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Question No. 1: Explain briefly about the arrays in programming. Explain what the
difference is between Static Arrays & Dynamic Arrays.

Answer: What is an Array?

Arrays are a vital part of programming, as they allow the programmer to store more than one value in a variable, whilst retaining a single reference. If we think of a variable as a single slot in memory (or a box) that can contain data of a certain type - number, character, etc. - then an array is the equivalent of a box divided into partitions, each containing a piece of data. Of course, because the array box is storing more information than a single variable box, it is much bigger: it needs more memory. We can use the same name to access the variable, but we need some way to differentiate between the individual slots. To this we use an index into the array. For example, supposing we have an array that is 100 units wide, we might access the hundredth unit thus: myArray[99] = 3; This example also illustrates another feature of most arrays - the index is usually zero based. In other words, the index to the first item is [0] and the index to the last item is [number of elements - 1]. n many programming languages, a string is treated as an array of characters. Usually these arrays are terminated with a null character to indicate the end of the string. This allows software to process strings without knowing the dimension of the array at design time. A collection of strings is still possible, however, by using a multidimensional array.

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Multi-Dimensional Arrays
A multi-dimensional array is an array of arrays. If we think of a one-dimensional array as a row of slots in a box, then a two dimensional array is a grid of slots, and a three dimensional array is a cube of slots. Beyond three dimensions it becomes difficult to conceptualize, but theoretically at least, arrays can have any dimension.

If we wish to represent a simple grid (a chessboard for example), we could define the array as:

myArray[8][8]

The square at row 3, column 5 would be referenced thus:

myArray[3][5] = 1;

We note from this example that the convention for accessing arrays is often [row, column]. The reason for this is that if we want to store an array of strings, it makes sense to access an individual character in a single string as:

myStringArray[3][1]

This references the second character in the fourth string in the array.

Static and dynamic arrays Static Arrays

Basically, we can create either static or dynamic arrays. Static arrays must include a fixed number of items, and this number must be known at compile time so that the compiler can set

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aside the necessary amount of memory. We create a static array using a Dim statement with a constant argument:

'This is a static array. Dim Names(100) As String

Visual Basic starts indexing the array with 0. Therefore, the preceding array actually holds 101 items.

Most programs don't use static arrays because programmers rarely know at compile time how many items we need and also because static arrays can't be resized during execution. Both these issues are solved by dynamic arrays. We declare and create dynamic arrays in two distinct steps. In general, we declare the array to account for its visibility (for example, at the beginning of a module if we want to make it visible by all the procedures of the module) using a Dim command with an empty pair of brackets. Then we create the array when we actually need it, using a ReDim statement:

' An array defined in a BAS module (with Private scope) Dim Customers() As String ... Sub Main() ' Here we create the array. ReDim Customer(1000) As String End Sub

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If we're creating an array that's local to a procedure, we can do everything with a single ReDim statement:

Sub PrintReport() ' This array is visible only to the procedure. ReDim Customers(1000) As String ' ... End Sub

Dynamic Arrays
Dynamic arrays can be re-created at will, each time with a different number of items. When we re-create a dynamic array, its contents are reset to 0 (or to an empty string) and we lose the data it contains. If we want to resize an array without losing its contents, use the ReDim Preserve command:

ReDim Preserve Customers(2000) As String

When we're resizing an array, we can't change the number of its dimensions nor the type of the values it contains. Moreover, when we're using ReDim Preserve on a multidimensional array, we can resize only its last dimension:

ReDim Cells(1 To 100, 10) As Integer ... ReDim Preserve Cells(1 To 100, 20) As Integer ' This works. ReDim Preserve Cells(1 To 200, 20) As Integer ' This doesn't.

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Finally, we can destroy an array using the Erase statement. If the array is dynamic, Visual Basic releases the memory allocated for its elements (and we can't read or write them any longer); if the array is static, its elements are set to 0 or to empty strings.

We can use the LBound and UBound functions to retrieve the lower and upper indices. If the array has two or more dimensions, we need to pass a second argument to these functions to specify the dimension we need.

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Question No.2: What is the data base management system? Write the difference between rotational database management system and simple database management system.

Answer:

Data Base Management System

By a database base management system we mean keeping track and record of things at a place. Keeping record of all the books that are present in our library is an example of database management.

In the world f computer & information technology database management system refers to a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security.

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Rotational Database Management System:

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular databases currently in use are based on the relational database model.

A short definition of an RDBMS is: a DBMS in which data is stored in tables and the relationships among the data are also stored in tables. The data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to change the table forms.

Relational databases connect data in different files by using common data elements or a key field. Data in relational databases is stored in different tables, each having a key field that uniquely identifies each row. Relational databases are more flexible than either the hierarchical or network database structures. In relational databases, tables or files filled with data are called relations, tuples designates a row or record, and columns are referred to as attributes or fields.

Relational databases work on the principle that each table has a key field that uniquely identifies each row, and that these key fields can be used to connect one table of data to another. Thus, one table might have a row consisting of a customer account number as the key field along with address and telephone number. The customer account number in this table could be linked to another table of data that also includes customer account number (a key field), but in this case, contains information about product returns, including an item number (another key field). This key field can be linked to another table that contains item numbers and other product information

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such as production location, color, quality control person, and other data. Therefore, using this database, customer information can be linked to specific product information.

The leading RDBMS products are Oracle, IBM's DB2 and Microsoft's SQL Server. Despite repeated challenges by competing technologies, as well as the claim by some experts that no current RDBMS has fully implemented relational principles, the majority of new corporate databases are still being created and managed with an RDBMS.

Simple Database Management System: On the other hand simple database management
system refers to a Manual database management system. The technique of data management used in our Mahmud Husain Library is an example. We keep track of all the books, maps, gazettes (make data) that are present in the library.

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Question No.3: Write a short note on Variable types in Visual Basic. Give examples of
some important Data types.

Introduction

A variable is temporary storage space for numbers, text, and objects. Variables are constantly being created and destroyed and will not hold any values after your program has ended. If you want to save the values of variables or other data. Before allocating storage space for a variable, decide what the variable's lifetime will be, or in other words, which procedures and which modules should have access to the variable's value. There are many types of data used in VB; some of them are discussed below:

Local Variables: A local variable is one that is declared inside a procedure. This variable is only available to the code inside the procedure and can be declared using the Dim statements as given below.

Dim sum As Integer

The local variables exist as long as the procedure in which they are declared, is executing. Once a procedure is executed, the values of its local variables are lost and the memory used by these variables is freed and can be reclaimed. Variables that are declared with keyword Dim exist only as long as the procedure is being executed.

Static Variables: Static variables are not reinitialized each time Visual Invokes a procedure and therefore retain or preserve value even when a procedure ends. In case we need to keep track of

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the number of times a command button in an application is clicked, a static counter variable has to be declared. These static variables are also ideal for making controls alternately visible or invisible. A static variable is declared as given below.

Static intPermanent As Integer

Variables have a lifetime in addition to scope. The values in a module-level and public variables are preserved for the lifetime of an application whereas local variables declared with Dim exist only while the procedure in which they are declared is still being executed. The value of a local variable can be preserved using the Static keyword. The follwoing procedure calculates the running total by adding new values to the previous values stored in the static variable value.

Function RunningTotal ( )

Static Accumulate

Accumulate = Accumulate + num

RunningTotal = Accumulate

End Function

If the variable Accumulate was declared with Dim instead of static, the previously accumulated values would not be preserved accross calls to the procedure, and the procedure would return the same value with which it was called. To make all variables in a procedure static, the Static keyword is placed at the beginning of the procedure heading as given in the below statement.

Static Function RunningTotal ( )

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Example

The following is an example of an event procedure for a CommandButton that counts and displays the number of clicks made.

Private Sub Command1_Click ( )

Static Counter As Integer

Counter = Counter + 1

Print Counter

End Sub

The first time we click the CommandButton, the Counter starts with its default value of zero. Visual Basic then adds 1 to it and prints the result.

Module Levele Variables: A module level variable is available to all the procedures in the module. They are declared using the Public or the Private keyword. If you declare a variable using a Private or a Dim statement in the declaration section of a modulea standard BAS module, a form module, a class module, and so onyou're creating a private module-level variable. Such variables are visible only from within the module they belong to and can't be accessed from the outside. In general, these variables are useful for sharing data among procedures in the same module.

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Question No.4: construct an algorithm to calculate the roots of quadratic equation by

using if-then conditional statement.

Answer:
Set A, B, C Set D=B2-4*A*C

If D=0 Then

Set X1=

, X2=

Write X1, X2

Else If

Set X1=

X2=

Write X1, X2

End If

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If D=0 Then

Write Set is equal

Else If D>0 Then

Write Real

Else If D<0 Then

Write Set is imaginary

End If

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