AGENT Procaine 05- 1 % (Novocain) Chloroprocaine 2-3 % (Nesacain) Tetracain 0.1-0.5 % (Pontocain) Lidocaine 1-5% (Xylocaine) Mepivacaine 1.

5 (Carbocaine) Bupivacaine 0.25-0.75 (Marcainesensorcaine) Etidocaine 0.5-1.5 Duranest Prilocaine Ropivacaine 0.75 (Naropin)

ONSET Rapid Rapid Slow Rapid Moderate Slow Rapid Moderate

There are several types of regional anesthesia: Local- Loss of pain is produced by directly injecting local anesthetics into the area to be treated. Spinal, Epidural and Caudal- Involve an injection of a local anesthetic into the lower back between the vertebrae. These anesthetics are commonly used in obstetrics and surgical procedures of the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities. Nerve blocks- involve the administration of the anesthetic agents in the area of a single group of nerves to numb the extremities our other parts of the body. Intravenous block- involves the injection of a local anesthetic into the veins of an extremity; e.g., hand or forearm for carpal tunnel surgery.
B. Regional Anesthesia - is the temporary interruption of the transmission of nerve impulses to and from a specific area or region of the body. The client loss sensation in an area of the body but remains conscious. Several techniques are used: Topical (surface) Anesthesia Is applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes, open skin surfaces, wounds, and burns. The most common used topical agents are lidocaine (Xylocaine) and benzocaine. Topical anesthetics are readily absorbed and act rapidly. (Infiltration)is injected into a specific area and is used for minor surgical procedures such as suturing a small wound or performng a biopsy. Lidocaine or tetracaine 0.1% may be used. Is a technique in which the anesthetic agent is injected into and around a nerve or small nerve group that supplies sensation to a small area of the body. Major blocks involve multiple nerves or a plexus (e.g. the brachial plexus anesthetizes the arm); minor blocks involve a single nerve (e.g. a facial nerve) Is used most often for procedures involving the arm, wrist and hand. An occlusion tourniquet is applied to the extremity to prevent infiltration and absorption of the injected intravenous agent beyond the involved extremity. It requires a lumbar puncture through one of the interspaces between lumbar disc 2 (L2) and the sacrum (S1). An anesthetic agent is injected into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord. Categorized into Low Spinals (saddle or caudal blocks) are primarily used for surgeries involving the perineal or rectal areas. Mild Spinals (below the level of the umbilicus T10) can be used for hernia repairs or appendectomies. High Spinals (reaching the nipple line T4) can be used for surgeries such as cesarean sections. Is an injection of an anesthetic agent into the epidural space, the area inside the spinal column but outside the dura mater.

Local Anesthesia

Nerve Block

Intravenous block (Bier block)

Spinal anesthesia (Subarachnoid block)

Epidural (peridural) anesthesia