Code No: RR411812 Set No.

1
IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. Discuss the history of X-radiations. Describe the methods for X-ray production.
[16]
2. Derive simplified expressions for F2 for the Wurtzite form of ZnS, including the
rules governing observed reflections. This crystal is hexagonal and contains 2 ZnS
per unit cell, located in the following positions: [16]

Zn : 0 0 0 1/3 2/3 1/2

S: 0 0 3/8 1/3 2/3 7/8

3. Explain the following:

(a) Measurement of X-ray intensity [6]
(b) Stereographic projection [5]
(c) Resolving power of a Camera. [5]
4. (a) How does Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern look? [4]
(b) Where is Debye-Scherrer method useful? [6]
(c) Explain how a powder camera is superior to a Diffractometer with examples.
[6]
5. (a) Explain the working of Back reflection Cameras. [7]
(b) For a Debye pattern made in a 4.63 Cm diameter Camera with CuKα radia-
tion. Calculate the separation of the components of the Kα doublet in degrees
and in Centimeters for θ = 50 , 300 , 550 and 800 . [9]
6. Write notes on the following:
(a) Crystal quality [6]
(b) Particle size [5]
(c) Grain size. [5]
7. With an example discuss the structure determination in detail. [16]
8. A uniaxial Tensile stress of 100 Ksi is being measured in Iron by reflecting X-rays
from (211) planes at Ψ = 0 and 450 . Take the lattice parameter ‘a’ of the stress
free Iron to be 2.8665A0 , E = 30X106 Psi and v = 0.29.
Calculate d0 , dn and di to five significant figures. [16]

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Code No: RR411812 Set No. 2
IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain with a neat sketch, the order of reflection. [7]

(b) The atomic radius of Molybdenum atom is 0.1363 nm. Compute the inter-
atomic spacing for (111) set of planes in the molybdenum crystal. The crystal
structure of molybdenum is bcc. What is the interplanar spacing for (220) set
of planes? [9]

2. (a) For BCC Iron, compute (i) the interplanar spacing (ii) the diffracting angle for
the (220) set of planes. The lattice parameter of Iron is 0.2889 nm. Assume
that a monochromatic radiation having a wavelength of 0.1541 nm is used and
the order of reflection is done.
(b) (i) Calculate the interplanar spacing for (110) and (221) sets of planes in
Aluminum (ii) When a monochromatic X-ray beam of X-rays of wavelength
0.1542 nm is used, the first order reflection from (113) set of planes occurs at
θ . What is the value of θ ? [8+8]

3. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Multiplicity factor

(b) Lorentz factor. [8+8]

4. (a) Describe how powder photograph is taken?

(b) Describe how powder pattern of Cubic crystals can be analyzed. [8+8]

5. Given a square piece of X-ray film 10 Cm X 10 Cm radiation of λ =0.152 nm and

powdered NaCl with a lattice parameter 0.563 nm, devise a diffraction experiment
in such a fashion that the rays from (111) planes produce a circle of diameter 0.1m.
[16]

6. What is the principle involved in Diffractometre method (The texture of Sheet).

With neat sketch explain the working of Diffractometre method. [16]

7. What is the basic principle involved in crystal structure determination? Explain

various steps involved in determination of unknown structures. [16]

8. Compare and Contrast Coherent and Incoherent radiation. [16]

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Code No: RR411812 Set No. 3
IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is the frequency (per second) and energy per quantum (in joules) of
x-ray beams of wavelength 0.71A0 (Mo Kα ) and 1.54A0 (Cu Kα )? [7]
(b) Calculate the velocity and kinetic energy with which the electrons strike the
target of an X-ray tube operating at a voltage ‘V’. Determine the short-
wavelength limit of the continuous spectrum emitted and the maximum energy
per quantum of radiation? [9]

2. (a) Mention various defects that occur in Crystal. Write in brief on each of them.
(b) Nickel shows the diffraction maximum at 2θ = 101.5020 . The wavelength of
X-rays is equal to 1.541A0 . Calculate the lattice parameter of Nickel cell if
the above reflection corresponds to (310) plane (n =1). [8+8]

3. (a) Explain in detail the scattering of X-rays by an atom. [7]

(b) What is structure factor? Derive an expression for the structure factor. Cal-
culate the structure factor for NaCl. [9]

4. (a) How do you distinguish between BCC and FCC structures from powder pat-
tern.
(b) Write a note on Rotating crystal method. [8+8]

5. What is the principle involved in X-ray spectrometer? With neat sketch, Explain
the construction and working of X-ray spectrometer. [16]

6. Write notes on the following:

(a) Crystal quality [6]

(b) Particle size [5]
(c) Grain size. [5]

7. If the same (hkl) reflection from a given material is examined in a diffractometre

with successively different wavelengths, how does the penetration depth x vary
with λ ? Explain. (Assume the Wavelengths used lie on the same branch of the
absorption curve of the material). [16]

8. Compare and Contrast Coherent and Incoherent radiation. [16]

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Code No: RR411812 Set No. 4
IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. With a neat sketch, describing the parts of X-ray tube, design a method for X-ray
production. [16]
2. (a) Write a note on Diffraction Directions.
(b) Derive an expression for the absorption factor of a diffractiometer specimen in
the form of a flat plate of finite thickness ‘t’. (Note that the absorption factor
now depends on θ). [8+8]
3. What are the experimental methods of X-ray diffraction? Explain each of them in
brief. [16]
4. Debye Scherrer pattern of Molybdinum (BCC) is made with Cu Kα radiation. The
first four lines on this pattern were observed to have the following Θ values. [16]

Line Θ
1 30.30
2 19.20
3 46.70
4 53.60

Index these lines and calculate their relative integrated intensities.

5. (a) What are back reflection Focussing Cameras? What is the principle involved
in it? Draw a neat sketch.
(b) Explain the reasons for Background radiation in Powder Camera method.
[8+8]
6. A Transmission Laue photograph is made of an Aluminum crystal with a crystal
to film distance of 5 Cm. When viewed from the X-ray source, the Laue spots have
the following x, y coordinates, measured (in Inches) from the center to the film. [16]

X Y
+1.39 +1.10
+0.89 -1.62
+1.02 -0.95
-1.95 +0.80
-0.21 -0.58

Plot these spots on a sheet of graph paper. By means of a Greninger chart, de-
termine the orientation of the crystal, plot all poles of the form {100}, {110} and

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Code No: RR411812 Set No. 4
{111} , and give the coordinates of the {100} poles in terms of latitude and longi-
tude measured from the center of the projection.

7. Explain the following:

(a) Chemical analysis by parameter measurement [5]

(b) Techniques used in stress measurement [5]
(c) What are the errors that can be occurred and how they are classified in the
precise parameter measurements? [6]

8. Compare and Contrast Coherent and Incoherent radiation. [16]

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