NAME CLASS

: :

NUR FARHANA BINTI MUHAMMAD M11L COLOURS OF LIGHT (WAVELENGTH) ABSORBED BY

TITLE : GREEN PLANT. INTRODUCTION

The chloroplast in green plant contains many pigments such as chlorophyll a & b, carotene and xanthophylls. These pigments have different solubility in certain solvents and they can be separate by paper chromatography. OBJECTIVE To separate the pigments in the green plant MATERIALS AND APPARATUS Fresh leaves (mustard and spinach) Beakers Tripod stand and Bunsen burner Mortar Measuring cylinder colourimeter) Aluminium foil METHODS 1. Dip fresh leaves into boiling water 2. Cut the leaves, place in a mortar and grind up 3. Put 20 cm3 of acetone and grind again to produce a concentrated chlorophyll extract. 4. Put solutions into centrifuged tube and adjust the contents to balance quantities. 5. After centrifuged within 10 minutes, put the supernatant formed on top into the test tube with stopper and wrap the test tube using aluminium foil 6. Place the test tube in the dark part of the lab at least half an hour 7. Put into the cuvet an examine using colourimeter 8. Record the data Glass rod Test tube Centrifuge, Centrifuge tubes Conical flask Set of colourimeter (cuvet, prism,

Acetone

DATA COLLECTION QUANTITATIVE DATA Spinach Reading of Colourimeter (Abs) First Reading Second Reading Third Reading 440 1.79 1.74 0.91 470 1.95 1.68 0.99 490 1.20 1.16 0.58 520 1.66 1.71 0.60 550 1.56 1.48 0.57 580 1.28 1.09 0.50 590 1.01 0.69 0.43 680 1.20 0.68 0.45 Table 1- Reading of the calorimeter in certain wavelength for spinach leaves Mustard Reading of Colourimeter (Abs) First Reading, r1 Second Reading,r2 Third Reading, r3 440 1.86 1.45 1.65 470 1.15 1.30 1.08 490 0.38 0.76 0.43 520 0.32 0.71 0.34 550 0.28 1.34 0.34 580 0.25 0.16 0.32 590 0.29 0.48 0.40 680 0.39 0.76 0.49 Table 2- Reading of the calorimeter in certain wavelength for mustard leaves QUALITATIVE DATA: 1. The mustard leaves are green in colour. 2. The spinach leaves are in green colour mixed with some dark red colour. 3. The propanone (acetone) is a colourless solution with a pungent smell. 4. The chlorophyll extract for mustard is green in colour 5. The extract of spinach leaves darker green compared to extract from the mustard leaves. 6. Two layers formed after the solution was centrifuged. The upper layer for both solution contain the solution of mustard or spinach extract but the bottom layer is Wavelength Wavelength

UNCERTAINTIES OF APPARATUS: Measuring cylinder: 0.5ml Electronic balance: 0.01g Colorimeter: 0.01 (relative unit of absorbency of light)

DATA CALCULATION a) Calculation of average absorbency

For example, at wavelength of 440nm, the average absorbency for spinach leaves is:

Light wavelength (nm) 440 470 490 520 550 580 590 680

Average absorbency of light Spinach leaves 1.48 1.54 0.98 1.32 1.20 0.96 0.71 0.78 Mustard leaves 1.65 1.18 0.52 0.46 0.65 0.24 0.39 0.55

Table 3- Average absorbency of light in certain light wavelength for spinach and mustard leaves

b) Calculation of average percentage absorbency :

For example, at 440nm of light wavelength, the average percentage absorbency of spinach leaves is: ( )

Light wavelength (nm) 440 470 490 520 550 580 590 680

Percentage absorbency of light (%) Spinach leaves 16.50 17.17 10.93 14.72 13.38 10.70 7.92 8.70 Mustard leaves 29.26 20.92 9.23 8.16 11.52 4.26 6.91 9.75

Table 4 Percentage absorbency of light in certain light wavelength for spinach and mustard leaves

c) Uncertainty of average absorbency of light is calculated using the standard deviation formula: ( ) ( ) = Sum of square of the relative absorbency of light = Total number of trials (3)

Where x2 n

= Square of average absorbency of light x2 For example for wavelength of 440nm, the uncertainty of average absorbency of light for spinach is: Light wavelength (nm) ( ) = 0.40

Uncertainty of average absorbency of light Spinach leaves Mustard leaves

440 0.40 0.20 470 0.40 0.02 490 0.28 0.18 520 0.52 0.17 550 0.46 0.49 580 0.32 0.08 590 0.24 0.08 680 0.31 0.14 Table 5- Uncertainty of average absorbency of light at different wavelengths for spinach and mustard leaves

d) Uncertainty of percentage absorbency of light is calculated as follows:

For example at wavelength of 440nm, the uncertainty of percentage absorbency of light for spinach is: ( Light wavelength (nm) ) Uncertainty of percentage absorbency of light (%) Spinach leaves Mustard leaves

440 13.65 14.70 470 13.65 1.47 490 9.56 13.24 520 17.74 12.50 550 15.70 36.03 580 10.92 5.88 590 8.19 5.88 680 10.58 10.29 Table 6- Uncertainty of percentage absorbency of light at different wavelengths for spinach and mustard leaves

Graph of average absorbency of light for spinach and mustard leaves in different wavelength
3.5 3 Average absorbency of light

2.5

2 Mustard leaves Spinach leaves

1.5

0.5

0 440 470 490 520 550 580 590 680 Wavelength of the light, nm

Light wavelength (nm) 440 470 490 520 550 580 590 680

Average absorbency of light Spinach Mustard leaves leaves 1.48 1.65 1.54 0.98 1.32 1.20 0.96 0.71 0.78 1.18 0.52 0.46 0.65 0.24 0.39 0.55

Uncertainty of average absorbency of light Spinach leaves 0.40 0.40 0.28 0.52 0.46 0.32 0.24 0.31 Mustard leaves 0.20 0.02 0.18 0.17 0.49 0.08 0.08 0.14

Graph of percentage absorbency of light for mustard leaves and spinach leaves in different wavelength
70 60 50 40 30 Mustard leaves 20 10 0 440 -10 -20 470 490 520 550 580 590 680 Spinach leaves

Percentage absorbency of light, %

Wavelength of light, nm

Light wavelength (nm) 440 470 490 520 550 580 590 680

Percentage absorbency of light (%) Spinach leaves 16.50 17.17 10.93 14.72 13.38 10.70 7.92 8.70 Mustard leaves 29.26 20.92 9.23 8.16 11.52 4.26 6.91 9.75

Uncertainty of percentage absorbency of light (%) Spinach leaves 13.65 13.65 9.56 17.74 15.70 10.92 8.19 10.58 Mustard leaves 14.70 1.47 13.24 12.50 36.03 5.88 5.88 10.29

EVALUATION 1. In this experiment, the different wavelength that had been absorbed by mustard leaves and spinach leaves been tested by calorimeter. The highest percentage absorption shows that the colour had been absorbed while the lowest percentage absorption shows that the colour will been reflected into our eyes. 2. From the graph, the absorption spectrum for both leaves quite similar. The highest percentage absorbence is light wavelength at 440-470nm, while the lowest percentage of absorption is for light wavelength of 580-590nm. 3. The table below will shows the colour of light of each wavelength Light wavelength (nm) Colour of light 400-500 Violet-indigo-blue 500-600 Green 600-700 Yellow-orange 700-750 Red 4. The spinach leaves is green in colour as the green light had been reflected to our eyes while the mustard leaves have some dark red even though most of the mustard color is green on the colour shows that there are some red and green light been reflected. LIMITATION LIMITATIONS Some leaves are not fresh as there was a brown spot on the leaves SUGGESTIONS Fresh healthy leaves should be used prevents it affect the results of measurement of the absorption spectrum as the quality of the leaves may affect the chlorophyll extracted As the concentration of the chlorophyll extract may affect the absorption of light, the leaves should be grinded till it forms a paste, and a consistent colour intensity should be obtained for all extracts. Our eyes must be parallel with the meniscus point to ensure more accurate reading can be obtained. The test tube must immediately be wrapped with aluminium foil to prevent exposure to light.

The concentration of the chlorophyll extract is not constant, as the grinding of the leaves is not consistent.

When reading the measurement on the measuring cylinder, there is parallax error. After transferred into the test tube, the solution is not immediately wrapped with aluminium foil and hence is exposed to light.

CONCLUSION As the calorimeter is a device that is used to measure the absorption percentage of wavelength by a substance; in liquid state, we can see that the spinach and mustard leaves will have a large absorption of red and blue colour. This shows that the two colour had been absorbed by the photosynthetic pigment in leaves such as chlorophyll. Both leaves have most green colour in the leaves. It can be understandable as both leaves have lowest absorption of green colour. As the mustard have a lower absorption of green colour than that of spinach, mustard leaves have show some dark red colour on the leaves. This prove that spinach has a greener color due to the existence of larger volume of chlorophyll than that that is available in the mustard. Hence it imposes a greener colour due to a higher reflection of green colour. to different colours. Hypothesis is accepted.