforcement steel N/mm2 Dia of main bar Concrete cover Effec depth of slab mm Distance top of road to top of pipe 1.2 m 150 kN Heavy veicle wheels 75 kN = = 25.0 75.0 = 350 = = = 13400 = = 450 = 60.0 = 460.0 mm mm 5400 1000.0 mm mm

75 kN

45o

48' dia. Pipe

Schemetic drawing showing typical axle load & vehicle dimensions on heavy-duty r oad 4 m 2m

2m

150

kN 20 = 270000 m.f.

150 *

kN = m.f. span

Minimum effective depth, d

Assuming modification factor For heavy duty slab Try effective depth, d Overall depth of slab, h Dead load due to slab 24 = Dead load due to soil 18 = Dead load due to pavement * 20 = Total dead load Distance from top of premix to neutral axis of slab Wheel load dispersion area + 0.25 = Live load on slab from vehicle kN/m2 Total ultimate design load, p 1.4 * 22.8 + 1.6 ( For 1.0 width of slab) Max. Moment, Mmax lx = Bending reinforcement k z 0.25 k / 0.9 = = = ) 1/2 } = = M / bd2fCU 0.046 d { 0.95 M / 0.95 fy z 0.5 8 336 * 37.5 = 2.00 3.0 = 22.8 9 10.8 = = =

= 350 = 0.45 kN/m2 0.5 kN/m2 = kN/m2

450 *

0.15

kN/m2 = = m2 = 37.5 ( kN * 0.9 1.8

= ) * 5.40 496.4 = p kN.m

+ d

Asreq

= We try bar spacing mm Asprov = = ( OK ) To provide T Check on span-effective depth ratio M / bd2 = 25

2322 = 7 3437 @ *

mm2/m 150 490.9375 mm2/m mm centres

150

2.74 = =

From table 3.10 BS 8110, the span-effective depth modification factor 0.928 Limiting ; Span / Effective Depth 20 * 0.928 = Actual ; Span / Effective Depth / 350 = Thus d is adequate Check on shear At the face of support Shear, v 248.2 kN 2 0.71 Shear Stress, < 0.8 fcu (OK) bd Design Concrete Shear Stress Vc (N/mm2) A = 400 / d = B = 100*Asprov / (b*d) = C = fcu / 25 Vc = 0.79/1.25*(A)1/4*(B)1/3*(C)1/3 0.87 <3.0 OK = 2.40 = >1 OK 1.14 = 0.98 = = v = 496.4 15.4 = 350 18.6 =

5400

mm

According to table 3.16 BS 8110, since < Vc, no further shear check or reinforcem ent are required.

Pile design We try ng 300 mm dia. pile with 1200 mm spaci = = = = 24 0.9 0.9 = = = Total load of pile cap kN + Total service load 37.5 ) * ( 5.4 + = kN Load transferred to each ( PASS ) pile 13.4 339.02 = ) } { ( + 521.0 kN = 14.1 22.8 26.8 = 13.40 m 521.0 0.80

Capacity of pile in compression 400 kN Total no of pile Width of pile cap, Lfz m Depth of pile cap, h m Effec. depth Pile cap, defc m * Length of Pile cap 2 side

Pile Cap Design Curtain wall RC slab Pilecap

300mm dia. Steel pile

900 14000 Use Beam Bending Analysis Bottom Reinforcement Design - Under compressive load - bottom in tension

PCU PSOIL PPc Psb =

= Ult. Pile Comp. Load = Weight of Soil = Weight of Pilecap Weight of RC slab S Psb Psoil Ppc Pcu Tension s/2 + e Pcu

Take Momen about centreline of pilecap and allow 75 mm of error in plan position of piles. Ignored stump weight Ultimate, M 1.4( PPC *s/2) = = - ( PSOIL * s/2 ) 373.70 kNm PCU ( s/2 + e ) ( PSb * s/2 )

Area of steel required k = = z = = M b * dEF 2 * fCu 0.011 dEF [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 - k/0.9 )1/2] 0.99 dEF , dEF M / (0.87 fy z) T 25 = As prov = = 1229 2946 > 0.95 dEF

use z = 0.95 Asreq = mm2 Provide 6 mm2

(Asprov > As OK) Clear spacing = Top Reinforcement Design - Under tension load - top is in tension PTU PSOIL PPc = Ult. Pile tensile Load = Weight of Soil = Weight of Pilecap S Tension 120 mm

PSOIL PPC S/2 + e PTU PTU

Take Momen about centreline of pilecap and allow 75mm of error in plan p osition of piles. Ignored stump weight Ultimate, M 1.4( PPC *s/2) = = + ( PSOIL * s/2 ) + 436.30 kNm PTU ( S/2 + e ) + ( PSb * s/2 )

Area of steel required k = = z = = use z = Asreq = 1435 mm2 (Asprov > As OK) Clear spacing = Shear reinforcement design Check shear at critical section in accordance with BS 8110 Part 1 clause 3.11.4 Lfz 1.4 * PCU = = N/mm2 560 kN Shear at critical section, vz V / (Lfz * dEF) = 0.78 For critical section z-z = 0.9 Shear Force, Vz = = 120 mm mm2 Provide 6 T 25 = As prov = 2946 M b * dEF 2 * fCu 0.010 dEF [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 - k/0.9 )1/2] 0.99 dEF , 0.95 > dEF = 0.95 dEF

M / (0.87 fy z)

Lfz 1.4 * PCU = = N/mm2 = 6160

For critical section x-x = 13.4 Shear Force, Vx

= =

kN Shear at critical section, vz V / (Lfz * dEF) = 0.59

Check 0.8(fcu)1/2 6.20 N/mm2 Design concrete shear stress, vc 100 As bd 400 d fCU 30 vc fCU 1/3 1.25 bd d 30 = = = = 0.41 0.50 2 0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1/4 < 3 < 1 OK 1

Design concrete shear stress vc, 0.59 N/mm2 Shear enhancement: cl 3.4.5.8

Within a distance of 2d from a support or a concentrated load, the desig n concrete shear stress, vc can be increased to vc(2d/av). The distance av is measured fr om support or concentrated load to the section being design plus 0.2 pile diameter Distance av iameter 2 dEF = vc, enhancement factor * vc / av 15.77 N/mm2 = 60 = mm y + 20% pile d =

This value is greater than v = 0.78 N/mm2, thus no reinforcement is required. Form clause 3.11.4.5, to check punching shear, the design shear stress a t the perimeter of the concentrated load Design stress * 560 * 1000 2 * 13949.3 = 11

775 = 0.28 N/mm2 = N/mm2 whichever is lower. PASS

6.20

Value less than 0.8(fCU)1/2 N/mm2 or 5.00

Design of abutment curtain wall

Coefficient of active pressure 0.25 ( for angle of friction, 0 ) * * Active earth pressure Ka * 18 * 0.2025 * h2

Ka = Pa = = 0.50 0.46 0.46 0.07 = Ka = *

= 39 1/2 0.25

Ma 0.15

= =

Live Load Q 0.25 * * h ( Existing earth on top) 12.0 * 0.45

Ps

* =

= Ma 0.225 = * Ultimate Shear Force, ( 0.46 + 1.35 ) = Ultimate Bending Moment, 1.4 * ( 0.07 + 0.30 ) = b = =

1.35 1.35 0.30 V 2.53 M 0.52 1000 = 1.4 kN = kNm/m *

d 10

= =

450 365 0.004

75

M b* To provide nominal steel 100 b*

= d2

N/mm2

*As d As

= = =

0.15 547.5 1005

Provide 5 mm2

16

= As prov

(Asprov > As OK) Clear spacing = Shear check = = Design concrete shear stress, vc 100 As bd 400 d fCU 30 vc fCU 1/3 1.25 = bd d 30 = = = = 0.28 1.10 2 0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1/4 < 3 > 1 OK 1.095890411 V b* 0.007 d N/mm2 193 mm

Design concrete shear stress vc, 0.53 N/mm2 > v ( OK )