Door Locking System With 1 Master Password &amp 3 User Passwords

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)
INTRODUCTION
The main and very basic need of security was fulfilled by using the mechanical or electrical locks which are very heavy and designed for only one key. Therefore a large number of locks of required for locking a large industries there are many keys for different locks (i.e. a very tedious task to arrange these keys). These locks are not so much protective and could be broken by using some mechanical tools. All these problems could be solved if we use electronic locking system in place of these electrical & mechanical locks. There are also some more features are available in these electronic locking system The electronic security system are very light, flexible, reprogrammable, lower cost, more accurate, highly secure and required less power. In this way due to the introduction of the electronic security system the security need and fulfilled to a great extent and we could protect a whole industry or company very easily and rapidly. The main objective of this project is to make an electronic device by which we could give access to the authenticated persons in the sophisticated area of an organization or a company with a very simple operability. We could also generate codeword for different expensive equipment so that they could be made protective and only the person who has the complete knowledge to operate that machine or equipment is authenticated to operate. One more advantage to use this security system is that we could easily change the codeword according to the situation or security conditions and easily get the information about the attempts of hacking or hackers. This device is fully automated so that we dont need to monitor the process. Basically the device would generate five passwords in which there would be one master code and other four will be sub code we could distribute these code to different persons who are permitted to get access. These persons would be able to get access by using their code and if a person leaks his code then he could easily be detected and his code could be change with the help of master code. In this way this device is a much protected electronic device in which the number of codes can be increased according to the need which would be reprogrammable. Here we can also lock different expensive machines or equipment by giving the sub codes so that only those persons having
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the knowledge of the operability of the equipment had given these codes so that any other person cant damage the machine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGY:This project is basically a microcontroller based device which operates according to the data saved into the EEPROM and run the program in microcontroller. The hardware used in this project is as follows: MCU 89S8253, EEPROM, Relay driver, LEDs, LCD Module, Power supply, Buzzer and Speaker etc. The main or central processing unit of this project is 89C51 it consists of the following features i.e. This is basically a 40 pin to 44 pin MCU depending upon its packaging it is available in three types of packages PDIP(Plastic dual in line Package-40pin), TQFP/PQFP(Thin Plastic Gull Wing Quad Flatpack-44pin) and PLCC(Plastic J-Leaded Chip Carrier-44pin). It has a 4K Bytes of InSystem Reprogrammable Flash Memory which has a capacity of 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles. Fully Static operation from 0Hz to 24MHz and it has also three-level Program Memory Lock. The internal RAM of this MCU is 128*8 bit and externally it could operate 64MB memory devices. It consists of a two quartz crystal timer or oscillator of 16 Bit and 6 interrupt sources therefore the programming of microcontroller is done with serially inserting the data. This microcontroller is cheap and also costeffective because it could be operated into two low power consuming modes i.e. Low Power Idle & Power Down Modes. In case of Idle Mode the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. While in Power down Mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last executed instruction. This MCU is given the industry standard MCS-51TM instruction set and pinout. The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and uses high performance CMOS transistors. Some other requirements of this microcontroller are: Operating temperature range -55 C to + 125C and storage temperature range -65 C to + 150C, Voltage at any pin with respect to ground -1.0V to +7.0V and the maximum operating voltage 6.6V. The DC output current of 15.0mA. The external clock driver used to drive this MCU should have oscillation frequency of 0-24MHz, clock period of 41.5ns, High Time and Low time 15ns each and Rise & Fall Time 20ns
each. The operating voltage of this microcontroller is given through a DC power supply of 12V. PATH OF IMPLIMENTATION:Block Diagram:
Brief Description: The system comprises a small electronic unit with a numeric keypad, which is fixed outside the entry door to control a solenoid-operated lock. When an authorized person enters predetermined number (password) via the keypad, the relay operated for a limited time to unlatch the solenoid-operated lock so the door can be pushed/pulled open. At the end of preset delay, the relay reenergizes and the door gets locked again. If the entered password is correct the unit opens the door. When the code has been incorrectly entered four times in a row, the code lock will switch to alarm mode and operate an alarm relay. Alarm relay are turned off after entering a valid User Access Code. This function thwarts any attempt by hackers to quickly try a
large number of codes in a sequence. The secret code can be changed any time after entering the current code (Master code). There will be three unique passwords for three users. This enables that any person of the family can open the door with his own password even if other is not available. There is a facility that each user can change his/her password when required. After all this there is master password available with designer which in case can be used to open when user forget their password. The person knowing the master password can tell the user password at present by opening the system.
WORKING
Access control is a system which enables an authority to control access to areas and resources in a given physical facility or computer4 Northern India Engineering college
based information system. An access control system, within the field of physical security, is generally seen as the second layer in the security of a physical structure. Access control is, in reality, an everyday phenomenon. A lock on a car door is essentially a form of access control. A PIN system at a bank is another means of access control. Bouncers standing in front of a night club are perhaps a more primitive mode of access control (given the evident lack of information technology involved). The possession of access control is of prime importance when persons seek to secure important, confidential, or sensitive information and equipment. Item control or electronic key management is an area within (and possibly integrated with) an access control system which concerns the managing of possession and location of small assets or physical.
DESCRIPTION:-
BlockDiagram:
SWITCH MATRIX KEYPAD AS
MICROCONTROLLER RELAY DRIVER
BUZZER
RELAY
Working in brief:- There is a switch matrix interfaced with the controller .When a particular sequence is pressed then micro controller decodes it allows the door to be opened through the relay driver and relay. If the sequence is pressed wrong then buzzer will blow. Key Components:- The major components of this project are: Switch matrix Microcontroller Relay driver Relay Buzzer The microcontroller used here is a common 8 bit Atmel microcontroller AT89s8253.It is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with12K bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM data memory. It has 32 programmable input output lines
Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM data memory have been provided. It has 32 programmable input output lines. Features: 12K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Program Memory SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2K Bytes EEPROM Data Memory Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz (in x1 and x2 Modes) Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Nine Interrupt Sources
Enhanced UART Serial Port with Framing Error Detection and Automatic Address Recognition Enhanced SPI (Double Write/Read Buffered) Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer Relay driver:ULN2803 is a current driver IC which drives the relay. The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications. All devices feature opencollector outputs and freewheeling clamp diodes for transient Suppression. The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while the ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS.
Relay:A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one sign. Here, relay is used to switch on the devices. BUZZER SYSTEM:A system consisting signaling devices, a console, and a reset button to notify in the form of sound happening of some incidence. THE buzzer used here is piezo buzzer controlled by micro controller signaling.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software, additional electrical & mechanical parts. A computer is used in
such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present. Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a microprocessor) is within their implementation. These are Real-time system process events. These events occur on external inputs and cause other events to occur as outputs. Minimizing response time is usually a primary objective, or otherwise the entire system may fail to operate properly. Therefore embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (Real-Time Operating System). Its an operating system with the necessary features to support a Real-Time System. Real-Time System:It is a system where correctness depends not only on the correctness of the logical result of the computation, but also on the result delivery time. It responds in a timely, predictable way to unpredictable external stimuli arrivals. The real Time Systems can be further divided into two types: Soft Real-Time System: Compute output response as fast as possible, but no specific deadlines that must be met. Hard Real-Time System: Output response must be computed by specified deadline or system.
APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: Consumer electronics Telecommunication Automobile

Medical instrumentation Industrial control equipment Defense Communication satellite Data communication Internet appliances
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip, or, if you prefer, a single-chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the device might be used to control objects, processes, or
events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of things these days. Any device that measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information is a candidate for putting a microcontroller inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in automobilesjust about every car manufactured today includes at least one microcontroller for engine control, and often more to control additional systems in the car. In desktop computers, you can find microcontrollers inside keyboards, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test equipment, microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms. Consumer products that use microcontrollers include cameras, video recorders, compact-disk players, and ovens. And these are just a few examples. Microcontroller Basics:A microcontroller is similar to the microprocessor inside a personal computer. Examples of microprocessors include Intels 8086, Motorolas 68000, and Zilogs Z80. Both microprocessors and microcontrollers contain a central processing unit, or CPU. The CPU executes instructions that perform the basic logic, math, and data-moving functions of a computer. To make a complete microprocessor requires memory for storing data and programs and input/output(I/O) interfaces for connecting external devices like keyboards and displays. In contrast, a microcontroller is a single-chip computer because it contains memory and I/O interfaces in addition to the CPU. Because the amount of memory and interfaces that can fit on a single chip is limited, microcontrollers tend to be used in smaller systems that require little more than the microcontroller and a few support components. Examples of popular microcontrollers are Intels 8052 (including the 8052-BASIC, which is the focus of this book), Motorolas 68HC11, and Zilogs Z8. Microcontroller History:13 Northern India Engineering college
To understand how microcontrollers fit into the always-expanding world of computers, we need to look back to the roots of micro computing. In its January 1975 issue, Popular Electronics magazine featured an article describing the Altair 8800 computer, which was the first microcomputer that hobbyists could build and program themselves. The basic Altair included no keyboard, video display, disk drives, or other elements we now think of as essential elements of a personal computer. Its 8080 microprocessor was programmed by flipping toggle switches on the front panel. Standard RAM was 256 bytes and a kit version cost $397 ($498 assembled). A breakthrough in the Altairs usability occurred when a small company called Microsoft offered a version of the BASIC programming language for it. Of course, the computer world has changed a lot since the introduction of the Altair. Microsoft has become an enormous software publisher, and a typical personal computer now includes a keyboard, video display, disk drives, and Megabytes of RAM. Whats more, theres no longer any need to build a personal computer from scratch, since mass production has drastically lowered the price of assembled systems. At most, building a personal computer now involves only installing assembled boards and other major components in an enclosure. A personal computer like Apples Macintosh or IBMs PC is a general-purpose machine, since you can use it for many applications word processing, spreadsheets, computer-aided design, and morejust by loading the appropriate software from disk into memory. Interfaces to personal computers are for the most part standard ones like those to video displays, keyboards, and printers. But along with cheap, powerful, and versatile personal computers has developed a new interest in small, customized computers for specific uses. Each of these small computers is dedicated to one task, or a set of closely related tasks. Adding computer power to a device can enable it to do more, small display, a keypad or switches, sensors, relays, motors, and so on. or do it faster, better, or more cheaply. For example, automobile engine controllers have helped to reduce harmful exhaust emissions. And microcontrollers inside computer modems have made it easy to add features and abilities beyond the basic computer-to-phoneline interface. In addition to their use in mass-produced products like these, its also become feasible to design computer power into one-of-a14 Northern India Engineering college
kind projects, such as an environmental controller for a scientific study or an intelligent test fixture that ensures that a product meets its specifications before its shipped to a customer. At the core of many of these specialized computers is a microcontroller. The computers program is typically stored permanently in semiconductor memory such as ROM or EPROM. The interfaces between the microcontroller and the outside world vary with the application, and may include a These small, special-purpose computers are sometimes called singleboard computers, or SBCs. The term can be misleading, however, since the computer doesnt have to be on a single circuit board, and many types of computer systems, such as laptop and notebook computers, are now manufactured on a single board. AT89S8253 microcontroller:The microcontroller development effort resulted in the 8051 architecture, which was first introduced in 1980 and has gone on to be arguably the most popular micro controller architecture available. The 8051 is a very complete microcontroller with a large amount of built in control store (ROM &EPROM) and RAM, enhanced I/O ports, and the ability to access external memory. The maximum clock frequency with an 8051 micro controller can execute instructions is 20MHZ.Microcontroller is a true computer on chip. The design incorporates all of the features found in a microprocessor: CPU, ALU, PC, SP and registers. It also has the other features needed to, make complete computer: ROM, RAM, parallel I/O, serial I/O, counters and a clock circuit. The 89C51/89C52/89C54/89C58 contains a non-volatile FLASH program memory that is parallel programmable. For devices that are serial programmable(In-System Programmable (ISP) and In-Application Programmable (IAP) with a boot loader)All three families are Single-Chip 8-bit Microcontrollers manufactured in advanced CMOS process and are Derivatives of the 80C51 microcontroller family. All the devices have the same instruction set as the 80C51.
FEATURES:15 Northern India Engineering college
8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel
DESCRIPTION:The AT89S8253 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit micro computer with 8K bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory(PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80c51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the
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Atmel AT89s8253 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The main advantages of 89s8253 over 8051 are: Software Compatibility Program Compatibility Rewritability
89S8253 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE:-
Architecture contains the following: 8 bit CPU with registers A and B 16 bit program counter(PC) and data pointer(DPTR) 8 bit program status word(PSW) 8 bit stack pointer Internal ROM of 0(8031) to 4K(8051) Internal RAM of 128 Bytes 4 register banks 00-1f 16 bytes(bit addressable) 20-2f 80 bytes of general purpose data memory 30-7f 32 I/O pins arranged as four 8 bit ports (P0 P3) 2 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IPand IE 2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits
Pin Diagram of the 40 Pin DIP package of the 89S8253:-
DESCRIPTION:-
VCC:Pin no.40 is used for the supply to the microcontroller.. GND:Ground.
RST:20 Northern India Engineering college
This is pin no.9, used to reset the device by keeping it high for 2 machine cycles. The microcontroller should be reset at the time of starting. Oscillator:Pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 are used for connecting a quartz crystal for the internal oscillator. Crystal Frequency-10 MHz External Access (EA):The 8051 family members, all come with on-chip ROM to store the program. In such case, EA pin is connected to Vcc. To indicate that the code is stored in external ROM, EA pin must be connected to ground.
PSEN:PSEN stands for Program Store Enable. This is an output pin and is connected to OE pin of ROM Port 0:Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. Each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed lower order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.
Port 1 and Port 2:-
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2. Port 3:It has internal pull-ups and can sink/source 4 TTL inputs. Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins, pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or output. Port 3 has additional function of providing some extremely signal as interrupts.
ALE/PROG:Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address (on its falling edge) during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or locking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.
PSEN:Program Store Enable. PSEN is the read strobe to external program memory (active low). When the AT89S8253 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP:External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected.
PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a nonconductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. POWER SUPPLY:There is 5V supply voltage required for this project. An ac 9-0-9 V mains transformer is connected via a mains lead. The transistor is voltage regulator IC. It regulates 4.8V dc (approx). Working: - The working is quite clear. It is describe in following steps. Step down transformer convert 220V AC into 4.8V AC It convert AC voltage into pulsating DC voltage The filter stage uses a shunt capacitor to filter out ripples from pulsating DC The regulator stage gives a regulated output of a fixed voltage. The circuit runs on a power supply of 5V DC. A transformer 9-0-9V is used to step down the ac mains voltage from 230V, to 9V AC. The combination of transformer & diode converts this AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage, which is filtered by using an electrolytic capacitor of rating 1000F, 25V. The IC BC547b provides a regulated power supply of 5V DC. The 5V DC supply drives and the ICs in the circuit.
PCB-DESIGNING:PCB Designing includes the following steps:-
PROCESSING
CLEANSING
PRINTING
ETCHING
DRILLING SOLDERING
MASKING Fig : PCB Designing process

PROCESSING :25 Northern India Engineering college
The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one can go on to the artwork preparation. This means that a concept that clearly defines all the details of the circuit and partly also of the final equipment, is a prerequisite before the actual layout can start. The detail circuit diagram is very important for the layout designer and he must also be familiar with the design concept and with the philosophy behind the equipment. The General Considerations are-
a-) Layout scale:- Depending on the accuracy required, artwork should be produced at a 1:1 or 2:1 or even 4:1 scale. The layout is best prepared on the same scale as the artwork. This prevents all the problems which might be caused by redrawing of layout to the artwork scale.
b-) Grid system or Graph Paper: - It is commonly accepted practice to use these for designing.
c-) Board types:-There are two side of a PCB board Component side & Solder side. Depending on these board are classified as-
Single-sided Boards:- These are used where costs have to be kept at a minimum & a particular Circuit can be accommodated on such board. To jump over conductor tracks, components have to be utilized. If this is not feasible,
jumper wires are used. (Jumper wires should be less otherwise double-sided PCB should be considered. Double-sided Boards:- These are made with or without plated through holes. Plated through holes are fairly expensive.
CLEANING:The cleaning of the copper surface prior to resist application is an essential step for any type of PCB process using etches or plating resist. After scrubbing with the abrasive, a water rinse will remove most of the remaining slurry.
Scrubbing Water Rinse Wet Brushing Acid dip Final Rinse Drying
Pumice/ Acid Slurry Tap Water Tap Water Hydrochloric Acid-HCl De-ionized Water Oven or Blowing of air.
Fig :Cleaning process
ETCHING:27 Northern India Engineering college
It is of utmost importance to choose a suitable Etchant Systems.Number of factors play a major role in it. There are many factors to be considered Etching speed Copper solving capacity Etchant price Pollution character
Operation characteristics of different etchants:Factor Etchant FeCl3 CuCl2 Chromic acid Alkaline ammonia Corrosive Neutralization -ness High High High High disposition problem Medium Low High Medium Low Medium High Medium Toxicity Required Operation
ventilation cost Low Medium High High Medium Low High High
Table : Characteristics of different etchants
We have used FeCl3 (Conc. 120 g/litre 0.1 M) for etching. Reactions Involved:FeCl3 copper) + 3H 2O Fe(OH) 3 + 3HCl (Free acid attack to
FeCl3 +
Cu
FeCl2
CuCl
FeCl3 +
CuCl
FeCl2
CuCl2
CuCl2 + DRILLING:-
Cu
2CuCl
The importance of hole drilling into PCBs has further gone with electronic component miniaturization and its need for smaller holes diameters (diameters less than half the board thickness) and higher package density. The following hole diameter tolerances have been generally accepted wherever no other specifications are mentioned.
Hole Diameter Hole Diameter
(D) <= 1mm (D) > 3 mm
+ / - 0.05 mm + / 0.1 mm
Drill bits are made up of high-speed steel (HSS), Glass epoxy material, Tungsten Carbide.
SOLDERING:29 Northern India Engineering college
Flux should be removed after Soldering. It is done through washing by 0.51 % HCl followed by Neutralization in dilute alkali to remove corrosive flux.Noncorrosive is removed by Iso-Propanal.
MASKING:It is done for the protection of conductor track from Oxidation.
Designing of PCB Layout:A PCB layout is required to place components on the PCB so that the component area can be minimized and the components can be placed in an efficient manner. The components can be placed in two ways, either manually or by software. The manual procedure is quiet cumbersome and is very inefficient. The other method is by the use of computer software. This method is advantageous as it saves time and valuable copper area. There are various softwares available for this purpose like Express PCB Pad2pad Protel PCB PCB design e.t.c. Many of them are loaded with auto routing and auto placement facility. The software that we have used here is EXPRESS PCB. This software has a good interface, easy editing options and a wide range of components.
Express P.C.B. :Express PCB is a very easy to use Windows application for laying out printed circuit boards. There are two parts to Express PCB, Express
SCH for drawing schematics and Express PCB for designing circuit boards. We downloaded the software from the website www.expresspcb.com. There are lots of functions available in the software. This software is free of cast and also it is very easy to use. The different layers of the PCB can be viewed by just a click of a button on the interface. And we easily get its print on paper which is utilized for further processing. We can design single sided PCB as well as Double Sided PCB with this Software.
TESTING
After assembling the circuit components on the PCB and soldering them according to the layout, testing is the next step to be taken. Testing includes measurement of the parameters such as current, voltage, clock frequency and comparing them with the standard values provided with the circuit. Any sort of deviation from the actual values should be measured and corrected accordingly. This part is known as troubleshooting.
Testing forms a very necessary part of any project. Without testing a project work never culminates. It is only after testing that one can guarantee the successful ending of the project. It is only through this step by which one can determine the faults and also come to know about the changes to be introduced.
DIODES
A diode is a device having two terminals and a low resistance to electrical current in one direction and a high resistance in the other direction. Diode is a two-element device which passes a signal in one direction only. They are used most commonly to convert AC to DC, because they pass the positive part of the wave, and block the negative part of the AC signal, or, if they are reversed, they pass only the negative part and not the positive part. Here we used only two types of diode:
1) Zener Diode 2) 1N4007 1) ZENER DIODE:-
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage". The device was named after Clarence Zener, who discovered this electrical property. The Zener effect as embodied in the zener diode has many applications for control and regulation.
Fig 4.10: Characteristic graph of Zener Diode
The Zener diode is operated in reverse bias mode (positive on its cathode). It relies on the reverse breakdown voltage occurring at a specified value. This value is printed on it. APPLICATIONS:1. As a reference source, where the voltage across it is compared with another voltage. 2. As a voltage regulator, smoothing out any voltages variations occurring in the supply voltage across the load.
2)
RECTIFICATION DIODE [1N4007]:-
The stripe stamped on one end of the diode shows indicates the polarity of the diode. The stripe shows the cathode side. The top two devices shown in the picture are diodes used for rectification. They are made to handle relatively high currents. The device on top can handle as high as 6A, and the one below it can safely handle up to 1A.However, it is best used at about 70% of its rating because this current value is a maximum rating. The third device from the top (red color) has a part number of 1S1588. This diode is used for switching, because it can switch on and off at very high speed. However, the maximum current it can handle is 120 mA. This makes it well suited to use within digital circuits. The maximum reverse voltage (reverse bias) this diode can handle is 30V. The device at the bottom of the picture is a voltage regulation diode with a rating of 6V. When this type of diode is reverse biased, it will resist changes in voltage. If the input voltage is increased, the output voltage will not change. (Or any change will be an insignificant amount.) While
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the output voltage does not increase with an increase in input voltage, the output current will. This requires some thought for a protection circuit so that too much current does not flow. The rated current limit for the device is 30 mA. Generally, a 3-terminal voltage regulator is used for the stabilization of a power supply. Therefore, this diode is typically used to protect the circuit from momentary voltage spikes. 3 terminal regulators use voltage regulation diodes inside.
FEATURES: Low forward voltage drop.
Diffused Junction.
AT89S8253 (8-bit Microcontroller with 12 Kbyte Flash)

Features: Compatible with MCS51 Products 12K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Program Memory SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2K Bytes EEPROM Data Memory Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 64-byte User Signature Array
2.7V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz (in x1 and x2 Modes) Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Nine Interrupt Sources Enhanced UART Serial Port with Framing Error Detection and Automatic Address Recognition
Enhanced SPI (Double Write/Read Buffered) Serial Interface Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Programmable Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Modes) Page Mode: 64 Bytes/Page for Code Memory, 32 Bytes/Page for Data Memory Four-level Enhanced Interrupt Controller Programmable and Fuseable x2 Clock Option Internal Power-on Reset
42-pin PDIP Package Option for Reduced EMC Emission Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option
1.
Description:-
The AT89S8253 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 12K bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM data memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS51instruction set and pinout. The on-chip downloadable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S8253 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S8253 provides the following standard features: 12K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector, four-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition,
the AT89S8253 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Powerdown mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. The on-board Flash/EEPROM is accessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from, unless one or more lock bits have been activated.
2.
2.1
Pin Configurations :40P6 40-lead PDIP
2.2
44A 44-lead TQFP
2.3
44J 44-lead PLCC
2.4
42PS6 PDIP
3. Pin Description:-
3.1
VCC: Supply voltage (all packages except 42-PDIP).
3.2 GND: Ground (all packages except 42-PDIP; for 42-PDIP GND connects only the logic core and the embedded program/data memories).
3.3 VDD: Supply voltage for the 42-PDIP which connects only the logic core and the embedded program/data memories.
3.4 PWRVDD: Supply voltage for the 42-PDIP which connects only the I/O Pad Drivers. The application board must connect both VDD and PWRVDD to the board supply voltage.
3.5 PWRGND: Ground for the 42-PDIP which connects only the I/O Pad Drivers. PWRGND and GND are weakly connected through the common silicon substrate, but not through any metal links. The application board must connect both GND and PWRGND to the board
ground.
3.6 Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink six TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
3.7 Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source six TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the weak internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL,150 A typical) because of the weak internal pull-ups. Some Port 1 pins provide additional functions. P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively. Furthermore, P1.4, P1.5, P1.6, and P1.7 can be configured as the SPI slave port select, data input/output and shift clock input/output pins as shown in the following table.
3.8 Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source six TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the weak internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL,150 A typical) because of the weak internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
3.9 Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source six TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the weak internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL,150 A typical) because of the weak internal pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S8253, as shown in the following table.
3.10 RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for at least two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
3.11 ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable. ALE/PROG is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address (on its falling edge) during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of the AUXR SFR at location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
3.12 PSEN: Program Store Enable. PSEN is the read strobe to external
program memory (active low). When the AT89S8253 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
3.13 EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected.
3.14 XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
3.15 XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. XTAL2 should not drive a board-level clock without a buffer.
4.
Block Diagram:44
5.
Data Memory EEPROM and RAM:-
The AT89S8253 implements 2K bytes of on-chip EEPROM for data storage and 256 bytes of RAM. The upper 128 bytes of RAM occupy a
parallel space to the Special Function Registers. That means the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. The on-chip EEPROM data memory is selected by setting the EEMEN bit in the EECON register at SFR address location 96H. The EEPROM address range is from 000H to 7FFH. MOVX instructions are used to access the EEPROM. To access off-chip data memory with the MOVX instructions, the EEMEN bit needs to be set to 0. During program execution mode (using the MOVX instruction) there is an auto-erase capability at the byte level. This means that the user can update or modify a single EEPROM byte location in real-time without affecting any other bytes. The EEMWE bit in the EECON register needs to be set to 1 before any byte location in the EEPROM can be written. User software should reset EEMWE bit to 0 if no further EEPROM write is required. EEPROM write cycles in the serial programming mode are self-timed and typically take 4 ms. The progress of EEPROM write can be monitored by reading the RDY/BSY bit (read-only) in SFR EECON. RDY/BSY = 0 means programming is still in progress and RDY/BSY= 1 means an EEPROM write cycle is completed and another write cycle can be initiated. Bit EELD in EECON controls whether the next MOVX instruction will only load the write buffer of the EEPROM or will actually start the programming cycle. By setting
EELD, only load will occur. Before the last MOVX in a given page of 32 bytes, EELD should be cleared so that after the last MOVX the entire page will be programmed at the same time. This way, 32 bytes will only require 4 ms of programming time instead of 128 ms required in single byte programming.
16 CHARACTER LCD x 2
Features: 5 x 8 dots with cursor Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V) 1/16 duty cycle B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply
LM78XX 3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

Features: Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24
Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection General description:The LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Block Diagram:-
Pin Assignment:-
Absolute Maximum Rating:Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may occur. The datasheet specications should be met, without exception, to ensure that the system design is reliable over its power supply, temperature, and output/input loading variables. Fairchild does not recommend operation outside datasheet specications.
Note:
Load and line regulation are specied at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production.
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Load and line regulation are specied at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
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These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production.
Note:
Load and line regulation are specied at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
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These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production.
Note:
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UNDERSTANDING RELAYS
Relays:Relays are used throughout the automobile. Relays which come in assorted sizes, ratings, and applications, are used as remote control switches. A typical vehicle can have 20 relays or more
Relay Locations:Relays are located throughout the entire vehicle. Relay blocks, both large and small, are located in the engine compartment; behind the left or right kick panels, or under the dash are common locations. Relays are often grouped together or with other components like fuses or placed by themselves.
Relay Position Identification:Relay / Fuse block covers usually label the location and position of each fuse, relay, or fuse element contained within.
Relay Applications:Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another switch, such as a horn switch or a computer as in a power train control module. Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a higher current circuit. Several designs of relays are in use today, 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6-pin, single switch or dual switches.
Relay Operation:64 Northern India Engineering college
All relays operate using the same basic principle. Our example will use a commonly used 4 -pin relay. Relays have two circuits: A control circuit (shown in GREEN) and a load circuit (shown in RED). The control circuit has a small control coil while the load circuit has a switch. The coil controls the operation of the switch.
Relay Energized (On):Current flowing through the control circuit coil (pins 1 and 3) creates a small magnetic field which causes the switch to close, pins 2 and 4. The switch, which is part of the load circuit, is used to control an electrical circuit that may connect to it. Current now flows through pins 2 and 4 shown in RED, when the relay in energized.
Relay De-Energized (Off):When current stops flowing circuit, pins 1 and 3, the
through the control relay becomes de65
energized. Without the magnetic field, the switch opens and current is prevented from flowing through pins 2 and 4. The relay is now OFF.
Relay Operation:When no voltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current flow through the coil. No current means no magnetic field is developed, and the switch is open. When voltage is supplied to pin 1, current flow though the coil creates the magnetic field needed to close the switch allowing continuity between pins 2 and 4.
Relay Design
Id:-
Relays are either Normally Open or Normally Closed. Notice the position of the switches in the two relays shown below. Normally open relays have a switch that remains open until energized (ON) while normally
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closed relays are closed until energized. Relays are always shown in the de-energized position (no current flowing through the control circuit OFF). Normally open relays are the most common in vehicles; however either can be use in Automotive applications.
Normal
ly open (NO) Normally
closed
(NC) Normally Closed Relays:-
The operation of a Normally Closed relay is the same to that of a Normally Open relay, except backwards. In other words, when the relay control coil is NOT energized, the relay switch contacts are closed, completing the circuit through pins 2 and 4. When the control coil is energized, the relay switch contacts opens, which breaks the circuit open and no continuity exists between pins 2 and 4.
DE-ENERGIZED (OFF)
ENERGIZED (ON)
Actual Relay Design:Current flows through the control coil, which is wrapped around an iron core. The iron core intensifies the magnetic field. The magnetic field attracts the upper contact arm and pulls it down, closing the contacts and allowing power from the power source to go to the load.
Relay Variations:Other relay variations include three and five pin relays. A 3-PIN relay instead of two B+ input sources, this relay has one B+ input at pin 1. Current splits inside the relay, supplying power to both the control and load circuits. A 5-PIN relay has a single control circuit, but two separate current paths for the switch: One when the relay is de-energized (OFF no current through the control coil) and the other the energized (ON current is flowing through the control coil). When the 5-PIN relay is deenergized (OFF), pins 4 and 5 have continuity. When the relay is energized (ON), pins 3 and 5 have continuity.
3-PIN
4-PIN
5-PIN
ISO Standardized Relays:ISO relays were designed to try and standardize relay connections, making it easier to test and design systems. ISO relays are currently used by almost all automotive manufacturers today. Both 4 and 5 pin designs are used in both standard mini and micro sizes. FYI: ISO is short for International Standard Organization.
STANDARD MINI SHOWN
Standard Mini Iso Relays Types:Below are two popular standard MINI ISO relay configurations. The size of a ISO Standard MINI relay is a 1" square cube. Both 4 and 5 pins designs are used.
5 PIN MINI RELAY
4 PIN MINI RELAY
ISO Micro Relay Types:Below are two popular MICRO ISO relay configurations. The size of a ISO MICRO relay is a 1" x 1" x 1/2" square (1/2 as thick as a Mini relay). Both 4 and 5 pins designs are used.
5 PIN MICRO RELAY
4 PIN MICRO RELAY
Voltage Spikes:When the switch is closed (shown left), current flows through the coil from positive to negative as shown in red. This current flow creates a magnetic field around the coil. The top of the coil is positive, and the bottom is negative. When the switch is opened (shown on right), current stops flowing through the control circuit coil, and the magnetic field surrounding the coil cannot be maintained. As the magnetic field collapses across the coil, it induces a voltage into itself, creating a reverse polarity voltage spike of several hundred volts. Although the top of the coil is still 12 volts positive, the bottom of the coil produces several hundred positive volts (200+ volts or more); 200 is "more positive" and stronger than 12 volts, so current flows from the bottom of the coil up towards the top.
Voltage Suppression Relays:Northern India Engineering college
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Relays are often controlled by a computer. When relays are controlled by semiconductors such as transistors, they require some type of voltage suppression device. Solid state circuits are vulnerable to voltage spikes. Voltage spikes slam against transistors, destroying them. While some computer circuits have voltage suppression built inside the computer, others rely on voltage suppression from within the relay. High ohm resistors, diodes, or capacitors can be used for voltage suppression. Diodes and resistors are the most common. NOTE: Relays are usually clearly marked if a suppression diode or resistor is present.
Relays With De-Spiking
Diodes:-
A de-spiking (clamping) diode is connected in parallel with the relay coil. It is in the reverse biased position when the relay is turned on; therefore no current will flow through the diode. When the relay control circuit is opened (turned OFF), current stops flowing through the coil, causing the magnetic field to collapse. The magnetic lines of force cut through the coil and induce a counter voltage (a voltage in reverse polarity) into the winding. The counter voltage begins to raise. When the bottom side of the diode sees .7 volts more positive voltage than the top, the diode becomes forward biased, allowing the excess voltage to pass, completing the circuit to the other end of the coil. The current flows around in the diode and coil circuit until the voltage is dissipated.
De-
Relays With Spiking Resistors:-
High ohm resistors are sometimes used instead of diodes. A resistor is more durable than a diode and can suppress voltage spikes similar to a diode, but the resistor will allow current to flow through it whenever the relay is on. Therefore resistance of the resistor must be fairly high (about 600 ohms) in order to prevent too much current flow in the circuit. High ohm resistors are not quite as efficient at suppressing a voltage spike as diodes.
Circuit Identification:-
Relays are easy to test but often misunderstood. Using a 4 pin relay for our example, we must first identify the pins. Some manufacturers place a diagram and pin ID on the outside of the relay case to show which pins are part of the control circuit and which pins are part of the load circuit.
Continuity Check For Id:76 Northern India Engineering college
If the relay is not labeled, use an ohmmeter and check to see which pins are connected to each other. You should typically find an ohm value of approximately 50 to 120 ohms between two of the pins. This is the control circuit. If the coil is less that 50 ohms it could be suspect. Refer to manual to verify reading. The remaining two pins should read OL (infinite) if it's a normally open relay, or 0 ohms (continuity) if it's a normally closed relay. If the readings are correct, proceed to the next test. Note: If none of the relay pins showed a coil value and all pins show OL or 0 ohms, the control coil is damaged and should be replaced.
Practical Testing:Once the pins have been identified, energize the control circuit by
supplying B+ to pin 1 and a ground to pin 3. A faint "click" will be heard; although this "click" means the switch has moved (closed), it does not mean the relay is good. The load circuit switch contacts could still be faulty (high resistance), and further testing is required. A common mistake technicians make is they hear a "click" and assume the relay is good. Take the extra step and verify operation.
Operational Check With Testlight:Now start the second part of the test. Energize the relay (control side) by supplying B+ to pin 1 and a ground to pin 3. A click should be heard.
With the relay still energized, supply B+ pin 2 of the load circuit. The test light will be on. De-energize (remove B+) the control circuit at pin 1; the test light at pin 4 should go off. A test light is preferred because a test light will draw current through the switch.
Operational Check With Voltmeter:A voltmeter can be substituted in place of a test light; however be aware if the contacts are partially burned, the voltmeter will show voltage indicating good contact even when bad. Remember high impedance digital voltmeters draw almost no current. Energize the relay (control
side) by supplying B+ to pin 1 and a ground to pin 3. A click should be heard. With the relay still energized supply B+ to pin 2 of the load circuit. Connect the RED lead to pin 4 and the BLACK lead to ground. The voltmeter will indicate source voltage (12V).De-energize (remove B+) the control circuit at pin 1; the voltmeter should now read "zero". Reenergize the relay and the voltmeter should return to 12 volts.
Operational Check With An Ohmmeter:An ohmmeter can also be used to test the load circuit, but the same problem as the voltmeter comes into play. Energize the relay (control side). Supply B+ to pin 1 and a ground (neg.) to pin 3. A click should be heard. Place the leads on an ohmmeter to across pin 2 and pin 4.
Assuming it is a normally open relay the ohmmeter will indicate a complete circuit (close to zero -0 ohms). De-energize the control circuit at pin 1(remove B+). The ohmmeter should indicate OL (an open circuit infinite). Re-energize the relay and the ohmmeter should return to "zero" ohms. Note: some manufactures provide a maximum ohm value when the switch contacts are closed, example 5 ohms max.
ULN2803A
500-mA Rated Collector Current High-Voltage Outputs . . . 50 V Output Clamp Diodes Inputs Compatible With Various Types of Logic Relay Driver Applications
Compatible with ULN2800A Series Description/ordering information:The ULN2803A is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array. The device consists of eight npn Darlington pairs that feature high voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of each Darlington pair is 500mA.The Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2803A has a 2.7-k series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.
Logic Diagram :-
Schematic (each Darlington pair) :-
Absolute maximum ratings at 25C free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted):Collector-emitter voltage Input voltage Continuous collector current Output clamp diode current 50V ... 30V .. 500mA ... 500mA
Total substrate-terminal current .. -2.5A
Operating virtual junction temperature, TJ . 1500C -650C to
Storage temperature range, Tstg. 1500C
Parameter measurement information:-
Parameter measurement information:-
Propagation delay times Parameter measurement information:-
Latch-up Test
REFERENCES
Websites:
www.8051projects.info www.wikipedia.org
www.atmel.com

www.fairchildsemi.com www.alldatasheet.com
Books:87 Northern India Engineering college
The 8051 Microcontroller By I. Scott MacKenzie, Raphael C.-W. Phan Published By Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Published in 2008
Electronic Devices And Circuit Theory By Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky Published By Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Published in 2008

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

SWITCH MATRIX KEYPAD AS

MICROCONTROLLER RELAY DRIVER

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: Consumer electronics Telecommunication Automobile

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

FEATURES:15 Northern India Engineering college

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

89S8253 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE:-

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Pin Diagram of the 40 Pin DIP package of the 89S8253:-

VCC:Pin no.40 is used for the supply to the microcontroller.. GND:Ground.

RST:20 Northern India Engineering college

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Port 1 and Port 2:-

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

PCB-DESIGNING:PCB Designing includes the following steps:-

MASKING Fig : PCB Designing process

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Fig :Cleaning process

ETCHING:27 Northern India Engineering college

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Table : Characteristics of different etchants

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Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Hole Diameter Hole Diameter

(D) <= 1mm (D) > 3 mm

SOLDERING:29 Northern India Engineering college

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

MASKING:It is done for the protection of conductor track from Oxidation.

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

Door Security System (3 user & 1 master password)

1) Zener Diode 2) 1N4007 1) ZENER DIODE:-