Chapter 2 2.1.

If a baseball pitcher throws a fastball at a horizontal speed of 160 km/h, how long does it take to reach home plate 18.4 m away. 2.2 A world speed record for bicycles was set in 1992 by Chris Huber riding Chee tah, a high-tech bicycle built by three mechanical engineering graduates. The re cord (average)speed was 110.6 km/h through a measured lenght of 200.0 m on a des ert road. What was Huber s elapsed time through the 200.0 m? 2.7 The position of an abject moving in a straight line is given by , where x i s in meters and t in seconds (a). What is the position of the object at t=1,2,3, and 4s? (b) What is the object s displacement between t = 0 and t = 4s. (c) What is the average velocity for the time interval from t=2 s to t = 4s? (d) Graph x vs t for and indicate how the answer for c can be found from the graph. (a) We plug in to calculate positions. (b) We can calculate the displacement from the positions. (c) We calculate the average velocity using the displacements and time interval. (d) A graph of x vs t.. The average velocity can be computed by connecting x(4) and x(2) with a straight line and computing the slope.

2.11 (a) If a particle s position is given by (where t is in seconds and x is in m eters), what is its velocity at t=1 s? (b) Is it moving toward increasing or dec reasing x just then? (c) What is its speed just then? (d) Is the speed larger or smaller at later times? (Try answering the next two question without further ca lculation.) (e) Is there ever an instant when the velocity is zero? (f) Is there a time after t=3s when the particle is moving toward decreasing x? To proceed, we begin by taking the derivative to find v. a. b. c. d. e. f. . At 1s, Direction is negative--toward the left and more negative since . Speed is Speed gets smaller (zero at t=2) and then larger. Speed is zero at t=2s. After t=3s, the velocity is always positive.

2.13. How Far does the runner whose velocity-time graph is show in Fig 2-18 trav el in 16s. The distance traveled is the integral of velocity over the time interval of inte rest. Since the integral is only the area under a curve, for this problem, we si mply determine the area under the curve using geometry.

2.16. A frightened ostrich moves in a straight line with velocity described by t

he velocity time graph of Fig. 2-19. Sketch acceleration versus time. The acceleration verses time is a graph of the slope of the figure given.

2.19 A proton moves along the xaxis according to the equation where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Calculate (a) the average velocity of the proton during the first 3.0 s of its motion, (b) the instantaneous velocity of the proton at t = 3s and (c) the instantaneous acceleration of the proton at t = 3.0 s. (d) Graph x verse t and indicate how the answer to (a) can be obtaine d from the plot. (e) indicate the anser to (b) on the graph. (f) Plot v versus t and indicate on it the answer to (c) (a). To compute the average velocity over the interval 0s, to 3s, we first need to compute positions and the displacement. (b) To compute the instantaneous velocity, we take the derivative of the positio n and evaluate. (c) To compute the instantaneous acceleration, we take the derivative of the vel ocity and evaluate. (d) The average velocity over the interval 0 to 3 s is the slope of a straight line that connects x(3) and x(0). The instantaneous velocity is the slope of a tangen t line at x(3). The acceleration is the slope of the velocity versus time graph. 2.25 An electron has a constant acceleration of . At a certain instant its velo city is +9.6m/s. What is its velocity 2.5 s earlier and (b) 2.5s later? Take the time to be zero when the velocity is 9.6 m/s. a. At t=-2.5s, b. At t=+2.5s, .

2.26 The speed of a bullet is measured to be 640 m/s as the bullet emerges from a barrel of length 1.20m. Assuming constant acceleration, find the time that the bulet spends in the barrel after it is fired. First we will find the acceleration that the bullet experiences. We will then us e this acceleration to determine the time.

At the instant the traffic light turns gren, an automobile starts with a constan t acceleration a of 2.2 m/s2. At the same instant, a truck travelling with a con stant speed of 9.5 m/s overtakes and passes the automobile. (a) How far belyond

the ttrafvfic signal will the automobile overtake the truck? (b) How fast will t he car be travelling at that instant?

Now that we know the time, find the distance and the car s velocity. 2.40 Raindrops fall to Earth from a cloud 1700m above the Earth s surface. If they w ere not slowed by air resistance, how fast would the drops be moving when they s truck the ground? Would it be safe to walk outside during a rainstorm? It would not be safe!!!!

2.43(a) With what speed must a ball be thrown vertically from ground level to ri se to a maximum height of 50m. (b) How long will it be in the air. Sketch y, v, a, vs t. (a). We compute the initial velocity first.

(b) Now that we know initial velocity, we can find the time to reach the highest point. The path is symmetric, so the entire time of flight is 6.38s.

2.48 A rock is dropped (from rest) from the top of a 60 m tall building. How far above the ground is the rock 1.2 s before it reaches the ground?

First we compute the time to fall. This will allow us to find the time that is 1 .2 seconds before landing.

Now we can compute the position at 1.2s before this--or at 2.3s.

2.59 A hot-air balloon is ascending at the rate of 12m/s and is 80m above the gr ound when a package is dropped over the side. (a) How long does the package take to reach the ground? With what speed does it hit the ground? (a) We determine the time (choose the positive time). Now that we know the time, find the speed