ComputerIntegratedManufacturing
Fall201213 CADdataExchangeformat
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Prof.E.RAJKUMAR
Prof.E.Raj kumar, Design Division, SMBS
ContinuousAcquisitionandLifecyclesupport(CALS):
No discussion of data exchange take place without a discussion of CALS because of its dramatic impact on the product data environment. CALS seeks to integrate systems development production and life cycle support by exchanging digital information within companies, between companies, with customers, and within government. CALS is a strategy to accelerate the transition from conventional product development methods into highly automated, integrated mode of operation. CALS strategy includes: 1. Todevelopstandardsforthedatastorageandexchange. 2. Toautomatesystemstostore,manageanddistributethisinformationto manyandvariedusersacrossanenterprise. Originally CALS was the acronym for Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics. The original CALS was developed by US Department of Defense (DOD).
IGES
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In 1979 the US air force ICAM project brought together resources from General Electric, Boing and the National Institute of standards and Technology (NIST) , to develop a neutral data exchange file format. The result of their cooperation was called the Initial Graphics Exchange specification(IGES).IGES version 1.0 was released in early 1980 and became a American National standard in 1981.
EDIF
A second parallel effort for neural data exchange for electronic design was initiated in the early 1980s. Guided by six electronic design companies (Daisy systems, mentor Graphics, Motorola, National semiconductor, Tektronix and Texas instruments. This activity was an attempt to standardize on the format for integrated circuit design. The first release of Electronic Data Interchange Format (EDIF) was published in May 1984. This format becomes an American National standard of the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
CAD Data Exchange format: The German and French Data Formats:
The VDA (Verbander Der Automobil) format was created by the German Automobile industry and is concerned with the use of high order polynomials to model complex curves and surfaces. The SET ( Standard dEchange et Transfer) format was developed on the initiative of the French aerospace industry from 1983 onwards.
Drawing
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General Note
ProductDataManagement
Product Design Product Design (CAD) Engineering and Analysis (CAE)
CADdataisusedthroughout theorganization
Marketing Customer Requirements
Neutral I/F Product Information Management Neutral I/F Manufacturing Engineering Process Planning Manufacturing Databases
Product Databases
Procurement
TheSupplyChain
Suppliers
Customers
TheVirtualEnterprise
Mostproductsrequirethecoordinatedeffortofa largenumberofcompaniesinthesupplychain Thesupplychaincanbethoughtofasavirtual enterprise Productdataandotherinformationmustbeshared betweentheparticipatingcompanies
VirtualEnterprise
Virtual Enterprise
Customers Suppliers
TypicalSituation
Majorsupplier usesIDEAS Partneruses Unigraphics
Majorcompany usesCATIA
Smallsupplier usesAutoCAD
Smallsupplier usesSolidEdge
TheProblem
EveryCADsystemusesitsownproprietarydata format Designdatamustbeconvertedfromoneformatto theother
DirectTranslationbetweenCAD Systems
IDEAS Unigraphics
CATIA
Pro/Engineer
DataExchangeStandards
Toaddresstheproblem,manystandardsforCAD dataexchangehavebeendeveloped CADsystemscanimportandexporttomanyofthese standardformats
EvolutionofDataStandards
Interfaces CAD/CAD CAD/CAM IGES PDES PDDI SET VDA/FS CAD*I CIM-OSA EDIF AFNOR (France) DIN (Germany) ESPRIT (EEC) ESPRIT (EEC) USA Electronics Industry ??? STEP ( A full data model) ANSI (USA) Product Data Structure Standardization Organization National & European International ISO
CurrentSituation
TranslationusingIGESisunreliable geometryiscorrupted muchcleanuprequiredaftertranslation TranslationusingSTEPisnotwidespread STEPtranslatorsonlyrecentlyavailable Existingtranslatorsloseinformation parametricandconstraints featuresandhistorytrees
ShorttermSolutions
Toavoiddatatranslationproblems,manycompanieshave standardizedonasingleCADsystem Ford allsuppliersmustuseIDEAS Chrysler allsuppliersmustuseCATIA GeneralMotors allsuppliersmustuseUnigraphics
NewProblemforSuppliers
Todealwithallthreeautomakers,youmust supportIDEAS,UnigraphicsandCATIA! Forsmallcompanies,thisisverydifficult
ABetterSolution
Abettersolutionisdevelopmentofreliable dataexchangestandards,usinganeutral interface
NeutralInterface
CAD 1
CAD 2
CAE 1
CAE 2
Neutral Interface
CAPP
PP&C
CAM
CAQ
RequirementsofanInterface
Theinterfacemustbecapableofhandlingallmanufacturing data Thereshouldbenoinformationloss(maintainthesemantics duringconversion) Thesystemmustbeefficienttobecapableofhandlingthe realtimerequirementsofmanufacturing Thesystemshouldbeopenendedtopermitextensionsor contractions
Continued
Thesystemshouldbeadaptabletootherstandards Thesystemmustbeindependentofthecomputerand architectureused Itmustbepossibletoformapplicationorientedsubsetsof thestandardtoreducecosts Theinterfacemustbeupwardanddownwardcompatibleina hierarchicalcontrolstructure. Testproceduresmustbeprovidedtoverifyeffectively.
InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecification(IGES)
ProblemswithIGES
Manyincompatibleflavours Unreliabletranslation,particularlyforcomplex geometry Noformalinformationmodellingbasis Insufficientsupportforconformancetesting
STEP
(Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data) Uses a formal model for data exchange Information is modelled using the EXPRESS language EXPRESS has elements of Pascal, C, and other languages It contains constructs for defining data types and structures, but not for processing data EXPRESS describes geometry and other information in a standard, unambiguous way
STEPArchitecture
Conformancetesting &testsuites Layer3:Applicationprotocols
Layer2:Resourceinformationmodels
Layer1:Implementationmethods (EXPRESS)
Physicalfiles
ClassesofSTEPParts
Introductory Descriptionmethods Implementationmethods Conformancetestingmethodologyandframework Integratedresources Applicationprotocols Abstracttestsuites Applicationinterpretedconstructs
StatusofSTEP
STEPhasbeenunderdevelopmentformany years,andwillcontinueformanymore OveradozenSTEPpartshavebeenapproved asinternationalstandards Manyothersareunderdevelopment
OtherStandards
Standardsfortechnicaldocuments Standardsforimages InternetandWebstandards
ContinuousAcquisitionandLife cycleSupport(CALS)
DevelopedbyUSDepartmentofDefense Prescribesformatsforstorageandexchangeoftechnicaldata Technicalpublicationsanimportantfocus
ImportantCALSStandards
StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage(SGML) documentdescriptionlanguage separatescontentfromstructure(formatting) usestagstodefineheadings,sections,chapters,etc. HTMLisbasedonSGML ComputerGraphicsMetafile(CGM) vectorfileformatforillustrationsanddrawings IGES alsousedforillustrations
CommonFormatsforBitmap Images
Standards
JointPhotographicExpertGroup(JPEG)
Proprietary
GraphicsInterchangeFormat(GIF) Windowsbitmapformat(BMP) Zsoftfileformat(PCX) TaggedImageFileFormat(TIFF/TIF) Targafileformat(TGA)
WebandInternetStandards
HypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML)
usedtodescribewebpages basedonSGML
VirtualRealityModellingLanguage(VRML)
standardfordescriptionof3Dinteractive environmentsandworlds downloadedanddisplayedinawebbrowser wellsuitedtosharingofCADdata
OtherCADFileFormats
DXF
defactostandardpublishedbyAutoDesk (AutoCAD)
STL
3DfileformatusedasinputforStereolithography
SAT
solidmodelfileformatusedbyACISbasedCAD systems