Numera

y for Nurses
Samuel Hambleton

Numera y for Nurses

Samuel Hambleton, 2012
Copyright
First published 2012
Published by Samuel Hambleton
Email: samuel.hambletonuq onne t.edu.au
URL: https://sites.google. om/site/samuelhambleton/
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under opyright reserved above, no part
of this publi ation may be reprodu ed, stored in or introdu ed into a database and retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or any means (ele troni , me hani al, photo opying, re ording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the owner of opyright. Students of
numera y may print one opy for personal use.
Dedi ated to Charna Spooner.

ii

Contents

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Fra tions and ratios

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Introdu tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Converting between improper and mixed fra tions . . .
Simplifying fra tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Addition and subtra tion of fra tions . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Addition and subtra tion of mixed fra tions . .
1.5 Multipli ation and division of fra tions . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Multipli ation and division of of mixed fra tions
1.6 Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Exer ises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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De imals and per entages

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

Introdu tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Addition and subtra tion of de imals . . .
Multipli ation of de imals . . . . . . . . .
Converting between de imals and fra tions
Rounding and de imal pla es . . . . . . .
Exer ises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introdu tion . . . . . .
The metri system . .
Prin iples of onversion
Exer ises . . . . . . . .

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1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
9

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Conversion of units of measurement

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

iv
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10
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10
13

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13
13
14
16

Numera y Test One

19

Numera y Test Two

25

Solutions to exer ises

31

6.1 Solutions to exer ises on fra tions and ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

iii

List of Tables

3.1 Metri Prexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 SI units and other units used in the metri system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

iv

List of Figures

Chapter 1

Fra tions and ratios

1.1

Introdu tion

Fra tions show information about parts of a whole. Anyone who has ever onsumed pizza or
observed someone preparing pizza knows that it is most onvenient to partition the pizza into
either 4, 6, or 8 sli es. Rosemary is absolutely starving and anti ipates devouring an entire large
pizza, whi h has 8 slides, but after her 6th sli e, she an stoma h no more. Thus Rosemary
has onsumed a proportion of a whole large pizza. The fra tion 68 represents that quantity
Rosemary onsumed. If Rosemary had initially divided the pizza into 4 equal parts, assuming
this had no ee t on her appetite, we might predi t that she would have eaten 3 sli es. One
may easily dedu e this by observing that 68 = 34 .
Fra tion have a vin ulum, numerator, and denominator, respe tively the horizontal bar, the
number above the horizontal bar, and the the number below the bar. The fra tions 68 and
3
are equal and are known as proper fra tions, meaning that the numerator is less than the
4
denominator. A fra tion is said to be an improper fra tion if the numerator is greater than the
denominator. For example, 98 is an improper fra tion. If we had 9 sli es of a type of pizza in
whi h a whole pizza was partitioned into 8 sli es, then we would possess more than a whole
pizza! In fa t, we would have 1 pizza and one eighth of a pizza. This may be represented as 1 18 ,
an example of a mixed fra tion. These are denoted with whole numbers next to proper fra tions,
indi ating that the whole number is to be added to the proper fra tion. Thus 1 18 = 1 + 18 , and
of ourse this is equal to 98 .
1.2

Converting between improper and mixed fra tions

When a fra tion quantity is greater than 1, it is often onvenient to represent the fra tion as
either an improper or mixed fra tion. Assume that a bc is a mixed fra tion where a, b, c are given
whole numbers. If a > 0, then a bc is a mixed fra tion. If a = 0, then the fra tion is proper or
improper depending on whether or not b < c. Of ourse if b = c, then we have a whole number.
To onvert a bc to an improper fra tion, multiply the denominator c by the whole number a, and
add this to the numerator b. That is a c + b is the numerator of the improper fra tion and c
is the denominator.
b
ac+b
a =
.
c
c

Chapter 1. Fra tions and ratios

Conversely, If we wish to onvert the improper fra tion bc to a mixed fra tion, where b > c,
then we must ompute the whole number part a and the remainder r when b is divided by c.
In this situation,
b
r
=a .
c
c

Nina loves heeseburgers. The heeseburger ashier Dino, being somewhat

of a joker and attra ted to Nina, states that the pri e of a heeseburger is $ 33
. Nina must
20
determine how mu h money she owes Dino for the burger. Performing long division, Nina
omputes that 33 20 is equal to 1, with a remainder of 13. Nina obtains the mixed fra tion
1 13
. If a dollar is divided into 20 parts, these parts are ve ent oins. Nina must hand over $
20
1 and 13 ve ent oins. In other words $ 1 and 65 ents. Equivalently,
Example 1.2.1.

13
13 5
65
13
=1+
=1+
=1+
.
20
20
20 5
100

Dino asks Nina on a date. Nina, desiring to get loser to Dino, agrees to
go to the movies with Dino provided that Dino pays 2 35 of the pri e of the movie ti ket. Dino
works out that

Example 1.2.2.

3
25+3
13
2 =
= ,
5
5
5

and de ides that this is a eptable.

1.3

Simplifying fra tions

If bc is a proper or improper fra tion, and b and c have ommon divisors, then the fra tion bc
many be simplied. If that ommon divisor is d, and we have b = b d and c = c d, then
we simplify bc by an eling d from the numerator and denominator.
b
b d
b
=
= .
c
c d
c
65
In Example 1.2.1 it was ne essary to perform the onverse, representing 13
as 100
. If two proper
20
or improper fra tions are equal, then we may multiply the numerator and denominator of one
of those fra tions by a whole number d, and they will ontinue to be equal. That is,

b
bd
=
.
c
cd

(1.3.1)

55
Simplify the fra tion 187
, and express the fra tion 12
as a fra tion with de13
55
nominator 91. To simplify 187 , it is onvenient to write the numerator and denominator in
their prime fa torisations and apply an ellation.
Example 1.3.1.

55
5 11
5
=
= .
187
11 17
17

1.4 Addition and subtra tion of fra tions

To express 12
as a fra tion with denominator 91, observe that 91 13 = 7 so we must multiply
13
the numerator and denominator by 7.
12 7
84
12
=
= .
13
13 7
91

1.4

Addition and subtra tion of fra tions

Addition of two fra tions requires expressing those fra tions with ommon denominators, or
denominators whi h are equal. If two fra tions bc1 and bc2 have a ommon denominator c, then
addition is performed by adding their numerators, and the denominator of the sum remains
the same.
b1 + b2
b1 b2
+
=
.
c
c
c

If two fra tions do not have ommon denominators, then it is generally easiest to perform
addition by omputing a least ommon multiple, l m, of the two denominators in question,
the least positive whole number su h that both denominator divide that l m. For example
l m(12, 8) = 24 be ause 24 is the least positive number su h that both 8 and 12 divide 24 with
no remainder. If we wish to add bc11 and bc22 , we must ompute d = l m(c1 , c2 ), and then via Eqn.
(1.3.1), express the two fra tions as fra tions with denominators c1 d and c2 d respe tively.

Theorem 1.4.1.

Let = l m(c1 , c2 ) and c1 d1 = = c2 d2 . Then

b1 d1 b2 d2
b1 b2
+
=
+
,
c1 c2
c1 d 1 c2 d 2
b1 d1 b2 d2
=
+
,

b1 d1 + b2 d2
=
.

Add the fra tions 13

and 58 . We have already omputed the least ommon mul12
tiple 24 of 8 and 12. We must rst express the fra tions 13
and 58 as fra tions with denominators
12
equal to 24.
Example 1.4.2.

13
13 2
=
,
12
12 2
5
53
=
.
8
83

Chapter 1. Fra tions and ratios

It follows that
13 5
13 2 5 3
+
=
+
,
12 8
12 2 8 3
26 15
=
+ ,
24 24
26 + 15
=
,
24
41
=
,
24
17
= 1 .
24

Subtra tion of fra tions is identi al to addition of fra tions. One must only be mindful of
subtra tion taking the pla e of addition.
Example 1.4.3.

Subtra t the fra tions

13
12

5
8

. We have

13 5
13 2 5 3

,
12 8
12 2 8 3
26 15
,
=
24 24
26 15
,
=
24
11
=
.
24
1.4.1

Addition and subtra tion of mixed fra tions

There are two ways to add or subtra t the mixed fra tions a1 bc11 and a2 bc22 . One may either onvert
the mixed fra tions to improper fra tions and then add the two improper fra tions a ording
to Theorem 1.4.1, or more simply, one may rst determine a1 + a2 , and then ompute bc11 + bc22 .
The latter hoi e is usually more e ient be ause the numbers involved in the omputations
will be less than those of the former method.
Example 1.4.4.

Compute 1 97 + 3 125 in two ways.

7
5
16 41
1 +3
=
+ ,
9
12
9
12
16 4 41 3
=
+
,
94
12 3
64 123
=
+
,
36
36
187
=
,
36
7
= 5 .
36

1.5 Multipli ation and division of fra tions

On the other hand,

5
7
5
7
1 +3
= 1+ +3+ ,
9
12
9
12
7
5
= 1+3+ + ,
9 12
74
53
= 4+
+
,
9 4 12 3
28 15
= 4+
+ ,
36 36
28 + 15
= 4+
,
36
43
= 4+ ,
36
7
= 4+1+ ,
36
7
= 5 .
36
1.5

Multipli ation and division of fra tions

To multiply two proper or improper fra tions

and denominators.

b2
c2

, we simply multiply the numerators

b1 b2
b1 b2

=
.
c1 c2
c1 c2

(1.5.1)

b1
c1

and

Simpli ation of the produ t of two fra tions is often required after multipli ation is arried
out.
Example 1.5.1.

Compute

44
35

7
11

. We perform this multipli ation as follows.

44
7
44 7

=
,
35 11
35 11
4 7 11
=
,
5 7 11
4
=
.
5

Observe that the numerator and denominator have a ommon fa tor of 77, whi h we are able
to an el.
When divide one fra tion by another, we must invert the fra tion whi h is dividing while
simultaneously repla ing with . That is,
b1 b2
b1 c2
b1 c2

=
.
c1 c2
c1 b2
c1 b2

(1.5.2)

Chapter 1. Fra tions and ratios

Example 1.5.2.

Compute

44
35

7
11

. We perform this division as follows.

7
44 11
44

=
,
35 11
35 7
484
=
.
245

484

and 245 have no ommon fa tors.

1.5.1

Multipli ation and division of of mixed fra tions

When multiplying or dividing with mixed fra tions, it is imperative to rst onvert the fra tions
to improper fra tions prior to multiplying or dividing. Spe i ally,
a1

b1
b2
a1 c1 + b1 a2 c2 + b2
a2
=

,
c1
c2
c1
c2
(a1 c1 + b1 ) (a2 c2 + b2 )
=
,
c1 c2

and
a1

Example 1.5.3.

b1
b2
a1 c1 + b1 a2 c2 + b2
a2
=

,
c1
c2
c1
c2
c2
a1 c1 + b1

,
=
c1
a2 c2 + b2
(a1 c1 + b1 ) c2
=
.
c1 (a2 c2 + b2 )

Simplify 4 25 3 57 and 4 25 3 57 .
2
5
22 26
4 3
=
,
5
7
5
7
22 26
=
,
57
572
=
,
35
12
= 16 .
35

1.6 Ratios

Now we perform the division 4 25 3 57 .

5
22 26
2
=
,
4 3
5
7
5
7
22
7
=
,
5
26
22 7
=
,
5 26
2 7 11
=
,
2 5 13
7 11
=
,
5 13
77
=
,
65
12
= 1 .
65
1.6

Ratios

If Henry has 8 blue marbles and 4 red marbles, then the proportion of marbles whi h are red is
4 : 12, whi h is equal to 1 : 3. On the other hand, the proportion of red marbles to blue marbles
is 4 : 8, whi h is 1 : 2. The key prin iples in determining ratios are to onsider how many obje ts
there are in the spe i sub ategory of obje ts ompared with the total number of obje ts in
the ategory, and then to treat the number of obje ts in the sub ategory as the numerator of a
fra tion with denominator equal to the total number of obje ts in the ategory. Simpli ation
bd
of ratios follows the same rules as simpli ation of fra tions. Observe that cd
= cb and also,
b d : c d is equal to the ratio b : c.

In a lass of nursing students there are 3 males and 27 females. Determine

the proportions of males to females, males to humans in the lass, females to humans in the
lass, and females to males.
Example 1.6.1.

males : f emales = 3 : 27 = 1 : 9.
males : humans = 3 : 30 = 1 : 10.
f emales : humans = 27 : 30 = 9 : 10.
f emale : male = 27 : 3 = 9 : 1.

1.7

Exer ises

1. Convert 4 32 to an improper fra tion.

2. Convert 3 117 to an improper fra tion.

Chapter 1. Fra tions and ratios

3. Convert

14
5

to a mixed fra tion.

4. Convert

99
88

to a mixed fra tion.

5. Convert

11
12

to a mixed fra tion.

6. Compute the least ommon multiple of 26 and 117.

7. Determine

11
26

13
117

8. Simplify

33
24

9. Compute

34
12

76
14

13
21

10. Determine 34 24
.
55
11. Simplify 4 81 + 13 125 .
12. Compute 3 31 49 .
13. Evaluate

12
77

14. Determine

9
10

21
4

45 .

15. Simplify 2 65 1 127 .

16. Determine 1 34 6 21 .
17. Simplify 2 83 4 13 .
18. Compute 6 92 3 36 .
19. Determine 1 132 5 78 .
20. A netball team has 4 redheads. What is the proportion of non-redheads to players in the
teams?
21. Dan has 4 green handbags, 4 bla k handbags, and 6 pink handbags. Determine the
proportion of his handbags whi h are green.
22. Hannah mixes 2 parts of red paint with 6 parts of orange paint to produ e her favourite
hue of orange. How else might Hannah produ e her favourite hue of orange?
23. Renato makes a deli ious lemon drink for his girl by mixing by volume, 1 part lemon jui e,
6 parts water, and 3 parts tartare sau e. What proportion of the drink is not omposed
of lemon jui e?
24. On ladies' night out, Ronda meets 12 brunette gentlemen, 4 blond gentlemen, and 2
gentlemen with bla k hair. What proportion of Ronda's suitors were brunette?

Chapter 2

De imals and per entages

2.1

Introdu tion

De imal numbers provide a onvenient way to ompare the magnitude of real numbers, and
multipli ation of de imal numbers by a power of ten is performed very easily. In order to
ompare the fra tions 49 and 136 , we must nd a ommon denominator of 117, and then write
4
52
54
= 117
and 136 = 117
. This shows that 136 > 94 be ause 54 > 52. On the other hand, we
9
may write 49 = 0.444444 . . . and 136 = 0.461538 . . . , and similarly dedu e that 136 > 49 be ause
0.46 > 0.44. A de imal number is a number whose digits represent that digit multiplied a power
of ten orresponding to the number of de imal pla es that digit is from the de imal point. Let
. . . n3 n2 n1 n0 .m1 m2 . . . be a de imal number, where the m and n represent single digits. Then
. . . n4 n3 n2 n1 .m1 m2 = + n3 103 + n2 102 + n1 101 + n0 + m1 101 + m2 102 + . . .

For example,
3.141596 = 3 +

1
4
1
5
9
6
+
+
+
+
+
.
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

As a mixed fra tion,

3.141596 = 3

141596
.
1000000

It is well known that = 3.14159626 . . . has no representation as an improper fra tion. The
number 3.141596 is just an approximation of .
2.2

Addition and subtra tion of de imals

Addition and subtra tion of de imal numbers is performed as it is for whole numbers. We must
simply keep tra k of the position of the de imal pla e and pad the right of a de imal number
with zeros if ne essary. For example, to add 9.8 and 4.235, and we wish to represent the sum
orre t to 3 de imal pla es, we should express 9.8 as 9.800, and add the numbers as if we were
adding 9800 + 4235 = 14035. Finally, we pla e the de imal point 3 pla es from the end of this
sum. 9.800 + 4.235 = 14.035. To subtra t de imal numbers, we arry out the same routine,
however subtra ting. 9800 4235 = 5565. Therefore 9.800 4.235 = 5.565.
9

10

Chapter 2. De imals and per entages

2.3

Multipli ation of de imals

To multiply two de imal numbers, we perform the same padding with zeros method that we did
for addition. For example, to multiply 9.84.235, we may rst multiply 98004235 = 41503000
and then pla e the de imal point 2 3 = 6 pla es from the end of the whole number produ t.
That is,
9.800 4.235 = 41.503000 = 41.503

2.4

Converting between de imals and fra tions

To onvert a fra tion into a de imal number, one must divide the numerator by the denominator.
For example, in onverting 54 to a de imal number, we ompute 5 4 = 1.25. Conversely, to
onvert a de imal number to a mixed fra tion, we pla e the whole number part of the de imal
number on the left of the mixed fra tion and ount the number of digit pla es the de imal has
to the right of the de imal point and write the number to the left of the de imal pla e as the
numerator of a fra tion with denominator equal to 10q , where q is the number of digit pla es
the de imal has to the right of the de imal point. For example,
5.2367 = 5

2.5

2367
10000

Rounding and de imal pla es

It is frequent that we wish to onsider a number as lose to a simpler de imal number. This
is referred to as rounding. To round a de imal number a to n de imal pla es, we must express
a as a number with pre isely n de imal pla es to the right of the de imal pla e of a. If a has
a digit in the n + 1 th de imal pla e, then if that digit is between 5 and 9, then 1 must be
added to the digit at the n th pla e of a when a is expressed with n de imal pla es. If there are
fewer than n de imal pla es to the right of a, then a must be padded with zeros on the right
until a has n de imal pla es. For example, if 8.87733 is rounded to 1 de imal pla e, then this
is written as 8.9 be ause the digit in the se ond de imal pla e is 7 5 so we must add 1 to the
digit 8. If 8.87733 is rounded to 3 de imal pla es, then we write 8.877. If 8.87733 is rounded
to 8 de imal pla es, then we write 8.87733000.
2.6

Exer ises

1. Add 3.78 + 2.44.

2. Add 5.57 + 5.1.

11

2.6 Exer ises

3. Subtra t 6.11 4.13.

4. Subtra t 12.02 9.98.
5. Simplify 19.42 + 1.25 4.5.
6. Simplify 45.09 33.1 + 12.
7. Multiply 2.3 4.5.
8. Multiply 3.9 5.12.
9. Convert

45
8

to a de imal number.

10. Convert

5
12

to a de imal number.

11. Convert 4.760 to a simplied mixed fra tion.

12. Convert 92.02 to a simplied mixed fra tion.
13. Round 46.099 to two de imal pla es.
14. Round 45.71 to one de imal pla e.
15. Round 4.501 to the nearest whole number.
16. Round 3.91 to ve de imal pla es.

Chapter 3

Conversion of units of measurement

3.1

Introdu tion

Perhaps everyone has onsidered how many se onds there are in a year or how many utils
of happiness a dollar is worth. Corre t onversion of units is important in everyday life but
for nurses it is of riti al importan e to keeping patients alive. Imagine the onsequen es of
administering 500 grams of para etamol rather than 500 milligrams! This hapter tea hes the
prin iples of onversion of units of measurement.
3.2

The metri system

The metri system was designed to have ni e properties whi h fa ilitate onversion between
units of measurement. One example of this is given with volume measurements. A ube with
sides equal to one metre, one ubi metre, may ontain up to 1000 litres of uid. If this ube
is full of pure water, then this quantity of water will weigh 1000 kg, also known as a metri
tonne. The metri system uses prexes to indi ate that a given unit is s aled by a fa tor of
some parti ular power of 10. For example, one kilogram is abbreviated 1 kg, where pla ing a
`k' before the `g' means that this refers 1000 grams. One gigabyte, 1 Gb, refers to one billion
bytes. See Table 3.1.
Table 3.1:

Metri Prexes

prex abbreviated
denition
do nurses use?
tera
T
1012 = 1000000000000
giga
G
109 = 1000000000
mega
M
106 = 1000000
kilo
k
103 = 1000
yes
he to
h
102 = 100
de i
d
101 = 0.1
enti

102 = 0.01
yes
milli
m
103 = 0.001
yes
6
mi ro

10 = 0.000001
yes
nano
n
109 = 0.000000001
13

14

Chapter 3. Conversion of units of measurement

The units of measurement for the metri system are known as SI units, short for International System of Units, reversed sin e it abbreviates this in Fren h. Several examples of
important SI units and some important non-SI units also used in the metri system are ontained in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2:

SI units and other units used in the metri system

unit
abbreviated
measures
do nurses use?
ampere
A
ele tri urrent
andela
d
brightness of light
joules
J
energy
yes
kelvin
K
temperature
kilogram
kg
mass
yes
litre
L
volume
yes
metre
m
length
yes
mole
mol
quantity of gas
yes
se onds
s
time
yes
volts
V
ele tri potential
O asionally we wish to onvert between units whi h are not stri tly part of the metri
system and those whi h are. For example, one oun e is equal to 28.4130625 mL, whi h is equal
to 0.0284130625 L, and one teaspoon is equal to 5 mL. Several examples of su h onversions
will be provided in this hapter also.
3.3

Prin iples of onversion

Suppose a reman is running towards a re at 2.3ms1 , metres per se ond (also mps), and
Tammy wishes to hase this reman in a wheel hair. She is able to set the speed of the
wheel hair in kilometres per hour. Tammy must therefore qui kly onvert 2.3ms1 to kph.
Tammy must re all that 1km = 1000m and 1hr = 60min = 60 60sec. With these onversion
1
1
fa tors in mind, but writing 1m = 1000
km and 1s = 3600
hr , the problem is set out as follows:
1
2.3 1000
km
2.3m
=
,
1
1s
hr
3600
3600 0.0023km
=
,
1hr
8.28km
=
.
1hr

Through substituting and simplifying, Tammy must set her wheel hair at 8.28 kph. One must
rst express the onversion fa tor in a manner in whi h the units that are to be repla ed are

15

3.3 Prin iples of onversion

have a oe ient of 1. For example, Tammy wished to repla e metres with kilometres and thus
1
needed to express the onversion 1km = 1000m as 1m = 1000
km. The next step is substitution.

Roman wants to start a ourse in nursing but de ides to take a gap year in
the United States. After paying for his ight, Roman has $ 13450 AU whi h he will onvert
to U.S. dollars. The ex hange rate at the time of Roman's trip is 1 US = 1.0044 AU. Sin e
Roman has Australian dollars, he must express this onversion in terms of $ 1 AU. That is,
1
US = 0.995619US . Next Roman applies substitution.
1AU = 1.0044
Example 3.3.1.

13450AU = 13450 0.995619US = 13391.08US

Thus Roman expe ts to re eive approximately $ 13391 US.

The term ward sto k refers to the strength of a parti ular medi ine in storage or from a
supplier. To administer medi ations to patients, it is often ne essary to dilute a substan e or
al ulate an appropriate dose.

A large gentleman Darell suering from ne k pain usually requires 1300 mg

of para etamol to relieve the pain. Ward sto k tables are 500 mg. A new nurse Janet must
determine how many tablets she must give to Darell. She writes 1tab = 500mg . Sin e Janet
1
wishes to substitute milligrams for tablets, she expresses the onversion as 1mg = 500
tab and
then substitutes mg.

Example 3.3.2.

1300mg = 1300

1
tab = 2.6tab.
500

Janet must give Darell 2 tablets and 60% of a third tablet.

Patri ia and Katrina de ide to have a girls night at home involving al oholi
beverages. Patri ia only drinks shots of brandy at 38% ethanol while Katrina drinks 300 mL
ups of goon at 12.5% ethanol. If Patri ia has had 6 shots, ea h shot equal to 30 mL, how
many ups of goon must Katrina onsume in order to have had the same quantity of al ohol
as Patri ia? Katrina must rst determine how mu h pure ethanol Patri ia has had. 6 shots is
equal to 6 30 = 180 mL of brandy. This quantity of brandy ontains 0.38 180 = 68.4 mL of
pure ethanol. Let goon denote a volume in mL of goon. The volume of goon required to ontain
68.4 mL of ethanol is 0.125goon = 68.4. Dividing this equation by 0.125, we obtain
Example 3.3.3.

goon =

68.4
= 547.2mL
0.125

Sin e Katrina's up may ontain 300 mL, we write 1cup = 300mL. Expressing this in terms
1
of 1 mL sin e we want to substitute mL, we have 1mL = 300
cup. Substituting,
547.2mL = 547.2

1
cup = 1.824cup
300

16

Chapter 3. Conversion of units of measurement

Katrina must drink 1.824 ups of goon in order to have onsumed the same quantity of al ohol
as Patri ia.
Fionna has been wat hing her weight for ages but after at hing her boyfriend
looking at other girls, she de ides to splash out and eat a deli ious 5539.62 Joule pizza. Regretting onsuming the entire pizza, Fionna de ides to ompute how many Calories she has
had. She nds that 1cal = 0.004184kJ . Fionna knows that 1kJ = 1000J . Therefore 1cal =
0.004184 1000J = 4.184J and so
Example 3.3.4.

1J =

Substituting,
5539.62J =

3.4

1
cal
4.184

5539.62
cal = 1324cal.
4.184

Exer ises

1. How many se onds are there in one mi rohour?

2. Convert 13Mb per se ond to bytes per hour.
3. 350 nanometres equates to how many mi rometers?
4. Convert 650 mg to grams.
5. Determine the rate of uid passing at 10mL per se ond in terms of ubi metres per
minute.
6. 12.4 m is equal to how many km?
7. Compute the sum of 4 mm and 4 m.
8. 47 he tolitres is how many megalitres?
9. 60 mL of a parti ular uid ontains 45 mg of a medi ation dissolved in it. At this
proportion, how many mg of medi ation would 80 mL ontain?
10. An aphrodisia uid weighs 989 kg per ubi metre. How many grams is one litre of
aphrodisia uid?
11. Belanda overs 80 square entimetres of her fa e with `newgoth', a highly ree tive foundation makeup. If 600 mg of newgoth is required to over her fa e and the ontainer
ontains 18 g, how many appli ations an Belanda apply before she runs out?
12. After a drought, the pri e of tomatoes in Queensland is $ 8.75 per kg. How many US
dollars does it ost to buy one pound of Queensland tomatoes? Assume that 1 kg = 2.2
pounds and 1 US = 1.0044 AU.

3.4 Exer ises

17

13. Linda is making mustard pie for her husband Greg. The re ipe alls for 13 tablespoons
of mustard. Having run out at home, Linda rings up Greg to ask him to pi k up a
bottle after work. Greg an only get 300 mL bottles of mustard at the shops. If Linda's
tablespoons are 20 mL, how many bottles should Greg buy?
14. A top model is pres ribed 25 mg of `youngagain' syrup, an age defying syrup medi ation
taken orally. Ward sto k is 4 mg per mL. How many mL should be administered?
15. 30 g of dextrose is to be given to a young hild every 3 minutes. How many milligrams
per se ond is this?
16. Domino applies `mira-grow' 5% a eleran hair restoring ream to his s alp twi e per day.
Sin e Domino was hospitalised, he has to rely on hospital sta to apply the ream however
ward sto k is 12% a eleran and omes in 60 mL tubes. Nurse Yolanda de ides to dilute
the ream with Lanolin and make a new bat h of 50 mL at 5% a eleran. How many mL
of ward sto k should Yolanda use?
17. A large aged- are fa ility overseas expe ts 3 deaths per day on average. If the average
mas of a patient is 75 kg, determine the expe ted rate of death in kg per hour.
18. A nursing student studying for exams wishes to stay awake to study takes 1 L of `Red
bear' energy drink over 8 hr. What is this in mL per hour?
19. A leaner uses poisonous methylated spirits to lean the ben h tops after surgery, a
mixture of ethanol 95% and methyl al ohol 5%, the poisonous part of the mixture. The
leaner wishes to dilute the mixture to 2.5% methyl al ohol with pure ethanol and pla e
the new mixture in a 400 mL bottle. How mu h pure ethanol and how mu h methylated
spirits should go into the bottle?
20. A pres ription drug retails at $ 34.95 per 250 g . How mu h money should one kilogram
of the drug ost?
21. Alf on o ts a ni otine drink omprised of o onut water and rushed ni otine tablets.
Alf usually mixes the drink at 12 mg ni otine per 600 mL. Ward sto k tablets are 2.4 mg.
How many tablets does Alf require to make the drink?
22. A vampire drinks 350 mL of whole blood over a 4 minute period. If she ontinued to
drink at this rate, how many litres of blood would she onsume in one hour?
23. An infusion rate of 1 L of uid over 8 hours is pres ribed. If the drip is set at 22 drops
per mL, determine how many drops per minute this should be.
24. 12 mg of morphine is required for a distressed patient. If ward sto k is 20 mg per 1 mL,
how mu h should be given?

Chapter 4

Numera y Test One

The test is to be ompleted in 30 minutes. Cal ulators are not permitted.
Question 4.0.1.

Unit onversion.

1. 3.35 hours is equal to how many minutes and se onds?

2. 0.95 Litres (L) is equal to how many millilitres (mL)?

3. 2.4 milligrams (mg) is equal to how many grams (g)?

4. 875 mi rolitres L is equal to how many milliltres (mL) ?

5. 0.411 Joules (J) is equal to how many kilojoules (kJ) ?

Question 4.0.2.

Addition and subtra tion of de imal numbers. Simplify the following.

1. 21 + 71.8 + 370.32

2. 23, 990 19, 123

19

20

Chapter 4. Numera y Test One

3. 2.75 + 13 12.33

4. 398 + 1, 000, 703 48

5. 7.443 3.229 + 1.028

Question 4.0.3.

1.

2
3

7
8

2.

4
5

4
15

3.

4
35

147
10

4.

8
75

65
22

5.

33
12

77
60

Question 4.0.4.

1. 5 23

2. 4.8 3.5

Fra tions. Simplify the following, writing answer in simple or mixed fra tions.

Multipli ation of de imal numbers. Simplify the following.

21

3. 9.75 33

4. 0.95 1000

5. 0.8 0.2

Question 4.0.5.

Per entages. Simplify the following.

1. 120% of 850

2. 7.5 hours, as a per entage of a day.

3. A 700 mL bottle of tequila ontains 40% ethanol. How many mL is this?

4. 12% of 45.8

5. 300 as a per entage of 15

Question 4.0.6.

1.

7
8

Fra tions and de imals. Simplify the following.

as a de imal

2. 0.55 as a fra tion

22

Chapter 4. Numera y Test One

3. 2 23 as a de imal

4. 5.2 as a mixed fra tion

5.

29
50

as a de imal

Question 4.0.7.

Rounding.

1. Round 123.666 to one de imal pla e.

2. Round 123.666 to four de imal pla es.

3. Round 3.5 to the nearest whole number.

4. Round 9.896 to two de imal pla es.

5. Round 14.51344 to one de imal pla e.

Mis ellaneous. Write proportions as ratios. For example,

es to the ratio 1 : 5.

Question 4.0.8.

3
15

is 3 : 15 simpli-

1. A new drink alled the `Mary go round' alls for 250 mL of i e old XXXX bitter, and
150 mL of full ream milk. What proportion of a Mary go round is milk?

2. Simplify

144
160

as a ratio.

23

3. Sindy has 745 male friends on Fa epage and 15 female friends. What proportion of her
friends are female?

4. Donald sleeps a Jerry's pla e on Tues. and Thurs. but sleeps at Larry's pla e every se ond
Friday. What proportion of nights does Donald sleep at Larry's?

5. Tony and Rhonda wish to renew their vows. Desiring to re reate their rst date, they walk
from Ipswi h to Brisbane, 30.7 km holding hands. They al ulated that they an travel at
4 km per hour, on average, holding hands. How long should it take them to arrive?

Chapter 5

Numera y Test Two

The test is to be ompleted in 30 minutes. Cal ulators are not permitted.
Question 5.0.9.

Unit onversion.

1. 2.15 days is equal to how many hours and minutes?

2. 99.95 Litres (L) is equal to how many millilitres (mL)?

3. 12 milligrams (mg) is equal to how many grams (g)?

4. 1275 milliltres (mL) is equal to how many litres (L) ?

5. 584.67 mi rometres (m) is equal to how many millimeters (mm) ?

Question 5.0.10.

Addition and subtra tion of de imal numbers. Simplify the following.

1. 11 + 76.5 + 100.69

2. 63, 191 49, 703

25

26

Chapter 5. Numera y Test Two

3. 6.25 + 11.05 54.83

4. 798 613 65.5

5. 1.203 1.229 + 1.003

Question 5.0.11.

tions.
1.

2
12

2.

4
7

3.

9
25

4.

8
105

5.

9
5

5
8

6
35

14
15

Fra tions. Simplify the following, writing answer in simple or mixed fra -

25
12

55
33

Question 5.0.12.

1. 13 13

2. 7.21 4.6

Multipli ation of de imal numbers. Simplify the following.

27

3. 2.25 18

4. 0.05 60

5. 0.24 0.3

Question 5.0.13.

Per entages. Simplify the following.

1. 4% of 990

2. 29 weeks, as a per entage of a year.

3. A mi rogram, as a per entage of a milligram.

4. A 425 mL s hooner of light beer ontaining 11.05 mL of ethanol is what per entage al ohol?

5. 144 as a per entage of 12.

Question 5.0.14.

1.

5
4

Fra tions and de imals. Simplify the following.

as a de imal.

2. 2.45 as a fra tion.

28

Chapter 5. Numera y Test Two

3. 6 121 as a de imal.

4. 9.9 as a mixed fra tion.

5.

26
25

as a de imal.

Question 5.0.15.

Rounding.

1. Round 402.001 to one de imal pla e.

2. Round 177.301 to four de imal pla es.

3. Round 0.5 to the nearest whole number.

4. Round 4.905 to two de imal pla es.

5. Round 31.11104 to one de imal pla e.

Mis ellaneous. Write proportions as ratios. For example,

simplies to the ratio 1 : 5.

Question 5.0.16.

3
15

is 3 : 15

1. A 6 kg poodle alled Linus ex retes 300 g of fe es. What proportion of Linus' body weight
is ex reted?

2. Simplify

16
120

as a ratio.

29

3. Bonny adores orange shoes. She has 14 pairs at home. After a long day at work, Bonny
walked into the shops wearing a pair of dark sunnies and bought 6 more, only to dis over
that when she got home, they were in fa t hot pink. What proportion of Bonny's shoes
are orange?

4. Linda had se retly been using Latrisha's 225 mL bottle of expensive perfume `Polo'. Realising that she has used quite alot, 150 mL, and might get aught, she de ides to repla e
what she has used with a heaper perfume `Pillow'. If Latrisha did not use any of her
perfume, what proportion of the bottle will be `Pillow'?

5. Wanda and Wendy are friends on Friendbook and ea h have 425 friends on Friendbook
but have 35 ommon friends. What proportion of their olle tive friends are ommon?

Chapter 6

Solutions to exer ises

6.1

Solutions to exer ises on fra tions and ratios

1. 4 23 =

43+2
3

2. 3 117 =

311+7
11

14
3

40
11

3.

14
5

= 2 45 .

4.

99
88

= 1 11
= 1 18 .
88

5.

11
12

may be onsidered as a mixed fra tion with whole number part equal to 0.

6. l m(26, 117) = l m(2 13, 3 3 13) = 2 3 3 13 = 234. Observe that this is less
than 26 117 = 3042.
7.

11
13
+ 117
26

119
132
+ 1172
269

8.

34
12

33
24

342
122

9.

76
14

13
21

38
7

10.

3
4

24
55

33
24

13
21

383
73

99
26
+ 234
234

68+33
24

355424
455

69
220

101
24

=
13
21

125
234

13
. Alternatively, 11
+ 117
=
26

5
= 4 24
.

11413
21

= 4 17
.
21

101
21

52
.
11. 4 18 + 13 125 = 4 + 13 + 81 + 125 = 17 + 13
+ 122
= 17 13
83
24

12. 3 13 49 = 3 + 13
49 = 3 19 =
33
13.

12
77

21
4

14.

9
10

4
5

1221
774

22337
71122

95
104

9
10

5
4

15. 2 56 1 127 =

17
6

19
12

16. 1 34 6 21 = 74 132 =
17. 2 38 4 31 =

19
8

13
3

18. 6 29 3 63 =

56
9

7
2

=
=

1719
612

19
8
56
9

1
9

33
11

9
11

335
2225

713
42

27
9

323
72

91
8

= 11 38 .

193
813

562
97

33
222

= 2 89 .

= 1 18 .

9
8

16
9

= 4 35
.
72

3
13

2
7

26
9

57
104

782
97

31

= 1 79 .

11
+ 19
26

911+261
269

125
234

32
19. 1 132 5 78 =

Chapter 6. Solutions to exer ises

15
13

47
8

15
13

8
47

158
1347

120
611

20. There are seven players on a netball team. If 4 players are redheads, then 3 players are
not readheads. The proportion of non-redheads to players in the team is 3 : 7.
21. Dan has 4 green handbags out of a total of 14 handbags. This proportion is 4 : 14 whi h
redu es to 2 : 7.
22. The ratio 2 : 6 redu es to 1 : 3. Hannah may also mix 1 part of red paint with 3 parts of
orange paint to produ e her favourite hue of orange.