SKIN RESPONSE METER BASED ON BODY RESISTANCE

B.Tech. MINI Project Report

ANIL KUMAR. M ANUSHA SAI. P MONICA. CH

DEPARTMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)

HYDERABAD 500 090 2010

SKIN RESPONSE METER BASED ON BODY RESISTANCE

Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in BioMedical Engineering by

ANIL KUMAR. M(Roll No. 07241A1103) ANUSHA SAI. P(Roll No. 07241A1105) MONICA. CH (Roll No. 07241A1117)

DEPARTMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)

HYDERABAD 500 090 2010

Department of BioMedical Engineering Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)

Hyderabad 500 090 2010

Certificate
This is to certify that this project report entitled SKIN RESPONSE METER BASED ON BODY RESISTANCE by ANIL KUMAR. M(Roll No. 07241A1103)ANUSHA SAI. P(Roll No. 07241A1105)MONICA. CH(Roll No. 07241A1117)submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in BioMedical Engineering of the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, during the academic year 2010, is a bonafide record of work carried out under our guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Guide) B.Balaji Assistant Professor

(External Examiner)

(Head of Department) T.Padma

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are many people who have helped us directly or indirectly in the successful completion of our project. We would like to take this opportunity to thank one and all.

First of all we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude towards our project Guide Mr Balaji Asst Professor Dept. of BME for always being available whenever we require her guidance as well as for motivating us through out the project work.

We are also grateful to the Mrs T.Padma, (Head of Dept.of BME for her valuable guidance during our project. We would like to express our deep gratitude towards our teaching and non-teaching staff for giving their valuable suggestions and co operations for doing our project.

We are also deeply indebted to Dr. Jandhyala. N. Murthy, Principal, Gokaraju Rangaraju institute of engineering and technology for providing necessary facilities during the execution of this project.

We would like to thank all our friends for their help and constructive criticism during our project period. Finally, we are very much indebted to our parents for their moral support and encouragement to achieve higher goals. We have no words to express our gratitude and still we are very thankful to our parents who have shown us this world and for every support they gave us.

Signature Anusha Sai P (07241A1105)

Signature AnilKumar M (07241A1103)

Signature Monica CH (07241A1117)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Principle 4. Circuit Diagram 5. Components 6. Circuit Description 7. Construction 8. Features of IC 9. Applications 10. Advantages 11. Disadvantages 12. Conclusion 13. Scope 14. References

1. Abstract:
The skin response meter is a valuable tool which indicates the mental state of a person. The main principle of skin response meter is based on body resistance. It is also called as Gripposcope. Human skin offers some resistance to current and voltage. This resistance changes the state of the body. Mainly they are of 2 states 1. Normal state 2. Stressed state These states are normally indicated by LEDs in the circuit. The leds used are of 2 colors, which has their own prominence. Green led : It indicates the power transmission through the circuit. Red led : It indicates the stress levels of the person.

Actually depending upon the grip of the person the body resistance changes and thus led changes their levels. This circuit is useful to monitor the skin response to the relaxation techniques. It is very sensitive and shows the response during a sudden moment of stress. Even a deep sigh will give response in the circuit. This device is ideal to sense small currents in low input current applications. Thus from this relaxation technique we can observe how much our body is stressed or relaxed.

Skin Response Meter based on body resistance:

2. Introduction:
I. The title means what it says! All muscles are not created equally strong and the conditions that

stretch them vary from person to person.

II. There is really no need of a fight to exhibit your muscular strength. If you feel like rising up the

states, do it with the gripposcope. It makes no doubt in judging your muscular strength. It may drive you to the lift as quick as your thought
III. This testing device isn't for those who can be too touchy! Even a habitual liar will be taken a

back by the detective operations of the gripposcope. It can also be used for moisture level monitoring or simply for conjuring tricks.
IV. It is remarkably simple and portable (pocket-size) device. There are ten LED in an array and

one of them will be lit showing its eagerness to fight with you.
V. As this project is named as SKIN RESPONSE METER, We eventually need to know about the

basics of both skin and body resistances.

2.1

Skin:

The skin is an organ that forms a protective barrier against germs (and other organisms) and keeps the inside of your body inside your body, and keeps what's outside of your body outside. Skin also helps maintain a constant body temperature. Human skin is only about 0.07 inches (2 mm) thick. Skin is made up of two layers that cover a third fatty layer. The outer layer is called the epidermis; it is a tough protective layer that contains melanin (which protects against the rays of the sun and gives the skin its color). The second layer (located under the epidermis) is called the dermis; it contains nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles. Under these two skin layers is a fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue (the word subcutaneous means "under the skin"). On average, an adult has from 18-20 square feet (about 2 square meters) of skin, which weighs about 6 pounds (2.7 kg).

2.2

Resistance of Skin:

Measurements and research from various sources tell us that - 1mA is the sensibility threshold. - 5mA to 10mA hurts. - 40mA causes heart disturbance. - 60mA to 100mA is lethal.

These are reactions of a healthy human body. Much lower currents could be lethal for persons with heart malfunctions, pacemakers or other implanted electronic devices. The resistance of human skin is highly variable depending on several different variables, but the two main variables are whether the skin is clean or dirty. Clean skin often has a resistance of about 500 ohms. Dirty skin can have electrical resistances of up to several million ohms.

3. Principle:
The skin response meter mainly works on the principle of resistance of body. it also depends on the grip of the patient i.e., if the person is stressed, the body resistance decreases, which in turn makes leds to glow. Thus by difference in the resistance of the skin this equipment works and indicates us by glowing up of leds (green, red).

4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Components:
Resistors: R1 - 1k R2 - 1.2k Vr1 - 220k Vr2 1 M

Semi conductors: IC1 LM3914 D1 green LED D2-D10 red LED

Capacitor:

C1 1uf

A pair of touch pads Battery: 3V Circuit board.

6.

Circuit Description:
I. The schematic diagram of the gripposcope contains 10 comparators and a linear resistor network. II. It may seem a bitter pill for electronic enthusiasts to wire up 10 op amp comparators and a maze of resistors and LED s. But, long back readymade single - chip devices were made available by electronic part masters, National Semiconductors. III. The eldest of the integrated device, LM 3914, has 11 op-amp block and associated network in a single 18-lead molded chip packed like sardines, (That is nothing. There are more acute cases than this. No less in the other members like 3945 and 3916). IV. Nevertheless, they have extremely low power consumption and a working voltage well below three volts!

6.1 LM 3914:

LM 3914, a monolithic integrated circuit, contains an adjustable reference and a precise 10-step voltage divider network. A very high input impedance buffer op-amp is placed at the input of the IC, which is protected against reverse and over-voltage signals. The current consumption is

restricted around 10 mA, even when the LED is lit. A prolonged battery life is guaranteed by setting the device in its dot mode of operation.

6.2

LEDs:

I. The high impedance buffer op-amp ( A1 ) is a voltage follower or a unity gain noninverting amplifier. The output of this stage is an exact reproduction of the input voltage. The common mode voltage is definite problem in majority of the voltage followers. II. One of the methods to rectify this is to use a resistor from the non-inverting input to ground. This resistance provides a path for the input bias current. However, this resistance sees the input impedance of the op-amp. Depending upon the magnitude of resistance across the non-inverting input and the ground ( RB ), a proportional offset voltage is developed across the resistance.

III. This vulnerability of voltage follower is mercilessly exploited in the gripposcope. The resistance of the body acts across the positive input and ground, which changes to a certain extent, depending on the grip on the leads. In absence of body resistance, which is generally less than 500 K between two palms of a normal person at ordinary environmental condition the offset the buffer amplifier will be the maximum. IV. Any other two fixed points on one body can also act as resistor RB. But this resistance changes drastically if the person is frightened or agitated due to the accompanying change in his or her skin moisture level. This forms the basis of the basis of the lie detector. V. The output voltage of the buffer amplifier is directly connected to the inverting inputs of the comparators. A chain of 1k linear resistors and potentiometer VR1 set the step linearity. Potentiometer VR2 also helps in setting the range of the display. In the absence of body resistance RB across the points X & Y, the offset voltage is maximum. Hence by adjusting VR1 the LED D10 can be made to glow.

6.3 Capacitor:
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternate current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes

6.4

Resistors:

Any resistance other than the open resistance across points X & Y will bring the offset voltage down, which in turn makes the lower order LED s to glow. The position of the glowing LED changes proportionally with the changes in resistance across points X & Y. The sensitivity & the range of deviation can be potentiometer VR1 & VR2 and by resistor R1

6.5

Diode:
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage.

6.6 Battery:
An electrical battery is a combination of two or more electrochemical cells used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. A common dry cell battery is the zinc-carbon battery, using a cell sometimes called the dry Leclanche cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same nominal voltage as the alkaline battery

7.

Construction:

I. Construction of the gripposcope is very straightforward as it requires only a few components. As far as possible, use a glass epoxy PCB, which offers comparatively high resistance between the pin connections. A soap box size enclosure will do. II. Two highly insulated wires, such as multimeter probes, can not act as sensors Special vacuum suction type probes are ideal for lie detector type applications. The area of contact between the probes and skin plays an important role in varying the resistance between them. III. The contact resistance of switch S1 should be as small as possible. An important point to keep in mind is that loose & untidy connections may play havoc with the device. IV. After making connections, adjust VR1 in such a way that only D10 is lit. Then adjust VR2 by keeping the probe ends in close contact until LED D1 is lit. A suitable resistor R1 should be connected (1K in prototype) at pin 4. If the step linearity is satisfactory with VR1 itself, R1 can be replaced by a simple wire. Now the instrument is ready to use. V. For obvious reasons a mains derived power supply is not used for the circuit. Operational voltage is derived from two 1.5 volt batteries. The operation of the device becomes critical if the supply voltage falls below 2.25 volts approximately. VI. Resistor R2 controls the current through each LED. A 1.2 K resistor sets the current to around 1mA through the LED. The power set by the device is well below 40 mW in all the positions.

8. Features of IC:
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. Drives LED s, LCD s or vacuum fluorescents Bar or dot display mode externally selectable by user Expandable to displays of 100 steps Internal voltage reference from 1.2V to 12V Operates with single supply of less than 3V Inputs operate down to ground Output current programmable from 2 mA to 30 mA No multiplex switching or interaction between outputs Input withstands 35V without damage or false outputs LED driver outputs are current regulated, open-collectors Outputs can interface with TTL or CMOS logic The internal 10-step divider is floating and can be referenced to a wide range of voltages.

Pin Diagram of IC, LM 3914:

9. Applications:
It is used, 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) For measuring the electrical resistance of the skin As Lie Detector As Stress level indicator For athletes To know the mental state of the person In the diagnosis of excessive sweating (hyperhydorses)

10. Advantages:

I. Sense even smaller currents (10pA) II. Portable III. Low cost IV. Handy V. Low power consumption VI. Accurate

11.

Disadvantages:

I. Exceeding Temperature. II. Fatigue III. Attention IV. Predictability

12. Conclusion:
Thus by following the property of resistance, the skin response meter checks out the stress levels of the patient or subject.

14. Scope:
Skin response meter using body resistance is a model to determine the stress of a person or a subject. This model can be further developed to design equipments without any errors. It can be used widely in medical fields, forensic departments and in other applications at lower cost.

14. References:
Books referred to: 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits, by T.f.bogart, J.S.beasley, G.Raco. 2. Engineering Circuit Analysis, by William Hayt, Jack E Kemmerly, and Mc Graw Hill. 3. Operational Amplifier and Linear Integrated Circuits, by R.F.Coughlin and Fredrick, F.Driscoll. 4. IEEE papers referred to myieee.org